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+<chapter id="Browsing-Quick">
+<chapterinfo>
+	<author>
+		<firstname>John</firstname><surname>Terpstra</surname>
+	</author>
+	<pubdate>July 5, 1998</pubdate>
+</chapterinfo>
+
+<title>Quick Cross Subnet Browsing / Cross Workgroup Browsing guide</title>
+
+<para>
+This document should be read in conjunction with Browsing and may
+be taken as the fast track guide to implementing browsing across subnets
+and / or across workgroups (or domains). WINS is the best tool for resolution
+of NetBIOS names to IP addesses. WINS is NOT involved in browse list handling
+except by way of name to address mapping.
+</para>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Discussion</title>
+
+<para>
+Firstly, all MS Windows networking is based on SMB (Server Message
+Block) based messaging. SMB messaging is implemented using NetBIOS. Samba
+implements NetBIOS by encapsulating it over TCP/IP. MS Windows products can
+do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to affect
+browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP this uses UDP
+based messaging. UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
+"remote announce" parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
+to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the "remote browse sync"
+parameter of smb.conf implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology
+wherever possible nmbd should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS
+server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
+segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
+get cross segment browsing to work is by using the "remote announce" and
+the "remote browse sync" parameters to your smb.conf file.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+If only one WINS server is used then the use of the "remote announce" and the
+"remote browse sync" parameters should NOT be necessary.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that when setting up
+Samba as a WINS server there must only be one nmbd configured as a WINS server
+on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS servers for redundancy
+(one server per subnet) and then used "remote browse sync" and "remote announce"
+to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means
+clients will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to
+resolve names on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the
+servers they can see on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is
+mentioned as a practical consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario).
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
+messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
+that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
+minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Use of the "Remote Announce" parameter</title>
+<para>
+The "remote announce" parameter of smb.conf can be used to forcibly ensure
+that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
+The syntax of the "remote announce" parameter is:
+<programlisting>
+	remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...
+</programlisting>
+_or_
+<programlisting>
+	remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...
+</programlisting>
+
+where:
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term>a.b.c.d and e.f.g.h</term>
+<listitem><para>is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address
+or the broadcst address of the remote network.
+ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address
+could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
+is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0).
+When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
+address of the remote network every host will receive
+our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
+undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know
+the IP address of the remote LMB.</para></listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>WORKGROUP</term>
+<listitem><para>is optional and can be either our own workgroup
+or that of the remote network. If you use the
+workgroup name of the remote network then our
+NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
+they belong to that workgroup, this may cause
+name resolution problems and should be avoided.
+</para></listitem>
+
+</variablelist>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Use of the "Remote Browse Sync" parameter</title>
+
+<para>
+The "remote browse sync" parameter of smb.conf is used to announce to
+another LMB that it must synchronise it's NetBIOS name list with our
+Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is
+simultaneously the LMB on it's network segment.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The syntax of the "remote browse  sync" parameter is:
+<programlisting>
+	remote browse sync = a.b.c.d
+</programlisting>
+
+where a.b.c.d is either the IP address of the remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Use of WINS</title>
+
+<para>
+Use of WINS (either Samba WINS _or_ MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
+recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers it's name together with a
+name_type value for each of of several types of service it has available.
+eg: It registers it's name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
+It also registers it's name if it is running the lanmanager compatible
+server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
+by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
+is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any
+name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
+character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
+name_type information).
+</para>
+
+<para>
+WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client
+that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
+of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
+broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
+name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of
+information can only be provided via WINS _or_ via statically configured
+"lmhosts" files that must reside on all clients in the absence of WINS.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all
+LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master
+browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this
+will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser
+has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
+later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
+master controller for browse list information only.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack
+has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been
+configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based
+name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case,
+machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
+lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
+errors.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+To configure Samba as a WINS server just add "wins support = yes" to the
+smb.conf file [globals] section.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
+"wins server = a.b.c.d" to your smb.conf file [globals] section.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+<emphasis>DO NOT EVER</emphasis> use both "wins support = yes" together with "wins server = a.b.c.d"
+particularly not using it's own IP address.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines</title>
+
+<para>
+A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
+one protocol on an MS Windows machine.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Every NetBIOS machine take part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
+every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
+of precidence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
+Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably
+win and thus retain it's role.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The election process is "fought out" so to speak over every NetBIOS network
+interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
+installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be
+decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is
+the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
+interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
+9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
+as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will
+fail.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL!
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Name Resolution Order</title>
+
+<para>
+Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
+of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
+are:
+<simplelist>
+<member>WINS: the best tool!</member>
+<member>LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.</member>
+<member>Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across remote segments.</member>
+</simplelist>
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Alternative means of name resolution includes:
+<simplelist>
+<member>/etc/hosts: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info</member>
+<member>DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.</member>
+</simplelist>
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name
+resolution traffic. The "name resolve order" parameter is of great help here.
+The syntax of the "name resolve order" parameter is:
+<programlisting>
+	name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host
+</programlisting>
+_or_
+<programlisting>
+	name resolve order = wins lmhosts  	(eliminates bcast and host)
+</programlisting>
+The default is:
+<programlisting>
+	name  resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast
+</programlisting>.
+where "host" refers the the native methods used by the Unix system
+to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
+controlled by <filename>/etc/host.conf</filename>, <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> and <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.
+</sect1>
+</chapter>