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authorJelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>2003-08-13 06:07:10 +0000
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+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.60.1"><link rel="home" href="samba-doc.html" title="SAMBA Project Documentation"><link rel="up" href="optional.html" title="Part III. Advanced Configuration"><link rel="previous" href="printing.html" title="Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support"><link rel="next" href="VFS.html" title="Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="printing.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III. Advanced Configuration</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="VFS.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="CUPS-printing"></a>Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Danka Deutschland GmbH <br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Ciprian</span> <span class="surname">Vizitiu</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawings</span><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:CVizitiu@gbif.org">CVizitiu@gbif.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawings</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> (3 June 2003) </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2923750">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2923756">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2923811">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2923880">Basic Configuration of CUPS support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2923972">Linking of smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924213">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924395">More complex smb.conf Settings for
+CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924750">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924770">Central spooling vs. &quot;Peer-to-Peer&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924825">CUPS/Samba as a &quot;spooling-only&quot; Print Server; &quot;raw&quot; printing
+with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924894">Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2924971">Explicitly enable &quot;raw&quot; printing for
+application/octet-stream!</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2925177">Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2925317">Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing
+with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2925497">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2925650">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2925951">Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926092">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926179">CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926285">CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926306">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926501">MIME types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926707">MIME type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2926862">Filter Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2927043">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2927153">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2927264">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2927459">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2927523">rasterto [printers specific]</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2927675">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928022">cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928168">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928183">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928246">&quot;Raw&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928335">&quot;application/octet-stream&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928581">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2928848">Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and
+native CUPS printing</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929083">Examples for filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929420">Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929572">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929667">Network printing (purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929677">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929741">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929818">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929936">Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print
+Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2929956">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930169">Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930255">Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use
+PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930344">PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930400">PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930476">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930493">Printer Drivers running in &quot;Kernel Mode&quot; cause many
+Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930538">Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930560">CUPS: a &quot;Magical Stone&quot;?</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930614">PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel
+Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930637">Setting up CUPS for driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930710">cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2930811">Prepare your smb.conf for cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2931030">CUPS Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2931268">Recognize the different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2931460">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2931493">ESP Print Pro Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for
+WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2931562">Caveats to be considered</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2931837">Benefits of using &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
+Windows NT/2k/XP&quot; instead of Adobe Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932052">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932180">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; with verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932401">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932551">How to recognize if cupsaddsmb completed successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932633">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932714">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932789">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2932953">Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the
+Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2933086">Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using
+rpcclient)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2933288">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2933403">Understanding the rpcclient man page</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2933506">Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2933674">What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2933889">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2934958">Troubleshooting revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935118">The printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935364">Trivial DataBase Files</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935456">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935520">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935579">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935716">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2935871">foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2936640">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937141">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937193">Setting up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937258">Correct and incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937303">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937398">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937516">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937592">Future Developments</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937648">Other Accounting Tools</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937662">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937912">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2937974">CUPS Configuration Settings explained</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938069">Pre-conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938226">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938284">In Case of Trouble.....</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938356">Printing from CUPS to Windows attached
+Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938656">More CUPS filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938758">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938765">Win9x client can't install driver</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938787">&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; keeps asking for root password in
+ neverending loop</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938835">&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; gives &quot;No PPD file for printer...&quot;
+ message while PPD file is present</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938893">Client can't connect to Samba printer</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2938921">Can't reconnect to Samba under new account
+ from Win2K/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939149">Avoid being connected to the Samba server as the
+ &quot;wrong&quot; user</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939202">Upgrading to CUPS drivers from Adobe drivers on
+ NT/2K/XP clients gives problems</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939219">Can't use &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; on Samba server which is
+ a PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939249">Deleted Win2K printer driver is still shown</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939258">Win2K/XP &quot;Local Security
+ Policies&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939297">WinXP clients: &quot;Administrator can not install
+ printers for all local users&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939331">&quot;Print Change Notify&quot; functions on
+ NT-clients</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939354">WinXP-SP1</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939398">Print options for all users can't be set on Win2K/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939689">Most common blunders in driver
+ settings on Windows clients</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939734">cupsaddsmb does not work
+ with newly installed printer</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939796">Permissions on
+/var/spool/samba/ get reset after each
+reboot</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939905">Printer named &quot;lp&quot;
+intermittently swallows jobs and spits out completely different
+ones</a></dt><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2939953">Location of Adobe PostScript driver files necessary for &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="CUPS-printing.html#id2940008">An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2923750"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923756"></a>Features and Benefits</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ The Common UNIX Print System (<a href="http://www.cups.org/" target="_top">CUPS</a>) has become very popular. All
+ major Linux distributions now ship it as their default printing
+ system. To many it is still a very mystical tool. Mostly, it
+ &quot;just works&quot; (TM). People tend to regard it as a &quot;black box&quot;
+ which they don't want to look into, as long as it works. But once
+ there is a little problem, they are in trouble to find out where to
+ start debugging it. Refer to the &quot;Classical Printing&quot; chapter also, it
+ contains a lot of information that is relevant for CUPS.
+ </p><p>
+ CUPS sports quite a few unique and powerful features. While their
+ basic functions may be grasped quite easily, they are also
+ new. Because they are different from other, more traditional printing
+ systems, it is best to try and not apply any prior knowledge about
+ printing upon this new system. Rather, try to understand CUPS
+ from the beginning. This documentation will lead you to a
+ complete understanding of CUPS. Let's start with the most basic
+ things first.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923811"></a>Overview</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ CUPS is more than just a print spooling system. It is a complete
+ printer management system that complies with the new IPP
+ (<span class="emphasis"><em>Internet Printing Protocol</em></span>). IPP is an industry
+ and IETF (<span class="emphasis"><em>Internet Engineering Task Force</em></span>)
+ standard for network printing. Many of its functions can be managed
+ remotely (or locally) via a web browser (giving you a
+ platform-independent access to the CUPS print server). Additionally, it
+ has the traditional command line and several more modern GUI interfaces
+ (GUI interfaces developed by 3rd parties, like KDE's
+ overwhelming <a href="http://printing.kde.org/" target="_top">KDEPrint</a>).
+ </p><p>
+ CUPS allows creation of &quot;raw&quot; printers (ie: NO print file
+ format translation) as well as &quot;smart&quot; printers (i.e. CUPS does
+ file format conversion as required for the printer). In many ways
+ this gives CUPS similar capabilities to the MS Windows print
+ monitoring system. Of course, if you are a CUPS advocate, you would
+ argue that CUPS is better! In any case, let us now move on to
+ explore how one may configure CUPS for interfacing with MS Windows
+ print clients via Samba.
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2923880"></a>Basic Configuration of CUPS support</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ Printing with CUPS in the most basic <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setup in Samba 3.0 (as was true for 2.2.x) only needs two
+ settings: <a class="indexterm" name="id2923898"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups and
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2923912"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups. CUPS does not need a printcap file.
+ However, the <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> configuration file knows of two related directives that control
+ how such a file will be automatically created and maintained by CUPS for the convenience of third party
+ applications (example: <i class="parameter"><tt>Printcap /etc/printcap</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>PrintcapFormat BSD</tt></i>).
+ Legacy programs often require the existence of a printcap file containing printer names or they will refuse to
+ print. Make sure CUPS is set to generate and maintain a printcap file! For details see
+ <b class="command">man cupsd.conf</b> and other CUPS-related documentation, like the wealth of documents on your CUPS server
+ itself: <a href="http://localhost:631/documentation.html" target="_top">http://localhost:631/documentation.html</a>.
+ </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923972"></a>Linking of smbd with libcups.so</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ Samba has a very special relationship to CUPS. Samba can be compiled with CUPS library support.
+ Most recent installations have this support enabled. Per default CUPS linking is compiled
+ into smbd and other Samba binaries. Of course, you can use CUPS even
+ if Samba is not linked against <tt class="filename">libcups.so</tt> -- but
+ there are some differences in required or supported configuration
+ then.
+ </p><p>
+ When Samba is compiled against libcups, <a class="indexterm" name="id2924002"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups
+ uses the CUPS API to list printers, submit jobs, query queues, etc. Otherwise it maps to the System V
+ commands with an additional <b class="command">-oraw</b> option for printing. On a Linux
+ system, you can use the <b class="command">ldd</b> utility to find out details (ldd may not be present on
+ other OS platforms, or its function may be embodied by a different command):
+ </p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ldd `which smbd`</tt></b>
+libssl.so.0.9.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.6 (0x4002d000)
+libcrypto.so.0.9.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.6 (0x4005a000)
+libcups.so.2 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)
+[....]
+</pre><p>
+ The line <tt class="computeroutput">libcups.so.2 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)</tt> shows
+ there is CUPS support compiled into this version of Samba. If this is the case, and printing = cups
+ is set, then <span class="emphasis"><em>any otherwise manually set print command in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is ignored</em></span>.
+ This is an important point to remember!
+ </p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> Should it be necessary, for any reason, to set your own print commands, you can do this by setting
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924097"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv. However, you will loose all the benefits
+ of tight CUPS/Samba integration. When you do this you must manually configure the printing system commands
+ (most important: <a class="indexterm" name="id2924114"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>; other commands are
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924128"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command</tt></i>,
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924142"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpresume command</tt></i>,
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924155"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq command</tt></i>,
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924169"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lprm command</tt></i>,
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924183"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>queuepause command</tt></i> and
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2924197"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>queue resume command</tt></i>).</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924213"></a>Simple <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Settings for CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ To summarize, here is the simplest printing-related setup for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to enable basic CUPS support:
+ </p><div class="example"><a name="id2924241"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 19.1. Simplest printing-related smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root, @ntadmins</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
+ This is all you need for basic printing setup for CUPS. It will print
+ all Graphic, Text, PDF and PostScript file submitted from Windows
+ clients. However, most of your Windows users would not know how to
+ send these kind of files to print without opening a GUI
+ application. Windows clients tend to have local printer drivers
+ installed. And the GUI application's print buttons start a printer
+ driver. Your users also very rarely send files from the command
+ line. Unlike UNIX clients, they hardly submit graphic, text or PDF
+ formatted files directly to the spooler. They nearly exclusively print
+ from GUI applications, with a &quot;printer driver&quot; hooked in between the
+ applications native format and the print data stream. If the backend
+ printer is not a PostScript device, the print data stream is &quot;binary&quot;,
+ sensible only for the target printer. Read on to learn which problem
+ this may cause and how to avoid it.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924395"></a>More complex <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Settings for
+CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Here is a slightly more complex printing-related setup
+for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. It enables general CUPS printing
+support for all printers, but defines one printer share which is set
+up differently.
+</p><div class="example"><a name="id2924426"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 19.2. Overriding global CUPS settings for one printer</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root, @ntadmins</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[special_printer]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = A special printer with his own settings</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba-special</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap = lpstat</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>print command = echo &quot;NEW: `date`: printfile %f&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log ; \</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>echo &quot; `date`: p-%p s-%s f-%f&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log ; \</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>echo &quot; `date`: j-%j J-%J z-%z c-%c&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log : rm %f</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = kurt</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = 0.0.0.0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
+This special share is only there for testing purposes. It does not write the print job to a file. It just logs the job parameters
+known to Samba into the <tt class="filename">/tmp/smbprn.log</tt> file and deletes the jobfile. Moreover, the
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2924692"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> of this share is &quot;kurt&quot; (not the &quot;@ntadmins&quot; group);
+guest access is not allowed; the share isn not published to the Network Neighbourhood (so you need to know it is there), and it only
+allows access from only three hosts. To prevent CUPS kicking in and taking over the print jobs for that share, we need to set
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2924720"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv and
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2924733"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = lpstat.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2924750"></a>Advanced Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Before we delve into all the configuration options, let us clarify a few
+points. <span class="emphasis"><em>Network printing needs to be organized and setup
+correctly</em></span>. Often this is not done correctly. Legacy systems
+or small business LAN environments often lack design and good housekeeping.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924770"></a>Central spooling vs. &quot;Peer-to-Peer&quot; printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2924780"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2924790"></a><p>
+Many small office or home networks, as well as badly organized larger
+environments, allow each client a direct access to available network
+printers. This is generally a bad idea. It often blocks one client's
+access to the printer when another client's job is printing. It also
+might freeze the first client's application while it is waiting to get
+rid of the job. Also, there are frequent complaints about various jobs
+being printed with their pages mixed with each other. A better concept
+is the usage of a &quot;print server&quot;: it routes all jobs through one
+central system, which responds immediately, takes jobs from multiple
+concurrent clients at the same time and in turn transfers them to the
+printer(s) in the correct order.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924825"></a>CUPS/Samba as a &quot;spooling-only&quot; Print Server; &quot;raw&quot; printing
+with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2924835"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2924844"></a><p>
+Most traditionally configured UNIX print servers acting on behalf of
+Samba's Windows clients represented a really simple setup. Their only
+task was to manage the &quot;raw&quot; spooling of all jobs handed to them by
+Samba. This approach meant that the Windows clients were expected to
+prepare the print job file that it s ready to be sent to the printing
+device. Here a native (vendor-supplied) Windows printer
+driver for the target device needed to be installed on each and every
+client.
+</p><p>
+It is possible to configure CUPS, Samba and your Windows clients in the
+same, traditional and simple way. When CUPS printers are configured
+for RAW print-through mode operation it is the responsibility of the
+Samba client to fully render the print job (file). The file must be
+sent in a format that is suitable for direct delivery to the
+printer. Clients need to run the vendor-provided drivers to do
+this. In this case CUPS will NOT do any print file format conversion
+work.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924894"></a>Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The printer drivers on the Windows clients may be installed
+in two functionally different ways:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>manually install the drivers locally on each client,
+one by one; this yields the old <span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> style
+printing; it uses a <tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\printershare</tt>
+type of connection.</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2924937"></a>
+ deposit and prepare the drivers (for later download) on
+the print server (Samba); this enables the clients to use
+&quot;Point and Print&quot; to get drivers semi-automatically installed the
+first time they access the printer; with this method NT/2K/XP
+clients use the <span class="emphasis"><em>SPOOLSS/MS-RPC</em></span>
+type printing calls.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+The second method is recommended for use over the first.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924971"></a>Explicitly enable &quot;raw&quot; printing for
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>!</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2924984"></a><p>
+If you use the first option (drivers are installed on the client
+side), there is one setting to take care of: CUPS needs to be told
+that it should allow &quot;raw&quot; printing of deliberate (binary) file
+formats. The CUPS files that need to be correctly set for RAW mode
+printers to work are:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>/etc/cups/mime.types
+</p></li><li><p>/etc/cups/mime.convs</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must
+be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation.
+In<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> make sure this line is
+present:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ application/octet-stream
+</pre><p>
+In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>,
+have this line:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2925053"></a><pre class="screen">
+ application/octet-stream application/vnd.cups-raw 0 -
+</pre><p>
+If these two files are not set up correctly for raw Windows client
+printing, you may encounter the dreaded <tt class="computeroutput">Unable to
+convert file 0</tt> in your CUPS error_log file.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>editing the <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt> and the
+<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file does not
+<span class="emphasis"><em>enforce</em></span> &quot;raw&quot; printing, it only
+<span class="emphasis"><em>allows</em></span> it.
+</p></div><p><b>Background. </b><a class="indexterm" name="id2925119"></a>
+CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones
+does not by default allow a user to send deliberate (possibly binary)
+data to printing devices. This could be easily abused to launch a
+&quot;Denial of Service&quot; attack on your printer(s), causing at the least
+the loss of a lot of paper and ink. &quot;Unknown&quot; data are tagged by CUPS
+as <span class="emphasis"><em>MIME type: application/octet-stream</em></span> and not
+allowed to go to the printer. By default, you can only send other
+(known) MIME types &quot;raw&quot;. Sending data &quot;raw&quot; means that CUPS does not
+try to convert them and passes them to the printer untouched (see next
+chapter for even more background explanations).
+</p><p>
+This is all you need to know to get the CUPS/Samba combo printing
+&quot;raw&quot; files prepared by Windows clients, which have vendor drivers
+locally installed. If you are not interested in background information about
+more advanced CUPS/Samba printing, simply skip the remaining sections
+of this chapter.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925177"></a>Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925185"></a><p>
+If you want to use the MS-RPC type printing, you must upload the
+drivers onto the Samba server first (<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
+share). For a discussion on how to deposit printer drivers on the
+Samba host (so that the Windows clients can download and use them via
+&quot;Point'n'Print&quot;) please also refer to the previous chapter of this
+HOWTO Collection. There you will find a description or reference to
+three methods of preparing the client drivers on the Samba server:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2925224"></a><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the GUI, &quot;Add Printer Wizard&quot;
+<span class="emphasis"><em>upload-from-a-Windows-client</em></span>
+method;</p></li><li><p>the commandline, &quot;smbclient/rpcclient&quot;
+<span class="emphasis"><em>upload-from-a-UNIX-workstation</em></span>
+method;</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2925264"></a>
+ the <span class="emphasis"><em>Imprints</em></span> Toolset
+method.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+These 3 methods apply to CUPS all the same. A new and more
+convenient way to load the Windows drivers into Samba is provided
+if you use CUPS:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2925285"></a><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>
+utility.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+cupsaddsmb is discussed in much detail further below. But we will
+first explore the CUPS filtering system and compare the Windows and
+UNIX printing architectures.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2925317"></a>Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing
+with PostScript Driver Download</h2></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925326"></a><p>
+Are you still following this? Good. Let's go into more detail then. We now know
+how to set up a &quot;dump&quot; printserver, that is, a server which is spooling
+printjobs &quot;raw&quot;, leaving the print data untouched.
+</p><p>
+Possibly you need to setup CUPS in a more smart way. The reasons could
+be manifold:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Maybe your boss wants to get monthly statistics: Which
+printer did how many pages? What was the average data size of a job?
+What was the average print run per day? What are the typical hourly
+peaks in printing? Which departments prints how
+much?</p></li><li><p>Maybe you are asked to setup a print quota system:
+users should not be able to print more jobs, once they have surpassed
+a given limit per period?</p></li><li><p>Maybe your previous network printing setup is a mess
+and shall be re-organized from a clean beginning?</p></li><li><p>Maybe you have experiencing too many &quot;Blue Screens&quot;,
+originating from poorly debugged printer drivers running in NT &quot;kernel
+mode&quot;?</p></li></ul></div><p>
+These goals cannot be achieved by a raw print server. To build a
+server meeting these requirements, you'll first need to learn about
+how CUPS works and how you can enable its features.
+</p><p>
+What follows is the comparison of some fundamental concepts for
+Windows and UNIX printing; then is the time for a description of the
+CUPS filtering system, how it works and how you can tweak it.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="gdipost"></a>GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925423"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925431"></a><p>
+Network printing is one of the most complicated and error-prone
+day-to-day tasks any user or an administrator may encounter. This is
+true for all OS platforms. And there are reasons for this.
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2925447"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925456"></a><p>
+You can't expect for most file formats to just throw them towards
+printers and they get printed. There needs to be a file format
+conversion in between. The problem is: there is no common standard for
+print file formats across all manufacturers and printer types. While
+<span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript</em></span> (trademark held by Adobe), and, to an
+extent, <span class="emphasis"><em>PCL</em></span> (trademark held by HP), have developed
+into semi-official &quot;standards&quot;, by being the most widely used PDLs
+(<span class="emphasis"><em>Page Description Languages</em></span>), there are still
+many manufacturers who &quot;roll their own&quot; (their reasons may be
+unacceptable license fees for using printer-embedded PostScript
+interpreters, etc.).
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925497"></a>Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925505"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925514"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925522"></a><p>
+In Windows OS, the format conversion job is done by the printer
+drivers. On MS Windows OS platforms all application programmers have
+at their disposal a built-in API, the GDI (<span class="emphasis"><em>Graphical Device
+Interface</em></span>), as part and parcel of the OS itself, to base
+themselves on. This GDI core is used as one common unified ground, for
+all Windows programs, to draw pictures, fonts and documents
+<span class="emphasis"><em>on screen</em></span> as well as <span class="emphasis"><em>on
+paper</em></span> (=print). Therefore printer driver developers can
+standardize on a well-defined GDI output for their own driver
+input. Achieving WYSIWYG (&quot;What You See Is What You Get&quot;) is
+relatively easy, because the on-screen graphic primitives, as well as
+the on-paper drawn objects, come from one common source. This source,
+the GDI, produces often a file format called EMF (<span class="emphasis"><em>Enhanced
+MetaFile</em></span>). The EMF is processed by the printer driver and
+converted to the printer-specific file format.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2925583"></a>
+To the GDI foundation in MS Windows, Apple has chosen to
+put paper and screen output on a common foundation for their
+(BSD-UNIX-based, did you know??) Mac OS X and Darwin Operating
+Systems. Their <span class="emphasis"><em>Core Graphic Engine</em></span> uses a
+<span class="emphasis"><em>PDF</em></span> derivative for all display work.
+</p></div><p>
+
+</p><div class="figure"><a name="small1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.1. Windows Printing to a local Printer</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/1small.png" width="270" alt="Windows Printing to a local Printer"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925650"></a>UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925657"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925665"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925673"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925682"></a><p>
+In UNIX and Linux, there is no comparable layer built into the OS
+kernel(s) or the X (screen display) server. Every application is
+responsible for itself to create its print output. Fortunately, most
+use PostScript. That gives at least some common ground. Unfortunately,
+there are many different levels of quality for this PostScript. And
+worse: there is a huge difference (and no common root) in the way how
+the same document is displayed on screen and how it is presented on
+paper. WYSIWYG is more difficult to achieve. This goes back to the
+time decades ago, when the predecessors of <span class="emphasis"><em>X.org</em></span>,
+designing the UNIX foundations and protocols for Graphical User
+Interfaces refused to take over responsibility for &quot;paper output&quot;
+also, as some had demanded at the time, and restricted itself to
+&quot;on-screen only&quot;. (For some years now, the &quot;Xprint&quot; project has been
+under development, attempting to build printing support into the X
+framework, including a PostScript and a PCL driver, but it is not yet
+ready for prime time.) You can see this unfavorable inheritance up to
+the present day by looking into the various &quot;font&quot; directories on your
+system; there are separate ones for fonts used for X display and fonts
+to be used on paper.
+</p><p><b>Background. </b><a class="indexterm" name="id2925741"></a>
+The PostScript programming language is an &quot;invention&quot; by Adobe Inc.,
+but its specifications have been published to the full. Its strength
+lies in its powerful abilities to describe graphical objects (fonts,
+shapes, patterns, lines, curves, dots...), their attributes (color,
+linewidth...) and the way to manipulate (scale, distort, rotate,
+shift...) them. Because of its open specification, anybody with the
+skill can start writing his own implementation of a PostScript
+interpreter and use it to display PostScript files on screen or on
+paper. Most graphical output devices are based on the concept of
+&quot;raster images&quot; or &quot;pixels&quot; (one notable exception are pen
+plotters). Of course, you can look at a PostScript file in its textual
+form and you will be reading its PostScript code, the language
+instructions which need to be interpreted by a rasterizer. Rasterizers
+produce pixel images, which may be displayed on screen by a viewer
+program or on paper by a printer.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="post-and-ghost"></a>PostScript and Ghostscript</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925792"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925800"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2925811"></a><p>
+So, UNIX is lacking a common ground for printing on paper and
+displaying on screen. Despite this unfavorable legacy for UNIX, basic
+printing is fairly easy: if you have PostScript printers at your
+disposal! The reason is: these devices have a built-in PostScript
+language &quot;interpreter&quot;, also called a <span class="emphasis"><em>Raster Image
+Processor</em></span> (RIP), (which makes them more expensive than
+other types of printers); throw PostScript towards them, and they will
+spit out your printed pages. Their RIP is doing all the hard work of
+converting the PostScript drawing commands into a bitmap picture as
+you see it on paper, in a resolution as done by your printer. This is
+no different to PostScript printing of a file from a Windows origin.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2925853"></a>
+Traditional UNIX programs and printing systems -- while
+using PostScript -- are largely not PPD-aware. PPDs are &quot;PostScript
+Printer Description&quot; files. They enable you to specify and control all
+options a printer supports: duplexing, stapling, punching... Therefore
+UNIX users for a long time couldn't choose many of the supported
+device and job options, unlike Windows or Apple users. But now there
+is CUPS....
+</p></div><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small2"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.2. Printing to a Postscript Printer</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/2small.png" width="270" alt="Printing to a Postscript Printer"></div></div><p>
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2925928"></a><p>
+However, there are other types of printers out there. These don't know
+how to print PostScript. They use their own <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Description
+Language</em></span> (PDL, often proprietary). To print to them is much
+more demanding. Since your UNIX applications mostly produce
+PostScript, and since these devices don't understand PostScript, you
+need to convert the printfiles to a format suitable for your printer
+on the host, before you can send it away.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925951"></a>Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2925960"></a><p>
+Here is where <span class="emphasis"><em>Ghostscript</em></span> kicks in. Ghostscript is
+the traditional (and quite powerful) PostScript interpreter used on
+UNIX platforms. It is a RIP in software, capable to do a
+<span class="emphasis"><em>lot</em></span> of file format conversions, for a very broad
+spectrum of hardware devices as well as software file formats.
+Ghostscript technology and drivers is what enables PostScript printing
+to non-PostScript hardware.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small3"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.3. Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/3small.png" width="270" alt="Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers"></div></div><p>
+</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
+Use the &quot;gs -h&quot; command to check for all built-in &quot;devices&quot; of your
+Ghostscript version. If you specify e.g. a parameter of
+<i class="parameter"><tt>-sDEVICE=png256</tt></i> on your Ghostscript command
+line, you are asking Ghostscript to convert the input into a PNG
+file. Naming a &quot;device&quot; on the commandline is the most important
+single parameter to tell Ghostscript how exactly it should render the
+input. New Ghostscript versions are released at fairly regular
+intervals, now by artofcode LLC. They are initially put under the
+&quot;AFPL&quot; license, but re-released under the GNU GPL as soon as the next
+AFPL version appears. GNU Ghostscript is probably the version
+installed on most Samba systems. But it has got some
+deficiencies. <a class="indexterm" name="id2926066"></a>Therefore ESP Ghostscript was developed as an
+enhancement over GNU Ghostscript, with lots of bug-fixes, additional
+devices and improvements. It is jointly maintained by developers from
+CUPS, Gimp-Print, MandrakeSoft, SuSE, RedHat and Debian. It includes
+the &quot;cups&quot; device (essential to print to non-PS printers from CUPS).
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926092"></a>PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2926100"></a><p>
+While PostScript in essence is a <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Description
+Language</em></span> (PDL) to represent the page layout in a
+<span class="emphasis"><em>device independent</em></span> way, real world print jobs are
+always ending up to be output on a hardware with device-specific
+features. To take care of all the differences in hardware, and to
+allow for innovations, Adobe has specified a syntax and file format
+for <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript Printer Description</em></span> (PPD)
+files. Every PostScript printer ships with one of these files.
+</p><p>
+PPDs contain all information about general and special features of the
+given printer model: Which different resolutions can it handle? Does
+it have a Duplexing Unit? How many paper trays are there? What media
+types and sizes does it take? For each item it also names the special
+command string to be sent to the printer (mostly inside the PostScript
+file) in order to enable it.
+</p><p>
+Information from these PPDs is meant to be taken into account by the
+printer drivers. Therefore, installed as part of the Windows
+PostScript driver for a given printer is the printer's PPD. Where it
+makes sense, the PPD features are presented in the drivers' UI dialogs
+to display to the user as choice of print options. In the end, the
+user selections are somehow written (in the form of special
+PostScript, PJL, JCL or vendor-dependent commands) into the PostScript
+file created by the driver.
+</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926162"></a>
+A PostScript file that was created to contain device-specific commands
+for achieving a certain print job output (e.g. duplexed, stapled and
+punched) on a specific target machine, may not print as expected, or
+may not be printable at all on other models; it also may not be fit
+for further processing by software (e.g. by a PDF distilling program).
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926179"></a>CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+CUPS can handle all spec-compliant PPDs as supplied by the
+manufacturers for their PostScript models. Even if a
+UNIX/Linux-illiterate vendor might not have mentioned our favorite
+OS in his manuals and brochures -- you can safely trust this:
+<span class="emphasis"><em>if you get hold of the Windows NT version of the PPD, you
+can use it unchanged in CUPS</em></span> and thus access the full
+power of your printer just like a Windows NT user could!
+</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
+To check the spec compliance of any PPD online, go to <a href="http://www.cups.org/testppd.php" target="_top">http://www.cups.org/testppd.php</a>
+and upload your PPD. You will see the results displayed
+immediately. CUPS in all versions after 1.1.19 has a much more strict
+internal PPD parsing and checking code enabled; in case of printing
+trouble this online resource should be one of your first pitstops.
+</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926227"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926235"></a>
+For real PostScript printers <span class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span> use the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Foomatic</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span>
+PPDs from Linuxprinting.org. With these devices the original
+vendor-provided PPDs are always the first choice!
+</p></div><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
+If you are looking for an original vendor-provided PPD of a specific
+device, and you know that an NT4 box (or any other Windows box) on
+your LAN has the PostScript driver installed, just use
+<b class="command">smbclient //NT4-box/print\$ -U username</b> to
+access the Windows directory where all printer driver files are
+stored. First look in the <tt class="filename">W32X86/2</tt> subdir for
+the PPD you are seeking.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926285"></a>CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+CUPS also uses specially crafted PPDs to handle non-PostScript
+printers. These PPDs are usually not available from the vendors (and
+no, you can't just take the PPD of a Postscript printer with the same
+model name and hope it works for the non-PostScript version too). To
+understand how these PPDs work for non-PS printers we first need to
+dive deeply into the CUPS filtering and file format conversion
+architecture. Stay tuned.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2926306"></a>The CUPS Filtering Architecture</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The core of the CUPS filtering system is based on
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Ghostscript</em></span>. In addition to Ghostscript, CUPS
+uses some other filters of its own. You (or your OS vendor) may have
+plugged in even more filters. CUPS handles all data file formats under
+the label of various <span class="emphasis"><em>MIME types</em></span>. Every incoming
+printfile is subjected to an initial
+<span class="emphasis"><em>auto-typing</em></span>. The auto-typing determines its given
+MIME type. A given MIME type implies zero or more possible filtering
+chains relevant to the selected target printer. This section discusses
+how MIME types recognition and conversion rules interact. They are
+used by CUPS to automatically setup a working filtering chain for any
+given input data format.
+</p><p>
+If CUPS rasterizes a PostScript file <span class="emphasis"><em>natively</em></span> to
+a bitmap, this is done in 2 stages:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the first stage uses a Ghostscript device named &quot;cups&quot;
+(this is since version 1.1.15) and produces a generic raster format
+called &quot;CUPS raster&quot;.
+</p></li><li><p>the second stage uses a &quot;raster driver&quot; which converts
+the generic CUPS raster to a device specific raster.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Make sure your Ghostscript version has the &quot;cups&quot; device compiled in
+(check with <b class="command">gs -h | grep cups</b>). Otherwise you
+may encounter the dreaded <tt class="computeroutput">Unable to convert file
+0</tt> in your CUPS error_log file. To have &quot;cups&quot; as a
+device in your Ghostscript, you either need to <span class="emphasis"><em>patch GNU
+Ghostscript</em></span> and re-compile or use <a class="indexterm" name="id2926410"></a><a href="http://www.cups.org/ghostscript.php" target="_top">ESP Ghostscript</a>. The
+superior alternative is ESP Ghostscript: it supports not just CUPS,
+but 300 other devices too (while GNU Ghostscript supports only about
+180). Because of this broad output device support, ESP Ghostscript is
+the first choice for non-CUPS spoolers too. It is now recommended by
+Linuxprinting.org for all spoolers.
+</p><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926437"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926446"></a>
+CUPS printers may be setup to use <span class="emphasis"><em>external</em></span>
+rendering paths. One of the most common ones is provided by the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Foomatic/cupsomatic</em></span> concept, from <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/" target="_top">Linuxprinting.org</a>. This
+uses the classical Ghostscript approach, doing everything in one
+step. It doesn't use the &quot;cups&quot; device, but one of the many
+others. However, even for Foomatic/cupsomatic usage, best results and
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926483"></a>
+broadest printer model support is provided by ESP Ghostscript (more
+about cupsomatic/Foomatic, particularly the new version called now
+<span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>, follows below).
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926501"></a>MIME types and CUPS Filters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2926512"></a>
+CUPS reads the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>
+(and all other files carrying a <tt class="filename">*.types</tt> suffix
+in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain the MIME
+type recognition rules which are applied when CUPS runs its
+auto-typing routines. The rule syntax is explained in the man page
+for <tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> and in the comments section of the
+<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file itself. A simple rule reads
+like this:
+</p><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2926558"></a>
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ application/pdf pdf string(0,%PDF)
+</pre><p>
+This means: if a filename has either a
+<tt class="filename">.pdf</tt> suffix, or if the magic
+string <span class="emphasis"><em>%PDF</em></span> is right at the
+beginning of the file itself (offset 0 from the start), then it is
+a PDF file (<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span>).
+Another rule is this:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ application/postscript ai eps ps string(0,%!) string(0,&lt;04&gt;%!)
+</pre><p>
+Its meaning: if the filename has one of the suffixes
+<tt class="filename">.ai</tt>, <tt class="filename">.eps</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">.ps</tt> or if the file itself starts with one of the
+strings <span class="emphasis"><em>%!</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;04&gt;%!</em></span>, it
+is a generic PostScript file
+(<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>).
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+There is a very important difference between two similar MIME type in
+CUPS: one is <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>, the other is
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>. While
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> is meant to be device
+independent (job options for the file are still outside the PS file
+content, embedded in commandline or environment variables by CUPS),
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span> may have the job
+options inserted into the PostScript data itself (were
+applicable). The transformation of the generic PostScript
+(application/postscript) to the device-specific version
+(application/vnd.cups-postscript) is the responsibility of the
+CUPS <span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span> filter. pstops uses information
+contained in the PPD to do the transformation.
+</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
+Don't confuse the other mime.types file your system might be using
+with the one in the <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/</tt> directory.
+</p></div><p>
+CUPS can handle ASCII text, HP-GL, PDF, PostScript, DVI and a
+lot of image formats (GIF. PNG, TIFF, JPEG, Photo-CD, SUN-Raster,
+PNM, PBM, SGI-RGB and some more) and their associated MIME types
+with its filters.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926707"></a>MIME type Conversion Rules</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2926716"></a><p>
+CUPS reads the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>
+(and all other files named with a <tt class="filename">*.convs</tt>
+suffix in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain
+lines naming an input MIME type, an output MIME type, a format
+conversion filter which can produce the output from the input type
+and virtual costs associated with this conversion. One example line
+reads like this:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ application/pdf application/postscript 33 pdftops
+</pre><p>
+This means that the <span class="emphasis"><em>pdftops</em></span> filter will take
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span> as input and produce
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> as output, the virtual
+cost of this operation is 33 CUPS-$. The next filter is more
+expensive, costing 66 CUPS-$:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2926777"></a><pre class="screen">
+ application/vnd.hp-HPGL application/postscript 66 hpgltops
+</pre><p>
+This is the <span class="emphasis"><em>hpgltops</em></span>, which processes HP-GL
+plotter files to PostScript.
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2926804"></a><pre class="screen">
+ application/octet-stream
+</pre><p>
+Here are two more examples:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2926827"></a><pre class="screen">
+ application/x-shell application/postscript 33 texttops
+ text/plain application/postscript 33 texttops
+</pre><p>
+The last two examples name the <span class="emphasis"><em>texttops</em></span> filter
+to work on &quot;text/plain&quot; as well as on &quot;application/x-shell&quot;. (Hint:
+this differentiation is needed for the syntax highlighting feature of
+&quot;texttops&quot;).
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926862"></a>Filter Requirements</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2926870"></a><p>
+There are many more combinations named in mime.convs. However, you
+are not limited to use the ones pre-defined there. You can plug in any
+filter you like into the CUPS framework. It must meet, or must be made
+to meet some minimal requirements. If you find (or write) a cool
+conversion filter of some kind, make sure it complies to what CUPS
+needs, and put in the right lines in <tt class="filename">mime.types</tt>
+and <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt>, then it will work seamlessly
+inside CUPS!
+</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
+The mentioned &quot;CUPS requirements&quot; for filters are simple. Take
+filenames or <tt class="filename">stdin</tt> as input and write to
+<tt class="filename">stdout</tt>. They should take these 5 or 6 arguments:
+<span class="emphasis"><em>printer job user title copies options [filename]</em></span>
+</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>The name of the printer queue (normally this is the
+name of the filter being run)</p></dd><dt><span class="term">job</span></dt><dd><p>The numeric job ID for the job being
+printed</p></dd><dt><span class="term">user</span></dt><dd><p>The string from the originating-user-name
+attribute</p></dd><dt><span class="term">title</span></dt><dd><p>The string from the job-name attribute</p></dd><dt><span class="term">copies</span></dt><dd><p>The numeric value from the number-copies
+attribute</p></dd><dt><span class="term">options</span></dt><dd><p>The job options</p></dd><dt><span class="term">filename</span></dt><dd><p>(Optionally) The print request file (if missing,
+filters expected data fed through <tt class="filename">stdin</tt>). In most
+cases it is very easy to write a simple wrapper script around existing
+filters to make them work with CUPS.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927043"></a>Prefilters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2927050"></a><p>
+As was said, PostScript is the central file format to any UNIX based
+printing system. From PostScript, CUPS generates raster data to feed
+non-PostScript printers.
+</p><p>
+But what is happening if you send one of the supported non-PS formats
+to print? Then CUPS runs &quot;pre-filters&quot; on these input formats to
+generate PostScript first. There are pre-filters to create PS from
+ASCII text, PDF, DVI or HP-GL. The outcome of these filters is always
+of MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> (meaning that
+any device-specific print options are not yet embedded into the
+PostScript by CUPS, and that the next filter to be called is
+pstops). Another pre-filter is running on all supported image formats,
+the <span class="emphasis"><em>imagetops</em></span> filter. Its outcome is always of
+MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>
+(<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> application/postscript), meaning it has the
+print options already embedded into the file.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small4"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.4. Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/4small.png" width="270" alt="Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927153"></a>pstops</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span>is the filter to convert
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>. It was said
+above that this filter inserts all device-specific print options
+(commands to the printer to ask for the duplexing of output, or
+stapling an punching it, etc.) into the PostScript file.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small5"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.5. Adding Device-specific Print Options</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/5small.png" width="270" alt="Adding Device-specific Print Options"></div></div><p>
+</p><p>
+This is not all: other tasks performed by it are:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+selecting the range of pages to be printed (if you choose to
+print only pages &quot;3, 6, 8-11, 16, 19-21&quot;, or only the odd numbered
+ones)
+</p></li><li><p>
+putting 2 or more logical pages on one sheet of paper (the
+so-called &quot;number-up&quot; function)
+</p></li><li><p>counting the pages of the job to insert the accounting
+information into the <tt class="filename">/var/log/cups/page_log</tt>
+</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927264"></a>pstoraster</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>pstoraster</em></span> is at the core of the CUPS filtering
+system. It is responsible for the first stage of the rasterization
+process. Its input is of MIME type application/vnd.cups-postscript;
+its output is application/vnd.cups-raster. This output format is not
+yet meant to be printable. Its aim is to serve as a general purpose
+input format for more specialized <span class="emphasis"><em>raster drivers</em></span>,
+that are able to generate device-specific printer data.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small6"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.6. Postscript to intermediate Raster format</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/6small.png" width="270" alt="Postscript to intermediate Raster format"></div></div><p>
+</p><p>
+CUPS raster is a generic raster format with powerful features. It is
+able to include per-page information, color profiles and more to be
+used by the following downstream raster drivers. Its MIME type is
+registered with IANA and its specification is of course completely
+open. It is designed to make it very easy and inexpensive for
+manufacturers to develop Linux and UNIX raster drivers for their
+printer models, should they choose to do so. CUPS always takes care
+for the first stage of rasterization so these vendors don't need to care
+about Ghostscript complications (in fact, there is currently more
+than one vendor financing the development of CUPS raster drivers).
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small7"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.7. CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/7small.png" width="270" alt="CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript"></div></div><p>
+</p><p>
+CUPS versions before version 1.1.15 were shipping a binary (or source
+code) standalone filter, named &quot;pstoraster&quot;. pstoraster was derived
+from GNU Ghostscript 5.50, and could be installed besides and in
+addition to any GNU or AFPL Ghostscript package without conflicting.
+</p><p>
+From version 1.1.15, this has changed. The functions for this has been
+integrated back into Ghostscript (now based on GNU Ghostscript version
+7.05). The &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter is now a simple shell script calling
+<b class="command">gs</b> with the <b class="command">-sDEVICE=cups</b>
+parameter. If your Ghostscript doesn't show a success on asking for
+<b class="command">gs -h |grep cups</b>, you might not be able to
+print. Update your Ghostscript then!
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927459"></a>imagetops and imagetoraster</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Above in the section about prefilters, we mentioned the prefilter
+that generates PostScript from image formats. The imagetoraster
+filter is used to convert directly from image to raster, without the
+intermediate PostScript stage. It is used more often than the above
+mentioned prefilters. Here is a summarizing flowchart of image file
+filtering:
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small8"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.8. Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/8small.png" width="270" alt="Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927523"></a>rasterto [printers specific]</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+CUPS ships with quite some different raster drivers processing CUPS
+raster. On my system I find in /usr/lib/cups/filter/ these:
+<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoalps</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertobj</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoepson</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoescp</tt></i>,
+<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertopcl</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoturboprint</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoapdk</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertodymo</tt></i>,
+<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoescp</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertohp</tt></i> and
+<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>. Don't worry if you have less
+than this; some of these are installed by commercial add-ons to CUPS
+(like <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoturboprint</tt></i>), others (like
+<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>) by 3rd party driver
+development projects (such as Gimp-Print) wanting to cooperate as
+closely as possible with CUPS.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small9"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.9. Raster to Printer Specific formats</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/9small.png" width="270" alt="Raster to Printer Specific formats"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927675"></a>CUPS Backends</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The last part of any CUPS filtering chain is a &quot;backend&quot;. Backends
+are special programs that send the print-ready file to the final
+device. There is a separate backend program for any transfer
+&quot;protocol&quot; of sending printjobs over the network, or for every local
+interface. Every CUPS printqueue needs to have a CUPS &quot;device-URI&quot;
+associated with it. The device URI is the way to encode the backend
+used to send the job to its destination. Network device-URIs are using
+two slashes in their syntax, local device URIs only one, as you can
+see from the following list. Keep in mind that local interface names
+may vary much from my examples, if your OS is not Linux:
+</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">usb</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to USB-connected printers. An
+example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
+<tt class="filename">usb:/dev/usb/lp0</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">serial</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to serially connected printers.
+An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
+<tt class="filename">serial:/dev/ttyS0?baud=11500</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">parallel</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to printers connected to the
+parallel port. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
+<tt class="filename">parallel:/dev/lp0</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">scsi</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to printers attached to the
+SCSI interface. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
+<tt class="filename">scsi:/dev/sr1</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">lpd</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to LPR/LPD connected network
+printers. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
+<tt class="filename">lpd://remote_host_name/remote_queue_name</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">AppSocket/HP JetDirect</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to AppSocket (a.k.a. &quot;HP
+JetDirect&quot;) connected network printers. An example for the CUPS
+device-URI to use is:
+<tt class="filename">socket://10.11.12.13:9100</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ipp</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to IPP connected network
+printers (or to other CUPS servers). Examples for CUPS device-URIs
+to use are:
+<tt class="filename">ipp:://192.193.194.195/ipp</tt>
+(for many HP printers) or
+<tt class="filename">ipp://remote_cups_server/printers/remote_printer_name</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">http</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to HTTP connected printers.
+(The http:// CUPS backend is only a symlink to the ipp:// backend.)
+Examples for the CUPS device-URIs to use are:
+<tt class="filename">http:://192.193.194.195:631/ipp</tt>
+(for many HP printers) or
+<tt class="filename">http://remote_cups_server:631/printers/remote_printer_name</tt>
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">smb</span></dt><dd><p>
+This backend sends printfiles to printers shared by a Windows
+host. An example for CUPS device-URIs to use are:
+<tt class="filename">smb://workgroup/server/printersharename</tt>
+Or
+<tt class="filename">smb://server/printersharename</tt>
+or
+<tt class="filename">smb://username:password@workgroup/server/printersharename</tt>
+or
+<tt class="filename">smb://username:password@server/printersharename</tt>.
+The smb:// backend is a symlink to the Samba utility
+<span class="emphasis"><em>smbspool</em></span> (doesn't ship with CUPS). If the
+symlink is not present in your CUPS backend directory, have your
+root user create it: <b class="command">ln -s `which smbspool`
+/usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</b>.
+</p></dd></dl></div><p>
+It is easy to write your own backends as Shell or Perl scripts, if you
+need any modification or extension to the CUPS print system. One
+reason could be that you want to create &quot;special&quot; printers which send
+the printjobs as email (through a &quot;mailto:/&quot; backend), convert them to
+PDF (through a &quot;pdfgen:/&quot; backend) or dump them to &quot;/dev/null&quot; (In
+fact I have the system-wide default printer set up to be connected to
+a &quot;devnull:/&quot; backend: there are just too many people sending jobs
+without specifying a printer, or scripts and programs which don't name
+a printer. The system-wide default deletes the job and sends a polite
+mail back to the $USER asking him to always specify a correct
+printername).
+</p><p>
+Not all of the mentioned backends may be present on your system or
+usable (depending on your hardware configuration). One test for all
+available CUPS backends is provided by the <span class="emphasis"><em>lpinfo</em></span>
+utility. Used with the <tt class="option">-v</tt> parameter, it lists
+all available backends:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpinfo -v</tt></b>
+</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928022"></a>cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2928030"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2928038"></a><p>
+&quot;cupsomatic&quot; filters may be the most widely used on CUPS
+installations. You must be clear about the fact that these were not
+developed by the CUPS people. They are a &quot;Third Party&quot; add-on to
+CUPS. They utilize the traditional Ghostscript devices to render jobs
+for CUPS. When troubleshooting, you should know about the
+difference. Here the whole rendering process is done in one stage,
+inside Ghostscript, using an appropriate &quot;device&quot; for the target
+printer. cupsomatic uses PPDs which are generated from the &quot;Foomatic&quot;
+Printer &amp; Driver Database at Linuxprinting.org.
+</p><p>
+You can recognize these PPDs from the line calling the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span> filter:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ *cupsFilter: &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic&quot;
+</pre><p>
+This line you may find amongst the first 40 or so lines of the PPD
+file. If you have such a PPD installed, the printer shows up in the
+CUPS web interface with a <span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic</em></span> namepart for
+the driver description. cupsomatic is a Perl script that runs
+Ghostscript, with all the complicated commandline options
+auto-constructed from the selected PPD and commandline options give to
+the printjob.
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2928111"></a><p>
+However, cupsomatic is now deprecated. Its PPDs (especially the first
+generation of them, still in heavy use out there) are not meeting the
+Adobe specifications. You might also suffer difficulties when you try
+to download them with &quot;Point'n'Print&quot; to Windows clients. A better,
+and more powerful successor is now in a very stable Beta-version
+available: it is called <span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>. To use
+foomatic-rip as a filter with CUPS, you need the new-type PPDs. These
+have a similar, but different line:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+
+ *cupsFilter: &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 foomatic-rip&quot;
+
+</pre><p>
+The PPD generating engine at Linuxprinting.org has been revamped.
+The new PPDs comply to the Adobe spec. On top, they also provide a
+new way to specify different quality levels (hi-res photo, normal
+color, grayscale, draft...) with a single click (whereas before you
+could have required 5 or more different selections (media type,
+resolution, inktype, dithering algorithm...). There is support for
+custom-size media built in. There is support to switch
+print-options from page to page, in the middle of a job. And the
+best thing is: the new foomatic-rip now works seamlessly with all
+legacy spoolers too (like LPRng, BSD-LPD, PDQ, PPR etc.), providing
+for them access to use PPDs for their printing!
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928168"></a>The Complete Picture</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+If you want to see an overview over all the filters and how they
+relate to each other, the complete picture of the puzzle is at the end
+of this document.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928183"></a><tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+CUPS auto-constructs all possible filtering chain paths for any given
+MIME type, and every printer installed. But how does it decide in
+favor or against a specific alternative? (There may often be cases,
+where there is a choice of two or more possible filtering chains for
+the same target printer). Simple: you may have noticed the figures in
+the 3rd column of the mime.convs file. They represent virtual costs
+assigned to this filter. Every possible filtering chain will sum up to
+a total &quot;filter cost&quot;. CUPS decides for the most &quot;inexpensive&quot; route.
+</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
+The setting of <i class="parameter"><tt>FilterLimit 1000</tt></i> in
+<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> will not allow more filters to
+run concurrently than will consume a total of 1000 virtual filter
+cost. This is a very efficient way to limit the load of any CUPS
+server by setting an appropriate &quot;FilterLimit&quot; value. A FilterLimit of
+200 allows roughly 1 job at a time, while a FilterLimit of 1000 allows
+approximately 5 jobs maximum at a time.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928246"></a>&quot;Raw&quot; printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+You can tell CUPS to print (nearly) any file &quot;raw&quot;. &quot;Raw&quot; means it
+will not be filtered. CUPS will send the file to the printer &quot;as is&quot;
+without bothering if the printer is able to digest it. Users need to
+take care themselves that they send sensible data formats only. Raw
+printing can happen on any queue if the &quot;-o raw&quot; option is specified
+on the command line. You can also set up raw-only queues by simply not
+associating any PPD with it. This command:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -P rawprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -E</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+sets up a queue named &quot;rawprinter&quot;, connected via the &quot;socket&quot;
+protocol (a.k.a. &quot;HP JetDirect&quot;) to the device at IP address
+11.12.1.3.14, using port 9100. (If you had added a PPD with
+<b class="command">-P /path/to/PPD</b> to this command line, you would
+have installed a &quot;normal&quot; printqueue.
+</p><p>
+CUPS will automatically treat each job sent to a queue as a &quot;raw&quot; one,
+if it can't find a PPD associated with the queue. However, CUPS will
+only send known MIME types (as defined in its own mime.types file) and
+refuse others.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928335"></a>&quot;application/octet-stream&quot; printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Any MIME type with no rule in the
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> file is regarded as unknown
+or <span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span> and will not be
+sent. Because CUPS refuses to print unknown MIME types per default,
+you will probably have experienced the fact that printjobs originating
+from Windows clients were not printed. You may have found an error
+message in your CUPS logs like:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ Unable to convert file 0 to printable format for job
+</pre><p>
+To enable the printing of &quot;application/octet-stream&quot; files, edit
+these two files:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt></p></li></ul></div><p>
+Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must
+be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation for
+application/octet-stream. In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>
+make sure this line is present:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2928420"></a><pre class="screen">
+ application/octet-stream
+</pre><p>
+This line (with no specific auto-typing rule set) makes all files
+not otherwise auto-typed a member of application/octet-stream. In
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>, have this
+line:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+ application/octet-stream application/vnd.cups-raw 0 -
+</pre><a class="indexterm" name="id2928460"></a><p>
+This line tells CUPS to use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Null Filter</em></span>
+(denoted as &quot;-&quot;, doing... nothing at all) on
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>, and tag the result as
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-raw</em></span>. This last one is
+always a green light to the CUPS scheduler to now hand the file over
+to the &quot;backend&quot; connecting to the printer and sending it over.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Editing the <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt> and the
+<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file does not
+<span class="emphasis"><em>enforce</em></span> &quot;raw&quot; printing, it only
+<span class="emphasis"><em>allows</em></span> it.
+</p></div><p><b>Background. </b>
+CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones
+does not by default allow one to send deliberate (possibly binary)
+data to printing devices. (This could be easily abused to launch a
+Denial of Service attack on your printer(s), causing at least the loss
+of a lot of paper and ink...) &quot;Unknown&quot; data are regarded by CUPS
+as <span class="emphasis"><em>MIME type</em></span>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>. While you
+<span class="emphasis"><em>can</em></span> send data &quot;raw&quot;, the MIME type for these must
+be one that is known to CUPS and an allowed one. The file
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> defines the &quot;rules&quot; how CUPS
+recognizes MIME types. The file
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt> decides which file
+conversion filter(s) may be applied to which MIME types.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928581"></a>PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2928590"></a><p>
+Originally PPDs were meant to be used for PostScript printers
+only. Here, they help to send device-specific commands and settings
+to the RIP which processes the jobfile. CUPS has extended this
+scope for PPDs to cover non-PostScript printers too. This was not
+very difficult, because it is a standardized file format. In a way
+it was logical too: CUPS handles PostScript and uses a PostScript
+RIP (=Ghostscript) to process the jobfiles. The only difference is:
+a PostScript printer has the RIP built-in, for other types of
+printers the Ghostscript RIP runs on the host computer.
+</p><p>
+PPDs for a non-PS printer have a few lines that are unique to
+CUPS. The most important one looks similar to this:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2928619"></a><pre class="screen">
+ *cupsFilter: application/vnd.cups-raster 66 rastertoprinter
+</pre><p>
+It is the last piece in the CUPS filtering puzzle. This line tells the
+CUPS daemon to use as a last filter &quot;rastertoprinter&quot;. This filter
+should be served as input an &quot;application/vnd.cups-raster&quot; MIME type
+file. Therefore CUPS should auto-construct a filtering chain, which
+delivers as its last output the specified MIME type. This is then
+taken as input to the specified &quot;rastertoprinter&quot; filter. After this
+the last filter has done its work (&quot;rastertoprinter&quot; is a Gimp-Print
+filter), the file should go to the backend, which sends it to the
+output device.
+</p><p>
+CUPS by default ships only a few generic PPDs, but they are good for
+several hundred printer models. You may not be able to control
+different paper trays, or you may get larger margins than your
+specific model supports):
+</p><div class="table"><a name="id2928665"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 19.1. PPD's shipped with CUPS</b></p><table summary="PPD's shipped with CUPS" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">PPD file</th><th align="justify">Printer type</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">deskjet.ppd</td><td align="justify">older HP inkjet printers and compatible</td></tr><tr><td align="left">deskjet2.ppd</td><td align="justify">newer HP inkjet printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">dymo.ppd</td><td align="justify">label printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">epson9.ppd</td><td align="justify">Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">epson24.ppd</td><td align="justify">Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">okidata9.ppd</td><td align="justify">Okidata 9pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">okidat24.ppd</td><td align="justify">Okidata 24pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stcolor.ppd</td><td align="justify">older Epson Stylus Color printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stcolor2.ppd</td><td align="justify">newer Epson Stylus Color printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stphoto.ppd</td><td align="justify">older Epson Stylus Photo printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stphoto2.ppd</td><td align="justify">newer Epson Stylus Photo printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">laserjet.ppd</td><td align="justify">all PCL printers. Further below is a discussion of several other driver/PPD-packages suitable for use with CUPS. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928848"></a>Difference between <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</em></span> and
+<span class="emphasis"><em>native CUPS</em></span> printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2928866"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2928874"></a><p>
+Native CUPS rasterization works in two steps.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+First is the &quot;pstoraster&quot; step. It uses the special &quot;cups&quot;
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2928898"></a>
+device from ESP Ghostscript 7.05.x as its tool
+</p></li><li><p>
+Second comes the &quot;rasterdriver&quot; step. It uses various
+device-specific filters; there are several vendors who provide good
+quality filters for this step, some are Free Software, some are
+Shareware/Non-Free, some are proprietary.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Often this produces better quality (and has several more
+advantages) than other methods.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small10"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.10. cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/10small.png" width="270" alt="cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS"></div></div><p>
+</p><p>
+One other method is the <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</em></span>
+way. Note that cupsomatic is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> made by the CUPS
+developers. It is an independent contribution to printing development,
+made by people from Linuxprinting.org (see also <a href="http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html" target="_top">http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html</a>).
+cupsomatic is no longer developed and maintained and is no longer
+supported. It has now been replaced by
+<span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>. foomatic-rip is a complete re-write
+of the old cupsomatic idea, but very much improved and generalized to
+other (non-CUPS) spoolers. An upgrade to foomatic-rip is strongly
+advised, especially if you are upgrading to a recent version of CUPS
+too.
+</p><p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2929012"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2929021"></a>
+Both the cupsomatic (old) and the foomatic-rip (new) methods from
+Linuxprinting.org use the traditional Ghostscript print file
+processing, doing everything in a single step. It therefore relies on
+all the other devices built-in into Ghostscript. The quality is as
+good (or bad) as Ghostscript rendering is in other spoolers. The
+advantage is that this method supports many printer models not
+supported (yet) by the more modern CUPS method.
+</p><p>
+Of course, you can use both methods side by side on one system (and
+even for one printer, if you set up different queues), and find out
+which works best for you.
+</p><p>
+cupsomatic &quot;kidnaps&quot; the printfile after the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span> stage and
+deviates it through the CUPS-external, system wide Ghostscript
+installation: Therefore the printfile bypasses the &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter
+(and thus also bypasses the CUPS-raster-drivers
+&quot;rastertosomething&quot;). After Ghostscript finished its rasterization,
+cupsomatic hands the rendered file directly to the CUPS backend. The
+flowchart above illustrates the difference between native CUPS
+rendering and the Foomatic/cupsomatic method.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929083"></a>Examples for filtering Chains</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Here are a few examples of commonly occurring filtering chains to
+illustrate the workings of CUPS.
+</p><p>
+Assume you want to print a PDF file to a HP JetDirect-connected
+PostScript printer, but you want to print the pages 3-5, 7, 11-13
+only, and you want to print them &quot;2-up&quot; and &quot;duplex&quot;:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>your print options (page selection as required, 2-up,
+duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline;</p></li><li><p>the (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file therefore first must pass the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>pdftops</em></span> pre-filter, which produces PostScript
+MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> (a preview here
+would still show all pages of the original PDF);</p></li><li><p>the file then passes the <span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span>
+filter which applies the commandline options: it selects the pages
+2-5, 7 and 11-13, creates and imposed layout &quot;2 pages on 1 sheet&quot; and
+inserts the correct &quot;duplex&quot; command (as is defined in the printer's
+PPD) into the new PostScript file; the file now is of PostScript MIME
+type
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file goes to the <span class="emphasis"><em>socket</em></span>
+backend, which transfers the job to the printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+ The resulting filter chain therefore is as drawn in <a href="CUPS-printing.html#pdftosocket" title="Figure 19.11. PDF to socket chain">the image below</a>.
+</p><div class="figure"><a name="pdftosocket"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.11. PDF to socket chain</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/pdftosocket.png" width="270" alt="PDF to socket chain"></div></div><p>
+Assume your want to print the same filter to an USB-connected
+Epson Stylus Photo printer, installed with the CUPS
+<tt class="filename">stphoto2.ppd</tt>. The first few filtering stages
+are nearly the same:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>your print options (page selection as required, 2-up,
+duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline;</p></li><li><p>the (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file therefore first must pass the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>pdftops</em></span> pre-filter, which produces PostScript
+MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> (a preview here
+would still show all pages of the original PDF);</p></li><li><p>the file then passes the &quot;pstops&quot; filter which applies
+the commandline options: it selects the pages 2-5, 7 and 11-13,
+creates and imposed layout &quot;2 pages on 1 sheet&quot; and inserts the
+correct &quot;duplex&quot; command... (OOoops -- this printer and his PPD
+don't support duplex printing at all -- this option will be ignored
+then) into the new PostScript file; the file now is of PostScript
+MIME type
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file then passes the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>pstoraster</em></span> stage and becomes MIME type
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/cups-raster</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>finally, the <span class="emphasis"><em>rastertoepson</em></span> filter
+does its work (as is indicated in the printer's PPD), creating the
+printer-specific raster data and embedding any user-selected
+print-options into the print data stream;</p></li><li><p>the file goes to the <span class="emphasis"><em>usb</em></span> backend,
+which transfers the job to the printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+ The resulting filter chain therefore is as drawn in <a href="CUPS-printing.html#pdftoepsonusb" title="Figure 19.12. PDF to USB chain">the image below</a>.
+</p><div class="figure"><a name="pdftoepsonusb"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.12. PDF to USB chain</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/pdftoepsonusb.png" width="270" alt="PDF to USB chain"></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929420"></a>Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+On the internet you can find now many thousand CUPS-PPD files
+(with their companion filters), in many national languages,
+supporting more than 1000 non-PostScript models.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><a class="indexterm" name="id2929436"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2929448"></a><ul type="disc"><li><p><a href="http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/" target="_top">ESP
+PrintPro</a> (commercial,
+non-Free) is packaged with more than 3000 PPDs, ready for
+successful use &quot;out of the box&quot; on Linux, Mac OS X, IBM-AIX,
+HP-UX, Sun-Solaris, SGI-IRIX, Compaq Tru64, Digital UNIX and some
+more commercial Unices (it is written by the CUPS developers
+themselves and its sales help finance the further development of
+CUPS, as they feed their creators).</p></li><li><p>the <a href="http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">Gimp-Print-Project
+</a> (GPL, Free Software)
+provides around 140 PPDs (supporting nearly 400 printers, many driven
+to photo quality output), to be used alongside the Gimp-Print CUPS
+filters;</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www.turboprint.com/" target="_top">TurboPrint
+</a> (Shareware, non-Free) supports
+roughly the same amount of printers in excellent
+quality;</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/" target="_top">OMNI
+</a>
+(LPGL, Free) is a package made by IBM, now containing support for more
+than 400 printers, stemming from the inheritance of IBM OS/2 Know-How
+ported over to Linux (CUPS support is in a Beta-stage at
+present);</p></li><li><p><a href="http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">HPIJS
+</a> (BSD-style licenses, Free)
+supports around 150 of HP's own printers and is also providing
+excellent print quality now (currently available only via the Foomatic
+path);</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/" target="_top">Foomatic/cupsomatic
+</a> (LPGL, Free) from
+Linuxprinting.org are providing PPDs for practically every Ghostscript
+filter known to the world (including Omni, Gimp-Print and
+HPIJS).</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+The cupsomatic/Foomatic trick from Linuxprinting.org works
+differently from the other drivers. This is explained elsewhere in this
+document.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929572"></a>Printing with Interface Scripts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+CUPS also supports the usage of &quot;interface scripts&quot; as known from
+System V AT&amp;T printing systems. These are often used for PCL
+printers, from applications that generate PCL print jobs. Interface
+scripts are specific to printer models. They have a similar role as
+PPDs for PostScript printers. Interface scripts may inject the Escape
+sequences as required into the print data stream, if the user has
+chosen to select a certain paper tray, or print landscape, or use A3
+paper, etc. Interfaces scripts are practically unknown in the Linux
+realm. On HP-UX platforms they are more often used. You can use any
+working interface script on CUPS too. Just install the printer with
+the <b class="command">-i</b> option:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p pclprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 \
+ -i /path/to/interface-script</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+Interface scripts might be the &quot;unknown animal&quot; to many. However,
+with CUPS they provide the most easy way to plug in your own
+custom-written filtering script or program into one specific print
+queue (some information about the traditional usage of interface scripts is
+to be found at <a href="http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html" target="_top">http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html</a>).
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2929667"></a>Network printing (purely Windows)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Network printing covers a lot of ground. To understand what exactly
+goes on with Samba when it is printing on behalf of its Windows
+clients, let's first look at a &quot;purely Windows&quot; setup: Windows clients
+with a Windows NT print server.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929677"></a>From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Windows clients printing to an NT-based print server have two
+options. They may
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2929699"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2929707"></a><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>execute the driver locally and render the GDI output
+(EMF) into the printer specific format on their own,
+or</p></li><li><p>send the GDI output (EMF) to the server, where the
+driver is executed to render the printer specific
+output.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Both print paths are shown in the flowcharts below.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929741"></a>Driver Execution on the Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+In the first case the print server must spool the file as &quot;raw&quot;,
+meaning it shouldn't touch the jobfile and try to convert it in any
+way. This is what traditional UNIX-based print server can do too; and
+at a better performance and more reliably than NT print server. This
+is what most Samba administrators probably are familiar with. One
+advantage of this setup is that this &quot;spooling-only&quot; print server may
+be used even if no driver(s) for UNIX are available it is sufficient
+to have the Windows client drivers available and installed on the
+clients.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small11"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.13. Print Driver execution on the Client</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/11small.png" width="270" alt="Print Driver execution on the Client"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929818"></a>Driver Execution on the Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2929822"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2929831"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2929839"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2929847"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2929855"></a><p>
+The other path executes the printer driver on the server. The clients
+transfers print files in EMF format to the server. The server uses the
+PostScript, PCL, ESC/P or other driver to convert the EMF file into
+the printer-specific language. It is not possible for UNIX to do the
+same. Currently there is no program or method to convert a Windows
+client's GDI output on a UNIX server into something a printer could
+understand.
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small12"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.14. Print Driver execution on the Server</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/12small.png" width="270" alt="Print Driver execution on the Server"></div></div><p>
+</p><p>
+However, there is something similar possible with CUPS. Read on...
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2929936"></a>Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print
+Servers)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Since UNIX print servers <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span> execute the Win32
+program code on their platform, the picture is somewhat
+different. However, this doesn't limit your options all that
+much. In the contrary, you may have a way here to implement printing
+features which are not possible otherwise.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929956"></a>From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Here is a simple recipe showing how you can take advantage of CUPS
+powerful features for the benefit of your Windows network printing
+clients:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Let the Windows clients send PostScript to the CUPS
+server.</p></li><li><p>Let the CUPS server render the PostScript into device
+specific raster format.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+This requires the clients to use a PostScript driver (even if the
+printer is a non-PostScript model. It also requires that you have a
+&quot;driver&quot; on the CUPS server.
+</p><p>
+Firstly, to enable CUPS based printing through Samba the
+following options should be set in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file [global]
+section:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2930017"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups</p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2930035"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups</p></li></ul></div><p>
+When these parameters are specified, all manually set print directives
+(like <a class="indexterm" name="id2930055"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>, or <a class="indexterm" name="id2930069"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command</tt></i>) in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> (as well as
+in samba itself) will be ignored. Instead, Samba will directly
+interface with CUPS through it's application program interface (API) -
+as long as Samba has been compiled with CUPS library (libcups)
+support. If Samba has NOT been compiled with CUPS support, and if no
+other print commands are set up, then printing will use the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>System V</em></span> AT&amp;T command set, with the -oraw
+option automatically passing through (if you want your own defined
+print commands to work with a Samba that has CUPS support compiled in,
+simply use <a class="indexterm" name="id2930107"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv).
+</p><p>
+</p><div class="figure"><a name="small13"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.15. Printing via CUPS/samba server</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/13small.png" width="270" alt="Printing via CUPS/samba server"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930169"></a>Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Samba <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> use its own spool directory (it is set
+by a line similar to <a class="indexterm" name="id2930184"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /var/spool/samba,
+in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> or
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[printername]</tt></i> section of
+<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). Samba receives the job in its own
+spool space and passes it into the spool directory of CUPS (the CUPS
+spooling directory is set by the <i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot</tt></i>
+directive, in a line that defaults to <i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot
+/var/spool/cups</tt></i>). CUPS checks the access rights of its
+spool dir and resets it to healthy values with every re-start. We have
+seen quite some people who had used a common spooling space for Samba
+and CUPS, and were struggling for weeks with this &quot;problem&quot;.
+</p><p>
+A Windows user authenticates only to Samba (by whatever means is
+configured). If Samba runs on the same host as CUPS, you only need to
+allow &quot;localhost&quot; to print. If they run on different machines, you
+need to make sure the Samba host gets access to printing on CUPS.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930255"></a>Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use
+PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs</h2></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2930265"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2930273"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2930282"></a><p>
+PPDs can control all print device options. They are usually provided
+by the manufacturer; if you own a PostScript printer, that is. PPD
+files (PostScript Printer Descriptions) are always a component of
+PostScript printer drivers on MS Windows or Apple Mac OS systems. They
+are ASCII files containing user-selectable print options, mapped to
+appropriate PostScript, PCL or PJL commands for the target
+printer. Printer driver GUI dialogs translate these options
+&quot;on-the-fly&quot; into buttons and drop-down lists for the user to select.
+</p><p>
+CUPS can load, without any conversions, the PPD file from any Windows
+(NT is recommended) PostScript driver and handle the options. There is
+a web browser interface to the print options (select <a href="http://localhost:631/printers/" target="_top">http://localhost:631/printers/</a>
+and click on one <span class="emphasis"><em>Configure Printer</em></span> button to see
+it), or a commandline interface (see <b class="command">man lpoptions</b>
+or see if you have lphelp on your system). There are also some
+different GUI frontends on Linux/UNIX, which can present PPD options
+to users. PPD options are normally meant to be evaluated by the
+PostScript RIP on the real PostScript printer.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930344"></a>PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2930352"></a><p>
+CUPS doesn't limit itself to &quot;real&quot; PostScript printers in its usage
+of PPDs. The CUPS developers have extended the scope of the PPD
+concept, to also describe available device and driver options for
+non-PostScript printers through CUPS-PPDs.
+</p><p>
+This is logical, as CUPS includes a fully featured PostScript
+interpreter (RIP). This RIP is based on Ghostscript. It can process
+all received PostScript (and additionally many other file formats)
+from clients. All CUPS-PPDs geared to non-PostScript printers contain
+an additional line, starting with the keyword
+<i class="parameter"><tt>*cupsFilter</tt></i> . This line tells the CUPS print
+system which printer-specific filter to use for the interpretation of
+the supplied PostScript. Thus CUPS lets all its printers appear as
+PostScript devices to its clients, because it can act as a PostScript
+RIP for those printers, processing the received PostScript code into a
+proper raster print format.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930400"></a>PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2930408"></a><p>
+CUPS-PPDs can also be used on Windows-Clients, on top of a
+&quot;core&quot; PostScript driver (now recommended is the &quot;CUPS PostScript
+Driver for WindowsNT/2K/XP&quot;; you can also use the Adobe one, with
+limitations). This feature enables CUPS to do a few tricks no other
+spooler can do:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>act as a networked PostScript RIP (Raster Image
+Processor), handling printfiles from all client platforms in a uniform
+way;</p></li><li><p>act as a central accounting and billing server, since
+all files are passed through the pstops filter and are therefore
+logged in the CUPS <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> file.
+<span class="emphasis"><em>NOTE:</em></span> this can not happen with &quot;raw&quot; print jobs,
+which always remain unfiltered per definition;</p></li><li><p>enable clients to consolidate on a single PostScript
+driver, even for many different target printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Using CUPS PPDs on Windows clients enables these to control
+all print job settings just as a UNIX client can do too.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930476"></a>Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+This setup may be of special interest to people experiencing major
+problems in WTS environments. WTS need often a multitude of
+non-PostScript drivers installed to run their clients' variety of
+different printer models. This often imposes the price of much
+increased instability.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930493"></a>Printer Drivers running in &quot;Kernel Mode&quot; cause many
+Problems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The reason is that in Win NT printer drivers run in &quot;Kernel
+Mode&quot;, this introduces a high risk for the stability of the system
+if the driver is not really stable and well-tested. And there are a
+lot of bad drivers out there! Especially notorious is the example
+of the PCL printer driver that had an additional sound module
+running, to notify users via soundcard of their finished jobs. Do I
+need to say that this one was also reliably causing &quot;Blue Screens
+of Death&quot; on a regular basis?
+</p><p>
+PostScript drivers generally are very well tested. They are not known
+to cause any problems, even though they run in Kernel Mode too. This
+might be because there have so far only been 2 different PostScript
+drivers: the ones from Adobe and the one from Microsoft. Both are
+very well tested and are as stable as you ever can imagine on
+Windows. The CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930538"></a>Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+In many cases, in an attempt to work around this problem, site
+administrators have resorted to restrict the allowed drivers installed
+on their WTS to one generic PCL- and one PostScript driver. This
+however restricts the clients in the amount of printer options
+available for them; often they can't get out more than simplex
+prints from one standard paper tray, while their devices could do much
+better, if driven by a different driver! )
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930560"></a>CUPS: a &quot;Magical Stone&quot;?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2930569"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2930577"></a><p>
+Using a PostScript driver, enabled with a CUPS-PPD, seems to be a very
+elegant way to overcome all these shortcomings. There are, depending
+on the version of Windows OS you use, up to 3 different PostScript
+drivers available: Adobe, Microsoft and CUPS PostScript drivers. None
+of them is known to cause major stability problems on WTS (even if
+used with many different PPDs). The clients will be able to (again)
+chose paper trays, duplex printing and other settings. However, there
+is a certain price for this too: a CUPS server acting as a PostScript
+RIP for its clients requires more CPU and RAM than when just acting as
+a &quot;raw spooling&quot; device. Plus, this setup is not yet widely tested,
+although the first feedbacks look very promising.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930614"></a>PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel
+Mode</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2930623"></a><p>
+More recent printer drivers on W2K and XP don't run in Kernel mode
+(unlike Win NT) any more. However, both operating systems can still
+use the NT drivers, running in Kernel mode (you can roughly tell which
+is which as the drivers in subdirectory &quot;2&quot; of &quot;W32X86&quot; are &quot;old&quot;
+ones). As was said before, the Adobe as well as the Microsoft
+PostScript drivers are not known to cause any stability problems. The
+CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. There is a simple
+reason for this: The MS DDK (Device Development Kit) for Win NT (which
+used to be available at no cost to licensees of Visual Studio)
+includes the source code of the Microsoft driver, and licensees of
+Visual Studio are allowed to use and modify it for their own driver
+development efforts. This is what the CUPS people have done. The
+license doesn't allow them to publish the whole of the source code.
+However, they have released the &quot;diff&quot; under the GPL, and if you are
+owner of an &quot;MS DDK for Win NT&quot;, you can check the driver yourself.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930637"></a>Setting up CUPS for driver Download</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+As we have said before: all previously known methods to prepare client
+printer drivers on the Samba server for download and &quot;Point'n'Print&quot;
+convenience of Windows workstations are working with CUPS too. These
+methods were described in the previous chapter. In reality, this is a
+pure Samba business, and only relates to the Samba/Win client
+relationship.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930710"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>: the unknown Utility</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2930721"></a><p>
+The cupsaddsmb utility (shipped with all current CUPS versions) is an
+alternative method to transfer printer drivers into the Samba
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Remember, this share is where
+clients expect drivers deposited and setup for download and
+installation. It makes the sharing of any (or all) installed CUPS
+printers very easy. cupsaddsmb can use the Adobe PostScript driver as
+well as the newly developed <span class="emphasis"><em>CUPS PostScript Driver for
+WinNT/2K/XP</em></span>. Note, that cupsaddsmb does
+<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work with arbitrary vendor printer drivers,
+but only with the <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> driver files that are
+named in its man page.
+</p><p>
+The CUPS printer driver is available from the CUPS download site. Its
+package name is <tt class="filename">cups-samba-[version].tar.gz</tt> . It
+is preferred over the Adobe drivers since it has a number of
+advantages:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>it supports a much more accurate page
+accounting;</p></li><li><p>it supports banner pages, and page labels on all
+printers;</p></li><li><p>it supports the setting of a number of job IPP
+attributes (such as job-priority, page-label and
+job-billing)</p></li></ul></div><p>
+However, currently only Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by the
+CUPS drivers. You will need to get the respective part of Adobe driver
+too if you need to support Windows 95, 98, and ME clients.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930811"></a>Prepare your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for cupsaddsmb</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Prior to running cupsaddsmb, you need the following settings in
+<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
+</p><div class="example"><a name="id2930838"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 19.3. smb.conf for cupsaddsmb usage</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># setting depends on your requirements</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Printer Drivers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /etc/samba/drivers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>write list = root</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931030"></a>CUPS Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2931040"></a><p>
+CUPS users may get the exactly same packages from <a href="http://www.cups.org/software.html" target="_top">http://www.cups.org/software.html</a>.
+It is a separate package from the CUPS base software files, tagged as
+<span class="emphasis"><em>CUPS 1.1.x Windows NT/2k/XP Printer Driver for Samba
+(tar.gz, 192k)</em></span>. The filename to download is
+<tt class="filename">cups-samba-1.1.x.tar.gz</tt>. Upon untar-/unzip-ing,
+it will reveal these files:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tar xvzf cups-samba-1.1.19.tar.gz</tt></b>
+cups-samba.install
+cups-samba.license
+cups-samba.readme
+cups-samba.remove
+cups-samba.ss
+</pre><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931102"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931113"></a>
+These have been packaged with the ESP meta packager software
+&quot;EPM&quot;. The <tt class="filename">*.install</tt> and
+<tt class="filename">*.remove</tt> files are simple shell scripts, which
+untars the <tt class="filename">*.ss</tt> (the <tt class="filename">*.ss</tt> is
+nothing else but a tar-archive, which can be untar-ed by &quot;tar&quot;
+too). Then it puts the content into
+<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>. This content includes 3
+files:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tar tv cups-samba.ss</tt></b>
+cupsdrvr.dll
+cupsui.dll
+cups.hlp
+</pre><p>
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>cups-samba.install</em></span> shell scripts is easy to
+handle:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>./cups-samba.install</tt></b>
+[....]
+Installing software...
+Updating file permissions...
+Running post-install commands...
+Installation is complete.
+</pre><p>
+The script should automatically put the driver files into the
+<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt> directory.
+</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
+Due to a bug, one recent CUPS release puts the
+<tt class="filename">cups.hlp</tt> driver file
+into<tt class="filename">/usr/share/drivers/</tt> instead of
+<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>. To work around this,
+copy/move the file (after running the
+<b class="command">./cups-samba.install</b> script) manually to the
+right place.
+</p></div><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp /usr/share/drivers/cups.hlp /usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt></b>
+</pre><a class="indexterm" name="id2931290"></a><p>
+This new CUPS PostScript driver is currently binary-only, but free of
+charge. No complete source code is provided (yet). The reason is this:
+it has been developed with the help of the <span class="emphasis"><em>Microsoft Driver
+Developer Kit</em></span> (DDK) and compiled with Microsoft Visual
+Studio 6. Driver developers are not allowed to distribute the whole of
+the source code as Free Software. However, CUPS developers released
+the &quot;diff&quot; in source code under the GPL, so anybody with a license of
+Visual Studio and a DDK will be able to compile for him/herself.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931268"></a>Recognize the different Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The CUPS drivers don't support the &quot;older&quot; Windows 95/98/ME, but only
+the Windows NT/2000/XP client:
+</p><p>Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:</p><p>
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>cups.hlp</p></li><li><p>cupsdrvr.dll</p></li><li><p>cupsui.dll</p></li></ul></div><p>
+</p><p>
+Adobe drivers are available for the older Windows 95/98/ME as well as
+the Windows NT/2000/XP clients. The set of files is different for the
+different platforms.
+</p><p>Windows 95, 98, and Me are supported by:</p><p>
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>ADFONTS.MFM</p></li><li><p>ADOBEPS4.DRV</p></li><li><p>ADOBEPS4.HLP</p></li><li><p>DEFPRTR2.PPD</p></li><li><p>ICONLIB.DLL</p></li><li><p>PSMON.DLL</p></li></ul></div><p>
+</p><p>Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:</p><p>
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>ADOBEPS5.DLL</p></li><li><p>ADOBEPSU.DLL</p></li><li><p>ADOBEPSU.HLP</p></li></ul></div><p>
+
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+If both, the Adobe driver files and the CUPS driver files for the
+support of WinNT/2k/XP are present in , the Adobe ones will be ignored
+and the CUPS ones will be used. If you prefer -- for whatever reason
+-- to use Adobe-only drivers, move away the 3 CUPS driver files. The
+Win95/98/ME clients use the Adobe drivers in any case.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931460"></a>Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Acquiring the Adobe driver files seems to be unexpectedly difficult
+for many users. They are not available on the Adobe website as single
+files and the self-extracting and/or self-installing Windows-exe is
+not easy to locate either. Probably you need to use the included
+native installer and run the installation process on one client
+once. This will install the drivers (and one Generic PostScript
+printer) locally on the client. When they are installed, share the
+Generic PostScript printer. After this, the client's
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share holds the Adobe files, from
+where you can get them with smbclient from the CUPS host. A more
+detailed description about this is in the next (the CUPS printing)
+chapter.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931493"></a>ESP Print Pro Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for
+WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2931506"></a><p>
+Users of the ESP Print Pro software are able to install their &quot;Samba
+Drivers&quot; package for this purpose with no problem. Retrieve the driver
+files from the normal download area of the ESP Print Pro software
+at <a href="http://www.easysw.com/software.html" target="_top">http://www.easysw.com/software.html</a>.
+You need to locate the link labelled &quot;SAMBA&quot; amongst the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Download Printer Drivers for ESP Print Pro 4.x</em></span>
+area and download the package. Once installed, you can prepare any
+driver by simply highlighting the printer in the Printer Manager GUI
+and select <span class="emphasis"><em>Export Driver...</em></span> from the menu. Of
+course you need to have prepared Samba beforehand too to handle the
+driver files; i.e. mainly setup the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
+share, etc. The ESP Print Pro package includes the CUPS driver files
+as well as a (licensed) set of Adobe drivers for the Windows 95/98/ME
+client family.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931562"></a>Caveats to be considered</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2931572"></a><p>
+Once you have run the install script (and possibly manually
+moved the <tt class="filename">cups.hlp</tt> file to
+<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>), the driver is
+ready to be put into Samba's <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share (which often maps to
+<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/</tt> and contains a subdir
+tree with <span class="emphasis"><em>WIN40</em></span> and
+<span class="emphasis"><em>W32X86</em></span> branches): You do this by running
+&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (see also <b class="command">man cupsaddsmb</b> for
+CUPS since release 1.1.16).
+</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931636"></a>
+You may need to put root into the smbpasswd file by running
+<b class="command">smbpasswd</b>; this is especially important if you
+should run this whole procedure for the first time, and are not
+working in an environment where everything is configured for
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Single Sign On</em></span> to a Windows Domain Controller.
+</p></div><p>
+Once the driver files are in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share
+and are initialized, they are ready to be downloaded and installed by
+the Win NT/2k/XP clients.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
+Win 9x/ME clients won't work with the CUPS PostScript driver. For
+these you'd still need to use the <tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt>
+drivers as previously.
+</p></li><li><p>
+It is not harmful if you still have the
+<tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt> driver files from previous
+installations in the <tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>
+directory. The new <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span> (from 1.1.16) will
+automatically prefer &quot;its own&quot; drivers if it finds both.
+</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931734"></a>
+Should your Win clients have had the old <tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt>
+files for the Adobe PostScript driver installed, the download and
+installation of the new CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/2k/XP
+will fail at first. You need to wipe the old driver from the clients
+first. It is not enough to &quot;delete&quot; the printer, as the driver files
+will still be kept by the clients and re-used if you try to re-install
+the printer. To really get rid of the Adobe driver files on the
+clients, open the &quot;Printers&quot; folder (possibly via <span class="emphasis"><em>Start, Settings, Control Panel, Printers</em></span>),
+right-click onto the folder background and select <span class="emphasis"><em>Server
+Properties</em></span>. When the new dialog opens, select the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Drivers</em></span> tab. On the list select the driver you
+want to delete and click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>Delete</em></span>
+button. This will only work if there is not one single printer left
+which uses that particular driver. You need to &quot;delete&quot; all printers
+using this driver in the &quot;Printers&quot; folder first. You will need
+Administrator privileges to do this.
+</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931795"></a>
+Once you have successfully downloaded the CUPS PostScript driver to a
+client, you can easily switch all printers to this one by proceeding
+as described in <a href="printing.html" title="Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support">the printing chapter</a>: either change
+a driver for an existing printer by running the &quot;Printer Properties&quot;
+dialog, or use <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with the
+<b class="command">setdriver</b> sub-command.
+</p></li></ol></div><p>
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931837"></a>Benefits of using &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
+Windows NT/2k/XP&quot; instead of Adobe Driver</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+You are interested in a comparison between the CUPS and the Adobe
+PostScript drivers? For our purposes these are the most important
+items which weigh in favor of the CUPS ones:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>no hassle with the Adobe EULA</p></li><li><p>no hassle with the question &#8220;<span class="quote">Where do I
+get the ADOBE*.* driver files from?</span>&#8221;</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931878"></a>
+ the Adobe drivers (on request of the printer PPD
+associated with them) often put a PJL header in front of the main
+PostScript part of the print file. Thus the printfile starts with
+<i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;1B &gt;%-12345X</tt></i> or
+<i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;escape&gt;%-12345X</tt></i> instead
+of <i class="parameter"><tt>%!PS</tt></i>). This leads to the
+CUPS daemon auto-typing the incoming file as a print-ready file,
+not initiating a pass through the &quot;pstops&quot; filter (to speak more
+technically, it is not regarded as the generic MIME type
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931916"></a>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>, but as
+the more special MIME type
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2931930"></a>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>application/cups.vnd-postscript</em></span>),
+which therefore also leads to the page accounting in
+<span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/cups/page_log</em></span> not
+receiving the exact number of pages; instead the dummy page number
+of &quot;1&quot; is logged in a standard setup)</p></li><li><p>the Adobe driver has more options to &quot;mis-configure&quot; the
+PostScript generated by it (like setting it inadvertently to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for Speed</em></span>, instead of
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for Portability</em></span>, which
+could lead to CUPS being unable to process it)</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver output sent by Windows
+clients to the CUPS server will be guaranteed to be auto-typed always
+as generic MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>,
+thusly passing through the CUPS &quot;pstops&quot; filter and logging the
+correct number of pages in the <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> for
+accounting and quota purposes</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver supports the sending of
+additional standard (IPP) print options by Win NT/2k/XP clients. Such
+additional print options are: naming the CUPS standard
+<span class="emphasis"><em>banner pages</em></span> (or the custom ones, should they be
+installed at the time of driver download), using the CUPS
+<span class="emphasis"><em>page-label</em></span> option, setting a
+<span class="emphasis"><em>job-priority</em></span> and setting the <span class="emphasis"><em>scheduled
+time of printing</em></span> (with the option to support additional
+useful IPP job attributes in the future).</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver supports the inclusion of
+the new <span class="emphasis"><em>*cupsJobTicket</em></span> comments at the
+beginning of the PostScript file (which could be used in the future
+for all sort of beneficial extensions on the CUPS side, but which will
+not disturb any other applications as they will regard it as a comment
+and simply ignore it).</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver will be the heart of the
+fully fledged CUPS IPP client for Windows NT/2K/XP to be released soon
+(probably alongside the first Beta release for CUPS
+1.2).</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932052"></a>Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (quiet Mode)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932062"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2932070"></a><p>
+The cupsaddsmb command copies the needed files into your
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Additionally, the PPD
+associated with this printer is copied from
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/ppd/</tt> to
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. There the files wait for convenient
+Windows client installations via Point'n'Print. Before we can run the
+command successfully, we need to be sure that we can authenticate
+towards Samba. If you have a small network you are probably using user
+level security (<a class="indexterm" name="id2932107"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user).
+</p><p>
+Here is an example of a successfully run cupsaddsmb command.
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U root infotec_IS2027</tt></b>
+Password for root required to access localhost via Samba: <b class="userinput"><tt>['secret']</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+To share <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> printers and drivers, use the
+<tt class="option">-a</tt> parameter instead of a printer name. Since
+cupsaddsmb &quot;exports&quot; the printer drivers to Samba, it should be
+obvious that it only works for queues with a CUPS driver associated.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932180"></a>Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; with verbose Output</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932188"></a><p>
+Probably you want to see what's going on. Use the
+<tt class="option">-v</tt> parameter to get a more verbose output. The
+output below was edited for better readability: all &quot;\&quot; at the end of
+a line indicate that I inserted an artificial line break plus some
+indentation here:
+</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
+You will see the root password for the Samba account printed on
+screen.
+</p></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932223"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2932234"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U root -v infotec_2105</tt></b>
+Password for root required to access localhost via GANDALF:
+Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' \
+ -c 'mkdir W32X86; \
+ put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll W32X86/cupsui.dll; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp W32X86/cups.hlp'
+added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
+Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
+NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \W32X86
+putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd
+putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll as \W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll
+putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll as \W32X86/cupsui.dll
+putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp as \W32X86/cups.hlp
+
+Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret'
+ -c 'adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; \
+ &quot;infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL: \
+ RAW:NULL&quot;'
+cmd = adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; \
+ &quot;infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:RAW:NULL&quot;
+Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
+
+Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' \
+-c 'mkdir WIN40; \
+ put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL WIN40/PSMON.DLL;'
+ added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
+ Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
+ NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \WIN40
+ putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD
+ putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM as \WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM
+ putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV
+ putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP
+ putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD as \WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD
+ putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL as \WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL
+ putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL as \WIN40/PSMON.DLL
+
+ Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' \
+ -c 'adddriver &quot;Windows 4.0&quot; \
+ &quot;infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP: \
+ PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL, \
+ ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL&quot;'
+ cmd = adddriver &quot;Windows 4.0&quot; &quot;infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL: \
+ ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP, \
+ PSMON.DLL,ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL&quot;
+ Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
+
+ Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' \
+ -c 'setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105'
+ cmd = setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105
+ Successfully set infotec_2105 to driver infotec_2105.
+
+</pre><p>
+If you look closely, you'll discover your root password was transferred
+unencrypted over the wire, so beware! Also, if you look further her,
+you'll discover error messages like NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION in
+between. They occur, because the directories WIN40 and W32X86 already
+existed in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> driver download share
+(from a previous driver installation). They are harmless here.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932401"></a>Understanding cupsaddsmb</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932410"></a><p>
+What has happened? What did cupsaddsmb do? There are five stages of
+the procedure
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2932438"></a>
+ call the CUPS server via IPP and request the
+driver files and the PPD file for the named printer;</p></li><li><p>store the files temporarily in the local
+TEMPDIR (as defined in
+<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt>);</p></li><li><p>connect via smbclient to the Samba server's
+ <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and put the files into the
+ share's WIN40 (for Win95/98/ME) and W32X86/ (for WinNT/2k/XP) sub
+ directories;</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2932482"></a>
+ connect via rpcclient to the Samba server and
+execute the &quot;adddriver&quot; command with the correct
+parameters;</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2932501"></a>
+ connect via rpcclient to the Samba server a second
+time and execute the &quot;setdriver&quot; command.</p></li></ol></div><p>
+Note, that you can run the cupsaddsmb utility with parameters to
+specify one remote host as Samba host and a second remote host as CUPS
+host. Especially if you want to get a deeper understanding, it is a
+good idea try it and see more clearly what is going on (though in real
+life most people will have their CUPS and Samba servers run on the
+same host):
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername</tt></b>
+</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932551"></a>How to recognize if cupsaddsmb completed successfully</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+You <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> always check if the utility completed
+successfully in all fields. You need as a minimum these 3 messages
+amongst the output:
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully
+installed.</em></span> # (for the W32X86 == WinNT/2K/XP
+architecture...)</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully
+installed.</em></span> # (for the WIN40 == Win9x/ME
+architecture...)</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Successfully set [printerXPZ] to driver
+[printerXYZ].</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p>
+These messages probably not easily recognized in the general
+output. If you run cupsaddsmb with the <tt class="option">-a</tt>
+parameter (which tries to prepare <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> active CUPS
+printer drivers for download), you might miss if individual printers
+drivers had problems to install properly. Here a redirection of the
+output will help you analyze the results in retrospective.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+It is impossible to see any diagnostic output if you don't run
+cupsaddsmb in verbose mode. Therefore we strongly recommend to not
+use the default quiet mode. It will hide any problems from you which
+might occur.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932633"></a>cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932642"></a><p>
+You can't get the standard cupsaddsmb command to run on a Samba PDC?
+You are asked for the password credential all over again and again and
+the command just will not take off at all? Try one of these
+variations:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U MIDEARTH\\root -v printername</tt></b>
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H SAURON -U MIDEARTH\\root -v printername</tt></b>
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H SAURON -U MIDEARTH\\root -h cups-server -v printername</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+(Note the two backslashes: the first one is required to
+&quot;escape&quot; the second one).
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932714"></a>cupsaddsmb Flowchart</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932722"></a><p>
+Here is a chart about the procedures, commandflows and
+dataflows of the &quot;cupaddsmb&quot; command. Note again: cupsaddsmb is
+not intended to, and does not work with, &quot;raw&quot; queues!
+</p><p>
+ </p><div class="figure"><a name="small14"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.16. cupsaddsmb flowchart</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/14small.png" width="270" alt="cupsaddsmb flowchart"></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932789"></a>Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2932796"></a><p>
+After cupsaddsmb completed, your driver is prepared for the clients to
+use. Here are the steps you must perform to download and install it
+via &quot;Point'n'Print&quot;. From a Windows client, browse to the CUPS/Samba
+server;
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><a class="indexterm" name="id2932816"></a><ul type="disc"><li><p>open the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printers</em></span>
+share of Samba in Network Neighbourhood;</p></li><li><p>right-click on the printer in
+question;</p></li><li><p>from the opening context-menu select
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Install...</em></span> or
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Connect...</em></span> (depending on the Windows version you
+use).</p></li></ul></div><p>
+After a few seconds, there should be a new printer in your
+client's <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> &quot;Printers&quot; folder: On Windows
+XP it will follow a naming convention of <span class="emphasis"><em>PrinterName on
+SambaServer</em></span>. (In my current case it is &quot;infotec_2105 on
+kde-bitshop&quot;). If you want to test it and send your first job from
+an application like Winword, the new printer will appears in a
+<tt class="filename">\\SambaServer\PrinterName</tt> entry in the
+dropdown list of available printers.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2932893"></a>
+cupsaddsmb will only reliably work with CUPS version 1.1.15 or higher
+and Samba from 2.2.4. If it doesn't work, or if the automatic printer
+driver download to the clients doesn't succeed, you can still manually
+install the CUPS printer PPD on top of the Adobe PostScript driver on
+clients. Then point the client's printer queue to the Samba printer
+share for a UNC type of connection:
+</p></div><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use lpt1: \\sambaserver\printershare /user:ntadmin</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+should you desire to use the CUPS networked PostScript RIP
+functions. (Note that user &quot;ntadmin&quot; needs to be a valid Samba user
+with the required privileges to access the printershare) This would
+set up the printer connection in the traditional
+<span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> way (not using MS-RPC).
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932953"></a>Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the
+Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Soooo: printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print
+well, some don't print at all. Some jobs have problems with fonts,
+which don't look very good. Some jobs print fast, and some are
+dead-slow. Many of these problems can be greatly reduced or even
+completely eliminated if you follow a few guidelines. Remember, if
+your print device is not PostScript-enabled, you are treating your
+Ghostscript installation on your CUPS host with the output your client
+driver settings produce. Treat it well:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Avoid the <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript Output Option: Optimize
+for Speed</em></span> setting. Rather use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for
+Portability</em></span> instead (Adobe PostScript
+driver).</p></li><li><p>Don't use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence:
+NO</em></span> setting. Instead use <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence
+YES</em></span> (CUPS PostScript Driver)</p></li><li><p>Recommended is the <span class="emphasis"><em>True Type Font
+Downloading Option: Native True Type</em></span> over
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Automatic</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Outline</em></span>; you
+should by all means avoid <span class="emphasis"><em>Bitmap</em></span> (Adobe
+PostScript Driver)</p></li><li><p>Choose <span class="emphasis"><em>True Type Font: Download as Softfont
+into Printer</em></span> over the default <span class="emphasis"><em>Replace by Device
+Font</em></span> (for exotic fonts you may need to change it back to
+get a printout at all) (Adobe)</p></li><li><p>Sometimes you can choose <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript Language
+Level</em></span>: in case of problems try <span class="emphasis"><em>2</em></span>
+instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>3</em></span> (the latest ESP Ghostscript package
+handles Level 3 PostScript very well) (Adobe).</p></li><li><p>Say <span class="emphasis"><em>Yes</em></span> to <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript
+Error Handler</em></span> (Adobe)</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2933086"></a>Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using
+rpcclient)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Of course you can run all the commands which are embedded into the
+cupsaddsmb convenience utility yourself, one by one, and hereby upload
+and prepare the driver files for future client downloads.
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>prepare Samba (a CUPS printqueue with the name of the
+printer should be there. We are providing the driver
+now);</p></li><li><p>copy all files to
+ <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i></p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933136"></a>
+ run <b class="command">rpcclient adddriver</b>
+(for each client architecture you want to support):</p></li><li><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933160"></a>
+ run <b class="command">rpcclient
+setdriver.</b></p></li></ol></div><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933182"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933193"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933204"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933215"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933226"></a>
+We are going to do this now. First, read the man page on &quot;rpcclient&quot;
+to get a first idea. Look at all the printing related
+sub-commands. <b class="command">enumprinters</b>,
+<b class="command">enumdrivers</b>, <b class="command">enumports</b>,
+<b class="command">adddriver</b>, <b class="command">setdriver</b> are amongst
+the most interesting ones. rpcclient implements an important part of
+the MS-RPC protocol. You can use it to query (and command) a Win NT
+(or 2K/XP) PC too. MS-RPC is used by Windows clients, amongst other
+things, to benefit from the &quot;Point'n'Print&quot; features. Samba can now
+mimic this too.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933288"></a>A Check of the rpcclient man Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+First let's have a little check of the rpcclient man page. Here are
+two relevant passages:
+</p><p>
+<b class="command">adddriver &lt;arch&gt; &lt;config&gt;</b> Execute an
+AddPrinterDriver() RPC to install the printer driver information on
+the server. Note that the driver files should already exist in the
+directory returned by <b class="command">getdriverdir</b>. Possible
+values for <i class="parameter"><tt>arch</tt></i> are the same as those for the
+<b class="command">getdriverdir</b> command. The
+<i class="parameter"><tt>config</tt></i> parameter is defined as follows:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+Long Printer Name:\
+Driver File Name:\
+Data File Name:\
+Config File Name:\
+Help File Name:\
+Language Monitor Name:\
+Default Data Type:\
+Comma Separated list of Files
+</pre><p>Any empty fields should be enter as the string &quot;NULL&quot;. </p><p>Samba does not need to support the concept of Print Monitors
+since these only apply to local printers whose driver can make use of
+a bi-directional link for communication. This field should be &quot;NULL&quot;.
+On a remote NT print server, the Print Monitor for a driver must
+already be installed prior to adding the driver or else the RPC will
+fail
+</p><p>
+<b class="command">setdriver &lt;printername&gt; &lt;drivername&gt;</b>
+Execute a <b class="command">SetPrinter()</b> command to update the
+printer driver associated with an installed printer. The printer
+driver must already be correctly installed on the print server.
+</p><p> See also the enumprinters and enumdrivers commands for
+obtaining a list of installed printers and drivers.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933403"></a>Understanding the rpcclient man page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> format isn't made too clear by the man
+page, since you have to deal with some parameters containing
+spaces. Here is a better description for it. We have line-broken the
+command and indicated the breaks with &quot;\&quot;. Usually you would type the
+command in one line without the linebreaks:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2933427"></a><pre class="screen">
+ adddriver &quot;Architecture&quot; \
+ &quot;LongPrinterName:DriverFile:DataFile:ConfigFile:HelpFile:\
+ LanguageMonitorFile:DataType:ListOfFiles,Comma-separated&quot;
+</pre><p>
+What the man pages denotes as a simple &lt;config&gt;
+keyword, does in reality consist of 8 colon-separated fields. The
+last field may take multiple (in some, very insane, cases, even
+20 different additional files. This might sound confusing at first.
+Note, that what the man pages names the &quot;LongPrinterName&quot; in
+reality should rather be called the &quot;Driver Name&quot;. You can name it
+anything you want, as long as you use this name later in the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>rpcclient ... setdriver</em></span> command. For
+practical reasons, many name the driver the same as the
+printer.
+</p><p>
+True: it isn't simple at all. I hear you asking:
+<span class="emphasis"><em>How do I know which files are &quot;Driver
+File&quot;, &quot;Data File&quot;, &quot;Config File&quot;, &quot;Help File&quot; and &quot;Language
+Monitor File&quot; in each case?</em></span> -- For an answer you may
+want to have a look at how a Windows NT box with a shared printer
+presents the files to us. Remember, that this whole procedure has
+to be developed by the Samba Team by overhearing the traffic caused
+by Windows computers on the wire. We may as well turn to a Windows
+box now, and access it from a UNIX workstation. We will query it
+with <b class="command">rpcclient</b> to see what it tells us and
+try to understand the man page more clearly which we've read just
+now.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933506"></a>Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2933518"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2933528"></a>
+We could run <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with a
+<b class="command">getdriver</b> or a <b class="command">getprinter</b>
+subcommand (in level 3 verbosity) against it. Just sit down at UNIX or
+Linux workstation with the Samba utilities installed. Then type the
+following command:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'USERNAME%PASSWORD' NT-SERVER-NAME -c 'getdriver printername 3'</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+From the result it should become clear which is which. Here is an
+example from my installation:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2933591"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' W2KSERVER \
+ -c'getdriver &quot;DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer&quot; 3'</tt></b>
+ cmd = getdriver &quot;DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer&quot; 3
+
+ [Windows NT x86]
+ Printer Driver Info 3:
+ Version: [2]
+ Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]
+ Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
+ Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.DLL]
+ Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\INFOSTRM.PPD]
+ Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRPTUI.DLL]
+ Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.HLP]
+
+ Dependentfiles: []
+ Dependentfiles: []
+ Dependentfiles: []
+ Dependentfiles: []
+ Dependentfiles: []
+ Dependentfiles: []
+ Dependentfiles: []
+
+ Monitorname: []
+ Defaultdatatype: []
+
+</pre><p>
+Some printer drivers list additional files under the label
+&quot;Dependentfiles&quot;: these would go into the last field
+<span class="emphasis"><em>ListOfFiles,Comma-separated</em></span>. For the CUPS
+PostScript drivers we don't need any (nor would we for the Adobe
+PostScript driver): therefore the field will get a &quot;NULL&quot; entry.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933674"></a>What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+From the manpage (and from the quoted output
+of <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>, above) it becomes clear that you
+need to have certain conditions in order to make the manual uploading
+and initializing of the driver files succeed. The two rpcclient
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2933693"></a>
+subcommands (<b class="command">adddriver</b> and
+<b class="command">setdriver</b>) need to encounter the following
+pre-conditions to complete successfully:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>you are connected as <a class="indexterm" name="id2933728"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>, or root (note,
+that this is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the &quot;Printer Operators&quot; group in
+NT, but the <span class="emphasis"><em>printer admin</em></span> group, as defined in
+the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
+<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>);</p></li><li><p>copy all required driver files to
+<tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\print$\w32x86</tt> and
+<tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\print$\win40</tt> as appropriate. They
+will end up in the &quot;0&quot; respective &quot;2&quot; subdirectories later -- for now
+<span class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span> put them there, they'll be automatically
+used by the <b class="command">adddriver</b> subcommand.! (if you use
+&quot;smbclient&quot; to put the driver files into the share, note that you need
+to escape the &quot;$&quot;: <b class="command">smbclient //sambaserver/print\$ -U
+root</b>);</p></li><li><p>the user you're connecting as must be able to write to
+the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and create
+subdirectories;</p></li><li><p>the printer you are going to setup for the Windows
+clients, needs to be installed in CUPS already;</p></li><li><p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2933842"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2933853"></a>
+ the CUPS printer must be known to Samba, otherwise the
+<b class="command">setdriver</b> subcommand fails with an
+NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL error. To check if the printer is known by
+Samba you may use the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> subcommand to
+rpcclient. A long-standing bug prevented a proper update of the
+printer list until every smbd process had received a SIGHUP or was
+restarted. Remember this in case you've created the CUPS printer just
+shortly ago and encounter problems: try restarting
+Samba.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933889"></a>Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+We are going to install a printer driver now by manually executing all
+required commands. As this may seem a rather complicated process at
+first, we go through the procedure step by step, explaining every
+single action item as it comes up.
+</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 19.1. Manual Driver Installation installation</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p class="title"><b>Install the Printer on CUPS</b></p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p mysmbtstprn -v socket://10.160.51.131:9100 -E -P canonIR85.ppd</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+This installs printer with the name <span class="emphasis"><em>mysmbtstprn</em></span>
+to the CUPS system. The printer is accessed via a socket
+(a.k.a. JetDirect or Direct TCP/IP) connection. You need to be root
+for this step
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(optional) Check if the Printer is recognized by
+Samba</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2933968"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost | grep -C2 mysmbtstprn</tt></b>
+flags:[0x800000]
+name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,,mysmbtstprn]
+comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+</pre><p>
+This should show the printer in the list. If not, stop and re-start
+the Samba daemon (smbd), or send a HUP signal: <b class="command">kill -HUP
+`pidof smbd`</b>. Check again. Troubleshoot and repeat until
+success. Note the &quot;empty&quot; field between the two commas in the
+&quot;description&quot; line. Here would the driver name appear if there was one
+already. You need to know root's Samba password (as set by the
+<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> command) for this step and most of the
+following steps. Alternatively you can authenticate as one of the
+users from the &quot;write list&quot; as defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(optional) Check if Samba knows a Driver for the
+Printer</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2934063"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2934074"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
+ | grep driver </tt></b>
+drivername:[]
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
+ | grep -C4 driv</tt></b>
+servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
+printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
+portname:[Samba Printer Port]
+drivername:[]
+comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+location:[]
+sepfile:[]
+printprocessor:[winprint]
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost</tt></b>
+ result was WERR_UNKNOWN_PRINTER_DRIVER
+
+</pre><p>
+Neither method of the three commands shown above should show a driver.
+This step was done for the purpose of demonstrating this condition. An
+attempt to connect to the printer at this stage will prompt the
+message along the lines: &quot;The server has not the required printer
+driver installed&quot;.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Put all required Driver Files into Samba's
+[print$]</b></p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //localhost/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx' \
+ -c 'cd W32X86; \
+ put /etc/cups/ppd/mysmbtstprn.ppd mysmbtstprn.PPD; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll cupsui.dll; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll cupsdrvr.dll; \
+ put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp cups.hlp'</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+(Note that this command should be entered in one long single
+line. Line-breaks and the line-end indicating &quot;\&quot; has been inserted
+for readability reasons.) This step is <span class="emphasis"><em>required</em></span>
+for the next one to succeed. It makes the driver files physically
+present in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. However, clients
+would still not be able to install them, because Samba does not yet
+treat them as driver files. A client asking for the driver would still
+be presented with a &quot;not installed here&quot; message.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Verify where the Driver Files are now</b></p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</tt></b>
+total 669
+drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 532 May 25 23:08 2
+drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 670 May 16 03:15 3
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 278380 May 25 23:21 cupsdrvr.dll
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 215848 May 25 23:21 cupsui.dll
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD
+</pre><p>
+The driver files now are in the W32X86 architecture &quot;root&quot; of
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Tell Samba that these are
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Driver</em></span> Files
+(<b class="command">adddriver</b>)</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2934292"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c `adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; &quot;mydrivername: \
+ cupsdrvr.dll:mysmbtstprn.PPD: \
+ cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:RAW:NULL&quot; \
+ localhost</tt></b>
+Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed.
+</pre><p>
+Note that your cannot repeat this step if it fails. It could fail even
+as a result of a simple typo. It will most likely have moved a part of
+the driver files into the &quot;2&quot; subdirectory. If this step fails, you
+need to go back to the fourth step and repeat it, before you can try
+this one again. In this step you need to choose a name for your
+driver. It is normally a good idea to use the same name as is used for
+the printername; however, in big installations you may use this driver
+for a number of printers which have obviously different names. So the
+name of the driver is not fixed.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Verify where the Driver Files are now</b></p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</tt></b>
+total 1
+drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 532 May 25 23:22 2
+drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 670 May 16 03:15 3
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/2</tt></b>
+total 5039
+[....]
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 278380 May 13 13:53 cupsdrvr.dll
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 215848 May 13 13:53 cupsui.dll
+-rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD
+</pre><p>
+Notice how step 6 did also move the driver files to the appropriate
+subdirectory. Compare with the situation after step 5.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(optional) Verify if Samba now recognizes the
+Driver</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2934435"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumdrivers 3' localhost \
+ | grep -B2 -A5 mydrivername</tt></b>
+Printer Driver Info 3:
+Version: [2]
+Driver Name: [mydrivername]
+Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
+Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
+Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
+Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
+Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
+</pre><p>
+Remember, this command greps for the name you did choose for the
+driver in step Six. This command must succeed before you can proceed.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Tell Samba which Printer should use these Driver
+Files (<b class="command">setdriver</b>)</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2934499"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'setdriver mysmbtstprn mydrivername' localhost</tt></b>
+Successfully set mysmbtstprn to driver mydrivername
+</pre><p>
+Since you can bind any printername (=printqueue) to any driver, this
+is a very convenient way to setup many queues which use the same
+driver. You don't need to repeat all the previous steps for the
+setdriver command to succeed. The only pre-conditions are:
+<b class="command">enumdrivers</b> must find the driver and
+<b class="command">enumprinters</b> must find the printer.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(optional) Verify if Samba has this Association
+recognized</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2934568"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2934579"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2934590"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
+ | grep driver</tt></b>
+drivername:[mydrivername]
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
+ | grep -C4 driv</tt></b>
+servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
+printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
+portname:[Done]
+drivername:[mydrivername]
+comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+location:[]
+sepfile:[]
+printprocessor:[winprint]
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost</tt></b>
+[Windows NT x86]
+Printer Driver Info 3:
+ Version: [2]
+ Driver Name: [mydrivername]
+ Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
+ Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
+ Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
+ Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
+ Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
+ Monitorname: []
+ Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
+ Monitorname: []
+ Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost | grep mysmbtstprn</tt></b>
+ name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+ description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,mydrivername,mysmbtstprn]
+ comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+
+</pre><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2934682"></a>
+Compare these results with the ones from steps 2 and 3. Note that
+every single of these commands show the driver is installed. Even
+the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> command now lists the driver
+on the &quot;description&quot; line.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(optional) Tickle the Driver into a correct
+Device Mode</b></p><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2934720"></a>
+You certainly know how to install the driver on the client. In case
+you are not particularly familiar with Windows, here is a short
+recipe: browse the Network Neighbourhood, go to the Samba server, look
+for the shares. You should see all shared Samba printers.
+Double-click on the one in question. The driver should get
+installed, and the network connection set up. An alternative way is to
+open the &quot;Printers (and Faxes)&quot; folder, right-click on the printer in
+question and select &quot;Connect&quot; or &quot;Install&quot;. As a result, a new printer
+should have appeared in your client's local &quot;Printers (and Faxes)&quot;
+folder, named something like &quot;printersharename on Sambahostname&quot;.
+</p><p>
+It is important that you execute this step as a Samba printer admin
+(as defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). Here is another method
+to do this on Windows XP. It uses a commandline, which you may type
+into the &quot;DOS box&quot; (type root's smbpassword when prompted):
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>runas /netonly /user:root &quot;rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n\
+ \\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn&quot;</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+Change any printer setting once (like changing <span class="emphasis"><em>&quot;portrait&quot; to
+ &quot;landscape&quot;</em></span>), click <span class="guibutton">Apply</span>; change the setting
+back.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Install the Printer on a Client
+(&quot;Point'n'Print&quot;)</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2934817"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn&quot;</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+If it doesn't work it could be a permission problem with the
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Thirteenth Step (optional): Print a Test Page</b></p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn&quot;</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+Then hit [TAB] 5 times, [ENTER] twice, [TAB] once and [ENTER] again
+and march to the printer.
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Fourteenth Step (recommended): Study the Test Page</b></p><p>
+Hmmm.... just kidding! By now you know everything about printer
+installations and you don't need to read a word. Just put it in a
+frame and bolt it to the wall with the heading &quot;MY FIRST
+RPCCLIENT-INSTALLED PRINTER&quot; - why not just throw it away!
+</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Fifteenth Step (obligatory): Enjoy. Jump. Celebrate your
+Success</b></p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>echo &quot;Cheeeeerioooooo! Success...&quot; &gt;&gt; /var/log/samba/log.smbd</tt></b>
+</pre></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2934958"></a>Troubleshooting revisited</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The setdriver command will fail, if in Samba's mind the queue is not
+already there. You had promising messages about the:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+
+ Printer Driver ABC successfully installed.
+
+</pre><p>
+after the &quot;adddriver&quot; parts of the procedure? But you are also seeing
+a disappointing message like this one beneath?
+</p><pre class="screen">
+
+ result was NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL
+
+</pre><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935002"></a>
+It is not good enough that you
+can see the queue <span class="emphasis"><em>in CUPS</em></span>, using
+the <b class="command">lpstat -p ir85wm</b> command. A
+bug in most recent versions of Samba prevents the proper update of
+the queuelist. The recognition of newly installed CUPS printers
+fails unless you re-start Samba or send a HUP to all smbd
+processes. To verify if this is the reason why Samba doesn't
+execute the setdriver command successfully, check if Samba &quot;sees&quot;
+the printer:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2935035"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'enumprinters 0'| grep ir85wm</tt></b>
+ printername:[ir85wm]
+</pre><p>
+An alternative command could be this:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2935074"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'getprinter ir85wm' </tt></b>
+ cmd = getprinter ir85wm
+ flags:[0x800000]
+ name:[\\transmeta\ir85wm]
+ description:[\\transmeta\ir85wm,ir85wm,DPD]
+ comment:[CUPS PostScript-Treiber for WinNT/2K/XP]
+</pre><p>
+BTW, you can use these commands, plus a few more, of course,
+to install drivers on remote Windows NT print servers too!
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2935118"></a>The printing <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935136"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935144"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935155"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935166"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935178"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935189"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935200"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935211"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935222"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935233"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935245"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935256"></a>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935267"></a>
+Some mystery is associated with the series of files with a
+tdb-suffix appearing in every Samba installation. They are
+<tt class="filename">connections.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">share_info.tdb</tt> ,
+<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">unexpected.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">brlock.tdb</tt> ,
+<tt class="filename">locking.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">messages.tdb</tt> ,
+<tt class="filename">ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">sessionid.tdb</tt> and
+<tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt>. What is their purpose?
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935364"></a>Trivial DataBase Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2935372"></a><p>
+A Windows NT (Print) Server keeps track of all information needed to serve
+its duty toward its clients by storing entries in the Windows
+&quot;Registry&quot;. Client queries are answered by reading from the registry,
+Administrator or user configuration settings are saved by writing into
+the Registry. Samba and UNIX obviously don't have such a kind of
+Registry. Samba instead keeps track of all client related information in a
+series of <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files. (TDB = Trivial Data
+Base). These are often located in <tt class="filename">/var/lib/samba/</tt>
+or <tt class="filename">/var/lock/samba/</tt> . The printing related files
+are <tt class="filename">ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
+<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>,<tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt> and
+<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935456"></a>Binary Format</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files are not human readable. They are
+written in a binary format. &quot;Why not ASCII?&quot;, you may ask. &quot;After all,
+ASCII configuration files are a good and proofed tradition on UNIX.&quot;
+-- The reason for this design decision by the Samba Team is mainly
+performance. Samba needs to be fast; it runs a separate
+<b class="command">smbd</b> process for each client connection, in some
+environments many thousand of them. Some of these smbds might need to
+write-access the same <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><em>at the
+same time</em></span>. The file format of Samba's
+<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files allows for this provision. Many smbd
+processes may write to the same <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> file at the
+same time. This wouldn't be possible with pure ASCII files.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935520"></a>Losing <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+It is very important that all <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files remain
+consistent over all write and read accesses. However, it may happen
+that these files <span class="emphasis"><em>do</em></span> get corrupted. (A
+<b class="command">kill -9 `pidof smbd`</b> while a write access is in
+progress could do the damage as well as a power interruption,
+etc.). In cases of trouble, a deletion of the old printing-related
+<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files may be the only option. You need to
+re-create all print related setup after that. Or you have made a
+backup of the <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files in time.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935579"></a>Using <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbbackup</em></span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2935589"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2935603"></a><p>
+Samba ships with a little utility which helps the root user of your
+system to back up your <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files. If you run it
+with no argument, it prints a little usage message:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tdbbackup</tt></b>
+ Usage: tdbbackup [options] &lt;fname...&gt;
+
+ Version:3.0a
+ -h this help message
+ -s suffix set the backup suffix
+ -v verify mode (restore if corrupt)
+
+</pre><p>
+Here is how I backed up my printing.tdb file:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls</tt></b>
+. browse.dat locking.tdb ntdrivers.tdb printing.tdb
+.. share_info.tdb connections.tdb messages.tdb ntforms.tdb
+printing.tdbkp unexpected.tdb brlock.tdb gmon.out namelist.debug
+ntprinters.tdb sessionid.tdb
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tdbbackup -s .bak printing.tdb</tt></b>
+ printing.tdb : 135 records
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l printing.tdb*</tt></b>
+ -rw------- 1 root root 40960 May 2 03:44 printing.tdb
+ -rw------- 1 root root 40960 May 2 03:44 printing.tdb.bak
+
+</pre></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2935716"></a>CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</h2></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2935724"></a><p>
+CUPS ships with good support for HP LaserJet type printers. You can
+install the generic driver as follows:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2935737"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -m laserjet.ppd</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+The <tt class="option">-m</tt> switch will retrieve the
+<tt class="filename">laserjet.ppd</tt> from the standard repository for
+not-yet-installed-PPDs, which CUPS typically stores in
+<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/model</tt>. Alternatively, you may use
+<tt class="option">-P /path/to/your.ppd</tt>.
+</p><p>
+The generic laserjet.ppd however does not support every special option
+for every LaserJet-compatible model. It constitutes a sort of &quot;least
+denominator&quot; of all the models. If for some reason it is ruled out to
+you to pay for the commercially available ESP Print Pro drivers, your
+first move should be to consult the database on <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi</a>.
+Linuxprinting.org has excellent recommendations about which driver is
+best used for each printer. Its database is kept current by the
+tireless work of Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft, who is also the
+principal author of the foomatic-rip utility.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2935835"></a>
+The former &quot;cupsomatic&quot; concept is now be replaced by the new, much
+more powerful &quot;foomatic-rip&quot;. foomatic-rip is the successor of
+cupsomatic. cupsomatic is no longer maintained. Here is the new URL
+to the Foomatic-3.0 database:<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi</a>.
+If you upgrade to foomatic-rip, don't forget to also upgrade to the
+new-style PPDs for your foomatic-driven printers. foomatic-rip will
+not work with PPDs generated for the old cupsomatic. The new-style
+PPDs are 100% compliant to the Adobe PPD specification. They are
+intended to be used by Samba and the cupsaddsmb utility also, to
+provide the driver files for the Windows clients also!
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935871"></a>foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2935879"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2935887"></a><p>
+Nowadays most Linux distros rely on the utilities of Linuxprinting.org
+to create their printing related software (which, BTW, works on all
+UNIXes and on Mac OS X or Darwin too). It is not known as well as it
+should be, that it also has a very end-user friendly interface which
+allows for an easy update of drivers and PPDs, for all supported
+models, all spoolers, all operating systems and all package formats
+(because there is none). Its history goes back a few years.
+</p><p>
+Recently Foomatic has achieved the astonishing milestone of <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone" target="_top">1000
+listed</a> printer models. Linuxprinting.org keeps all the
+important facts about printer drivers, supported models and which
+options are available for the various driver/printer combinations in
+its <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic.html" target="_top">Foomatic</a>
+database. Currently there are <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi" target="_top">245 drivers</a>
+in the database: many drivers support various models, and many models
+may be driven by different drivers; it's your choice!
+</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2935943"></a>690 &quot;perfect&quot; Printers</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+At present there are 690 devices dubbed as working &quot;perfectly&quot;, 181
+&quot;mostly&quot;, 96 &quot;partially&quot; and 46 are &quot;Paperweights&quot;. Keeping in mind
+that most of these are non-PostScript models (PostScript printers are
+automatically supported supported by CUPS to perfection, by using
+their own manufacturer-provided Windows-PPD...), and that a
+multifunctional device never qualifies as working &quot;perfectly&quot; if it
+doesn't also scan and copy and fax under GNU/Linux: then this is a
+truly astonishing achievement. Three years ago the number was not
+more than 500, and Linux or UNIX &quot;printing&quot; at the time wasn't
+anywhere near the quality it is today!
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2935974"></a>How the &quot;Printing HOWTO&quot; started it all</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+A few years ago <a href="http://www2.picante.com:81/~gtaylor/" target="_top">Grant Taylor</a>
+started it all. The roots of today's Linuxprinting.org are in the
+first <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/howto/" target="_top">Linux Printing
+HOWTO</a> which he authored. As a side-project to this document,
+which served many Linux users and admins to guide their first steps in
+this complicated and delicate setup (to a scientist, printing is
+&quot;applying a structured deposition of distinct patterns of ink or toner
+particles on paper substrates&quot; <span class="emphasis"><em>;-)</em></span>, he started to
+build in a little Postgres database with information about the
+hardware and driver zoo that made up Linux printing of the time. This
+database became the core component of today's Foomatic collection of
+tools and data. In the meantime it has moved to an XML representation
+of the data.
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936022"></a>Foomatic's strange Name</h4></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2936030"></a><p>
+&quot;Why the funny name?&quot;, you ask. When it really took off, around spring
+2000, CUPS was far less popular than today, and most systems used LPD,
+LPRng or even PDQ to print. CUPS shipped with a few generic &quot;drivers&quot;
+(good for a few hundred different printer models). These didn't
+support many device-specific options. CUPS also shipped with its own
+built-in rasterization filter (&quot;pstoraster&quot;, derived from
+Ghostscript). On the other hand, CUPS provided brilliant support for
+<span class="emphasis"><em>controlling</em></span> all printer options through
+standardized and well-defined &quot;PPD files&quot; (PostScript Printers
+Description files). Plus, CUPS was designed to be easily extensible.
+</p><p>
+Grant already had in his database a respectable compilation
+of facts about a many more printers, and the Ghostscript &quot;drivers&quot;
+they run with. His idea, to generate PPDs from the database info
+and use them to make standard Ghostscript filters work within CUPS,
+proved to work very well. It also &quot;killed several birds with one
+stone&quot;:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>It made all current and future Ghostscript filter
+developments available for CUPS;</p></li><li><p>It made available a lot of additional printer models
+to CUPS users (because often the &quot;traditional&quot; Ghostscript way of
+printing was the only one available);</p></li><li><p>It gave all the advanced CUPS options (web interface,
+GUI driver configurations) to users wanting (or needing) to use
+Ghostscript filters.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936123"></a>cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic</h4></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2936133"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2936141"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2936149"></a><p>
+CUPS worked through a quickly-hacked up filter script named <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=cupsomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">cupsomatic</a>.
+cupsomatic ran the printfile through Ghostscript, constructing
+automatically the rather complicated command line needed. It just
+required to be copied into the CUPS system to make it work. To
+&quot;configure&quot; the way cupsomatic controls the Ghostscript rendering
+process, it needs a CUPS-PPD. This PPD is generated directly from the
+contents of the database. For CUPS and the respective printer/filter
+combo another Perl script named &quot;CUPS-O-Matic&quot; did the PPD
+generation. After that was working, Grant implemented within a few
+days a similar thing for two other spoolers. Names chosen for the
+config-generator scripts were <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">PDQ-O-Matic</a>
+(for PDQ) and <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">LPD-O-Matic</a>
+(for - you guessed it - LPD); the configuration here didn't use PPDs
+but other spooler-specific files.
+</p><p>
+From late summer of that year, <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/till/" target="_top">Till Kamppeter</a>
+started to put work into the database. Till had been newly employed by
+<a href="http://www.mandrakesoft.com/" target="_top">MandrakeSoft</a> to
+convert their printing system over to CUPS, after they had seen his
+<a href="http://www.fltk.org/" target="_top">FLTK</a>-based <a href="http://cups.sourceforge.net/xpp/" target="_top">XPP</a> (a GUI frontend to
+the CUPS lp-command). He added a huge amount of new information and new
+printers. He also developed the support for other spoolers, like
+<a href="http://ppr.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">PPR</a> (via ppromatic),
+<a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/lpr/" target="_top">GNUlpr</a> and
+<a href="http://www.lprng.org/" target="_top">LPRng</a> (both via an extended
+lpdomatic) and &quot;spoolerless&quot; printing (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=directomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">directomatic</a>)....
+</p><p>
+So, to answer your question: &quot;Foomatic&quot; is the general name for all
+the overlapping code and data behind the &quot;*omatic&quot; scripts.... --
+Foomatic up to versions 2.0.x required (ugly) Perl data structures
+attached the Linuxprinting.org PPDs for CUPS. It had a different
+&quot;*omatic&quot; script for every spooler, as well as different printer
+configuration files..
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936304"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>Grand Unification</em></span>
+achieved...</h4></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2936316"></a><p>
+This all has changed in Foomatic versions 2.9 (Beta) and released as
+&quot;stable&quot; 3.0. This has now achieved the convergence of all *omatic
+scripts: it is called the <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0" target="_top">foomatic-rip</a>.
+This single script is the unification of the previously different
+spooler-specific *omatic scripts. foomatic-rip is used by all the
+different spoolers alike. Because foomatic-rip can read PPDs (both the
+original PostScript printer PPDs and the Linuxprinting.org-generated
+ones), all of a sudden all supported spoolers can have the power of
+PPDs at their disposal; users only need to plug &quot;foomatic-rip&quot; into
+their system.... For users there is improved media type and source
+support; paper sizes and trays are easier to configure.
+</p><p>
+Also, the New Generation of Linuxprinting.org PPDs doesn't contain
+Perl data structures any more. If you are a distro maintainer and have
+used the previous version of Foomatic, you may want to give the new
+one a spin: but don't forget to generate a new-version set of PPDs,
+via the new <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download/foomatic/foomatic-db-engine-3.0.0beta1.tar.gz" target="_top">foomatic-db-engine</a>!
+Individual users just need to generate a single new PPD specific to
+their model by <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/II.Foomatic-User/II.tutorial-handout-foomatic-user.html" target="_top">following
+the steps</a> outlined in the Foomatic tutorial or further
+below. This new development is truly amazing.
+</p><p>
+foomatic-rip is a very clever wrapper around the need to run
+Ghostscript with a different syntax, different options, different
+device selections and/or different filters for each different printer
+or different spooler. At the same time it can read the PPD associated
+with a print queue and modify the print job according to the user
+selections. Together with this comes the 100% compliance of the new
+Foomatic PPDs with the Adobe spec. Some really innovative features of
+the Foomatic concept will surprise users: it will support custom paper
+sizes for many printers; and it will support printing on media drawn
+from different paper trays within the same job (in both cases: even
+where there is no support for this from Windows-based vendor printer
+drivers).
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936409"></a>Driver Development outside</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Most driver development itself does not happen within
+Linuxprinting.org. Drivers are written by independent maintainers.
+Linuxprinting.org just pools all the information, and stores it in its
+database. In addition, it also provides the Foomatic glue to integrate
+the many drivers into any modern (or legacy) printing system known to
+the world.
+</p><p>
+Speaking of the different driver development groups: most of
+the work is currently done in three projects. These are:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a href="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/" target="_top">Omni</a>
+-- a Free Software project by IBM which tries to convert their printer
+driver knowledge from good-ol' OS/2 times into a modern, modular,
+universal driver architecture for Linux/UNIX (still Beta). This
+currently supports 437 models.</p></li><li><p><a href="http://hpinkjet.sf.net/" target="_top">HPIJS</a> --
+a Free Software project by HP to provide the support for their own
+range of models (very mature, printing in most cases is perfect and
+provides true photo quality). This currently supports 369
+models.</p></li><li><p><a href="http://gimp-print.sf.net/" target="_top">Gimp-Print</a> -- a Free software
+effort, started by Michael Sweet (also lead developer for CUPS), now
+directed by Robert Krawitz, which has achieved an amazing level of
+photo print quality (many Epson users swear that its quality is
+better than the vendor drivers provided by Epson for the Microsoft
+platforms). This currently supports 522 models.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936490"></a>Forums, Downloads, Tutorials, Howtos -- also for Mac OS X and
+commercial UNIX</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Linuxprinting.org today is the one-stop &quot;shop&quot; to download printer
+drivers. Look for printer information and <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org//kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/" target="_top">tutorials</a>
+or solve printing problems in its popular <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/" target="_top">forums</a>. But
+it's not just for GNU/Linux: users and admins of <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/macosx/" target="_top">commercial UNIX
+systems</a> are also going there, and the relatively new <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/thread.php3?name=linuxprinting.macosx.general" target="_top">Mac
+OS X forum</a> has turned out to be one of the most frequented
+fora after only a few weeks.
+</p><p>
+Linuxprinting.org and the Foomatic driver wrappers around Ghostscript
+are now a standard toolchain for printing on all the important
+distros. Most of them also have CUPS underneath. While in recent years
+most printer data had been added by Till (who works at Mandrake), many
+additional contributions came from engineers with SuSE, RedHat,
+Connectiva, Debian and others. Vendor-neutrality is an important goal
+of the Foomatic project.
+</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft is doing an excellent job in his
+spare time to maintain Linuxprinting.org and Foomatic. So if you use
+it often, please send him a note showing your appreciation.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936564"></a>Foomatic Database generated PPDs</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The Foomatic database is an amazing piece of ingenuity in itself. Not
+only does it keep the printer and driver information, but it is
+organized in a way that it can generate &quot;PPD&quot; files &quot;on the fly&quot; from
+its internal XML-based datasets. While these PPDs are modelled to the
+Adobe specification of &quot;PostScript Printer Descriptions&quot; (PPDs), the
+Linuxprinting.org/Foomatic-PPDs don't normally drive PostScript
+printers: they are used to describe all the bells and whistles you
+could ring or blow on an Epson Stylus inkjet, or a HP Photosmart or
+what-have-you. The main &quot;trick&quot; is one little additional line, not
+envisaged by the PPD specification, starting with the &quot;*cupsFilter&quot;
+keyword: it tells the CUPS daemon how to proceed with the PostScript
+print file (old-style Foomatic-PPDs named the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span> filter script, while the new-style
+PPDs now call <span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>). This filter
+script calls Ghostscript on the host system (the recommended variant
+is ESP Ghostscript) to do the rendering work. foomatic-rip knows which
+filter or internal device setting it should ask from Ghostscript to
+convert the PostScript printjob into a raster format ready for the
+target device. This usage of PPDs to describe the options of non-PS
+printers was the invention of the CUPS developers. The rest is easy:
+GUI tools (like KDE's marvellous <a href="http://printing.kde.org/overview/kprinter.phtml" target="_top">&quot;kprinter&quot;</a>,
+or the GNOME <a href="http://gtklp.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">&quot;gtklp&quot;</a>, &quot;xpp&quot; and the CUPS
+web interface) read the PPD too and use this information to present
+the available settings to the user as an intuitive menu selection.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2936640"></a>foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Here are the steps to install a foomatic-rip driven &quot;LaserJet 4 Plus&quot;
+compatible printer in CUPS (note that recent distributions of SuSE,
+UnitedLinux and Mandrake may ship with a complete package of
+Foomatic-PPDs plus the foomatic-rip utility. going directly to
+Linuxprinting.org ensures you to get the latest driver/PPD files):
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Surf to <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi</a>
+</p></li><li><p>Check the complete list of printers in the database:
+<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone</a>
+</p></li><li><p>There select your model and click on the
+link.</p></li><li><p>You'll arrive at a page listing all drivers working
+with this model (for all printers, there will always be
+<span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> recommended driver. Try this one
+first).</p></li><li><p>In our case (&quot;HP LaserJet 4 Plus&quot;), we'll arrive here:
+ <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus</a>
+</p></li><li><p>The recommended driver is &quot;ljet4&quot;.</p></li><li><p>There are several links provided here. You should
+visit them all, if you are not familiar with the Linuxprinting.org
+database.</p></li><li><p>There is a link to the database page for the &quot;ljet4&quot;:
+ <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4</a>
+On the driver's page, you'll find important and detailed information
+about how to use that driver within the various available
+spoolers.</p></li><li><p>Another link may lead you to the homepage of the
+driver author or the driver.</p></li><li><p>Important links are the ones which provide hints with
+setup instructions for CUPS (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html</a>),
+PDQ (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html</a>),
+LPD, LPRng and GNUlpr (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html</a>)
+as well as PPR (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html)</a>
+or &quot;spooler-less&quot; printing (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html</a>
+).</p></li><li><p>You can view the PPD in your browser through this
+link: <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=1" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=1</a>
+</p></li><li><p>You can also (most importantly)
+generate and download the PPD: <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=0" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=0</a>
+</p></li><li><p>The PPD contains all the information needed to use our
+model and the driver; this is, once installed, working transparently
+for the user. Later you'll only need to choose resolution, paper size
+etc. from the web-based menu, or from the print dialog GUI, or from
+the commandline.</p></li><li><p>Should you have ended up on the driver's page (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4</a>),
+you can choose to use the &quot;PPD-O-Matic&quot; online PPD generator
+program.</p></li><li><p>Select the exact model and check either &quot;download&quot; or
+&quot;display PPD file&quot; and click on &quot;Generate PPD file&quot;.</p></li><li><p>If you save the PPD file from the browser view, please
+don't use &quot;cut'n'past&quot; (since it could possibly damage line endings
+and tabs, which makes the PPD likely to fail its duty), but use &quot;Save
+as...&quot; in your browser's menu. (Best is to use the &quot;download&quot; option
+from the web page directly).</p></li><li><p>Another very interesting part on each driver page is
+the <span class="emphasis"><em>Show execution details</em></span> button. If you
+select your printer model and click that button, you will get
+displayed a complete Ghostscript command line, enumerating all options
+available for that driver/printermodel combo. This is a great way to
+&quot;Learn Ghostscript By Doing&quot;. It is also an excellent &quot;cheat sheet&quot;
+for all experienced users who need to re-construct a good command line
+for that damn printing script, but can't remember the exact
+syntax. ;-)</p></li><li><p>Some time during your visit to Linuxprinting.org, save
+the PPD to a suitable place on your harddisk, say
+<tt class="filename">/path/to/my-printer.ppd</tt> (if you prefer to install
+your printers with the help of the CUPS web interface, save the PPD to
+the <tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/model/</tt> path and re-start
+cupsd).</p></li><li><p>Then install the printer with a suitable commandline,
+e.g.:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -P path/to/my-printer.ppd</tt></b>
+</pre></li><li><p>Note again this: for all the new-style &quot;Foomatic-PPDs&quot;
+from Linuxprinting.org, you also need a special &quot;CUPS filter&quot; named
+&quot;foomatic-rip&quot;.Get the latest version of &quot;foomatic-rip&quot; from: <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0</a>
+</p></li><li><p>The foomatic-rip Perlscript itself also makes some
+interesting reading (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=1" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=1</a>),
+because it is very well documented by Till's inline comments (even
+non-Perl hackers will learn quite a bit about printing by reading
+it... ;-)</p></li><li><p>Save foomatic-rip either directly in
+<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filter/foomatic-rip</tt> or somewhere in
+your $PATH (and don't forget to make it world-executable). Again,
+don't save by &quot;copy'n'paste&quot; but use the appropriate link, or the
+&quot;Save as...&quot; menu item in your browser.</p></li><li><p>If you save foomatic-rip in your $PATH, create a symlink:
+<b class="command">cd /usr/lib/cups/filter/ ; ln -s `which
+foomatic-rip`</b>. For CUPS to discover this new
+available filter at startup, you need to re-start
+cupsd.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Once you print to a printqueue set up with the Foomatic-PPD, CUPS will
+insert the appropriate commands and comments into the resulting
+PostScript jobfile. foomatic-rip is able to read and act upon
+these. foomatic-rip uses some specially encoded Foomatic comments,
+embedded in the jobfile. These in turn are used to construct
+(transparently for you, the user) the complicated ghostscript command
+line telling for the printer driver how exactly the resulting raster
+data should look like and which printer commands to embed into the
+data stream.
+</p><p>
+You need:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A &quot;foomatic+something&quot; PPD -- but it this not enough
+to print with CUPS (it is only <span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> important
+component)</p></li><li><p>The &quot;foomatic-rip&quot; filter script (Perl) in
+/usr/lib/cups/filters/</p></li><li><p>Perl to make foomatic-rip run</p></li><li><p>Ghostscript (because it is doing the main work,
+controlled by the PPD/foomatic-rip combo) to produce the raster data
+fit for your printermodel's consumption</p></li><li><p>Ghostscript <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> (depending on
+the driver/model) contain support for a certain &quot;device&quot;, representing
+the selected &quot;driver&quot; for your model (as shown by &quot;gs
+-h&quot;)</p></li><li><p>foomatic-rip needs a new version of PPDs (PPD versions
+produced for cupsomatic don't work with
+foomatic-rip).</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2937141"></a>Page Accounting with CUPS</h2></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2937150"></a><p>
+Often there are questions regarding &quot;print quotas&quot; wherein Samba users
+(that is, Windows clients) should not be able to print beyond a
+certain amount of pages or data volume per day, week or month. This
+feature is dependent on the real print subsystem you're using.
+Samba's part is always to receive the job files from the clients
+(filtered <span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span> unfiltered) and hand it over to this
+printing subsystem.
+</p><p>
+Of course one could &quot;hack&quot; things with one's own scripts. But then
+there is CUPS. CUPS supports &quot;quotas&quot; which can be based on sizes of
+jobs or on the number of pages or both, and are spanning any time
+period you want.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937193"></a>Setting up Quotas</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2937200"></a><p>
+This is an example command how root would set a print quota in CUPS,
+assuming an existing printer named &quot;quotaprinter&quot;:
+</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2937220"></a><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p quotaprinter -o job-quota-period=604800 \
+ -o job-k-limit=1024 -o job-page-limit=100</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+This would limit every single user to print 100 pages or 1024 KB of
+data (whichever comes first) within the last 604,800 seconds ( = 1
+week).
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937258"></a>Correct and incorrect Accounting</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+For CUPS to count correctly, the printfile needs to pass the CUPS
+&quot;pstops&quot; filter, otherwise it uses a &quot;dummy&quot; count of &quot;1&quot;. Some
+printfiles don't pass it (eg: image files) but then those are mostly 1
+page jobs anyway. This also means that proprietary drivers for the
+target printer running on the client computers and CUPS/Samba, which
+then spool these files as &quot;raw&quot; (i.e. leaving them untouched, not
+filtering them), will be counted as &quot;1-pagers&quot; too!
+</p><p>
+You need to send PostScript from the clients (i.e. run a PostScript
+driver there) to have the chance to get accounting done. If the
+printer is a non-PostScript model, you need to let CUPS do the job to
+convert the file to a print-ready format for the target printer. This
+will be working for currently about 1,000 different printer models,
+see <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi" target="_top">the driver list at linuxprinting.org/</a>.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937303"></a>Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Before CUPS-1.1.16 your only option was to use the Adobe PostScript
+Driver on the Windows clients. The output of this driver was not
+always passed through the &quot;pstops&quot; filter on the CUPS/Samba side, and
+therefore was not counted correctly (the reason is that it often,
+depending on the &quot;PPD&quot; being used, wrote a &quot;PJL&quot;-header in front of
+the real PostScript which caused CUPS to skip pstops and go directly
+to the &quot;pstoraster&quot; stage).
+</p><p>
+From CUPS-1.1.16 onward you can use the &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
+Windows NT/2K/XP clients&quot; (which is tagged in the download area of
+http://www.cups.org/ as the &quot;cups-samba-1.1.16.tar.gz&quot; package). It does
+<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work for Win9x/ME clients. But it guarantees:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><a class="indexterm" name="id2937350"></a><ul type="disc"><li><p>to not write an PJL-header</p></li><li><p>to still read and support all PJL-options named in the
+driver PPD with its own means</p></li><li><p> that the file will pass through the &quot;pstops&quot; filter
+on the CUPS/Samba server</p></li><li><p>to page-count correctly the
+printfile</p></li></ul></div><p>
+You can read more about the setup of this combination in the manpage
+for &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (which is only present with CUPS installed, and only
+current from CUPS 1.1.16).
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937398"></a>The page_log File Syntax</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2937407"></a><p>
+These are the items CUPS logs in the &quot;page_log&quot; for every
+single <span class="emphasis"><em>page</em></span> of a job:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Printer name</p></li><li><p>User name</p></li><li><p>Job ID</p></li><li><p>Time of printing</p></li><li><p>the page number</p></li><li><p>the number of copies</p></li><li><p>a billing information string
+(optional)</p></li><li><p>the host which sent the job (included since version
+1.1.19)</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Here is an extract of my CUPS server's page_log file to illustrate the
+format and included items:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 1 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 2 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 3 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 4 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+DigiMaster9110 boss 402 [22/Apr/2003:10:33:22 +0100] 1 440 finance-dep 10.160.51.33
+</pre><p>
+This was job ID &quot;401&quot;, printed on &quot;infotec_IS2027&quot; by user &quot;kurt&quot;, a
+64-page job printed in 3 copies and billed to &quot;#marketing&quot;, sent
+from IP address 10.160.50.13. The next job had ID &quot;402&quot;, was sent by
+user &quot;boss&quot; from IP address 10.160.51.33,printed from one page 440
+copies and is set to be billed to &quot;finance-dep&quot;.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937516"></a>Possible Shortcomings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+What flaws or shortcomings are there with this quota system?
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the ones named above (wrongly logged job in case of
+printer hardware failure, etc.)</p></li><li><p>in reality, CUPS counts the job pages that are being
+processed in <span class="emphasis"><em>software</em></span> (that is, going through the
+&quot;RIP&quot;) rather than the physical sheets successfully leaving the
+printing device. Thus if there is a jam while printing the 5th sheet out
+of 1000 and the job is aborted by the printer, the &quot;page count&quot; will
+still show the figure of 1000 for that job</p></li><li><p>all quotas are the same for all users (no flexibility
+to give the boss a higher quota than the clerk), no support for
+groups</p></li><li><p>no means to read out the current balance or the
+&quot;used-up&quot; number of current quota</p></li><li><p>a user having used up 99 sheets of 100 quota will
+still be able to send and print a 1,000 sheet job</p></li><li><p>a user being denied a job because of a filled-up quota
+doesn't get a meaningful error message from CUPS other than
+&quot;client-error-not-possible&quot;.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937592"></a>Future Developments</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+This is the best system currently available, and there are huge
+improvements under development for CUPS 1.2:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>page counting will go into the &quot;backends&quot; (these talk
+directly to the printer and will increase the count in sync with the
+actual printing process: thus a jam at the 5th sheet will lead to a
+stop in the counting)</p></li><li><p>quotas will be handled more flexibly</p></li><li><p>probably there will be support for users to inquire
+their &quot;accounts&quot; in advance</p></li><li><p>probably there will be support for some other tools
+around this topic</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937648"></a>Other Accounting Tools</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+PrintAnalyzer, pyKota, printbill, LogReport.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2937662"></a>Additional Material</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+A printer queue with <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> PPD associated to it is a
+&quot;raw&quot; printer and all files will go directly there as received by the
+spooler. The exceptions are file types &quot;application/octet-stream&quot;
+which need &quot;passthrough feature&quot; enabled. &quot;Raw&quot; queues don't do any
+filtering at all, they hand the file directly to the CUPS backend.
+This backend is responsible for the sending of the data to the device
+(as in the &quot;device URI&quot; notation: <tt class="filename">lpd://, socket://,
+smb://, ipp://, http://, parallel:/, serial:/, usb:/</tt> etc.)
+</p><p>
+&quot;cupsomatic&quot;/Foomatic are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> native CUPS drivers
+and they don't ship with CUPS. They are a Third Party add-on,
+developed at Linuxprinting.org. As such, they are a brilliant hack to
+make all models (driven by Ghostscript drivers/filters in traditional
+spoolers) also work via CUPS, with the same (good or bad!) quality as
+in these other spoolers. &quot;cupsomatic&quot; is only a vehicle to execute a
+ghostscript commandline at that stage in the CUPS filtering chain,
+where &quot;normally&quot; the native CUPS &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter would kick
+in. cupsomatic by-passes pstoraster, &quot;kidnaps&quot; the printfile from CUPS
+away and re-directs it to go through Ghostscript. CUPS accepts this,
+because the associated CUPS-O-Matic-/Foomatic-PPD specifies:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ *cupsFilter: &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic&quot;
+</pre><p>
+This line persuades CUPS to hand the file to cupsomatic, once it has
+successfully converted it to the MIME type
+&quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript&quot;. This conversion will not happen for
+Jobs arriving from Windows which are auto-typed
+&quot;application/octet-stream&quot;, with the according changes in
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> in place.
+</p><p>
+CUPS is widely configurable and flexible, even regarding its filtering
+mechanism. Another workaround in some situations would be to have in
+<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> entries as follows:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ application/postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 -
+ application/vnd.cups-postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 -
+</pre><p>
+This would prevent all Postscript files from being filtered (rather,
+they will through the virtual <span class="emphasis"><em>nullfilter</em></span>
+denoted with &quot;-&quot;). This could only be useful for PS printers. If you
+want to print PS code on non-PS printers (provided they support ASCII
+text printing) an entry as follows could be useful:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ */* application/vnd.cups-raw 0 -
+</pre><p>
+and would effectively send <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> files to the
+backend without further processing.
+</p><p>
+Lastly, you could have the following entry:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+application/vnd.cups-postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 my_PJL_stripping_filter
+</pre><p>
+You will need to write a <span class="emphasis"><em>my_PJL_stripping_filter</em></span>
+(could be a shellscript) that parses the PostScript and removes the
+unwanted PJL. This would need to conform to CUPS filter design
+(mainly, receive and pass the parameters printername, job-id,
+username, jobtitle, copies, print options and possibly the
+filename). It would be installed as world executable into
+<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filters/</tt> and will be called by CUPS
+if it encounters a MIME type &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript&quot;.
+</p><p>
+CUPS can handle <span class="emphasis"><em>-o job-hold-until=indefinite</em></span>.
+This keeps the job in the queue &quot;on hold&quot;. It will only be printed
+upon manual release by the printer operator. This is a requirement in
+many &quot;central reproduction departments&quot;, where a few operators manage
+the jobs of hundreds of users on some big machine, where no user is
+allowed to have direct access (such as when the operators often need
+to load the proper paper type before running the 10,000 page job
+requested by marketing for the mailing, etc.).
+</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2937912"></a>Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Samba print files pass through two &quot;spool&quot; directories. One is the
+incoming directory managed by Samba, (set in the <a class="indexterm" name="id2937929"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /var/spool/samba directive in the
+<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section of
+<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). The other is the spool directory of
+your UNIX print subsystem. For CUPS it is normally
+<tt class="filename">/var/spool/cups/</tt>, as set by the cupsd.conf
+directive <tt class="filename">RequestRoot /var/spool/cups</tt>.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937974"></a>CUPS Configuration Settings explained</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+Some important parameter settings in the CUPS configuration file
+<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> are:
+</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">PreserveJobHistory Yes</span></dt><dd><p>
+This keeps some details of jobs in cupsd's mind (well it keeps the
+&quot;c12345&quot;, &quot;c12346&quot; etc. files in the CUPS spool directory, which do a
+similar job as the old-fashioned BSD-LPD control files). This is set
+to &quot;Yes&quot; as a default.
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term">PreserveJobFiles Yes</span></dt><dd><p>
+This keeps the job files themselves in cupsd's mind
+(well it keeps the &quot;d12345&quot;, &quot;d12346&quot; etc. files in the CUPS spool
+directory...). This is set to &quot;No&quot; as the CUPS
+default.
+</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>&quot;MaxJobs 500&quot;</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
+This directive controls the maximum number of jobs
+that are kept in memory. Once the number of jobs reaches the limit,
+the oldest completed job is automatically purged from the system to
+make room for the new one. If all of the known jobs are still
+pending or active then the new job will be rejected. Setting the
+maximum to 0 disables this functionality. The default setting is
+0.
+</p></dd></dl></div><p>
+(There are also additional settings for &quot;MaxJobsPerUser&quot; and
+&quot;MaxJobsPerPrinter&quot;...)
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938069"></a>Pre-conditions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+For everything to work as announced, you need to have three
+things:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>a Samba-smbd which is compiled against &quot;libcups&quot; (Check
+on Linux by running &quot;ldd `which smbd`&quot;)</p></li><li><p>a Samba-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setting of
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2938105"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups</p></li><li><p>another Samba-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setting of
+ <a class="indexterm" name="id2938131"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+In this case all other manually set printing-related commands (like
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2938153"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>,
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2938167"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq command</tt></i>,
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2938180"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lprm command</tt></i>,
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2938194"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command</tt></i> or
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2938208"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpresume command</tt></i>) are ignored and they should normally have no
+influence what-so-ever on your printing.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938226"></a>Manual Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+If you want to do things manually, replace the <a class="indexterm" name="id2938237"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups
+by <a class="indexterm" name="id2938250"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd. Then your manually set commands may work
+(haven't tested this), and a <a class="indexterm" name="id2938266"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> = lp -d %P %s; rm %s&quot;
+may do what you need.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2938284"></a>In Case of Trouble.....</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+If you have more problems, post the output of these commands
+to the CUPS or Samba mailing lists (choose the one which seems more
+relevant to your problem):
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>grep -v ^# /etc/cups/cupsd.conf | grep -v ^$</tt></b>
+<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>grep -v ^# /etc/samba/smb.conf | grep -v ^$ | grep -v &quot;^;&quot;</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+(adapt paths as needed). These commands leave out the empty
+lines and lines with comments, providing the &quot;naked settings&quot; in a
+compact way. Don't forget to name the CUPS and Samba versions you
+are using! This saves bandwidth and makes for easier readability
+for experts (and you are expecting experts to read them, right?
+;-)
+</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2938356"></a>Printing <span class="emphasis"><em>from</em></span> CUPS to Windows attached
+Printers</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+From time to time the question arises, how you can print
+<span class="emphasis"><em>to</em></span> a Windows attached printer
+<span class="emphasis"><em>from</em></span> Samba. Normally the local connection
+from Windows host to printer would be done by USB or parallel
+cable, but this doesn't matter to Samba. From here only an SMB
+connection needs to be opened to the Windows host. Of course, this
+printer must be &quot;shared&quot; first. As you have learned by now, CUPS uses
+<span class="emphasis"><em>backends</em></span> to talk to printers and other
+servers. To talk to Windows shared printers you need to use the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>smb</em></span> (surprise, surprise!) backend. Check if this
+is in the CUPS backend directory. This resides usually in
+<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/backend/</tt>. You need to find a &quot;smb&quot;
+file there. It should be a symlink to <tt class="filename">smbspool</tt>
+which file must exist and be executable:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /usr/lib/cups/backend/</tt></b>
+total 253
+drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 720 Apr 30 19:04 .
+drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 125 Dec 19 17:13 ..
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10692 Feb 16 21:29 canon
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10692 Feb 16 21:29 epson
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Apr 17 22:50 http -&gt; ipp
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 17316 Apr 17 22:50 ipp
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 15420 Apr 20 17:01 lpd
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8656 Apr 20 17:01 parallel
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2162 Mar 31 23:15 pdfdistiller
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Apr 30 19:04 ptal -&gt; /usr/sbin/ptal-cups
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6284 Apr 20 17:01 scsi
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Apr 2 03:11 smb -&gt; /usr/bin/smbspool
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7912 Apr 20 17:01 socket
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9012 Apr 20 17:01 usb
+
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l `which smbspool`</tt></b>
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 563245 Dec 28 14:49 /usr/bin/smbspool
+</pre><p>
+If this symlink doesn't exist, create it:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s `which smbspool` /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+smbspool has been written by Mike Sweet from the CUPS folks. It is
+included and ships with Samba. It may also be used with print
+subsystems other than CUPS, to spool jobs to Windows printer shares. To
+set up printer &quot;winprinter&quot; on CUPS, you need to have a &quot;driver&quot; for
+it. Essentially this means to convert the print data on the CUPS/Samba
+host to a format that the printer can digest (the Windows host is
+unable to convert any files you may send). This also means you should
+be able to print to the printer if it were hooked directly at your
+Samba/CUPS host. For troubleshooting purposes, this is what you
+should do, to determine if that part of the process chain is in
+order. Then proceed to fix the network connection/authentication to
+the Windows host, etc.
+</p><p>
+To install a printer with the smb backend on CUPS, use this command:
+</p><pre class="screen">
+<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p winprinter -v smb://WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename \
+ -P /path/to/PPD</tt></b>
+</pre><p>
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>PPD</em></span> must be able to direct CUPS to generate
+the print data for the target model. For PostScript printers just use
+the PPD that would be used with the Windows NT PostScript driver. But
+what can you do if the printer is only accessible with a password? Or
+if the printer's host is part of another workgroup? This is provided
+for: you can include the required parameters as part of the
+<tt class="filename">smb://</tt> device-URI. Like this:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>smb://WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename </p></li><li><p>smb://username:password@WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</p></li><li><p>smb://username:password@WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</p></li></ul></div><p>
+Note that the device-URI will be visible in the process list of the
+Samba server (e.g. when someone uses the <b class="command">ps -aux</b>
+command on Linux), even if the username and passwords are sanitized
+before they get written into the log files. So this is an inherently
+insecure option. However it is the only one. Don't use it if you want
+to protect your passwords. Better share the printer in a way that
+doesn't require a password! Printing will only work if you have a
+working netbios name resolution up and running. Note that this is a
+feature of CUPS and you don't necessarily need to have smbd running
+(but who wants that? :-).
+</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2938656"></a>More CUPS filtering Chains</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
+The following diagrams reveal how CUPS handles print jobs.
+</p><div class="figure"><a name="cups1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.17. Filtering chain 1</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/cups1.png" width="270" alt="Filtering chain 1"></div></div><div class="figure"><a name="cups2"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.18. Filtering chain with cupsomatic</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/cups2.png" width="270" alt="Filtering chain with cupsomatic"></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
+Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2938758"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938765"></a>Win9x client can't install driver</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>For Win9x clients require the printer names to be 8
+chars (or &quot;8 plus 3 chars suffix&quot;) max; otherwise the driver files
+won't get transferred when you want to download them from
+Samba.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938787"></a>&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; keeps asking for root password in
+ neverending loop</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Have you <a class="indexterm" name="id2938800"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user? Have
+you used <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> to give root a Samba account?
+You can do 2 things: open another terminal and execute
+<b class="command">smbpasswd -a root</b> to create the account, and
+continue with entering the password into the first terminal. Or break
+out of the loop by hitting ENTER twice (without trying to type a
+password).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938835"></a>&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; gives &quot;No PPD file for printer...&quot;
+ message while PPD file is present</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Have you enabled printer sharing on CUPS? This means:
+do you have a <i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;Location
+/printers&gt;....&lt;/Location&gt;</tt></i> section in CUPS
+server's <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> which doesn't deny access to
+the host you run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; from? It <span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span> be
+an issue if you use cupsaddsmb remotely, or if you use it with a
+<tt class="option">-h</tt> parameter: <b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H
+ sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername</tt></b>.
+</p><p>Is your
+&quot;TempDir&quot; directive in
+<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsd.conf</em></span>
+set to a valid value and is it writeable?
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938893"></a>Client can't connect to Samba printer</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Use <b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check which user
+you are from Samba's point of view. Do you have the privileges to
+write into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
+share?</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938921"></a>Can't reconnect to Samba under new account
+ from Win2K/XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Once you are connected as the &quot;wrong&quot; user (for
+example as &quot;nobody&quot;, which often occurs if you have
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2938935"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i> = bad user), Windows Explorer will not accept an
+attempt to connect again as a different user. There won't be any byte
+transfered on the wire to Samba, but still you'll see a stupid error
+message which makes you think that Samba has denied access. Use
+<b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check for active connections. Kill the
+PIDs. You still can't re-connect and get the dreaded
+<tt class="computeroutput">You can't connect with a second account from the same
+machine</tt> message, as soon as you are trying? And you
+don't see any single byte arriving at Samba (see logs; use &quot;ethereal&quot;)
+indicating a renewed connection attempt? Shut all Explorer Windows.
+This makes Windows forget what it has cached in its memory as
+established connections. Then re-connect as the right user. Best
+method is to use a DOS terminal window and <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span>
+do <b class="userinput"><tt>net use z: \\GANDALF\print$ /user:root</tt></b>. Check
+with <b class="command">smbstatus</b> that you are connected under a
+different account. Now open the &quot;Printers&quot; folder (on the Samba server
+in the <span class="emphasis"><em>Network Neighbourhood</em></span>), right-click the
+printer in question and select
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Connect...</em></span></p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939149"></a>Avoid being connected to the Samba server as the
+ &quot;wrong&quot; user</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>You see per <b class="command">smbstatus</b> that you are
+connected as user &quot;nobody&quot;; while you wanted to be &quot;root&quot; or
+&quot;printeradmin&quot;? This is probably due to
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2939171"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i> = bad user, which silently connects you under the guest account,
+when you gave (maybe by accident) an incorrect username. Remove
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2939187"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i>, if you want to prevent
+this.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939202"></a>Upgrading to CUPS drivers from Adobe drivers on
+ NT/2K/XP clients gives problems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>First delete all &quot;old&quot; Adobe-using printers. Then
+delete all &quot;old&quot; Adobe drivers. (On Win2K/XP, right-click in
+background of &quot;Printers&quot; folder, select &quot;Server Properties...&quot;, select
+tab &quot;Drivers&quot; and delete here).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939219"></a>Can't use &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; on Samba server which is
+ a PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Do you use the &quot;naked&quot; root user name? Try to do it
+this way: <b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAINNAME</tt></i>\\root -v
+<i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i></tt></b>&gt; (note the two backslashes: the first one is
+required to &quot;escape&quot; the second one).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939249"></a>Deleted Win2K printer driver is still shown</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Deleting a printer on the client won't delete the
+driver too (to verify, right-click on the white background of the
+&quot;Printers&quot; folder, select &quot;Server Properties&quot; and click on the
+&quot;Drivers&quot; tab). These same old drivers will be re-used when you try to
+install a printer with the same name. If you want to update to a new
+driver, delete the old ones first. Deletion is only possible if no
+other printer uses the same driver.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939258"></a>Win2K/XP &quot;Local Security
+ Policies&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Local Security Policies</em></span> may not
+allow the installation of unsigned drivers. &quot;Local Security Policies&quot;
+may not allow the installation of printer drivers at
+all.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939297"></a>WinXP clients: &quot;Administrator can not install
+ printers for all local users&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Windows XP handles SMB printers on a &quot;per-user&quot; basis.
+This means every user needs to install the printer himself. To have a
+printer available for everybody, you might want to use the built-in
+IPP client capabilities of WinXP. Add a printer with the print path of
+<span class="emphasis"><em>http://cupsserver:631/printers/printername</em></span>.
+Still looking into this one: maybe a &quot;logon script&quot; could
+automatically install printers for all
+users.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939331"></a>&quot;Print Change Notify&quot; functions on
+ NT-clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>For &quot;print change notify&quot; functions on NT++ clients,
+these need to run the &quot;Server&quot; service first (re-named to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>File &amp; Print Sharing for MS Networks</em></span> in
+XP).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939354"></a>WinXP-SP1</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>WinXP-SP1 introduced a <span class="emphasis"><em>Point and Print
+Restriction Policy</em></span> (this restriction doesn't apply to
+&quot;Administrator&quot; or &quot;Power User&quot; groups of users). In Group Policy
+Object Editor: go to <span class="emphasis"><em>User Configuration,
+ Administrative Templates, Control Panel,
+Printers</em></span>. The policy is automatically set to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Enabled</em></span> and the <span class="emphasis"><em>Users can only Point
+and Print to machines in their Forest</em></span> . You probably need
+to change it to <span class="emphasis"><em>Disabled</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Users can
+only Point and Print to these servers</em></span> in order to make
+driver downloads from Samba possible.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939398"></a>Print options for all users can't be set on Win2K/XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way (it is not
+very easy to find out, though). There are 3 different ways to bring
+you to a dialog that <span class="emphasis"><em>seems</em></span> to set everything. All
+three dialogs <span class="emphasis"><em>look</em></span> the same. Only one of them
+<span class="emphasis"><em>does</em></span> what you intend. You need to be
+Administrator or Print Administrator to do this for all users. Here
+is how I do in on XP:
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li><p>The first &quot;wrong&quot; way:
+
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printers</em></span>
+folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer
+(<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on cupshost</em></span>) and
+select in context menu <span class="emphasis"><em>Printing
+Preferences...</em></span></p></li><li><p>Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks
+like.</p></li></ol></div><p>
+</p></li><li><p>The second &quot;wrong&quot; way:
+
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printers</em></span>
+folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer (<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on
+cupshost</em></span>) and select in the context menu
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Properties</em></span></p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>General</em></span>
+tab</p></li><li><p>Click on the button <span class="emphasis"><em>Printing
+Preferences...</em></span></p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back
+to the parent dialog.</p></li></ol></div><p>
+</p></li><li><p>The third, the &quot;correct&quot; way: (should you do
+this from the beginning, just carry out steps 1. and 2. from second
+&quot;way&quot; above)
+
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>Advanced</em></span>
+tab. (Hmmm... if everything is &quot;Grayed Out&quot;, then you are not logged
+in as a user with enough privileges).</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printing
+Defaults...</em></span> button.</p></li><li><p>On any of the two new tabs, click on the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Advanced...</em></span>
+button.</p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other,
+identical looking one from &quot;B.5&quot; or A.3&quot;.</p></li></ol></div><p>
+</p></li></ol></div><p>
+Do you see any difference? I don't either... However, only the last
+one, which you arrived at with steps &quot;C.1.-6.&quot; will save any settings
+permanently and be the defaults for new users. If you want all clients
+to get the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps <span class="emphasis"><em>as
+Administrator</em></span> (<a class="indexterm" name="id2939650"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> in
+<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>) <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> a client
+downloads the driver (the clients can later set their own
+<span class="emphasis"><em>per-user defaults</em></span> by following the
+procedures <span class="emphasis"><em>A.</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>B.</em></span>
+above).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939689"></a>Most common blunders in driver
+ settings on Windows clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Don't use <span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for
+Speed</em></span>: use <span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for
+Portability</em></span> instead (Adobe PS Driver) Don't use
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence: No</em></span>: always
+settle with <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence:
+Yes</em></span> (Microsoft PS Driver and CUPS PS Driver for
+WinNT/2K/XP) If there are problems with fonts: use
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Download as Softfont into
+printer</em></span> (Adobe PS Driver). For
+<span class="emphasis"><em>TrueType Download Options</em></span>
+choose <span class="emphasis"><em>Outline</em></span>. Use PostScript
+Level 2, if you are having trouble with a non-PS printer, and if
+there is a choice.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939734"></a><b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> does not work
+ with newly installed printer</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Symptom: the last command of
+<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> doesn't complete successfully:
+<b class="command">cmd = setdriver printername printername</b> result was
+NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL then possibly the printer was not yet
+&quot;recognized&quot; by Samba. Did it show up in <span class="emphasis"><em>Network
+Neighbourhood</em></span>? Did it show up in <b class="command">rpcclient
+hostname -c 'enumprinters'</b>? Restart smbd (or send a
+<b class="command">kill -HUP</b> to all processes listed by
+<b class="command">smbstatus</b> and try
+again.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939796"></a>Permissions on
+<tt class="filename">/var/spool/samba/</tt> get reset after each
+reboot</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Have you by accident set the CUPS spool directory to
+the same location? (<i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot
+/var/spool/samba/</tt></i> in <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> or
+the other way round: <tt class="filename">/var/spool/cups/</tt> is set as
+<a class="indexterm" name="id2939835"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i>&gt; in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
+section). These <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be different. Set
+<i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot /var/spool/cups/</tt></i> in
+<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2939874"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> =
+/var/spool/samba in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
+section of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Otherwise cupsd will
+sanitize permissions to its spool directory with each restart, and
+printing will not work reliably.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939905"></a>Printer named &quot;lp&quot;
+intermittently swallows jobs and spits out completely different
+ones</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>It is a very bad idea to name any printer &quot;lp&quot;. This
+is the traditional UNIX name for the default printer. CUPS may be set
+up to do an automatic creation of &quot;Implicit Classes&quot;. This means, to
+group all printers with the same name to a pool of devices, and
+loadbalancing the jobs across them in a round-robin fashion. Chances
+are high that someone else has an &quot;lp&quot; named printer too. You may
+receive his jobs and send your own to his device unwittingly. To have
+tight control over the printer names, set <i class="parameter"><tt>BrowseShortNames
+No</tt></i>. It will present any printer as &quot;printername@cupshost&quot;
+then, giving you a better control over what may happen in a large
+networked environment.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939953"></a>Location of Adobe PostScript driver files necessary for &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Use <b class="command">smbclient</b> to connect to any
+Windows box with a shared PostScript printer: <b class="command">smbclient
+//windowsbox/print\$ -U guest</b>. You can navigate to the
+<tt class="filename">W32X86/2</tt> subdir to <b class="command">mget ADOBE*</b>
+and other files or to <tt class="filename">WIN40/0</tt> to do the same. --
+Another option is to download the <tt class="filename">*.exe</tt> packaged
+files from the Adobe website.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2940008"></a>An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="figure"><a name="a_small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.19. CUPS Printing Overview</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/a_small.png" width="270" alt="CUPS Printing Overview"></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="printing.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="optional.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="VFS.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="samba-doc.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules</td></tr></table></div></body></html>