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-<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.60.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="SAMBA Project Documentation"><link rel="up" href="optional.html" title="Part III. Advanced Configuration"><link rel="previous" href="optional.html" title="Part III. Advanced Configuration"><link rel="next" href="passdb.html" title="Chapter 11. Account Information Databases"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="optional.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III. Advanced Configuration</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="passdb.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="NetworkBrowsing"></a>Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">July 5, 1998</p></div><div><p class="pubdate">Updated: April 21, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2901654">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2901733">What is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2905839">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2905855">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2906017">TCP/IP - without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2900986">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2901119">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2901245">Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2902631">Setting up DOMAIN Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#browse-force-master">Forcing Samba to be the master</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2902896">Making Samba the domain master</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2903052">Note about broadcast addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2903070">Multiple interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2906571">Use of the Remote Announce parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2906680">Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2906741">WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2906900">Setting up a WINS server</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907094">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907119">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907203">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907217">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907283">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907421">Technical Overview of browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907468">Browsing support in Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907575">Problem resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2907654">Browsing across subnets</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2908270">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2908285">How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#id2908313">My client reports &quot;This server is not configured to list shared resources&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
-This document contains detailed information as well as a fast track guide to
-implementing browsing across subnets and / or across workgroups (or domains).
-WINS is the best tool for resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses. WINS is
-NOT involved in browse list handling except by way of name to address resolution.
-</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
-MS Windows 2000 and later can be configured to operate with NO NetBIOS
-over TCP/IP. Samba-3 and later also supports this mode of operation.
-When the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP has been disabled then the primary
-means for resolution of MS Windows machine names is via DNS and Active Directory.
-The following information assumes that your site is running NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
-</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901654"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Someone once referred to the past in terms of: <span class="emphasis"><em>They were the worst of times,
-they were the best of times. The more we look back, them more we long for what was and
-hope it never returns!</em></span>.
-</p><p>
-For many MS Windows network administrators, that statement sums up their feelings about
-NetBIOS networking precisely. For those who mastered NetBIOS networking, its fickle
-nature was just par for the course. For those who never quite managed to tame its
-lusty features, NetBIOS is like Paterson's Curse.
-</p><p>
-For those not familiar with botanical problems in Australia: Paterson's curse,
-Echium plantagineum, was introduced to Australia from Europe during the mid-nineteenth
-century. Since then it has spread rapidly. The high seed production, with densities of
-thousands of seeds per square metre, a seed longevity of more than seven years, and an
-ability to germinate at any time of year, given the right conditions, are some of the
-features which make it such a persistent weed.
-</p><p>
-In this chapter we explore vital aspects of SMB (Server Message Block) networking with
-a particular focus on SMB as implemented through running NetBIOS (Network Basic
-Input / Output System) over TCP/IP. Since Samba does NOT implement SMB or NetBIOS over
-any other protocols we need to know how to configure our network environment and simply
-remember to use nothing but TCP/IP on all our MS Windows network clients.
-</p><p>
-Samba provides the ability to implement a WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server)
-and implements extensions to Microsoft's implementation of WINS. These extensions
-help Samba to affect stable WINS operations beyond the normal scope of MS WINS.
-</p><p>
-Please note that WINS is exclusively a service that applies only to those systems
-that run NetBIOS over TCP/IP. MS Windows 200x / XP have the capacity to turn off
-support for NetBIOS, in which case WINS is of no relevance. Samba-3 supports this also.
-</p><p>
-For those networks on which NetBIOS has been disabled (ie: WINS is NOT required)
-the use of DNS is necessary for host name resolution.
-</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901733"></a>What is Browsing?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-To most people browsing means that they can see the MS Windows and Samba servers
-in the Network Neighborhood, and when the computer icon for a particular server is
-clicked, it opens up and shows the shares and printers available on the target server.
-</p><p>
-What seems so simple is in fact a very complex interaction of different technologies.
-The technologies (or methods) employed in making all of this work includes:
-</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>MS Windows machines register their presence to the network</td></tr><tr><td>Machines announce themselves to other machines on the network</td></tr><tr><td>One or more machine on the network collates the local announcements</td></tr><tr><td>The client machine finds the machine that has the collated list of machines</td></tr><tr><td>The client machine is able to resolve the machine names to IP addresses</td></tr><tr><td>The client machine is able to connect to a target machine</td></tr></table><p>
-The Samba application that controls browse list management and name resolution is
-called <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt>. The configuration parameters involved in nmbd's operation are:
-</p><pre class="programlisting">
-
- Browsing options:
- -----------------
- * os level
- lm announce
- lm interval
- * preferred master
- * local master
- * domain master
- browse list
- enhanced browsing
-
- Name Resolution Method:
- -----------------------
- * name resolve order
-
- WINS options:
- -------------
- dns proxy
- wins proxy
- * wins server
- * wins support
- wins hook
-</pre><p>
-For Samba, the WINS Server and WINS Support are mutually exclusive options. Those marked with
-an '*' are the only options that commonly MAY need to be modified. Even if not one of these
-parameters is set <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt> will still do it's job.
-</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2905839"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Firstly, all MS Windows networking uses SMB (Server Message Block) based messaging.
-SMB messaging may be implemented with or without NetBIOS. MS Windows 200x supports
-NetBIOS over TCP/IP for backwards compatibility. Microsoft is intent on phasing out NetBIOS
-support.
-</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905855"></a>NetBIOS over TCP/IP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Samba implements NetBIOS, as does MS Windows NT / 200x / XP, by encapsulating it over TCP/IP.
-MS Windows products can do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to
-affect browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP, this uses UDP based messaging.
-UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.
-</p><p>
-Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
-<b class="command">remote announce</b> parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
-to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the
-<b class="command">remote browse sync</b> parameter of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
-implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.
-</p><p>
-Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology,
-wherever possible <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt> should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS
-server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
-segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
-get cross segment browsing to work is by using the
-<b class="command">remote announce</b> and the <b class="command">remote browse sync</b>
-parameters to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
-</p><p>
-If only one WINS server is used for an entire multi-segment network then
-the use of the <b class="command">remote announce</b> and the
-<b class="command">remote browse sync</b> parameters should NOT be necessary.
-</p><p>
-As of Samba 3 WINS replication is being worked on. The bulk of the code has
-been committed, but it still needs maturation. This is NOT a supported feature
-of the Samba-3.0.0 release. Hopefully, this will become a supported feature
-of one of the Samba-3 release series.
-</p><p>
-Right now Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that
-when setting up Samba as a WINS server there must only be one <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt>
-configured as a WINS server on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS
-servers for redundancy (one server per subnet) and then used
-<b class="command">remote browse sync</b> and <b class="command">remote announce</b>
-to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means clients
-will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to resolve names
-on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the servers they can see
-on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is mentioned as a practical
-consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario).
-</p><p>
-Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
-messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
-that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
-minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments.
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906017"></a>TCP/IP - without NetBIOS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-All TCP/IP using systems use various forms of host name resolution. The primary
-methods for TCP/IP hostname resolutions involves either a static file (<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts
-</tt>) or DNS (the Domain Name System). DNS is the technology that makes
-the Internet usable. DNS based host name resolution is supported by nearly all TCP/IP
-enabled systems. Only a few embedded TCP/IP systems do not support DNS.
-</p><p>
-When an MS Windows 200x / XP system attempts to resolve a host name to an IP address
-it follows a defined path:
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
- Checks the <tt class="filename">hosts</tt> file. It is located in
- <tt class="filename">C:\WinNT\System32\Drivers\etc</tt>.
- </p></li><li><p>
- Does a DNS lookup
- </p></li><li><p>
- Checks the NetBIOS name cache
- </p></li><li><p>
- Queries the WINS server
- </p></li><li><p>
- Does a broadcast name lookup over UDP
- </p></li><li><p>
- Looks up entries in LMHOSTS. It is located in
- <tt class="filename">C:\WinNT\System32\Drivers\etc</tt>.
- </p></li></ol></div><p>
-Windows 200x / XP can register it's host name with a Dynamic DNS server. You can
-force register with a Dynamic DNS server in Windows 200x / XP using:
-<b class="command">ipconfig /registerdns</b>
-</p><p>
-With Active Directory (ADS), a correctly functioning DNS server is absolutely
-essential. In the absence of a working DNS server that has been correctly configured,
-MS Windows clients and servers will be totally unable to locate each other,
-consequently network services will be severely impaired.
-</p><p>
-The use of Dynamic DNS is highly recommended with Active Directory, in which case
-the use of BIND9 is preferred for it's ability to adequately support the SRV (service)
-records that are needed for Active Directory.
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900986"></a>DNS and Active Directory</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Occasionally we hear from Unix network administrators who want to use a Unix based Dynamic
-DNS server in place of the Microsoft DNS server. While this might be desirable to some, the
-MS Windows 200x DNS server is auto-configured to work with Active Directory. It is possible
-to use BIND version 8 or 9, but it will almost certainly be necessary to create service records
-so that MS Active Directory clients can resolve host names to locate essential network services.
-The following are some of the default service records that Active Directory requires:
-</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></p><p>
- This provides the address of the Windows NT PDC for the Domain.
- </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></p><p>
- Resolves the addresses of Global Catalog servers in the domain.
- </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>site</em></span>.sites.writable.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></p><p>
- Provides list of domain controllers based on sites.
- </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.writable.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></p><p>
- Enumerates list of domain controllers that have the writable
- copies of the Active Directory data store.
- </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>GUID</em></span>.domains.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></p><p>
- Entry used by MS Windows clients to locate machines using the
- Global Unique Identifier.
- </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>Site</em></span>.gc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></p><p>
- Used by MS Windows clients to locate site configuration dependent
- Global Catalog server.
- </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901119"></a>How Browsing Functions</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-MS Windows machines register their NetBIOS names
-(ie: the machine name for each service type in operation) on start
-up. The exact method by which this name registration
-takes place is determined by whether or not the MS Windows client/server
-has been given a WINS server address, whether or not LMHOSTS lookup
-is enabled, or if DNS for NetBIOS name resolution is enabled, etc.
-</p><p>
-In the case where there is no WINS server, all name registrations as
-well as name lookups are done by UDP broadcast. This isolates name
-resolution to the local subnet, unless LMHOSTS is used to list all
-names and IP addresses. In such situations Samba provides a means by
-which the Samba server name may be forcibly injected into the browse
-list of a remote MS Windows network (using the
-<b class="command">remote announce</b> parameter).
-</p><p>
-Where a WINS server is used, the MS Windows client will use UDP
-unicast to register with the WINS server. Such packets can be routed
-and thus WINS allows name resolution to function across routed networks.
-</p><p>
-During the startup process an election will take place to create a
-local master browser if one does not already exist. On each NetBIOS network
-one machine will be elected to function as the domain master browser. This
-domain browsing has nothing to do with MS security domain control.
-Instead, the domain master browser serves the role of contacting each local
-master browser (found by asking WINS or from LMHOSTS) and exchanging browse
-list contents. This way every master browser will eventually obtain a complete
-list of all machines that are on the network. Every 11-15 minutes an election
-is held to determine which machine will be the master browser. By the nature of
-the election criteria used, the machine with the highest uptime, or the
-most senior protocol version, or other criteria, will win the election
-as domain master browser.
-</p><p>
-Clients wishing to browse the network make use of this list, but also depend
-on the availability of correct name resolution to the respective IP
-address/addresses.
-</p><p>
-Any configuration that breaks name resolution and/or browsing intrinsics
-will annoy users because they will have to put up with protracted
-inability to use the network services.
-</p><p>
-Samba supports a feature that allows forced synchronisation
-of browse lists across routed networks using the <b class="command">remote
-browse sync</b> parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
-This causes Samba to contact the local master browser on a remote network and
-to request browse list synchronisation. This effectively bridges
-two networks that are separated by routers. The two remote
-networks may use either broadcast based name resolution or WINS
-based name resolution, but it should be noted that the <b class="command">remote
-browse sync</b> parameter provides browse list synchronisation - and
-that is distinct from name to address resolution, in other
-words, for cross subnet browsing to function correctly it is
-essential that a name to address resolution mechanism be provided.
-This mechanism could be via DNS, <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>,
-and so on.
-</p><div xmlns:ns14="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901245"></a>Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-To set up cross subnet browsing on a network containing machines
-in up to be in a WORKGROUP, not an NT Domain you need to set up one
-Samba server to be the Domain Master Browser (note that this is *NOT*
-the same as a Primary Domain Controller, although in an NT Domain the
-same machine plays both roles). The role of a Domain master browser is
-to collate the browse lists from local master browsers on all the
-subnets that have a machine participating in the workgroup. Without
-one machine configured as a domain master browser each subnet would
-be an isolated workgroup, unable to see any machines on any other
-subnet. It is the presence of a domain master browser that makes
-cross subnet browsing possible for a workgroup.
-</p><p>
-In an WORKGROUP environment the domain master browser must be a
-Samba server, and there must only be one domain master browser per
-workgroup name. To set up a Samba server as a domain master browser,
-set the following option in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section
-of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
-</p><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
- domain master = yes
-</pre><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><p>
-The domain master browser should also preferrably be the local master
-browser for its own subnet. In order to achieve this set the following
-options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
-</p><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
- domain master = yes
- local master = yes
- preferred master = yes
- os level = 65
-</pre><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><p>
-The domain master browser may be the same machine as the WINS
-server, if you require.
-</p><p>
-Next, you should ensure that each of the subnets contains a
-machine that can act as a local master browser for the
-workgroup. Any MS Windows NT/2K/XP/2003 machine should be
-able to do this, as will Windows 9x machines (although these
-tend to get rebooted more often, so it's not such a good idea
-to use these). To make a Samba server a local master browser
-set the following options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the
-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
-</p><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
- domain master = no
- local master = yes
- preferred master = yes
- os level = 65
-</pre><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><p>
-Do not do this for more than one Samba server on each subnet,
-or they will war with each other over which is to be the local
-master browser.
-</p><p>
-The <i class="parameter"><tt>local master</tt></i> parameter allows Samba to act as a
-local master browser. The <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> causes nmbd
-to force a browser election on startup and the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i>
-parameter sets Samba high enough so that it should win any browser elections.
-</p><p>
-If you have an NT machine on the subnet that you wish to
-be the local master browser then you can disable Samba from
-becoming a local master browser by setting the following
-options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the
-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
-</p><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
- domain master = no
- local master = no
- preferred master = no
- os level = 0
-</pre><ns14:p>
-</ns14:p></div><div xmlns:ns15="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2902631"></a>Setting up DOMAIN Browsing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-If you are adding Samba servers to a Windows NT Domain then
-you must not set up a Samba server as a domain master browser.
-By default, a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller for a domain
-is also the Domain master browser for that domain, and many
-things will break if a Samba server registers the Domain master
-browser NetBIOS name (<i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i>&lt;1B&gt;)
-with WINS instead of the PDC.
-</p><p>
-For subnets other than the one containing the Windows NT PDC
-you may set up Samba servers as local master browsers as
-described. To make a Samba server a local master browser set
-the following options in the <b class="command">[global]</b> section
-of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
-</p><ns15:p>
-</ns15:p><pre class="programlisting">
- domain master = no
- local master = yes
- preferred master = yes
- os level = 65
-</pre><ns15:p>
-</ns15:p><p>
-If you wish to have a Samba server fight the election with machines
-on the same subnet you may set the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> parameter
-to lower levels. By doing this you can tune the order of machines that
-will become local master browsers if they are running. For
-more details on this see the section <a href="NetworkBrowsing.html#browse-force-master" title="Forcing Samba to be the master">
-Forcing Samba to be the master browser</a>
-below.
-</p><p>
-If you have Windows NT machines that are members of the domain
-on all subnets, and you are sure they will always be running then
-you can disable Samba from taking part in browser elections and
-ever becoming a local master browser by setting following options
-in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
-file :
-</p><ns15:p>
-</ns15:p><pre class="programlisting">
- domain master = no
- local master = no
- preferred master = no
- os level = 0
-</pre><ns15:p>
-</ns15:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="browse-force-master"></a>Forcing Samba to be the master</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Who becomes the <i class="parameter"><tt>master browser</tt></i> is determined by an election
-process using broadcasts. Each election packet contains a number of parameters
-which determine what precedence (bias) a host should have in the
-election. By default Samba uses a very low precedence and thus loses
-elections to just about anyone else.
-</p><p>
-If you want Samba to win elections then just set the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> global
-option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to a higher number. It defaults to 0. Using 34
-would make it win all elections over every other system (except other
-samba systems!)
-</p><p>
-A <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> of 2 would make it beat WfWg and Win95, but not MS Windows
-NT/2K Server. A MS Windows NT/2K Server domain controller uses level 32.
-</p><p>The maximum os level is 255</p><p>
-If you want Samba to force an election on startup, then set the
-<i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> global option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>. Samba will
-then have a slight advantage over other potential master browsers
-that are not preferred master browsers. Use this parameter with
-care, as if you have two hosts (whether they are Windows 95 or NT or
-Samba) on the same local subnet both set with <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to
-<tt class="constant">yes</tt>, then periodically and continually they will force an election
-in order to become the local master browser.
-</p><p>
-If you want Samba to be a <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master browser</tt></i>, then it is
-recommended that you also set <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, because
-Samba will not become a domain master browser for the whole of your
-LAN or WAN if it is not also a local master browser on its own
-broadcast isolated subnet.
-</p><p>
-It is possible to configure two Samba servers to attempt to become
-the domain master browser for a domain. The first server that comes
-up will be the domain master browser. All other Samba servers will
-attempt to become the domain master browser every 5 minutes. They
-will find that another Samba server is already the domain master
-browser and will fail. This provides automatic redundancy, should
-the current domain master browser fail.
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2902896"></a>Making Samba the domain master</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-The domain master is responsible for collating the browse lists of
-multiple subnets so that browsing can occur between subnets. You can
-make Samba act as the domain master by setting <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = yes</tt></i>
-in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. By default it will not be a domain master.
-</p><p>
-Note that you should <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> set Samba to be the domain master for a
-workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain.
-</p><p>
-When Samba is the domain master and the master browser, it will listen
-for master announcements (made roughly every twelve minutes) from local
-master browsers on other subnets and then contact them to synchronise
-browse lists.
-</p><p>
-If you want Samba to be the domain master then I suggest you also set
-the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> high enough to make sure it wins elections, and set
-<i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, to get Samba to force an election on
-startup.
-</p><p>
-Note that all your servers (including Samba) and clients should be
-using a WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names. If your clients are only
-using broadcasting to resolve NetBIOS names, then two things will occur:
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
- your local master browsers will be unable to find a domain master
- browser, as it will only be looking on the local subnet.
- </p></li><li><p>
- if a client happens to get hold of a domain-wide browse list, and
- a user attempts to access a host in that list, it will be unable to
- resolve the NetBIOS name of that host.
- </p></li></ol></div><p>
-If, however, both Samba and your clients are using a WINS server, then:
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
- your local master browsers will contact the WINS server and, as long as
- Samba has registered that it is a domain master browser with the WINS
- server, your local master browser will receive Samba's IP address
- as its domain master browser.
- </p></li><li><p>
- when a client receives a domain-wide browse list, and a user attempts
- to access a host in that list, it will contact the WINS server to
- resolve the NetBIOS name of that host. as long as that host has
- registered its NetBIOS name with the same WINS server, the user will
- be able to see that host.
- </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903052"></a>Note about broadcast addresses</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-If your network uses a &quot;0&quot; based broadcast address (for example if it
-ends in a 0) then you will strike problems. Windows for Workgroups
-does not seem to support a 0's broadcast and you will probably find
-that browsing and name lookups won't work.
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903070"></a>Multiple interfaces</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Samba now supports machines with multiple network interfaces. If you
-have multiple interfaces then you will need to use the <b class="command">interfaces</b>
-option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to configure them.
-</p></div><div xmlns:ns16="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906571"></a>Use of the Remote Announce parameter</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns16:p>
-The <i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter of
-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> can be used to forcibly ensure
-that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
-The syntax of the <i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter is:
-</ns16:p><pre class="programlisting">
- remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...
-</pre><ns16:p>
-<span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span>
-</ns16:p><pre class="programlisting">
- remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...
-</pre><ns16:p>
-
-where:
-</ns16:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i> and
-<i class="replaceable"><tt>e.f.g.h</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address
-or the broadcast address of the remote network.
-ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address
-could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
-is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0).
-When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
-address of the remote network, every host will receive
-our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
-undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know
-the IP address of the remote LMB.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="replaceable"><tt>WORKGROUP</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>is optional and can be either our own workgroup
-or that of the remote network. If you use the
-workgroup name of the remote network then our
-NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
-they belong to that workgroup, this may cause
-name resolution problems and should be avoided.
-</p></dd></dl></div><ns16:p>
-</ns16:p></div><div xmlns:ns17="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906680"></a>Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-The <i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter of
-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is used to announce to
-another LMB that it must synchronise its NetBIOS name list with our
-Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is
-simultaneously the LMB on its network segment.
-</p><ns17:p>
-The syntax of the <i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter is:
-
-</ns17:p><pre class="programlisting">
-remote browse sync = <i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i>
-</pre><ns17:p>
-
-where <i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i> is either the IP address of the
-remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.
-</ns17:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2906741"></a>WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Use of WINS (either Samba WINS <span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span> MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
-recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers its name together with a
-name_type value for each of several types of service it has available.
-eg: It registers its name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
-It also registers its name if it is running the LanManager compatible
-server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
-by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.
-</p><p>
-All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
-is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any
-name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
-character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
-name_type information).
-</p><p>
-WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client
-that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
-of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
-broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
-name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of
-information can only be provided via WINS <span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span> via statically configured
-<tt class="filename">lmhosts</tt> files that must reside on all clients in the
-absence of WINS.
-</p><p>
-WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all
-LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master
-browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this
-will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser
-has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
-later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
-master controller for browse list information only.
-</p><p>
-Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack
-has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been
-configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based
-name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case,
-machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
-lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
-errors.
-</p><p>
-To configure Samba as a WINS server just add
-<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
-file [globals] section.
-</p><p>
-To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
-<i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = a.b.c.d</tt></i> to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file <i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i> section.
-</p><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>
-Never use both <i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> together
-with <i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = a.b.c.d</tt></i>
-particularly not using it's own IP address.
-Specifying both will cause <span class="application">nmbd</span> to refuse to start!
-</p></div><div xmlns:ns18="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906900"></a>Setting up a WINS server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Either a Samba machine or a Windows NT Server machine may be set up
-as a WINS server. To set a Samba machine to be a WINS server you must
-add the following option to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file on the selected machine :
-in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i> section add the line
-</p><ns18:p>
-</ns18:p><pre class="programlisting">
- wins support = yes
-</pre><ns18:p>
-</ns18:p><p>
-Versions of Samba prior to 1.9.17 had this parameter default to
-yes. If you have any older versions of Samba on your network it is
-strongly suggested you upgrade to a recent version, or at the very
-least set the parameter to 'no' on all these machines.
-</p><p>
-Machines with <i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> will keep a list of
-all NetBIOS names registered with them, acting as a DNS for NetBIOS names.
-</p><p>
-You should set up only ONE WINS server. Do NOT set the
-<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> option on more than one Samba
-server.
-</p><p>
-To set up a Windows NT Server as a WINS server you need to set up
-the WINS service - see your NT documentation for details. Note that
-Windows NT WINS Servers can replicate to each other, allowing more
-than one to be set up in a complex subnet environment. As Microsoft
-refuses to document these replication protocols, Samba cannot currently
-participate in these replications. It is possible in the future that
-a Samba-&gt;Samba WINS replication protocol may be defined, in which
-case more than one Samba machine could be set up as a WINS server
-but currently only one Samba server should have the
-<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> parameter set.
-</p><p>
-After the WINS server has been configured you must ensure that all
-machines participating on the network are configured with the address
-of this WINS server. If your WINS server is a Samba machine, fill in
-the Samba machine IP address in the <span class="guilabel">Primary WINS Server</span> field of
-the <span class="guilabel">Control Panel-&gt;Network-&gt;Protocols-&gt;TCP-&gt;WINS Server</span> dialogs
-in Windows 95 or Windows NT. To tell a Samba server the IP address
-of the WINS server add the following line to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
-all <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> files :
-</p><ns18:p>
-</ns18:p><pre class="programlisting">
- wins server = &lt;name or IP address&gt;
-</pre><ns18:p>
-</ns18:p><p>
-where &lt;name or IP address&gt; is either the DNS name of the WINS server
-machine or its IP address.
-</p><p>
-Note that this line MUST NOT BE SET in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file of the Samba
-server acting as the WINS server itself. If you set both the
-<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> option and the
-<i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = &lt;name&gt;</tt></i> option then
-nmbd will fail to start.
-</p><p>
-There are two possible scenarios for setting up cross subnet browsing.
-The first details setting up cross subnet browsing on a network containing
-Windows 95, Samba and Windows NT machines that are not configured as
-part of a Windows NT Domain. The second details setting up cross subnet
-browsing on networks that contain NT Domains.
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907094"></a>WINS Replication</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Samba-3 permits WINS replication through the use of the <tt class="filename">wrepld</tt> utility.
-This tool is not currently capable of being used as it is still in active development.
-As soon as this tool becomes moderately functional we will prepare man pages and enhance this
-section of the documentation to provide usage and technical details.
-</p></div><div xmlns:ns19="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907119"></a>Static WINS Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Adding static entries to your Samba-3 WINS server is actually fairly easy.
-All you have to do is add a line to <tt class="filename">wins.dat</tt>, typically
-located in <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/var/locks</tt>.
-</p><ns19:p>
-Entries in <tt class="filename">wins.dat</tt> take the form of
-
-</ns19:p><pre class="programlisting">
-&quot;NAME#TYPE&quot; TTL ADDRESS+ FLAGS
-</pre><ns19:p>
-
-where NAME is the NetBIOS name, TYPE is the NetBIOS type, TTL is the
-time-to-live as an absolute time in seconds, ADDRESS+ is one or more
-addresses corresponding to the registration and FLAGS are the NetBIOS
-flags for the registration.
-</ns19:p><ns19:p>
-A typical dynamic entry looks like:
-</ns19:p><pre class="programlisting">
-&quot;MADMAN#03&quot; 1055298378 192.168.1.2 66R
-</pre><ns19:p>
-
-To make it static, all that has to be done is set the TTL to 0:
-
-</ns19:p><pre class="programlisting">
-&quot;MADMAN#03&quot; 0 192.168.1.2 66R
-</pre><ns19:p>
-</ns19:p><p>
-Though this method works with early Samba-3 versions, there's a
-possibility that it may change in future versions if WINS replication
-is added.
-</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2907203"></a>Helpful Hints</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-The following hints should be carefully considered as they are stumbling points
-for many new network administrators.
-</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907217"></a>Windows Networking Protocols</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
-Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines
-</p></div><p>
-A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
-one protocol on an MS Windows machine.
-</p><p>
-Every NetBIOS machine takes part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
-every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
-of precedence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
-Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably
-win and thus retain it's role.
-</p><p>
-The election process is &quot;fought out&quot; so to speak over every NetBIOS network
-interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
-installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be
-decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is
-the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
-interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
-9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
-as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will
-fail.
-</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
-Windows 95, 98, 98se, Me are referred to generically as Windows 9x.
-The Windows NT4, 2000, XP and 2003 use common protocols. These are roughly
-referred to as the WinNT family, but it should be recognised that 2000 and
-XP/2003 introduce new protocol extensions that cause them to behave
-differently from MS Windows NT4. Generally, where a server does NOT support
-the newer or extended protocol, these will fall back to the NT4 protocols.
-</em></span></p><p>
-The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL!
-</p></div><div xmlns:ns20="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907283"></a>Name Resolution Order</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
-of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
-are:
-</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>WINS: the best tool!</td></tr><tr><td>LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.</td></tr><tr><td>Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across remote segments.</td></tr></table><p>
-Alternative means of name resolution includes:
-</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info</td></tr><tr><td>DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.</td></tr></table><ns20:p>
-Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name
-resolution traffic. The <i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order</tt></i> parameter is
-of great help here. The syntax of the <i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order</tt></i>
-parameter is:
-</ns20:p><pre class="programlisting">
-name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host
-</pre><ns20:p>
-<span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span>
-</ns20:p><pre class="programlisting">
-name resolve order = wins lmhosts (eliminates bcast and host)
-</pre><ns20:p>
-The default is:
-</ns20:p><pre class="programlisting">
-name resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast
-</pre><ns20:p>
-where &quot;host&quot; refers the the native methods used by the Unix system
-to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
-controlled by <tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt>, <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> and <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>.
-</ns20:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2907421"></a>Technical Overview of browsing</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-SMB networking provides a mechanism by which clients can access a list
-of machines in a network, a so-called <i class="parameter"><tt>browse list</tt></i>. This list
-contains machines that are ready to offer file and/or print services
-to other machines within the network. Thus it does not include
-machines which aren't currently able to do server tasks. The browse
-list is heavily used by all SMB clients. Configuration of SMB
-browsing has been problematic for some Samba users, hence this
-document.
-</p><p>
-MS Windows 2000 and later, as with Samba 3 and later, can be
-configured to not use NetBIOS over TCP/IP. When configured this way,
-it is imperative that name resolution (using DNS/LDAP/ADS) be correctly
-configured and operative. Browsing will NOT work if name resolution
-from SMB machine names to IP addresses does not function correctly.
-</p><p>
-Where NetBIOS over TCP/IP is enabled use of a WINS server is highly
-recommended to aid the resolution of NetBIOS (SMB) names to IP addresses.
-WINS allows remote segment clients to obtain NetBIOS name_type information
-that can NOT be provided by any other means of name resolution.
-</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907468"></a>Browsing support in Samba</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Samba facilitates browsing. The browsing is supported by <span class="application">nmbd</span>
-and is also controlled by options in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
-Samba can act as a local browse master for a workgroup and the ability
-to support domain logons and scripts is now available.
-</p><p>
-Samba can also act as a domain master browser for a workgroup. This
-means that it will collate lists from local browse masters into a
-wide area network server list. In order for browse clients to
-resolve the names they may find in this list, it is recommended that
-both Samba and your clients use a WINS server.
-</p><p>
-Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a
-workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain: on each wide area
-network, you must only ever have one domain master browser per workgroup,
-regardless of whether it is NT, Samba or any other type of domain master
-that is providing this service.
-</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
-Nmbd can be configured as a WINS server, but it is not
-necessary to specifically use Samba as your WINS server. MS Windows
-NT4, Server or Advanced Server 2000 or 2003 can be configured as
-your WINS server. In a mixed NT/2000/2003 server and Samba environment on
-a Wide Area Network, it is recommended that you use the Microsoft
-WINS server capabilities. In a Samba-only environment, it is
-recommended that you use one and only one Samba server as your WINS server.
-</p></div><p>
-To get browsing to work you need to run nmbd as usual, but will need
-to use the <i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
-to control what workgroup Samba becomes a part of.
-</p><p>
-Samba also has a useful option for a Samba server to offer itself for
-browsing on another subnet. It is recommended that this option is only
-used for 'unusual' purposes: announcements over the internet, for
-example. See <i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> in the
-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907575"></a>Problem resolution</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-If something doesn't work then hopefully the log.nmbd file will help
-you track down the problem. Try a debug level of 2 or 3 for finding
-problems. Also note that the current browse list usually gets stored
-in text form in a file called <tt class="filename">browse.dat</tt>.
-</p><p>
-Note that if it doesn't work for you, then you should still be able to
-type the server name as <tt class="filename">\\SERVER</tt> in filemanager then
-hit enter and filemanager should display the list of available shares.
-</p><p>
-Some people find browsing fails because they don't have the global
-<i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> set to a valid account. Remember that the
-IPC$ connection that lists the shares is done as guest, and thus you must
-have a valid guest account.
-</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
-MS Windows 2000 and upwards (as with Samba) can be configured to disallow
-anonymous (ie: Guest account) access to the IPC$ share. In that case, the
-MS Windows 2000/XP/2003 machine acting as an SMB/CIFS client will use the
-name of the currently logged in user to query the IPC$ share. MS Windows
-9X clients are not able to do this and thus will NOT be able to browse
-server resources.
-</em></span></p><p>
-The other big problem people have is that their broadcast address,
-netmask or IP address is wrong (specified with the &quot;interfaces&quot; option
-in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>)
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907654"></a>Browsing across subnets</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Since the release of Samba 1.9.17(alpha1), Samba has supported the
-replication of browse lists across subnet boundaries. This section
-describes how to set this feature up in different settings.
-</p><p>
-To see browse lists that span TCP/IP subnets (ie. networks separated
-by routers that don't pass broadcast traffic), you must set up at least
-one WINS server. The WINS server acts as a DNS for NetBIOS names, allowing
-NetBIOS name to IP address translation to be done by doing a direct
-query of the WINS server. This is done via a directed UDP packet on
-port 137 to the WINS server machine. The reason for a WINS server is
-that by default, all NetBIOS name to IP address translation is done
-by broadcasts from the querying machine. This means that machines
-on one subnet will not be able to resolve the names of machines on
-another subnet without using a WINS server.
-</p><p>
-Remember, for browsing across subnets to work correctly, all machines,
-be they Windows 95, Windows NT, or Samba servers must have the IP address
-of a WINS server given to them by a DHCP server, or by manual configuration
-(for Win95 and WinNT, this is in the TCP/IP Properties, under Network
-settings) for Samba this is in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
-</p><div xmlns:ns21="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907703"></a>How does cross subnet browsing work ?</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Cross subnet browsing is a complicated dance, containing multiple
-moving parts. It has taken Microsoft several years to get the code
-that achieves this correct, and Samba lags behind in some areas.
-Samba is capable of cross subnet browsing when configured correctly.
-</p><p>
-Consider a network set up as follows :
-</p><ns21:p>
-
-</ns21:p><pre class="programlisting">
- (DMB)
- N1_A N1_B N1_C N1_D N1_E
- | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------------
- | subnet 1 |
- +---+ +---+
- |R1 | Router 1 Router 2 |R2 |
- +---+ +---+
- | |
- | subnet 2 subnet 3 |
- -------------------------- ------------------------------------
- | | | | | | | |
- N2_A N2_B N2_C N2_D N3_A N3_B N3_C N3_D
- (WINS)
-</pre><ns21:p>
-</ns21:p><p>
-Consisting of 3 subnets (1, 2, 3) connected by two routers
-(R1, R2) - these do not pass broadcasts. Subnet 1 has 5 machines
-on it, subnet 2 has 4 machines, subnet 3 has 4 machines. Assume
-for the moment that all these machines are configured to be in the
-same workgroup (for simplicity's sake). Machine N1_C on subnet 1
-is configured as Domain Master Browser (ie. it will collate the
-browse lists for the workgroup). Machine N2_D is configured as
-WINS server and all the other machines are configured to register
-their NetBIOS names with it.
-</p><p>
-As all these machines are booted up, elections for master browsers
-will take place on each of the three subnets. Assume that machine
-N1_C wins on subnet 1, N2_B wins on subnet 2, and N3_D wins on
-subnet 3 - these machines are known as local master browsers for
-their particular subnet. N1_C has an advantage in winning as the
-local master browser on subnet 1 as it is set up as Domain Master
-Browser.
-</p><p>
-On each of the three networks, machines that are configured to
-offer sharing services will broadcast that they are offering
-these services. The local master browser on each subnet will
-receive these broadcasts and keep a record of the fact that
-the machine is offering a service. This list of records is
-the basis of the browse list. For this case, assume that
-all the machines are configured to offer services so all machines
-will be on the browse list.
-</p><p>
-For each network, the local master browser on that network is
-considered 'authoritative' for all the names it receives via
-local broadcast. This is because a machine seen by the local
-master browser via a local broadcast must be on the same
-network as the local master browser and thus is a 'trusted'
-and 'verifiable' resource. Machines on other networks that
-the local master browsers learn about when collating their
-browse lists have not been directly seen - these records are
-called 'non-authoritative'.
-</p><p>
-At this point the browse lists look as follows (these are
-the machines you would see in your network neighborhood if
-you looked in it on a particular network right now).
-</p><ns21:p>
-</ns21:p><div class="table"><a name="id2907818"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.1. Browse subnet example 1</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 1" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns21:p>
-</ns21:p><p>
-Note that at this point all the subnets are separate, no
-machine is seen across any of the subnets.
-</p><p>
-Now examine subnet 2. As soon as N2_B has become the local
-master browser it looks for a Domain master browser to synchronize
-its browse list with. It does this by querying the WINS server
-(N2_D) for the IP address associated with the NetBIOS name
-WORKGROUP&lt;1B&gt;. This name was registered by the Domain master
-browser (N1_C) with the WINS server as soon as it was booted.
-</p><p>
-Once N2_B knows the address of the Domain master browser it
-tells it that is the local master browser for subnet 2 by
-sending a MasterAnnouncement packet as a UDP port 138 packet.
-It then synchronizes with it by doing a NetServerEnum2 call. This
-tells the Domain Master Browser to send it all the server
-names it knows about. Once the domain master browser receives
-the MasterAnnouncement packet it schedules a synchronization
-request to the sender of that packet. After both synchronizations
-are done the browse lists look like :
-</p><ns21:p>
-</ns21:p><div class="table"><a name="id2907928"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.2. Browse subnet example 2</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 2" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns21:p>
-
-Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
-</ns21:p><p>
-At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
-subnets 1 or 2 will see all the servers on both, users on
-subnet 3 will still only see the servers on their own subnet.
-</p><p>
-The same sequence of events that occured for N2_B now occurs
-for the local master browser on subnet 3 (N3_D). When it
-synchronizes browse lists with the domain master browser (N1_A)
-it gets both the server entries on subnet 1, and those on
-subnet 2. After N3_D has synchronized with N1_C and vica-versa
-the browse lists look like.
-</p><ns21:p>
-</ns21:p><div class="table"><a name="id2908028"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.3. Browse subnet example 3</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 3" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns21:p>
-
-Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
-</ns21:p><p>
-At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
-subnets 1 or 3 will see all the servers on all subnets, users on
-subnet 2 will still only see the servers on subnets 1 and 2, but not 3.
-</p><p>
-Finally, the local master browser for subnet 2 (N2_B) will sync again
-with the domain master browser (N1_C) and will receive the missing
-server entries. Finally - and as a steady state (if no machines
-are removed or shut off) the browse lists will look like :
-</p><ns21:p>
-</ns21:p><div class="table"><a name="id2908128"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.4. Browse subnet example 4</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 4" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns21:p>
-
-Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
-</ns21:p><p>
-Synchronizations between the domain master browser and local
-master browsers will continue to occur, but this should be a
-steady state situation.
-</p><p>
-If either router R1 or R2 fails the following will occur:
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
- Names of computers on each side of the inaccessible network fragments
- will be maintained for as long as 36 minutes, in the network neighbourhood
- lists.
- </p></li><li><p>
- Attempts to connect to these inaccessible computers will fail, but the
- names will not be removed from the network neighbourhood lists.
- </p></li><li><p>
- If one of the fragments is cut off from the WINS server, it will only
- be able to access servers on its local subnet, by using subnet-isolated
- broadcast NetBIOS name resolution. The effects are similar to that of
- losing access to a DNS server.
- </p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2908270"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Many questions are asked on the mailing lists regarding browsing. The majority of browsing
-problems originate out of incorrect configuration of NetBIOS name resolution. Some are of
-particular note.
-</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2908285"></a>How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting Samba?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Samba's nmbd process controls all browse list handling. Under normal circumstances it is
-safe to restart nmbd. This will effectively flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache and cause it
-to be rebuilt. Note that this does NOT make certain that a rogue machine name will not re-appear
-in the browse list. When nmbd is taken out of service another machine on the network will
-become the browse master. This new list may still have the rogue entry in it. If you really
-want to clear a rogue machine from the list then every machine on the network will need to be
-shut down and restarted at after all machines are down. Failing a complete restart, the only
-other thing you can do is wait until the entry times out and is then flushed from the list.
-This may take a long time on some networks (months).
-</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2908313"></a>My client reports &quot;This server is not configured to list shared resources&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
-Your guest account is probably invalid for some reason. Samba uses the
-guest account for browsing in smbd. Check that your guest account is
-valid.
-</p><p>See also <i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="optional.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="optional.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="passdb.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part III. Advanced Configuration </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 11. Account Information Databases</td></tr></table></div></body></html>