diff options
author | Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org> | 2005-02-10 23:34:59 +0000 |
---|---|---|
committer | Gerald (Jerry) Carter <jerry@samba.org> | 2007-10-10 13:09:41 -0500 |
commit | af7e9f2b5907a36d0d3c454d9ba9e49f98a11426 (patch) | |
tree | c8001af267f36f9054902f4aa63fc48dd84024ee | |
parent | 341395db51fb69c8bb0817ff3b59b6166c02966f (diff) | |
download | samba-af7e9f2b5907a36d0d3c454d9ba9e49f98a11426.tar.gz samba-af7e9f2b5907a36d0d3c454d9ba9e49f98a11426.tar.bz2 samba-af7e9f2b5907a36d0d3c454d9ba9e49f98a11426.zip |
r5319: Make some more alignment code generic, move NDR-specific stuff to
parser.pm (now renamed to ndr.pm).
(This used to be commit a469a5fefb4e6941264c11f4bde60eab71f6f7aa)
-rw-r--r-- | source4/build/pidl/header.pm | 2 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | source4/build/pidl/ndr.pm (renamed from source4/build/pidl/parser.pm) | 246 | ||||
-rwxr-xr-x | source4/build/pidl/pidl.pl | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | source4/build/pidl/util.pm | 151 |
4 files changed, 200 insertions, 205 deletions
diff --git a/source4/build/pidl/header.pm b/source4/build/pidl/header.pm index 21c86bd8b0..c6b5fef3d3 100644 --- a/source4/build/pidl/header.pm +++ b/source4/build/pidl/header.pm @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ sub HeaderType($$$) } elsif (util::is_bitmap($e->{TYPE})) { my $bitmap = util::get_bitmap($e->{TYPE}); $res .= util::bitmap_type_decl($bitmap); - } elsif (util::is_scalar_type($data)) { + } elsif (NdrParser::is_scalar_type($data)) { $res .= util::map_type($data); } elsif (util::has_property($e, "switch_is")) { $res .= "union $data"; diff --git a/source4/build/pidl/parser.pm b/source4/build/pidl/ndr.pm index 755e0a1a68..d05b250d85 100644 --- a/source4/build/pidl/parser.pm +++ b/source4/build/pidl/ndr.pm @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ # Copyright jelmer@samba.org 2004 # released under the GNU GPL -package IdlParser; +package NdrParser; use strict; use needed; @@ -13,9 +13,139 @@ use needed; # list of known types my %typedefs; +my %type_alignments = + ( + "char" => 1, + "int8" => 1, + "uint8" => 1, + "short" => 2, + "wchar_t" => 2, + "int16" => 2, + "uint16" => 2, + "long" => 4, + "int32" => 4, + "uint32" => 4, + "dlong" => 4, + "udlong" => 4, + "NTTIME" => 4, + "NTTIME_1sec" => 4, + "time_t" => 4, + "DATA_BLOB" => 4, + "error_status_t" => 4, + "WERROR" => 4, + "boolean32" => 4, + "unsigned32" => 4, + "ipv4address" => 4, + "hyper" => 8, + "NTTIME_hyper" => 8 + ); + +sub is_scalar_type($) +{ + my $type = shift; + + if (defined $type_alignments{$type}) { + return 1; + } + if (util::is_enum($type)) { + return 1; + } + if (util::is_bitmap($type)) { + return 1; + } + + return 0; +} + +# determine if an element needs a reference pointer on the wire +# in its NDR representation +sub need_wire_pointer($) +{ + my $e = shift; + if ($e->{POINTERS} && + !util::has_property($e, "ref")) { + return $e->{POINTERS}; + } + return undef; +} + +# determine if an element is a pure scalar. pure scalars do not +# have a "buffers" section in NDR +sub is_pure_scalar($) +{ + my $e = shift; + if (util::has_property($e, "ref")) { + return 1; + } + if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE}) && + !$e->{POINTERS} && + !util::array_size($e)) { + return 1; + } + return 0; +} + +# see if a variable needs to be allocated by the NDR subsystem on pull +sub need_alloc($) +{ + my $e = shift; + + if (util::has_property($e, "ref")) { + return 0; + } + + if ($e->{POINTERS} || util::array_size($e)) { + return 1; + } + + return 0; +} + + +# determine the C prefix used to refer to a variable when passing to a push +# function. This will be '*' for pointers to scalar types, '' for scalar +# types and normal pointers and '&' for pass-by-reference structures +sub c_push_prefix($) +{ + my $e = shift; + + if ($e->{TYPE} =~ "string") { + return ""; + } + + if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE}) && + $e->{POINTERS}) { + return "*"; + } + if (!is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE}) && + !$e->{POINTERS} && + !util::array_size($e)) { + return "&"; + } + return ""; +} + + +# determine the C prefix used to refer to a variable when passing to a pull +# return '&' or '' +sub c_pull_prefix($) +{ + my $e = shift; + + if (!$e->{POINTERS} && !util::array_size($e)) { + return "&"; + } + + if ($e->{TYPE} =~ "string") { + return "&"; + } + + return ""; +} +my $res = ""; sub pidl($) { - print OUT shift; + $res .= shift; } ##################################################################### @@ -184,7 +314,11 @@ sub struct_alignment for my $e (@{$s->{ELEMENTS}}) { my $a = 1; - $a = align_type($e); + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { + $a = 4; + } else { + $a = align_type($e->{TYPE}); + } if ($align < $a) { $align = $a; @@ -209,7 +343,11 @@ sub union_alignment next; } - $a = align_type($e->{DATA}); + if (need_wire_pointer($e->{DATA})) { + $a = 4; + } else { + $a = align_type($e->{DATA}->{TYPE}); + } if ($align < $a) { $align = $a; @@ -225,20 +363,28 @@ sub align_type { my $e = shift; - if (!util::need_wire_pointer($e) - && defined $typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}) { - if ($typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "STRUCT") { - return struct_alignment($typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}->{DATA}); - } elsif ($typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "UNION") { - if (defined $typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}->{DATA}) { - return union_alignment($typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}->{DATA}); + # Scalar type + if (my $ret = $type_alignments{$e}) { + return $ret; + } + + if (defined $typedefs{$e}) { + if ($typedefs{$e}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "STRUCT") { + return struct_alignment($typedefs{$e}->{DATA}); + } elsif ($typedefs{$e}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "UNION") { + if (defined $typedefs{$e}->{DATA}) { + return union_alignment($typedefs{$e}->{DATA}); } - } elsif ($typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "ENUM") { - return util::type_align($e); + } elsif ($typedefs{$e}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "ENUM") { + return align_type(util::enum_type_fn(util::get_enum($e))); + } elsif ($typedefs{$e}->{DATA}->{TYPE} eq "BITMAP") { + return align_type(util::bitmap_type_fn(util::get_bitmap($e))); } - } else { - return util::type_align($e); - } + } + + # it must be an external type - all we can do is guess + # print "Warning: assuming alignment of unknown type '$e' is 4\n"; + return 4; } ##################################################################### @@ -265,7 +411,7 @@ sub ParseArrayPush($$$) $size = $length; } - if (util::is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE})) { + if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE})) { pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_array_$e->{TYPE}(ndr, $ndr_flags, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}, $size));\n"; } else { pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_array(ndr, $ndr_flags, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}, sizeof($var_prefix$e->{NAME}\[0]), $size, (ndr_push_flags_fn_t)ndr_push_$e->{TYPE}));\n"; @@ -285,7 +431,7 @@ sub ParseArrayPrint($$) $size = find_size_var($e, $length, $var_prefix); } - if (util::is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE})) { + if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE})) { pidl "\t\tndr_print_array_$e->{TYPE}(ndr, \"$e->{NAME}\", $var_prefix$e->{NAME}, $size);\n"; } else { pidl "\t\tndr_print_array(ndr, \"$e->{NAME}\", $var_prefix$e->{NAME}, sizeof($var_prefix$e->{NAME}\[0]), $size, (ndr_print_fn_t)ndr_print_$e->{TYPE});\n"; @@ -348,7 +494,7 @@ sub ParseArrayPull($$$) $alloc_size = "ndr_get_array_size(ndr, &$var_prefix$e->{NAME})"; } - if ((util::need_alloc($e) && !util::is_fixed_array($e)) || + if ((need_alloc($e) && !util::is_fixed_array($e)) || ($var_prefix eq "r->in." && util::has_property($e, "ref"))) { if (!util::is_inline_array($e) || $ndr_flags eq "NDR_SCALARS") { pidl "\t\tNDR_ALLOC_N(ndr, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}, $alloc_size);\n"; @@ -369,7 +515,7 @@ sub ParseArrayPull($$$) } check_null_pointer($size); - if (util::is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE})) { + if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE})) { pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_pull_array_$e->{TYPE}(ndr, $ndr_flags, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}, $size));\n"; } else { pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_pull_array(ndr, $ndr_flags, (void **)$var_prefix$e->{NAME}, sizeof($var_prefix$e->{NAME}\[0]), $size, (ndr_pull_flags_fn_t)ndr_pull_$e->{TYPE}));\n"; @@ -384,7 +530,7 @@ sub ParseElementPushScalar($$$) my($e) = shift; my($var_prefix) = shift; my($ndr_flags) = shift; - my $cprefix = util::c_push_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_push_prefix($e); my $sub_size = util::has_property($e, "subcontext"); start_flags($e); @@ -397,9 +543,9 @@ sub ParseElementPushScalar($$$) pidl "\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_relative1(ndr, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}));\n"; } elsif (util::is_inline_array($e)) { ParseArrayPush($e, "r->", "NDR_SCALARS"); - } elsif (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + } elsif (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_ptr(ndr, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}));\n"; - } elsif (util::need_alloc($e)) { + } elsif (need_alloc($e)) { # no scalar component } elsif (my $switch = util::has_property($e, "switch_is")) { ParseElementPushSwitch($e, $var_prefix, $ndr_flags, $switch); @@ -418,7 +564,7 @@ sub ParseElementPrintScalar($$) { my($e) = shift; my($var_prefix) = shift; - my $cprefix = util::c_push_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_push_prefix($e); if (util::has_property($e, "noprint")) { return; @@ -454,7 +600,7 @@ sub ParseElementPullSwitch($$$$) my $switch = shift; my $switch_var = find_size_var($e, $switch, $var_prefix); - my $cprefix = util::c_pull_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_pull_prefix($e); my $utype = $typedefs{$e->{TYPE}}; @@ -506,7 +652,7 @@ sub ParseElementPushSwitch($$$$) my($ndr_flags) = shift; my $switch = shift; my $switch_var = find_size_var($e, $switch, $var_prefix); - my $cprefix = util::c_push_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_push_prefix($e); check_null_pointer($switch_var); @@ -537,7 +683,7 @@ sub ParseElementPrintSwitch($$$) my($var_prefix) = shift; my $switch = shift; my $switch_var = find_size_var($e, $switch, $var_prefix); - my $cprefix = util::c_push_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_push_prefix($e); check_null_pointer_void($switch_var); @@ -552,14 +698,14 @@ sub ParseElementPullScalar($$$) my($e) = shift; my($var_prefix) = shift; my($ndr_flags) = shift; - my $cprefix = util::c_pull_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_pull_prefix($e); my $sub_size = util::has_property($e, "subcontext"); start_flags($e); if (util::is_inline_array($e)) { ParseArrayPull($e, "r->", "NDR_SCALARS"); - } elsif (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + } elsif (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_pull_ptr(ndr, &_ptr_$e->{NAME}));\n"; pidl "\tif (_ptr_$e->{NAME}) {\n"; pidl "\t\tNDR_ALLOC(ndr, $var_prefix$e->{NAME});\n"; @@ -569,7 +715,7 @@ sub ParseElementPullScalar($$$) pidl "\t} else {\n"; pidl "\t\t$var_prefix$e->{NAME} = NULL;\n"; pidl "\t}\n"; - } elsif (util::need_alloc($e)) { + } elsif (need_alloc($e)) { # no scalar component } elsif (my $switch = util::has_property($e, "switch_is")) { ParseElementPullSwitch($e, $var_prefix, $ndr_flags, $switch); @@ -594,16 +740,16 @@ sub ParseElementPushBuffer($$$) my($e) = shift; my($var_prefix) = shift; my($ndr_flags) = shift; - my $cprefix = util::c_push_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_push_prefix($e); my $sub_size = util::has_property($e, "subcontext"); - if (util::is_pure_scalar($e)) { + if (is_pure_scalar($e)) { return; } start_flags($e); - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tif ($var_prefix$e->{NAME}) {\n"; if (util::has_property($e, "relative")) { pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_relative2(ndr, $var_prefix$e->{NAME}));\n"; @@ -630,7 +776,7 @@ sub ParseElementPushBuffer($$$) pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_$e->{TYPE}(ndr, $ndr_flags, $cprefix$var_prefix$e->{NAME}));\n"; } - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\t}\n"; } @@ -643,9 +789,9 @@ sub ParseElementPrintBuffer($$) { my($e) = shift; my($var_prefix) = shift; - my $cprefix = util::c_push_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_push_prefix($e); - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tif ($var_prefix$e->{NAME}) {\n"; } @@ -657,7 +803,7 @@ sub ParseElementPrintBuffer($$) pidl "\t\tndr_print_$e->{TYPE}(ndr, \"$e->{NAME}\", $cprefix$var_prefix$e->{NAME});\n"; } - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\t}\n"; } } @@ -670,16 +816,16 @@ sub ParseElementPullBuffer($$$) my($e) = shift; my($var_prefix) = shift; my($ndr_flags) = shift; - my $cprefix = util::c_pull_prefix($e); + my $cprefix = c_pull_prefix($e); my $sub_size = util::has_property($e, "subcontext"); - if (util::is_pure_scalar($e)) { + if (is_pure_scalar($e)) { return; } start_flags($e); - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tif ($var_prefix$e->{NAME}) {\n"; if (util::has_property($e, "relative")) { pidl "\t\tstruct ndr_pull_save _relative_save;\n"; @@ -708,7 +854,7 @@ sub ParseElementPullBuffer($$$) pidl "\t\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_pull_$e->{TYPE}(ndr, $ndr_flags, $cprefix$var_prefix$e->{NAME}));\n"; } - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { if (util::has_property($e, "relative")) { pidl "\t\tndr_pull_restore(ndr, &_relative_save);\n"; } @@ -956,7 +1102,7 @@ sub ParseStructPull($) # declare any internal pointers we need foreach my $e (@{$struct->{ELEMENTS}}) { - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tuint32_t _ptr_$e->{NAME};\n"; } } @@ -1020,7 +1166,7 @@ sub ParseUnionNdrSize($) my $static = fn_prefix($t); my $sizevar; - pidl "size_t ndr_size_$t->{NAME}(const union $t->{NAME} *r, uint32_t level, int flags)\n"; + pidl "size_t ndr_size_$t->{NAME}(const union $t->{NAME} *r, int level, int flags)\n"; pidl "{\n"; if (my $flags = util::has_property($t, "flag")) { pidl "\tflags |= $flags;\n"; @@ -1430,7 +1576,7 @@ sub ParseFunctionPrint($) } if ($fn->{RETURN_TYPE} && $fn->{RETURN_TYPE} ne "void") { my $cprefix = "&"; - $cprefix = "" if (util::is_scalar_type($fn->{RETURN_TYPE})) ; # FIXME: Should really use util::c_push_prefix here + $cprefix = "" if (is_scalar_type($fn->{RETURN_TYPE})) ; # FIXME: Should really use util::c_push_prefix here pidl "\tndr_print_$fn->{RETURN_TYPE}(ndr, \"result\", $cprefix"."r->out.result);\n"; } pidl "\tndr->depth--;\n"; @@ -1449,7 +1595,7 @@ sub ParseFunctionElementPush($$) my $inout = shift; if (util::array_size($e)) { - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_push_ptr(ndr, r->$inout.$e->{NAME}));\n"; pidl "\tif (r->$inout.$e->{NAME}) {\n"; ParseArrayPush($e, "r->$inout.", "NDR_SCALARS|NDR_BUFFERS"); @@ -1459,6 +1605,7 @@ sub ParseFunctionElementPush($$) } } else { ParseElementPushScalar($e, "r->$inout.", "NDR_SCALARS|NDR_BUFFERS"); + if ($e->{POINTERS}) { ParseElementPushBuffer($e, "r->$inout.", "NDR_SCALARS|NDR_BUFFERS"); } @@ -1507,7 +1654,7 @@ sub ParseFunctionElementPull($$) my $inout = shift; if (util::array_size($e)) { - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tNDR_CHECK(ndr_pull_ptr(ndr, &_ptr_$e->{NAME}));\n"; pidl "\tr->$inout.$e->{NAME} = NULL;\n"; pidl "\tif (_ptr_$e->{NAME}) {\n"; @@ -1582,7 +1729,7 @@ sub ParseFunctionPull($) # declare any internal pointers we need foreach my $e (@{$fn->{DATA}}) { - if (util::need_wire_pointer($e)) { + if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { pidl "\tuint32_t _ptr_$e->{NAME};\n"; } } @@ -1787,13 +1934,12 @@ sub Parse($$) my($idl) = shift; my($filename) = shift; my $h_filename = $filename; + $res = ""; if ($h_filename =~ /(.*)\.c/) { $h_filename = "$1.h"; } - open(OUT, ">$filename") || die "can't open $filename"; - pidl "/* parser auto-generated by pidl */\n\n"; pidl "#include \"includes.h\"\n"; pidl "#include \"$h_filename\"\n\n"; @@ -1807,7 +1953,7 @@ sub Parse($$) RegistrationFunction($idl, $filename); - close(OUT); + return $res; } 1; diff --git a/source4/build/pidl/pidl.pl b/source4/build/pidl/pidl.pl index 7eb684e706..514421e690 100755 --- a/source4/build/pidl/pidl.pl +++ b/source4/build/pidl/pidl.pl @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use server; use client; use proxy; use stub; -use parser; +use ndr; use eparser; use validator; use util; @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ sub ShowHelp() --parse parse a idl file to a .pidl file --dump dump a pidl file back to idl --header create a C header file - --parser create a C parser + --parser create a C NDR parser --client create a C client --server create server boilerplate --template print a template for a pipe @@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ $dcom if ($opt_parser) { my($parser) = util::ChangeExtension($output, ".c"); - IdlParser::Parse($pidl, $parser); + util::FileSave($parser, NdrParser::Parse($pidl, $parser)); if($opt_eparser) { my($eparser) = dirname($output) . "/packet-dcerpc-$basename.c"; IdlEParser::RewriteC($pidl, $parser, $eparser); diff --git a/source4/build/pidl/util.pm b/source4/build/pidl/util.pm index bb5de2a8ed..bc8e0c9ed5 100644 --- a/source4/build/pidl/util.pm +++ b/source4/build/pidl/util.pm @@ -280,84 +280,6 @@ sub bitmap_type_decl($) } -my %type_alignments = - ( - "char" => 1, - "int8" => 1, - "uint8" => 1, - "short" => 2, - "wchar_t" => 2, - "int16" => 2, - "uint16" => 2, - "long" => 4, - "int32" => 4, - "uint32" => 4, - "dlong" => 4, - "udlong" => 4, - "NTTIME" => 4, - "NTTIME_1sec" => 4, - "time_t" => 4, - "DATA_BLOB" => 4, - "error_status_t" => 4, - "WERROR" => 4, - "boolean32" => 4, - "unsigned32" => 4, - "ipv4address" => 4, - "hyper" => 8, - "NTTIME_hyper" => 8 - ); - -sub is_scalar_type($) -{ - my $type = shift; - - if (defined $type_alignments{$type}) { - return 1; - } - if (is_enum($type)) { - return 1; - } - if (is_bitmap($type)) { - return 1; - } - - return 0; -} - -# return the NDR alignment for a type -sub type_align($) -{ - my($e) = shift; - my $type = $e->{TYPE}; - - if (need_wire_pointer($e)) { - return 4; - } - - if (is_enum($type)) { - $type = enum_type_fn(get_enum($type)); - } - - if (my $ret = $type_alignments{$type}) { - return $ret; - } - - # it must be an external type - all we can do is guess - return 4; -} - -# determine if an element needs a reference pointer on the wire -# in its NDR representation -sub need_wire_pointer($) -{ - my $e = shift; - if ($e->{POINTERS} && - !has_property($e, "ref")) { - return $e->{POINTERS}; - } - return undef; -} - # determine if an element is a pass-by-reference structure sub is_ref_struct($) { @@ -369,22 +291,6 @@ sub is_ref_struct($) return 0; } -# determine if an element is a pure scalar. pure scalars do not -# have a "buffers" section in NDR -sub is_pure_scalar($) -{ - my $e = shift; - if (has_property($e, "ref")) { - return 1; - } - if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE}) && - !$e->{POINTERS} && - !array_size($e)) { - return 1; - } - return 0; -} - # determine the array size (size_is() or ARRAY_LEN) sub array_size($) { @@ -400,63 +306,6 @@ sub array_size($) return undef; } -# see if a variable needs to be allocated by the NDR subsystem on pull -sub need_alloc($) -{ - my $e = shift; - - if (has_property($e, "ref")) { - return 0; - } - - if ($e->{POINTERS} || array_size($e)) { - return 1; - } - - return 0; -} - -# determine the C prefix used to refer to a variable when passing to a push -# function. This will be '*' for pointers to scalar types, '' for scalar -# types and normal pointers and '&' for pass-by-reference structures -sub c_push_prefix($) -{ - my $e = shift; - - if ($e->{TYPE} =~ "string") { - return ""; - } - - if (is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE}) && - $e->{POINTERS}) { - return "*"; - } - if (!is_scalar_type($e->{TYPE}) && - !$e->{POINTERS} && - !array_size($e)) { - return "&"; - } - return ""; -} - - -# determine the C prefix used to refer to a variable when passing to a pull -# return '&' or '' -sub c_pull_prefix($) -{ - my $e = shift; - - if (!$e->{POINTERS} && !array_size($e)) { - return "&"; - } - - if ($e->{TYPE} =~ "string") { - return "&"; - } - - return ""; -} - # determine if an element has a direct buffers component sub has_direct_buffers($) { |