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| author | Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org> | 2001-04-19 21:33:44 +0000 |
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| committer | Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org> | 2001-04-19 21:33:44 +0000 |
| commit | f95fb5fe3941a0ef916ac85c6ccf4aecf17aaf39 (patch) | |
| tree | 7ae84ac676262759cdbfbe8260e650050dc2722b /docs/htmldocs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.html | |
| parent | e3fc10eab22443376ac3312447874607810dbc6b (diff) | |
| download | samba-f95fb5fe3941a0ef916ac85c6ccf4aecf17aaf39.tar.gz samba-f95fb5fe3941a0ef916ac85c6ccf4aecf17aaf39.tar.bz2 samba-f95fb5fe3941a0ef916ac85c6ccf4aecf17aaf39.zip | |
large sync up with 2.2
(This used to be commit 96523293da19df201703fed6130f1ff9ba25324b)
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| -rw-r--r-- | docs/htmldocs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.html | 5936 |
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diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.html b/docs/htmldocs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a0d0573005 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.html @@ -0,0 +1,5936 @@ +<HTML +><HEAD +><TITLE +>SAMBA Project Documentation</TITLE +><META +NAME="GENERATOR" +CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.57"></HEAD +><BODY +CLASS="BOOK" +BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" +TEXT="#000000" +LINK="#0000FF" +VLINK="#840084" +ALINK="#0000FF" +><DIV +CLASS="BOOK" +><A +NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION" +></A +><DIV +CLASS="TITLEPAGE" +><H1 +CLASS="TITLE" +><A +NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION" +>SAMBA Project Documentation</A +></H1 +><H3 +CLASS="AUTHOR" +><A +NAME="AEN4" +>SAMBA Team</A +></H3 +><HR></DIV +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN9" +>Abstract</A +></H1 +><P +>This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the year. +I try to ensure that all are current, but sometimes the is a larger job +than one person can maintain. You can always find the later version of this +PDF file at <A +HREF="http://www.samba.org/" +TARGET="_top" +>http://www.samba.org/</A +> +on the "Documentation" page. Please send updates to <A +HREF="mailto:jerry@samba.org" +TARGET="_top" +>jerry@samba.org</A +>.</P +><P +>Cheers, jerry</P +><DIV +CLASS="TOC" +><DL +><DT +><B +>Table of Contents</B +></DT +><DT +>1. <A +HREF="#AEN15" +>How to Install and Test SAMBA</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN17" +>Step 0: Read the man pages</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN25" +>Step 1: Building the Binaries</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN53" +>Step 2: The all important step</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN57" +>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN71" +>Step 4: Test your config file with + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>testparm</B +></A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN77" +>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN87" +>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN116" +>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN132" +>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your + server</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN141" +>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN157" +>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, + Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN171" +>What If Things Don't Work?</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN176" +>Diagnosing Problems</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN180" +>Scope IDs</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN183" +>Choosing the Protocol Level</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN192" +>Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN196" +>Locking</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN206" +>Mapping Usernames</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN209" +>Other Character Sets</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +></DL +></DD +><DT +>2. <A +HREF="#AEN212" +>LanMan and NT Password Encryption in Samba 2.x</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN223" +>Introduction</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN227" +>How does it work?</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN238" +>Important Notes About Security</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN257" +>Advantages of SMB Encryption</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN264" +>Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN273" +><A +NAME="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT" +></A +>The smbpasswd file</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN325" +>The smbpasswd Command</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN364" +>Setting up Samba to support LanManager Encryption</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +>3. <A +HREF="#AEN379" +>Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN390" +>Instructions</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN425" +>Notes</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +></DL +></DD +><DT +>4. <A +HREF="#AEN434" +>Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN445" +>Introduction</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN462" +>Configuration</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN516" +>Support a large number of printers</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN527" +>The Imprints Toolset</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN531" +>What is Imprints?</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN541" +>Creating Printer Driver Packages</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN544" +>The Imprints server</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN548" +>The Installation Client</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN570" +><A +NAME="MIGRATION" +></A +>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to + 2.2.x</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +>5. <A +HREF="#AEN599" +>security = domain in Samba 2.x</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN617" +>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN681" +>Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN686" +>Why is this better than security = server?</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +>6. <A +HREF="#AEN702" +>How to Configure Samba 2.2.x as a Primary Domain Controller</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN713" +>Background</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN750" +>Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN793" +>Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients +to the Domain</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN832" +>Common Problems and Errors</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN860" +>System Policies and Profiles</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN900" +>What other help can I get ?</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN947" +>URLs and similar</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN971" +>Mailing Lists</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1010" +>DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control & Samba</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +>7. <A +HREF="#AEN1034" +>Unifed Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1052" +>Abstract</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1056" +>Introduction</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1069" +>What Winbind Provides</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1076" +>Target Uses</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1080" +>How Winbind Works</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1085" +>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1089" +>Name Service Switch</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1105" +>Pluggable Authentication Modules</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1113" +>User and Group ID Allocation</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1117" +>Result Caching</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1120" +>Installation and Configuration</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1126" +>Limitations</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1138" +>Conclusion</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +>8. <A +HREF="#AEN1141" +>UNIX Permission Bits and WIndows NT Access Control Lists</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1152" +>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT + security dialogs</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1161" +>How to view file security on a Samba share</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1172" +>Viewing file ownership</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1192" +>Viewing file or directory permissions</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1207" +>File Permissions</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1221" +>Directory Permissions</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1228" +>Modifying file or directory permissions</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1250" +>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask + parameters</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1314" +>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute + mapping</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +><DT +>9. <A +HREF="#AEN1324" +>OS2 Client HOWTO</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1335" +>FAQs</A +></DT +><DD +><DL +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1337" +>How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1352" +>How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1361" +>Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) + is used as a client?</A +></DT +><DT +><A +HREF="#AEN1365" +>How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?</A +></DT +></DL +></DD +></DL +></DD +></DL +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN15" +>Chapter 1. How to Install and Test SAMBA</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN17" +>Step 0: Read the man pages</A +></H1 +><P +>The man pages distributed with SAMBA contain + lots of useful info that will help to get you started. + If you don't know how to read man pages then try + something like:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>nroff -man smbd.8 | more + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>Other sources of information are pointed to + by the Samba web site,<A +HREF="http://www.samba.org/" +TARGET="_top" +> http://www.samba.org</A +></P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN25" +>Step 1: Building the Binaries</A +></H1 +><P +>To do this, first run the program <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>./configure + </B +> in the source directory. This should automatically + configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual + needs then you may wish to run</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>./configure --help + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>first to see what special options you can enable. + Then exectuting</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>make</B +></TT +></P +><P +>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully + compiled you can use </P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>make install</B +></TT +></P +><P +>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can + separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>make installbin + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>and</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>make installman + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version + of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of + the binaries will be renamed with a ".old" extension. You + can go back to the previous version with</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>make revert + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>if you find this version a disaster!</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN53" +>Step 2: The all important step</A +></H1 +><P +>At this stage you must fetch yourself a + coffee or other drink you find stimulating. Getting the rest + of the install right can sometimes be tricky, so you will + probably need it.</P +><P +>If you have installed samba before then you can skip + this step.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN57" +>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A +></H1 +><P +>There are sample configuration files in the examples + subdirectory in the distribution. I suggest you read them + carefully so you can see how the options go together in + practice. See the man page for all the options.</P +><P +>The simplest useful configuration file would be + something like this:</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> [global] + workgroup = MYGROUP + + [homes] + guest ok = no + read only = no + </PRE +></P +><P +>which would allow connections by anyone with an + account on the server, using either their login name or + "homes" as the service name. (Note that I also set the + workgroup that Samba is part of. See BROWSING.txt for defails)</P +><P +>Note that <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>make install</B +> will not install + a <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf</TT +> file. You need to create it + yourself. </P +><P +>Make sure you put the smb.conf file in the same place + you specified in the<TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>Makefile</TT +> (the default is to + look for it in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/usr/local/samba/lib/</TT +>).</P +><P +>For more information about security settings for the + [homes] share please refer to the document UNIX_SECURITY.txt.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN71" +>Step 4: Test your config file with + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>testparm</B +></A +></H1 +><P +>It's important that you test the validity of your + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf</TT +> file using the testparm program. + If testparm runs OK then it will list the loaded services. If + not it will give an error message.</P +><P +>Make sure it runs OK and that the services look + resonable before proceeding. </P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN77" +>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A +></H1 +><P +>You must choose to start smbd and nmbd either + as daemons or from <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>inetd</B +>. Don't try + to do both! Either you can put them in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +> inetd.conf</TT +> and have them started on demand + by <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>inetd</B +>, or you can start them as + daemons either from the command line or in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +> /etc/rc.local</TT +>. See the man pages for details + on the command line options. Take particular care to read + the bit about what user you need to be in order to start + Samba. In many cases you must be root.</P +><P +>The main advantage of starting <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbd</B +> + and <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>nmbd</B +> as a daemon is that they will + respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection + request. This is, however, unlikely to be a problem.</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN87" +>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A +></H2 +><P +>NOTE; The following will be different if + you use NIS or NIS+ to distributed services maps.</P +><P +>Look at your <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/services</TT +>. + What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined + then add a line like this:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>netbios-ssn 139/tcp</B +></TT +></P +><P +>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>netbios-ns 137/udp</B +></TT +></P +><P +>Next edit your <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/inetd.conf</TT +> + and add two lines something like this:</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd + netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd + </PRE +></P +><P +>The exact syntax of <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/inetd.conf</TT +> + varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf + for a guide.</P +><P +>NOTE: Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns + (note the underscore) in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/services</TT +>. + You must either edit <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/services</TT +> or + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/inetd.conf</TT +> to make them consistant.</P +><P +>NOTE: On many systems you may need to use the + "interfaces" option in smb.conf to specify the IP address + and netmask of your interfaces. Run <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>ifconfig</B +> + as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your + net. <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>nmbd</B +> tries to determine it at run + time, but fails on somunixes. See the section on "testing nmbd" + for a method of finding if you need to do this.</P +><P +>!!!WARNING!!! Many unixes only accept around 5 + parameters on the command line in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>inetd.conf</TT +>. + This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and + arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script + from <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>inetd</B +>.</P +><P +>Restart <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>inetd</B +>, perhaps just send + it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +> nmbd</B +> then you may need to kill nmbd as well.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN116" +>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A +></H2 +><P +>To start the server as a daemon you should create + a script something like this one, perhaps calling + it <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>startsmb</TT +>.</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> #!/bin/sh + /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D + /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D + </PRE +></P +><P +>then make it executable with <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>chmod + +x startsmb</B +></P +><P +>You can then run <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>startsmb</B +> by + hand or execute it from <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/rc.local</TT +> + </P +><P +>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>nmbd</B +> and <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbd</B +>.</P +><P +>NOTE: If you use the SVR4 style init system then + you may like to look at the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>examples/svr4-startup</TT +> + script to make Samba fit into that system.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN132" +>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your + server</A +></H1 +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>smbclient -L + <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>yourhostname</I +></TT +></B +></TT +></P +><P +>Your should get back a list of shares available on + your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup. + Note that this method can also be used to see what shares + are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</P +><P +>If you choose user level security then you may find + that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares. + See the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbclient</B +> man page for details. (you + can force it to list the shares without a password by + adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work + with non-Samba servers)</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN141" +>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A +></H1 +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>smbclient <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +> //yourhostname/aservice</I +></TT +></B +></TT +></P +><P +>Typically the <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>yourhostname</I +></TT +> + would be the name of the host where you installed <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +> smbd</B +>. The <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>aservice</I +></TT +> is + any service you have defined in the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf</TT +> + file. Try your user name if you just have a [homes] section + in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf</TT +>.</P +><P +>For example if your unix host is bambi and your login + name is fred you would type:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>smbclient //bambi/fred + </B +></TT +></P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN157" +>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, + Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A +></H1 +><P +>Try mounting disks. eg:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>C:\WINDOWS\> </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>net use d: \\servername\service + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>Try printing. eg:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>C:\WINDOWS\> </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>net use lpt1: + \\servername\spoolservice</B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>C:\WINDOWS\> </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>print filename + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>Celebrate, or send me a bug report!</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN171" +>What If Things Don't Work?</A +></H1 +><P +>If nothing works and you start to think "who wrote + this pile of trash" then I suggest you do step 2 again (and + again) till you calm down.</P +><P +>Then you might read the file DIAGNOSIS.txt and the + FAQ. If you are still stuck then try the mailing list or + newsgroup (look in the README for details). Samba has been + successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide, so maybe + someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. You could + also use the WWW site to scan back issues of the samba-digest.</P +><P +>When you fix the problem PLEASE send me some updates to the + documentation (or source code) so that the next person will find it + easier. </P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN176" +>Diagnosing Problems</A +></H2 +><P +>If you have instalation problems then go to + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>DIAGNOSIS.txt</TT +> to try to find the + problem.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN180" +>Scope IDs</A +></H2 +><P +>By default Samba uses a blank scope ID. This means + all your windows boxes must also have a blank scope ID. + If you really want to use a non-blank scope ID then you will + need to use the -i <scope> option to nmbd, smbd, and + smbclient. All your PCs will need to have the same setting for + this to work. I do not recommend scope IDs.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN183" +>Choosing the Protocol Level</A +></H2 +><P +>The SMB protocol has many dialects. Currently + Samba supports 5, called CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1, + LANMAN2 and NT1.</P +><P +>You can choose what maximum protocol to support + in the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf</TT +> file. The default is + NT1 and that is the best for the vast majority of sites.</P +><P +>In older versions of Samba you may have found it + necessary to use COREPLUS. The limitations that led to + this have mostly been fixed. It is now less likely that you + will want to use less than LANMAN1. The only remaining advantage + of COREPLUS is that for some obscure reason WfWg preserves + the case of passwords in this protocol, whereas under LANMAN1, + LANMAN2 or NT1 it uppercases all passwords before sending them, + forcing you to use the "password level=" option in some cases.</P +><P +>The main advantage of LANMAN2 and NT1 is support for + long filenames with some clients (eg: smbclient, Windows NT + or Win95). </P +><P +>See the smb.conf(5) manual page for more details.</P +><P +>Note: To support print queue reporting you may find + that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under + WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default + it may break the print queue reporting on some systems. + It is presumably a WfWg bug.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN192" +>Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</A +></H2 +><P +>To use a printer that is available via a smb-based + server from a unix host you will need to compile the + smbclient program. You then need to install the script + "smbprint". Read the instruction in smbprint for more details. + </P +><P +>There is also a SYSV style script that does much + the same thing called smbprint.sysv. It contains instructions.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN196" +>Locking</A +></H2 +><P +>One area which sometimes causes trouble is locking.</P +><P +>There are two types of locking which need to be + performed by a SMB server. The first is "record locking" + which allows a client to lock a range of bytes in a open file. + The second is the "deny modes" that are specified when a file + is open.</P +><P +>Samba supports "record locking" using the fcntl() unix system + call. This is often implemented using rpc calls to a rpc.lockd process + running on the system that owns the filesystem. Unfortunately many + rpc.lockd implementations are very buggy, particularly when made to + talk to versions from other vendors. It is not uncommon for the + rpc.lockd to crash.</P +><P +>There is also a problem translating the 32 bit lock + requests generated by PC clients to 31 bit requests supported + by most unixes. Unfortunately many PC applications (typically + OLE2 applications) use byte ranges with the top bit set + as semaphore sets. Samba attempts translation to support + these types of applications, and the translation has proved + to be quite successful.</P +><P +>Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before + every read and write call on a file. Unfortunately with the + way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress the + rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients + are supposed to independently make locking calls before reads + and writes anyway if locking is important to them. By default + Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked + to by a client, but if you set "strict locking = yes" then it will + make lock checking calls on every read and write. </P +><P +>You can also disable by range locking completely + using "locking = no". This is useful for those shares that + don't support locking or don't need it (such as cdroms). In + this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to + tell clients that everything is OK.</P +><P +>The second class of locking is the "deny modes". These + are set by an application when it opens a file to determine + what types of access should be allowed simultaneously with + its open. A client may ask for DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, DENY_WRITE + or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatability modes called + DENY_FCB and DENY_DOS.</P +><P +>You can disable share modes using "share modes = no". + This may be useful on a heavily loaded server as the share + modes code is very slow. See also the FAST_SHARE_MODES + option in the Makefile for a way to do full share modes + very fast using shared memory (if your OS supports it).</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN206" +>Mapping Usernames</A +></H2 +><P +>If you have different usernames on the PCs and + the unix server then take a look at the "username map" option. + See the smb.conf man page for details.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN209" +>Other Character Sets</A +></H2 +><P +>If you have problems using filenames with accented + characters in them (like the German, French or Scandinavian + character sets) then I recommmend you look at the "valid chars" + option in smb.conf and also take a look at the validchars + package in the examples directory.</P +></DIV +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN212" +>Chapter 2. LanMan and NT Password Encryption in Samba 2.x</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN223" +>Introduction</A +></H1 +><P +>With the development of LanManager and Windows NT + compatible password encryption for Samba, it is now able + to validate user connections in exactly the same way as + a LanManager or Windows NT server.</P +><P +>This document describes how the SMB password encryption + algorithm works and what issues there are in choosing whether + you want to use it. You should read it carefully, especially + the part about security and the "PROS and CONS" section.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN227" +>How does it work?</A +></H1 +><P +>LanManager encryption is somewhat similar to UNIX + password encryption. The server uses a file containing a + hashed value of a user's password. This is created by taking + the user's plaintext password, capitalising it, and either + truncating to 14 bytes or padding to 14 bytes with null bytes. + This 14 byte value is used as two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt + a 'magic' eight byte value, forming a 16 byte value which is + stored by the server and client. Let this value be known as + the "hashed password".</P +><P +>Windows NT encryption is a higher quality mechanism, + consisting of doing an MD4 hash on a Unicode version of the user's + password. This also produces a 16 byte hash value that is + non-reversible.</P +><P +>When a client (LanManager, Windows for WorkGroups, Windows + 95 or Windows NT) wishes to mount a Samba drive (or use a Samba + resource), it first requests a connection and negotiates the + protocol that the client and server will use. In the reply to this + request the Samba server generates and appends an 8 byte, random + value - this is stored in the Samba server after the reply is sent + and is known as the "challenge". The challenge is different for + every client connection.</P +><P +>The client then uses the hashed password (16 byte values + described above), appended with 5 null bytes, as three 56 bit + DES keys, each of which is used to encrypt the challenge 8 byte + value, forming a 24 byte value known as the "response".</P +><P +>In the SMB call SMBsessionsetupX (when user level security + is selected) or the call SMBtconX (when share level security is + selected), the 24 byte response is returned by the client to the + Samba server. For Windows NT protocol levels the above calculation + is done on both hashes of the user's password and both responses are + returned in the SMB call, giving two 24 byte values.</P +><P +>The Samba server then reproduces the above calculation, using + its own stored value of the 16 byte hashed password (read from the + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smbpasswd</TT +> file - described later) and the challenge + value that it kept from the negotiate protocol reply. It then checks + to see if the 24 byte value it calculates matches the 24 byte value + returned to it from the client.</P +><P +>If these values match exactly, then the client knew the + correct password (or the 16 byte hashed value - see security note + below) and is thus allowed access. If not, then the client did not + know the correct password and is denied access.</P +><P +>Note that the Samba server never knows or stores the cleartext + of the user's password - just the 16 byte hashed values derived from + it. Also note that the cleartext password or 16 byte hashed values + are never transmitted over the network - thus increasing security.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN238" +>Important Notes About Security</A +></H1 +><P +>The unix and SMB password encryption techniques seem similar + on the surface. This similarity is, however, only skin deep. The unix + scheme typically sends clear text passwords over the nextwork when + logging in. This is bad. The SMB encryption scheme never sends the + cleartext password over the network but it does store the 16 byte + hashed values on disk. This is also bad. Why? Because the 16 byte hashed + values are a "password equivalent". You cannot derive the user's + password from them, but they could potentially be used in a modified + client to gain access to a server. This would require considerable + technical knowledge on behalf of the attacker but is perfectly possible. + You should thus treat the smbpasswd file as though it contained the + cleartext passwords of all your users. Its contents must be kept + secret, and the file should be protected accordingly.</P +><P +>Ideally we would like a password scheme which neither requires + plain text passwords on the net or on disk. Unfortunately this + is not available as Samba is stuck with being compatible with + other SMB systems (WinNT, WfWg, Win95 etc). </P +><DIV +CLASS="WARNING" +><P +></P +><TABLE +CLASS="WARNING" +BORDER="1" +WIDTH="100%" +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="CENTER" +><B +>Warning</B +></TD +></TR +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="LEFT" +><P +>Note that Windows NT 4.0 Service pack 3 changed the + default for permissible authentication so that plaintext + passwords are <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>never</I +> sent over the wire. + The solution to this is either to switch to encrypted passwords + with Samba or edit the Windows NT registry to re-enable plaintext + passwords. See the document WinNT.txt for details on how to do + this.</P +><P +>Other Microsoft operating systems which also exhibit + this behavior includes</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>MS DOS Network client 3.0 with + the basic network redirector installed</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Windows 95 with the network redirector + update installed</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Windows 98 [se]</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Windows 2000</P +></LI +></UL +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Note :</I +>All current release of + Microsoft SMB/CIFS clients support authentication via the + SMB Challenge/Response mechanism described here. Enabling + clear text authentication does not disable the ability + of the client to particpate in encrypted authentication.</P +></TD +></TR +></TABLE +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN257" +>Advantages of SMB Encryption</A +></H2 +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>plain text passwords are not passed across + the network. Someone using a network sniffer cannot just + record passwords going to the SMB server.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>WinNT doesn't like talking to a server + that isn't using SMB encrypted passwords. It will refuse + to browse the server if the server is also in user level + security mode. It will insist on prompting the user for the + password on each connection, which is very annoying. The + only things you can do to stop this is to use SMB encryption. + </P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN264" +>Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</A +></H2 +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>plain text passwords are not kept + on disk. </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>uses same password file as other unix + services such as login and ftp</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>you are probably already using other + services (such as telnet and ftp) which send plain text + passwords over the net, so sending them for SMB isn't + such a big deal.</P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN273" +><A +NAME="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT" +></A +>The smbpasswd file</A +></H1 +><P +>In order for Samba to participate in the above protocol + it must be able to look up the 16 byte hashed values given a user name. + Unfortunately, as the UNIX password value is also a one way hash + function (ie. it is impossible to retrieve the cleartext of the user's + password given the UNIX hash of it), a separate password file + containing this 16 byte value must be kept. To minimise problems with + these two password files, getting out of sync, the UNIX <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +> /etc/passwd</TT +> and the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smbpasswd</TT +> file, + a utility, <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>mksmbpasswd.sh</B +>, is provided to generate + a smbpasswd file from a UNIX <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> file. + </P +><P +>To generate the smbpasswd file from your <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd + </TT +> file use the following command :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh + > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</B +></TT +></P +><P +>If you are running on a system that uses NIS, use</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>ypcat passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh + > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</B +></TT +></P +><P +>The <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>mksmbpasswd.sh</B +> program is found in + the Samba source directory. By default, the smbpasswd file is + stored in :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</TT +></P +><P +>The owner of the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/usr/local/samba/private/</TT +> + directory should be set to root, and the permissions on it should + be set to 0500 (<B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>chmod 500 /usr/local/samba/private</B +>). + </P +><P +>Likewise, the smbpasswd file inside the private directory should + be owned by root and the permissions on is should be set to 0600 + (<B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>chmod 600 smbpasswd</B +>).</P +><P +>The format of the smbpasswd file is (The line has been + wrapped here. It should appear as one entry per line in + your smbpasswd file.)</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +>username:uid:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX: + [Account type]:LCT-<last-change-time>:Long name + </PRE +></P +><P +>Although only the <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>username</I +></TT +>, + <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>uid</I +></TT +>, <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</I +></TT +>, + [<TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>Account type</I +></TT +>] and <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +> last-change-time</I +></TT +> sections are significant + and are looked at in the Samba code.</P +><P +>It is <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>VITALLY</I +> important that there by 32 + 'X' characters between the two ':' characters in the XXX sections - + the smbpasswd and Samba code will fail to validate any entries that + do not have 32 characters between ':' characters. The first XXX + section is for the Lanman password hash, the second is for the + Windows NT version.</P +><P +>When the password file is created all users have password entries + consisting of 32 'X' characters. By default this disallows any access + as this user. When a user has a password set, the 'X' characters change + to 32 ascii hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). These are an ascii + representation of the 16 byte hashed value of a user's password.</P +><P +>To set a user to have no password (not recommended), edit the file + using vi, and replace the first 11 characters with the ascii text + <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>"NO PASSWORD"</TT +> (minus the quotes).</P +><P +>For example, to clear the password for user bob, his smbpasswd file + entry would look like :</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> bob:100:NO PASSWORDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:[U ]:LCT-00000000:Bob's full name:/bobhome:/bobshell + </PRE +></P +><P +>If you are allowing users to use the smbpasswd command to set + their own passwords, you may want to give users NO PASSWORD initially + so they do not have to enter a previous password when changing to their + new password (not recommended). In order for you to allow this the + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbpasswd</B +> program must be able to connect to the + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbd</B +> daemon as that user with no password. Enable this + by adding the line :</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>null passwords = yes</B +></P +><P +>to the [global] section of the smb.conf file (this is why + the above scenario is not recommended). Preferably, allocate your + users a default password to begin with, so you do not have + to enable this on your server.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Note : </I +>This file should be protected very + carefully. Anyone with access to this file can (with enough knowledge of + the protocols) gain access to your SMB server. The file is thus more + sensitive than a normal unix <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> file.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN325" +>The smbpasswd Command</A +></H1 +><P +>The smbpasswd command maintains the two 32 byte password fields + in the smbpasswd file. If you wish to make it similar to the unix + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>passwd</B +> or <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>yppasswd</B +> programs, + install it in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/usr/local/samba/bin/</TT +> (or your + main Samba binary directory).</P +><P +>Note that as of Samba 1.9.18p4 this program <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>MUST NOT + BE INSTALLED</I +> setuid root (the new <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbpasswd</B +> + code enforces this restriction so it cannot be run this way by + accident).</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbpasswd</B +> now works in a client-server mode + where it contacts the local smbd to change the user's password on its + behalf. This has enormous benefits - as follows.</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>smbpasswd no longer has to be setuid root - + an enormous range of potential security problems is + eliminated.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbpasswd</B +> now has the capability + to change passwords on Windows NT servers (this only works when + the request is sent to the NT Primary Domain Controller if you + are changing an NT Domain user's password).</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>To run smbpasswd as a normal user just type :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>smbpasswd</B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>Old SMB password: </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +><type old value here - + or hit return if there was no old password></B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>New SMB Password: </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +><type new value> + </B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>Repeat New SMB Password: </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +><re-type new value + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>If the old value does not match the current value stored for + that user, or the two new values do not match each other, then the + password will not be changed.</P +><P +>If invoked by an ordinary user it will only allow the user + to change his or her own Samba password.</P +><P +>If run by the root user smbpasswd may take an optional + argument, specifying the user name whose SMB password you wish to + change. Note that when run as root smbpasswd does not prompt for + or check the old password value, thus allowing root to set passwords + for users who have forgotten their passwords.</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbpasswd</B +> is designed to work in the same way + and be familiar to UNIX users who use the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>passwd</B +> or + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>yppasswd</B +> commands.</P +><P +>For more details on using <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbpasswd</B +> refer + to the man page which will always be the definitive reference.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN364" +>Setting up Samba to support LanManager Encryption</A +></H1 +><P +>This is a very brief description on how to setup samba to + support password encryption. </P +><P +></P +><OL +TYPE="1" +><LI +><P +>compile and install samba as usual</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>enable encrypted passwords in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +> smb.conf</TT +> by adding the line <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>encrypt + passwords = yes</B +> in the [global] section</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>create the initial <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smbpasswd</TT +> + password file in the place you specified in the Makefile + (--prefix=<dir>). See the notes under the <A +HREF="#SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT" +>The smbpasswd File</A +> + section earlier in the document for details.</P +></LI +></OL +><P +>Note that you can test things using smbclient.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN379" +>Chapter 3. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN390" +>Instructions</A +></H1 +><P +>The Distributed File System (or Dfs) provides a means of + separating the logical view of files and directories that users + see from the actual physical locations of these resources on the + network. It allows for higher availability, smoother storage expansion, + load balancing etc. For more information about Dfs, refer to <A +HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp" +TARGET="_top" +> Microsoft documentation</A +>. </P +><P +>This document explains how to host a Dfs tree on a Unix + machine (for Dfs-aware clients to browse) using Samba.</P +><P +>To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the + <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>--with-msdfs</I +></TT +> option. Once built, a + Samba server can be made a Dfs server by setting the global + boolean <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +> host msdfs</I +></TT +></A +> parameter in the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf + </TT +> file. You designate a share as a Dfs root using the share + level boolean <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +> msdfs root</I +></TT +></A +> parameter. A Dfs root directory on + Samba hosts Dfs links in the form of symbolic links that point + to other servers. For example, a symbolic link + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>junction->msdfs:storage1\share1</TT +> in + the share directory acts as the Dfs junction. When Dfs-aware + clients attempt to access the junction link, they are redirected + to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).</P +><P +>Dfs trees on Samba work with all Dfs-aware clients ranging + from Windows 95 to 2000.</P +><P +>Here's an example of setting up a Dfs tree on a Samba + server.</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +># The smb.conf file: +[global] + netbios name = SAMBA + host msdfs = yes + +[dfs] + path = /export/dfsroot + msdfs root = yes + </PRE +></P +><P +>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to + other servers on the network.</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>cd /export/dfsroot</B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>chown root /export/dfsroot</B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</B +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</B +></TT +></P +><P +>You should set up the permissions and ownership of + the directory acting as the Dfs root such that only designated + users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note + that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists + to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at + the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the + network shares you want, and start Samba.</P +><P +>Users on Dfs-aware clients can now browse the Dfs tree + on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing + links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client) + takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN425" +>Notes</A +></H2 +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Windows clients need to be rebooted + if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs + root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a + new share and make it the dfs root.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs + symlink names should all be lowercase.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>For security purposes, the directory + acting as the root of the Dfs tree should have ownership + and permissions set so that only designated users can + modify the symbolic links in the directory.</P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN434" +>Chapter 4. Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN445" +>Introduction</A +></H1 +><P +>Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba supports +the native Windows NT printing mechanisms implemented via +MS-RPC (i.e. the SPOOLSS named pipe). Previous versions of +Samba only supported LanMan printing calls.</P +><P +>The additional functionality provided by the new +SPOOLSS support includes:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Support for downloading printer driver + files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand. + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Uploading of printer drivers via the + Windows NT Add Printer Wizard (APW) or the + Imprints tool set (refer to <A +HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net" +TARGET="_top" +>http://imprints.sourceforge.net</A +>). + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Support for the native MS-RPC printing + calls such as StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), etc... (See + the <A +HREF="http://msdn.microsoft.com/" +TARGET="_top" +>MSDN documentation + </A +> at http://msdn.microsoft.com/ for more information on the Win32 printing API) + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL) + on printer objects</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Improved support for printer queue manipulation + through the use of an internal databases for spooled job + information</P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN462" +>Configuration</A +></H1 +><P +>In order to support the uploading of printer driver +files, you must first configure a file share named [print$]. +The name of this share is hard coded in Samba's internals so +the name is very important (print$ is the service used by +Windows NT print servers to provide support for printer driver +download).</P +><DIV +CLASS="WARNING" +><P +></P +><TABLE +CLASS="WARNING" +BORDER="1" +WIDTH="100%" +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="CENTER" +><B +>Warning</B +></TD +></TR +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="LEFT" +><P +>Previous versions of Samba recommended using + a share named [printer$]. This name was taken from the + printer$ service created by Windows 9x clients when a + printer was shared. Windows 9x printer servers always have + a printer$ service which provides read-only access via no + password in order to support printer driver downloads.</P +><P +>However, the initial implementation allowed for a + parameter named <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer driver location</I +></TT +> + to be used on a per share basis to specify the location of + the driver files associated with that printer. Another + parameter named <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer driver</I +></TT +> provided + a means of defining the printer driver name to be sent to + the client.</P +><P +>These parameters, including <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer driver + file</I +></TT +> parameter, are being depreciated and should not + be used in new installations. For more information on this change, + you should refer to the <A +HREF="#MIGRATION" +>Migration section + </A +>of this document.</P +></TD +></TR +></TABLE +></DIV +><P +>You should modify the server's smb.conf file to create the +following file share (of course, some of the parameter values, +such as 'path' are arbitrary and should be replaced with +appropriate values for your site):</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +>[print$] + path = /usr/local/samba/printers + guest ok = yes + browseable = yes + read only = yes + write list = ntadmin</PRE +></P +><P +>The <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>write list</I +></TT +></A +> is used to allow administrative +level user accounts to have write access in order to update files +on the share. See the <A +HREF="smb./conf.5.html" +TARGET="_top" +>smb.conf(5) man page</A +> for more information on +configuring file shares.</P +><P +>The requirement for <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#GUESTOK" +TARGET="_top" +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>guest ok = yes</B +></A +> depends upon how your +site is configured. If users will be guaranteed to have +an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>author's note: </I +>The non-issue is that +if all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to be authenticated +by the Samba server (such as a domain member server and the NT +user has already been validated by the Domain Controller in +order to logon to the Windows NT console), then guest access +is not necessary. Of course, in a workgroup environment where +you just want to be able to print without worrying about +silly accounts and security, then configure the share for +guest access. You'll probably want to add <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MAPTOGUEST" +TARGET="_top" +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>map to guest = Bad User</B +></A +> in the [global] section as well. Make sure +you understand what this parameter does before using it +though. --jerry]</P +><P +>In order for a Windows NT print server to support +the downloading of driver files by multiple client architectures, +it must create subdirectories within the [print$] service +which correspond to each of the supported client architectures. +Samba follows this model as well.</P +><P +>Next create the directory tree below the [print$] share +for each architecture you wish to support.</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +>[print$]----- + |-W32X86 ; "Windows NT x86" + |-WIN40 ; "Windows 95/98" + |-W32ALPHA ; "Windows NT Alpha_AXP" + |-W32MIPS ; "Windows NT R4000" + |-W32PPC ; "Windows NT PowerPC"</PRE +></P +><DIV +CLASS="WARNING" +><P +></P +><TABLE +CLASS="WARNING" +BORDER="1" +WIDTH="100%" +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="CENTER" +><B +>Warning</B +></TD +></TR +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="LEFT" +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>ATTENTION! REQUIRED PERMISSIONS</I +></P +><P +>In order to currently add a new driver to you Samba host, + one of two conditions must hold true:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>The account used to connect to the Samba host + must have a uid of 0 (i.e. a root account)</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>The account used to connect to the Samba host + must be a member of the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +> printer admin</I +></TT +></A +> list.</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>Of course, the connected account must still possess access + to add files to the subdirectories beneath [print$].</P +></TD +></TR +></TABLE +></DIV +><P +>Once you have created the required [print$] service and +associated subdirectories, simply log onto the Samba server using +a root (or <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer admin</I +></TT +>) account +from a Windows NT 4.0 client. Navigate to the "Printers" folder +on the Samba server. You should see an initial listing of printers +that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.</P +><P +>The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's +Printers folder will have no printer driver assigned to them. +The way assign a driver to a printer is to view the Properties +of the printer and either</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Use the "New Driver..." button to install + a new printer driver, or</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Select a driver from the popup list of + installed drivers. Initially this list will be empty.</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>If you wish to install printer drivers for client +operating systems other than "Windows NT x86", you will need +to use the "Sharing" tab of the printer properties dialog.</P +><P +>Assuming you have connected with a root account, you +will also be able modify other printer properties such as +ACLs and device settings using this dialog box.</P +><P +>A few closing comments for this section, it is possible +on a Windows NT print server to have printers +listed in the Printers folder which are not shared. Samba does +not make this distinction. By definition, the only printers of +which Samba is aware are those which are specified as shares in +<TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf</TT +>.</P +><P +>Another interesting side note is that Windows NT clients do +not use the SMB printer share, but rather can print directly +to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC. This +of course assumes that the printing client has the necessary +privileges on the remote host serving the printer. The default +permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the "Print" +permissions to the "Everyone" well-known group.</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN516" +>Support a large number of printers</A +></H2 +><P +>One issue that has arisen during the development +phase of Samba 2.2 is the need to support driver downloads for +100's of printers. Using the Windows NT APW is somewhat +awkward to say the list. If more than one printer are using the +same driver, the <A +HREF="rpcclient.1.html" +TARGET="_top" +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>rpcclient's +setdriver command</B +></A +> can be used to set the driver +associated with an installed driver. The following is example +of how this could be accomplished:</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> +<TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumdrivers" +Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3] + +[Windows NT x86] +Printer Driver Info 1: + Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS] + +Printer Driver Info 1: + Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 2100 Series PS] + +Printer Driver Info 1: + Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS] + +<TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumprinters" +Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3] + flags:[0x800000] + name:[\\POGO\hp-print] + description:[POGO\\POGO\hp-print,NO DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER,] + comment:[] + +<TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>$ </TT +>rpcclient pogo -U root%bleaK.er \ +<TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>> </TT +> -c "setdriver hp-print \"HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS\"" +Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3] +Successfully set hp-print to driver HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS.</PRE +></P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN527" +>The Imprints Toolset</A +></H1 +><P +>The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the + Windows NT Add Printer Wizard. For complete information, please + refer to the Imprints web site at <A +HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/" +TARGET="_top" +> http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</A +> as well as the documentation + included with the imprints source distribution. This section will + only provide a brief introduction to the features of Imprints.</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN531" +>What is Imprints?</A +></H2 +><P +>Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting the goals + of</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Providing a central repository information + regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Providing the tools necessary for creating + the Imprints printer driver packages.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Providing an installation client which + will obtain and install printer drivers on remote Samba + and Windows NT 4 print servers.</P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN541" +>Creating Printer Driver Packages</A +></H2 +><P +>The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond + the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt also included + with the Samba distribution for more information). In short, + an Imprints driver package is a gzipped tarball containing the + driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the + installation client.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN544" +>The Imprints server</A +></H2 +><P +>The Imprints server is really a database server that + may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms. Each printer + entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual + downloading of the package. Each package is digitally signed + via GnuPG which can be used to verify that package downloaded + is actually the one referred in the Imprints database. It is + <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>not</I +> recommended that this security check + be disabled.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN548" +>The Installation Client</A +></H2 +><P +>More information regarding the Imprints installation client + is available in the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</TT +> + file included with the imprints source package.</P +><P +>The Imprints installation client comes in two forms.</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>a set of command line Perl scripts</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>a GTK+ based graphical interface to + the command line perl scripts</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>The installation client (in both forms) provides a means + of querying the Imprints database server for a matching + list of known printer model names as well as a means to + download and install the drivers on remote Samba and Windows + NT print servers.</P +><P +>The basic installation process is in four steps and + perl code is wrapped around <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbclient</B +> + and <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>rpcclient</B +>.</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> + foreach (supported architecture for a given driver) + { + 1. rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory + on the remote server + 2. smbclient: Upload the driver files + 3. rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC + } + + 4. rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually + create the printer + </PRE +></P +><P +>One of the problems encountered when implementing + the Imprints tool set was the name space issues between + various supported client architectures. For example, Windows + NT includes a driver named "Apple LaserWriter II NTX v51.8" + and Windows 95 callsits version of this driver "Apple + LaserWriter II NTX"</P +><P +>The problem is how to know what client drivers have + been uploaded for a printer. As astute reader will remember + that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes + space for one printer driver name. A quick look in the + Windows NT 4.0 system registry at</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment + </TT +></P +><P +>will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver + name. The is ok as Windows NT always requires that at least + the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present. + However, Samba does not have the requirement internally. + Therefore, how can you use the NT driver name if is has not + already been installed?</P +><P +>The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require + that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel + Windows NT and 95/98 printer drivers and that NT driver is + installed first.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN570" +><A +NAME="MIGRATION" +></A +>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to + 2.2.x</A +></H1 +><P +>Given that printer driver management has changed + (we hope improved :) ) in 2.2.0 over prior releases, + migration from an existing setup to 2.2.0 can follow + several paths.</P +><DIV +CLASS="WARNING" +><P +></P +><TABLE +CLASS="WARNING" +BORDER="1" +WIDTH="100%" +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="CENTER" +><B +>Warning</B +></TD +></TR +><TR +><TD +ALIGN="LEFT" +><P +>The following smb.conf parameters are considered to be + depreciated and will be removed soon. Do not use them + in new installations</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer driver file (G)</I +></TT +> + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer driver (S)</I +></TT +> + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>printer driver location (S)</I +></TT +> + </P +></LI +></UL +></TD +></TR +></TABLE +></DIV +><P +>Here are the possible scenarios for supporting migration:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>If you do not desire the new Windows NT + print driver support, nothing needs to be done. + All existing parameters work the same.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>If you want to take advantage of NT printer + driver support but do not want to migrate the + 9x drivers to the new setup, the leave the existing + printers.def file. When smbd attempts to locate a + 9x driver for the printer in the TDB and fails it + will drop down to using the printers.def (and all + associated parameters). The <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>make_printerdef</B +> + tool will also remain for backwards compatibility but will + be moved to the "this tool is the old way of doing it" + pile.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>If you install a Windows 9x driver for a printer + on your Samba host (in the printing TDB), this information will + take precedence and the three old printing parameters + will be ignored (including print driver location).</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>If you want to migrate an existing <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +> printers.def</TT +> file into the new setup, the current only + solution is to use the Windows NT APW to install the NT drivers + and the 9x drivers. This can be scripted using smbclient and + rpcclient. See the <A +HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/" +TARGET="_top" +> Imprints installation client</A +> for an example. + </P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN599" +>Chapter 5. security = domain in Samba 2.x</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN617" +>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A +></H1 +><P +>In order for a Samba-2 server to join an NT domain, + you must first add the NetBIOS name of the Samba server to the + NT domain on the PDC using Server Manager for Domains. This creates + the machine account in the domain (PDC) SAM. Note that you should + add the Samba server as a "Windows NT Workstation or Server", + <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>NOT</I +> as a Primary or backup domain controller.</P +><P +>Assume you have a Samba-2 server with a NetBIOS name of + <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>SERV1</TT +> and are joining an NT domain called + <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>DOM</TT +>, which has a PDC with a NetBIOS name + of <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>DOMPDC</TT +> and two backup domain controllers + with NetBIOS names <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>DOMBDC1</TT +> and <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>DOMBDC2 + </TT +>.</P +><P +>In order to join the domain, first stop all Samba daemons + and run the command:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +><TT +CLASS="USERINPUT" +><B +>smbpasswd -j DOM -r DOMPDC + </B +></TT +></P +><P +>as we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain + (the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database) + is DOMPDC. If this is successful you will see the message:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT" +>smbpasswd: Joined domain DOM.</TT +> + </P +><P +>in your terminal window. See the <A +HREF="smbpasswd.8.html" +TARGET="_top" +> smbpasswd(8)</A +> man page for more details.</P +><P +>There is existing development code to join a domain + without having to create the machine trust account on the PDC + beforehand. This code will hopefully be available soon + in release branches as well.</P +><P +>This command goes through the machine account password + change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account + password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory + in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/usr/local/samba/private</TT +></P +><P +>In Samba 2.0.x, the filename looks like this:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +><TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +><NT DOMAIN NAME></I +></TT +>.<TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +><Samba + Server Name></I +></TT +>.mac</TT +></P +><P +>The <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>.mac</TT +> suffix stands for machine account + password file. So in our example above, the file would be called:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>DOM.SERV1.mac</TT +></P +><P +>In Samba 2.2, this file has been replaced with a TDB + (Trivial Database) file named <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>secrets.tdb</TT +>. + </P +><P +>This file is created and owned by root and is not + readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level + security for your system, and should be treated as carefully + as a shadow password file.</P +><P +>Now, before restarting the Samba daemons you must + edit your <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf(5)</TT +> + </A +> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.</P +><P +>Change (or add) your <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY" +TARGET="_top" +> <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security =</I +></TT +></A +> line in the [global] section + of your smb.conf to read:</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>security = domain</B +></P +><P +>Next change the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +> workgroup =</I +></TT +></A +> line in the [global] section to read: </P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>workgroup = DOM</B +></P +><P +>as this is the name of the domain we are joining. </P +><P +>You must also have the parameter <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS" +TARGET="_top" +> <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>encrypt passwords</I +></TT +></A +> set to <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>yes + </TT +> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.</P +><P +>Finally, add (or modify) a <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER" +TARGET="_top" +> <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>password server =</I +></TT +></A +> line in the [global] + section to read: </P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</B +></P +><P +>These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba + will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will + try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to + rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load + among domain controllers.</P +><P +>Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine + the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may + set this line to be :</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>password server = *</B +></P +><P +>This method, which was introduced in Samba 2.0.6, + allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This + method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to + find domain controllers to authenticate against.</P +><P +>Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for + clients to begin using domain security!</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN681" +>Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</A +></H1 +><P +>Many people have asked regarding the state of Samba's ability to participate in +a Windows 2000 Domain. Samba 2.2 is able to act as a member server of a Windows +2000 domain operating in mixed or native mode.</P +><P +>There is much confusion between the circumstances that require a "mixed" mode +Win2k DC and a when this host can be switched to "native" mode. A "mixed" mode +Win2k domain controller is only needed if Windows NT BDCs must exist in the same +domain. By default, a Win2k DC in "native" mode will still support +NetBIOS and NTLMv1 for authentication of legacy clients such as Windows 9x and +NT 4.0. Samba has the same requirements as a Windows NT 4.0 member server.</P +><P +>The steps for adding a Samba 2.2 host to a Win2k domain are the same as those +for adding a Samba server to a Windows NT 4.0 domain. The only exception is that +the "Server Manager" from NT 4 has been replaced by the "Active Directory Users and +Computers" MMC (Microsoft Management Console) plugin.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN686" +>Why is this better than security = server?</A +></H1 +><P +>Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from + having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching + to your server. This means that if domain user <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>DOM\fred + </TT +> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs + to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix + filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSSERVER" +TARGET="_top" +>security = server</A +>, + where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows + NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would. + </P +><P +>Please refer to the <A +HREF="winbind.html" +TARGET="_top" +>Winbind + paper</A +> for information on a system to automatically + assign UNIX uids and gids to Windows NT Domain users and groups. + This code is available in development branches only at the moment, + but will be moved to release branches soon.</P +><P +>The advantage to domain-level security is that the + authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated + RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This + means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in + exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into + a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource + domain PDC to an account domain PDC.</P +><P +>In addition, with <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>security = server</B +> every Samba + daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the + authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain + the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run + out of available connections. With <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>security = domain</B +>, + however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long + as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection, + thus conserving PDC connection resources.</P +><P +>And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server + authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication + reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such + as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. All + this information will allow Samba to be extended in the future into + a mode the developers currently call appliance mode. In this mode, + no local Unix users will be necessary, and Samba will generate Unix + uids and gids from the information passed back from the PDC when a + user is authenticated, making a Samba server truly plug and play + in an NT domain environment. Watch for this code soon.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>NOTE:</I +> Much of the text of this document + was first published in the Web magazine <A +HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com" +TARGET="_top" +> + LinuxWorld</A +> as the article <A +HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html" +TARGET="_top" +>Doing + the NIS/NT Samba</A +>.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN702" +>Chapter 6. How to Configure Samba 2.2.x as a Primary Domain Controller</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN713" +>Background</A +></H1 +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Author's Note :</I +> This document +is a combination of David Bannon's Samba 2.2 PDC HOWTO +and the Samba NT Domain FAQ. Both documents are superceeded by this one.</P +><P +>Version of Samba prior to release 2.2 had marginal capabilities to +act as a Windows NT 4.0 Primary Domain Controller (PDC). The following +functionality should work in 2.2.0:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>domain logons for Windows NT 4.0/2000 clients</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>placing a Windows 9x client in user level security</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>retrieving a list of users and groups from a Samba PDC to + Windows 9x/NT/2000 clients </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>roving user profiles</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Windows NT 4.0 style system policies</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>The following pieces of functionality are not included in the 2.2 release:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Windows NT 4 domain trusts</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Sam replication with Windows NT 4.0 Domain Controllers + (i.e. a Samba PDC and a Windows NT BDC or vice versa) </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Adding users via the User Manager for Domains</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Acting as a Windows 2000 Domain Controller (i.e. Kerberos + and Active Directory)</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>Please note that Windows 9x clients are not true members of a domain +for reasons outlined in this article. Therefore the protocol for +support Windows 9x style domain logons is completely different +from NT4 domain logons and has been officially supported for some +time.</P +><P +>Beginning with Samba 2.2.0, we are proud to announce official +support for Windows NT 4.0 style domain logons from Windows NT +4.0 and Windows 2000 (including SP1) clients. This article +outlines the steps necessary for configuring Samba as a PDC. +Note that it is necessary to have a working Samba server +prior to implementing the PDC functionality. If you have not +followed the steps outlined in <A +HREF="UNIX_INSTALL.html" +TARGET="_top" +>UNIX_INSTALL.html</A +>, please make sure that your server +is configured correctly before proceeding. Another good +resource in the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html" +TARGET="_top" +>smb.conf(5) man +page</A +>.</P +><P +>Implementing a Samba PDC can basically be divided into 2 broad +steps.</P +><P +></P +><OL +TYPE="1" +><LI +><P +>Configuring the Samba Domain Controller + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Creating machine trust accounts + and joining clients to the domain</P +></LI +></OL +><P +>There are other minor details such as user profiles, system +policies, etc... However, these are not necessarily specific +to a Samba PDC as much as they are related to Windows NT networking +concepts. They will be mentioned only briefly here.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN750" +>Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</A +></H1 +><P +>The first step in creating a working Samba PDC is to +understand the parameters necessary in smb.conf. I will not +attempt to re-explain the parameters here as they are more that +adequately covered in <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html" +TARGET="_top" +> the smb.conf +man page</A +>. For convenience, the parameters have been +linked with the actual smb.conf description.</P +><P +>Here is an example smb.conf for acting as a PDC:</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +>[global] + ; Basic server settings + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NETBIOSNAME" +TARGET="_top" +>netbios name</A +> = <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>POGO</I +></TT +> + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP" +TARGET="_top" +>workgroup</A +> = <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>NARNIA</I +></TT +> + + ; we should act as the domain and local master browser + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#OSLEVEL" +TARGET="_top" +>os level</A +> = 64 + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PERFERREDMASTER" +TARGET="_top" +>preferred master</A +> = yes + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINMASTER" +TARGET="_top" +>domain master</A +> = yes + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOCALMASTER" +TARGET="_top" +>local master</A +> = yes + + ; security settings (must user security = user) + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSUSER" +TARGET="_top" +>security</A +> = user + + ; encrypted passwords are a requirement for a PDC + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS" +TARGET="_top" +>encrypt passwords</A +> = yes + + ; support domain logons + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINLOGONS" +TARGET="_top" +>domain logons</A +> = yes + + ; where to store user profiles? + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONPATH" +TARGET="_top" +>logon path</A +> = \\%N\profiles\%u + + ; where is a user's home directory and where should it + ; be mounted at? + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONDRIVE" +TARGET="_top" +>logon drive</A +> = H: + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONHOME" +TARGET="_top" +>logon home</A +> = \\homeserver\%u + + ; specify a generic logon script for all users + ; this is a relative path to the [netlogon] share + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONSCRIPT" +TARGET="_top" +>logon script</A +> = logon.cmd + +; necessary share for domain controller +[netlogon] + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PATH" +TARGET="_top" +>path</A +> = /usr/local/samba/lib/netlogon + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITEABLE" +TARGET="_top" +>writeable</A +> = no + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST" +TARGET="_top" +>write list</A +> = <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>ntadmin</I +></TT +> + +; share for storing user profiles +[profiles] + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PATH" +TARGET="_top" +>path</A +> = /export/smb/ntprofile + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITEABLE" +TARGET="_top" +>writeable</A +> = yes + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK" +TARGET="_top" +>create mask</A +> = 0600 + <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DIRECTORYMASK" +TARGET="_top" +>directory mask</A +> = 0700</PRE +></P +><P +>There are a couple of points to emphasize in the above +configuration.</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>encrypted passwords must be enabled. + For more details on how to do this, refer to + <A +HREF="ENCRYPTION.html" +TARGET="_top" +>ENCRYPTION.html</A +>. + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>The server must support domain logons + and a <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>[netlogon]</TT +> share</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>The server must be the domain master browser + in order for Windows client to locate the server as a DC.</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>As Samba 2.2 does not offer a complete implementation of group mapping between +Windows NT groups and UNIX groups (this is really quite complicated to explain +in a short space), you should refer to the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINADMONUSERS" +TARGET="_top" +>domain +admin users</A +> and <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINADMINGROUP" +TARGET="_top" +>domain +admin group</A +> smb.conf parameters for information of creating a Domain Admins +style accounts.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN793" +>Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients +to the Domain</A +></H1 +><P +>First you must understand what a machine trust account is and what +it is used for.</P +><P +>A machine trust account is a user account owned by a computer. +The account password acts as the shared secret for secure +communication with the Domain Controller. Hence the reason that +a Windows 9x host is never a true member of a domain because +it does not posses a machine trust account and thus has no shared +secret with the DC.</P +><P +>On a Windows NT PDC, these machine trust account passwords are stored +in the registry. A Samba PDC stores these accounts in he same location +as user LanMan and NT password hashes (currently <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smbpasswd</TT +>). +However, machine trust accounts only possess the NT password hash.</P +><P +>There are two means of creating machine trust accounts.</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Manual creation before joining the client + to the domain. In this case, the password is set to a known + value -- the lower case of the machine's netbios name.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Creation of the account at the time of + joining the domain. In this case, the session key of the + administrative account used to join the client to the domain acts + as an encryption key for setting the password to a random value.</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>Because Samba requires machine accounts to possess a UNIX uid from +which an Windows NT SID can be generated, all of these accounts +will have an entry in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> and smbpasswd. +Future releases will alleviate the need to create +<TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> entries.</P +><P +>The <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> entry will list the machine name +with a $ appended, won't have a passwd, will have a null shell and no +home directory. For example a machine called 'doppy' would have an +<TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> entry like this :</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +>doppy$:x:505:501:NTMachine:/dev/null:/bin/false</PRE +></P +><P +>If you are manually creating the machine accounts, it is necessary +to add the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> (or NIS passwd +map) entry prior to adding the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smbpasswd</TT +> +entry. The following command will create a new machine account +ready for use.</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>root# </TT +> smbpasswd -a -m <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>machine_name</I +></TT +></P +><P +>where <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>machine_name</I +></TT +> is the machine's netbios +name.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>If you manually create a machine account, immediately join +the client to the domain.</I +> An open account like this +can allow intruders to gain access to user account information +in your domain.</P +><P +>The second way of creating machine trust accounts is to add +them on the fly at the time the client is joined to the domain. +You will need to include a value for the +<A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ADDUSERSCRIPT" +TARGET="_top" +>add user script</A +> +parameter. Below is an example I use on a RedHat 6.2 Linux system.</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +>add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 -s /bin/false -M %u </PRE +></P +><P +>In Samba 2.2.0, <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>only the root account</I +> can be used to create +machine accounts on the fly like this. Therefore, it is required +to create an entry in smbpasswd for <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>root</I +>. +The password <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>SHOULD</I +> be set to s different +password that the associated <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> +entry for security reasons.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN832" +>Common Problems and Errors</A +></H1 +><P +></P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>I cannot include a '$' in a machine name.</I +></P +><P +>A 'machine name' in (typically) <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/passwd</TT +> +of the machine name with a '$' appended. FreeBSD (and other BSD +systems ?) won't create a user with a '$' in their name.</P +><P +>The problem is only in the program used to make the entry, once +made, it works perfectly. So create a user without the '$' and +use <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>vipw</B +> to edit the entry, adding the '$'. Or create +the whole entry with vipw if you like, make sure you use a +unique uid !</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>I get told "You already have a connection to the Domain...." +when creating a machine account.</I +></P +><P +>This happens if you try to create a machine account from the +machine itself and use a user name that does not work (for whatever +reason) and then try another (possibly valid) user name. +Exit out of the network applet to close the initial connection +and try again.</P +><P +>Further, if the machine is a already a 'member of a workgroup' that +is the same name as the domain you are joining (bad idea) you will +get this message. Change the workgroup name to something else, it +does not matter what, reboot, and try again.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>I get told "Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied +conflict with an existing set.."</I +></P +><P +>This is the same basic problem as mentioned above, "You already +have a connection..."</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>"The system can not log you on (C000019B)...."</I +></P +><P +>I joined the domain successfully but after upgrading +to a newer version of the Samba code I get the message, "The system +can not log you on (C000019B), Please try a gain or consult your +system administrator" when attempting to logon.</P +><P +>This occurs when the domain SID stored in +<TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>private/WORKGROUP.SID</TT +> is +changed. For example, you remove the file and <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>smbd</B +> automatically +creates a new one. Or you are swapping back and forth between +versions 2.0.7, TNG and the HEAD branch code (not recommended). The +only way to correct the problem is to restore the original domain +SID or remove the domain client from the domain and rejoin.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>"The machine account for this computer either does not +exist or is not accessible."</I +></P +><P +>When I try to join the domain I get the message "The machine account +for this computer either does not exist or is not accessible". Whats +wrong ?</P +><P +>This problem is caused by the PDC not having a suitable machine account. +If you are using the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>add user script =</B +> method to create +accounts then this would indicate that it has not worked. Ensure the domain +admin user system is working.</P +><P +>Alternatively if you are creating account entries manually then they +have not been created correctly. Make sure that you have the entry +correct for the machine account in smbpasswd file on the Samba PDC. +If you added the account using an editor rather than using the smbpasswd +utility, make sure that the account name is the machine netbios name +with a '$' appended to it ( ie. computer_name$ ). There must be an entry +in both /etc/passwd and the smbpasswd file. Some people have reported +that inconsistent subnet masks between the Samba server and the NT +client have caused this problem. Make sure that these are consistent +for both client and server.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN860" +>System Policies and Profiles</A +></H1 +><P +>Much of the information necessary to implement System Policies and +Roving User Profiles in a Samba domain is the same as that for +implementing these same items in a Windows NT 4.0 domain. +You should read the white paper <A +HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp" +TARGET="_top" +>Implementing +Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0</A +> available from Microsoft.</P +><P +>Here are some additional details:</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>What about Windows NT Policy Editor ?</I +></P +><P +>To create or edit <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>ntconfig.pol</TT +> you must use +the NT Server Policy Editor, <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>poledit.exe</B +> which +is included with NT Server but <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>not NT Workstation</I +>. +There is a Policy Editor on a NTws +but it is not suitable for creating <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Domain Policies</I +>. +Further, although the Windows 95 +Policy Editor can be installed on an NT Workstation/Server, it will not +work with NT policies because the registry key that are set by the policy templates. +However, the files from the NT Server will run happily enough on an NTws. +You need <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>poledit.exe, common.adm</TT +> and <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>winnt.adm</TT +>. It is convenient +to put the two *.adm files in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>c:\winnt\inf</TT +> which is where +the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. Note also that that +directory is 'hidden'.</P +><P +>The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the +Service Pack 3 (and later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using +<B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>servicepackname /x</B +>, ie thats <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Nt4sp6ai.exe +/x</B +> for service pack 6a. The policy editor, <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>poledit.exe</B +> and the +associated template files (*.adm) should +be extracted as well. It is also possible to downloaded the policy template +files for Office97 and get a copy of the policy editor. Another possible +location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Can Win95 do Policies ?</I +></P +><P +>Install the group policy handler for Win9x to pick up group +policies. Look on the Win98 CD in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>\tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit</TT +>. +Install group policies on a Win9x client by double-clicking +<TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>grouppol.inf</TT +>. Log off and on again a couple of +times and see if Win98 picks up group policies. Unfortunately this needs +to be done on every Win9x machine that uses group policies....</P +><P +>If group policies don't work one reports suggests getting the updated +(read: working) grouppol.dll for Windows 9x. The group list is grabbed +from /etc/group.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>How do I get 'User Manager' and 'Server Manager'</I +></P +><P +>Since I don't need to buy an NT Server CD now, how do I get +the 'User Manager for Domains', the 'Server Manager' ?</P +><P +>Microsoft distributes a version of +these tools called nexus for installation on Windows 95 systems. The +tools set includes</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Server Manager</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>User Manager for Domains</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Event Viewer</P +></LI +></UL +><P +>Click here to download the archived file <A +HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE" +TARGET="_top" +>ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE</A +></P +><P +>The Windows NT 4.0 version of the 'User Manager for +Domains' and 'Server Manager' are available from Microsoft via ftp +from <A +HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE" +TARGET="_top" +>ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE</A +></P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN900" +>What other help can I get ?</A +></H1 +><P +>There are many sources of information available in the form +of mailing lists, RFC's and documentation. The docs that come +with the samba distribution contain very good explanations of +general SMB topics such as browsing.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>What are some diagnostics tools I can use to debug the domain logon +process and where can I find them?</I +></P +><P +> One of the best diagnostic tools for debugging problems is Samba itself. + You can use the -d option for both smbd and nmbd to specifiy what + 'debug level' at which to run. See the man pages on smbd, nmbd and + smb.conf for more information on debugging options. The debug + level can range from 1 (the default) to 10 (100 for debugging passwords). + </P +><P +> Another helpful method of debugging is to compile samba using the + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>gcc -g </B +> flag. This will include debug + information in the binaries and allow you to attach gdb to the + running smbd / nmbd process. In order to attach gdb to an smbd + process for an NT workstation, first get the workstation to make the + connection. Pressing ctrl-alt-delete and going down to the domain box + is sufficient (at least, on the first time you join the domain) to + generate a 'LsaEnumTrustedDomains'. Thereafter, the workstation + maintains an open connection, and therefore there will be an smbd + process running (assuming that you haven't set a really short smbd + idle timeout) So, in between pressing ctrl alt delete, and actually + typing in your password, you can gdb attach and continue. + </P +><P +> Some useful samba commands worth investigating: + </P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>testparam | more</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>smbclient -L //{netbios name of server}</P +></LI +></UL +><P +> An SMB enabled version of tcpdump is available from + <A +HREF="http://www.tcpdump.org/" +TARGET="_top" +>http://www.tcpdup.org/</A +>. + Ethereal, another good packet sniffer for UNIX and Win32 + hosts, can be downloaded from <A +HREF="http://www.ethereal.com/" +TARGET="_top" +>http://www.ethereal.com</A +>. + </P +><P +> For tracing things on the Microsoft Windows NT, Network Monitor + (aka. netmon) is available on the Microsoft Developer Network CD's, + the Windows NT Server install CD and the SMS CD's. The version of + netmon that ships with SMS allows for dumping packets between any two + computers (ie. placing the network interface in promiscuous mode). + The version on the NT Server install CD will only allow monitoring + of network traffic directed to the local NT box and broadcasts on the + local subnet. Be aware that Ethereal can read and write netmon + formatted files. + </P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>How do I install 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation +or a Windows 9x box?</I +></P +><P +> Installing netmon on an NT workstation requires a couple + of steps. The following are for installing Netmon V4.00.349, which comes + with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, on Microsoft Windows NT + Workstation 4.0. The process should be similar for other version of + Windows NT / Netmon. You will need both the Microsoft Windows + NT Server 4.0 Install CD and the Workstation 4.0 Install CD. + </P +><P +> Initially you will need to install 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' + on the NT Server. To do this + </P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - + Network - Services - Add </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Select the 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' and + click on 'OK'.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel. + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Insert the Windows NT Server 4.0 install CD + when prompted.</P +></LI +></UL +><P +> At this point the Netmon files should exist in + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</TT +>. + Two subdirectories exist as well, <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>parsers\</TT +> + which contains the necessary DLL's for parsing the netmon packet + dump, and <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>captures\</TT +>. + </P +><P +> In order to install the Netmon tools on an NT Workstation, you will + first need to install the 'Network Monitor Agent' from the Workstation + install CD. + </P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - + Network - Services - Add</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Select the 'Network Monitor Agent' and click + on 'OK'.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel. + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Insert the Windows NT Workstation 4.0 install + CD when prompted.</P +></LI +></UL +><P +> Now copy the files from the NT Server in %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* + to %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* on the Workstation and set + permissions as you deem appropriate for your site. You will need + administrative rights on the NT box to run netmon. + </P +><P +> To install Netmon on a Windows 9x box install the network monitor agent + from the Windows 9x CD (\admin\nettools\netmon). There is a readme + file located with the netmon driver files on the CD if you need + information on how to do this. Copy the files from a working + Netmon installation. + </P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN947" +>URLs and similar</A +></H2 +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Home of Samba site <A +HREF="http://samba.org" +TARGET="_top" +> http://samba.org</A +>. We have a mirror near you !</P +></LI +><LI +><P +> The <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Development</I +> document + on the Samba mirrors might mention your problem. If so, + it might mean that the developers are working on it.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>See how Scott Merrill simulates a BDC behavior at + <A +HREF="http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html" +TARGET="_top" +> http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html</A +>. </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Although 2.0.7 has almost had its day as a PDC, David Bannon will + keep the 2.0.7 PDC pages at <A +HREF="http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba" +TARGET="_top" +> http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba</A +> going for a while yet.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Misc links to CIFS information + <A +HREF="http://samba.org/cifs/" +TARGET="_top" +>http://samba.org/cifs/</A +></P +></LI +><LI +><P +>NT Domains for Unix <A +HREF="http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/" +TARGET="_top" +> http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/</A +></P +></LI +><LI +><P +>FTP site for older SMB specs: + <A +HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/" +TARGET="_top" +> ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/</A +></P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN971" +>Mailing Lists</A +></H2 +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>How do I get help from the mailing lists ?</I +></P +><P +>There are a number of Samba related mailing lists. Go to <A +HREF="http://samba.org" +TARGET="_top" +>http://samba.org</A +>, click on your nearest mirror +and then click on <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Support</B +> and then click on <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Samba related mailing lists</B +>.</P +><P +>For questions relating to Samba TNG go to +<A +HREF="http://www.samba-tng.org/" +TARGET="_top" +>http://www.samba-tng.org/</A +> +It has been requested that you don't post questions about Samba-TNG to the +main stream Samba lists.</P +><P +>If you post a message to one of the lists please observe the following guide lines :</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +> Always remember that the developers are volunteers, they are + not paid and they never guarantee to produce a particular feature at + a particular time. Any time lines are 'best guess' and nothing more. + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +> Always mention what version of samba you are using and what + operating system its running under. You should probably list the + relevant sections of your smb.conf file, at least the options + in [global] that affect PDC support.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>In addition to the version, if you obtained Samba via + CVS mention the date when you last checked it out.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +> Try and make your question clear and brief, lots of long, + convoluted questions get deleted before they are completely read ! + Don't post html encoded messages (if you can select colour or font + size its html).</P +></LI +><LI +><P +> If you run one of those nifty 'I'm on holidays' things when + you are away, make sure its configured to not answer mailing lists. + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +> Don't cross post. Work out which is the best list to post to + and see what happens, ie don't post to both samba-ntdom and samba-technical. + Many people active on the lists subscribe to more + than one list and get annoyed to see the same message two or more times. + Often someone will see a message and thinking it would be better dealt + with on another, will forward it on for you.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>You might include <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>partial</I +> + log files written at a debug level set to as much as 20. + Please don't send the entire log but enough to give the context of the + error messages.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>(Possibly) If you have a complete netmon trace ( from the opening of + the pipe to the error ) you can send the *.CAP file as well.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Please think carefully before attaching a document to an email. + Consider pasting the relevant parts into the body of the message. The samba + mailing lists go to a huge number of people, do they all need a copy of your + smb.conf in their attach directory ?</P +></LI +></UL +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>How do I get off the mailing lists ?</I +></P +><P +>To have your name removed from a samba mailing list, go to the + same place you went to to get on it. Go to <A +HREF="http://lists.samba.org/" +TARGET="_top" +>http://lists.samba.org</A +>, click + on your nearest mirror and then click on <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Support</B +> and + then click on <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +> Samba related mailing lists</B +>. Or perhaps see + <A +HREF="http://lists.samba.org/mailman/roster/samba-ntdom" +TARGET="_top" +>here</A +></P +><P +> Please don't post messages to the list asking to be removed, you will just + be referred to the above address (unless that process failed in some way...) + </P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1010" +>DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control & Samba</A +></H1 +><P +>This appendix was originally authored by John H Terpstra of the Samba Team +and is included here for posterity.</P +><P +><I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>NOTE :</I +> +The term "Domain Controller" and those related to it refer to one specific +method of authentication that can underly an SMB domain. Domain Controllers +prior to Windows NT Server 3.1 were sold by various companies and based on +private extensions to the LAN Manager 2.1 protocol. Windows NT introduced +Microsoft-specific ways of distributing the user authentication database. +See DOMAIN.txt for examples of how Samba can participate in or create +SMB domains based on shared authentication database schemes other than the +Windows NT SAM.</P +><P +>Windows NT Server can be installed as either a plain file and print server +(WORKGROUP workstation or server) or as a server that participates in Domain +Control (DOMAIN member, Primary Domain controller or Backup Domain controller).</P +><P +>The same is true for OS/2 Warp Server, Digital Pathworks and other similar +products, all of which can participate in Domain Control along with Windows NT. +However only those servers which have licensed Windows NT code in them can be +a primary Domain Controller (eg Windows NT Server, Advanced Server for Unix.)</P +><P +>To many people these terms can be confusing, so let's try to clear the air.</P +><P +>Every Windows NT system (workstation or server) has a registry database. +The registry contains entries that describe the initialization information +for all services (the equivalent of Unix Daemons) that run within the Windows +NT environment. The registry also contains entries that tell application +software where to find dynamically loadable libraries that they depend upon. +In fact, the registry contains entries that describes everything that anything +may need to know to interact with the rest of the system.</P +><P +>The registry files can be located on any Windows NT machine by opening a +command prompt and typing:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>C:\WINNT\></TT +> dir %SystemRoot%\System32\config</P +><P +>The environment variable %SystemRoot% value can be obtained by typing:</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PROMPT" +>C:\WINNT></TT +>echo %SystemRoot%</P +><P +>The active parts of the registry that you may want to be familiar with are +the files called: default, system, software, sam and security.</P +><P +>In a domain environment, Microsoft Windows NT domain controllers participate +in replication of the SAM and SECURITY files so that all controllers within +the domain have an exactly identical copy of each.</P +><P +>The Microsoft Windows NT system is structured within a security model that +says that all applications and services must authenticate themselves before +they can obtain permission from the security manager to do what they set out +to do.</P +><P +>The Windows NT User database also resides within the registry. This part of +the registry contains the user's security identifier, home directory, group +memberships, desktop profile, and so on.</P +><P +>Every Windows NT system (workstation as well as server) will have its own +registry. Windows NT Servers that participate in Domain Security control +have a database that they share in common - thus they do NOT own an +independent full registry database of their own, as do Workstations and +plain Servers.</P +><P +>The User database is called the SAM (Security Access Manager) database and +is used for all user authentication as well as for authentication of inter- +process authentication (ie: to ensure that the service action a user has +requested is permitted within the limits of that user's privileges).</P +><P +>The Samba team have produced a utility that can dump the Windows NT SAM into +smbpasswd format: see ENCRYPTION.txt for information on smbpasswd and +/pub/samba/pwdump on your nearest Samba mirror for the utility. This +facility is useful but cannot be easily used to implement SAM replication +to Samba systems.</P +><P +>Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstations and Servers +can participate in a Domain security system that is controlled by Windows NT +servers that have been correctly configured. At most every domain will have +ONE Primary Domain Controller (PDC). It is desirable that each domain will +have at least one Backup Domain Controller (BDC).</P +><P +>The PDC and BDCs then participate in replication of the SAM database so that +each Domain Controlling participant will have an up to date SAM component +within its registry.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN1034" +>Chapter 7. Unifed Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1052" +>Abstract</A +></H1 +><P +>Integration of UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT through + a unified logon has been considered a "holy grail" in heterogeneous + computing environments for a long time. We present <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>winbind + </I +>, a component of the Samba suite of programs as a + solution to the unied logon problem. Winbind uses a UNIX implementation + of Microsoft RPC calls, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and the Name + Service Switch to allow Windows NT domain users to appear and operate + as UNIX users on a UNIX machine. This paper describes the winbind + system, explaining the functionality it provides, how it is configured, + and how it works internally.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1056" +>Introduction</A +></H1 +><P +>It is well known that UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT have + different models for representing user and group information and + use different technologies for implementing them. This fact has + made it difficult to integrate the two systems in a satisfactory + manner.</P +><P +>One common solution in use today has been to create + identically named user accounts on both the UNIX and Windows systems + and use the Samba suite of programs to provide file and print services + between the two. This solution is far from perfect however, as + adding and deleting users on both sets of machines becomes a chore + and two sets of passwords are required both of which which + can lead to synchronization problems between the UNIX and Windows + systems and confusion for users.</P +><P +>We divide the unifed logon problem for UNIX machines into + three smaller problems:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Obtaining Windows NT user and group information + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Authenticating Windows NT users + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Password changing for Windows NT users + </P +></LI +></UL +><P +>Ideally, a prospective solution to the unified logon problem + would satisfy all the above components without duplication of + information on the UNIX machines and without creating additional + tasks for the system administrator when maintaining users and + groups on either system. The winbind system provides a simple + and elegant solution to all three components of the unifed logon + problem.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1069" +>What Winbind Provides</A +></H1 +><P +>Winbind unifies UNIX and Windows NT account management by + allowing a UNIX box to become a full member of a NT domain. Once + this is done the UNIX box will see NT users and groups as if + they were native UNIX users and groups, allowing the NT domain + to be used in much the same manner that NIS+ is used within + UNIX-only environments.</P +><P +>The end result is that whenever any + program on the UNIX machine asks the operating system to lookup + a user or group name, the query will be resolved by asking the + NT domain controller for the specied domain to do the lookup. + Because Winbind hooks into the operating system at a low level + (via the NSS name resolution modules in the C library) this + redirection to the NT domain controller is completely + transparent.</P +><P +>Users on the UNIX machine can then use NT user and group + names as they would use "native" UNIX names. They can chown files + so that they are owned by NT domain users or even login to the + UNIX machine and run a UNIX X-Window session as a domain user.</P +><P +>The only obvious indication that Winbind is being used is + that user and group names take the form DOMAIN\user and + DOMAIN\group. This is necessary as it allows Winbind to determine + that redirection to a domain controller is wanted for a particular + lookup and which trusted domain is being referenced.</P +><P +>Additionally, Winbind provides a authentication service + that hooks into the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) system + to provide authentication via a NT domain to any PAM enabled + applications. This capability solves the problem of synchronizing + passwords between systems as all passwords are stored in a single + location (on the domain controller).</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1076" +>Target Uses</A +></H2 +><P +>Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an + existing NT based domain infrastructure into which they wish + to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these + organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to + maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly simplies + the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX workstations into + a NT based organization.</P +><P +>Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to + be used is as a central part of UNIX based appliances. Appliances + that provide file and print services to Microsoft based networks + will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of + the appliance into the domain.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1080" +>How Winbind Works</A +></H1 +><P +>The winbind system is designed around a client/server + architecture. A long running <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>winbindd</B +> daemon + listens on a UNIX domain socket waiting for requests + to arrive. These requests are generated by the NSS and PAM + clients and processed sequentially.</P +><P +>The technologies used to implement winbind are described + in detail below.</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1085" +>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</A +></H2 +><P +>Over the last two years, efforts have been underway + by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of + the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This + system is used for most network related operations between + Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication + and print spooling. Although initially this work was done + to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) + functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code which + can be used for other purposes.</P +><P +>Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users + and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual + users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate + NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying + a Windows PDC for user and group information, winbind maps the + NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1089" +>Name Service Switch</A +></H2 +><P +>The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is + present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system + information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information + to be resolved from dierent sources. For example, a standalone + UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of + flat files stored on the local lesystem. A networked workstation + may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, + then consult a NIS database for user information or a DNS server + for hostname information.</P +><P +>The NSS application programming interface allows winbind + to present itself as a source of system information when + resolving UNIX usernames and groups. Winbind uses this interface, + and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC + calls to provide a new source of account enumeration. Using standard + UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on + a UNIX machine running winbind and see all users and groups in + a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local + users and groups.</P +><P +>The primary control le for NSS is <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/nsswitch.conf + </TT +>. When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup + the C library looks in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT +> + for a line which matches the service type being requested, for + example the "passwd" service type is used when user or group names + are looked up. This config line species which implementations + of that service should be tried andin what order. If the passwd + config line is:</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>passwd: files example</B +></P +><P +>then the C library will first load a module called + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/lib/libnss_files.so</TT +> followed by + the module <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/lib/libnss_example.so</TT +>. The + C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn + and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve + the request. Once the request is resolved the C library returns the + result to the application.</P +><P +>This NSS interface provides a very easy way for Winbind + to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done + is to put <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>libnss_winbind.so</TT +> in <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/lib/</TT +> + then add "winbind" into <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT +> at + the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to + resolve user and group names.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1105" +>Pluggable Authentication Modules</A +></H2 +><P +>Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, + is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization + technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different + authentication methods for dierent system applications without + having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful + for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, + a system administrator may only allow console logins from users + stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from + a NIS database to log in over the network.</P +><P +>Winbind uses the authentication management and password + management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a + UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX + machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain + Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have + this change take eect directly on the Primary Domain Controller. + </P +><P +>PAM is congured by providing control files in the directory + <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/etc/pam.d/</TT +> for each of the services that + require authentication. When an authentication request is made + by an application the PAM code in the C library looks up this + control file to determine what modules to load to do the + authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding + a new authentication service for Winbind very easy, all that needs + to be done is that the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>pam_winbind.so</TT +> module + is copied to <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>/lib/security/</TT +> and the pam + control files for relevant services are updated to allow + authentication via winbind. See the PAM documentation + for more details.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1113" +>User and Group ID Allocation</A +></H2 +><P +>When a user or group is created under Windows NT + is it allocated a numerical relative identier (RID). This is + slightly dierent to UNIX which has a range of numbers which are + used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify + groups. It is winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX id numbers and + vice versa. When winbind is congured it is given part of the UNIX + user id space and a part of the UNIX group id space in which to + store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is + resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX id from + the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over + time, winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups + to UNIX user ids and group ids.</P +><P +>The results of this mapping are stored persistently in + a ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that + RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1117" +>Result Caching</A +></H2 +><P +>An active system can generate a lot of user and group + name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups winbind + uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied + by NT domain controllers. User or group information returned + by a PDC is cached by winbind along with a sequence number also + returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by + Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modied. If + a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from + the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. + If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information + is discarded and up to date information is requested directly + from the PDC.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1120" +>Installation and Configuration</A +></H1 +><P +>The easiest way to install winbind is by using the packages + provided in the <TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>pub/samba/appliance/</TT +> + directory on your nearest + Samba mirror. These packages provide snapshots of the Samba source + code and binaries already setup to provide the full functionality + of winbind. This setup is a little more complex than a normal Samba + build as winbind needs a small amount of functionality from a + development code branch called SAMBA_TNG.</P +><P +>Once you have installed the packages you should read + the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>winbindd(8)</B +> man page which will provide you + with conguration information and give you sample conguration files. + You may also wish to update the main Samba daemons smbd and nmbd) + with a more recent development release, such as the recently + announced Samba 2.2 alpha release.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1126" +>Limitations</A +></H1 +><P +>Winbind has a number of limitations in its current + released version which we hope to overcome in future + releases:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>Winbind is currently only available for + the Linux operating system, although ports to other operating + systems are certainly possible. For such ports to be feasible, + we require the C library of the target operating system to + support the Name Service Switch and Pluggable Authentication + Modules systems. This is becoming more common as NSS and + PAM gain support among UNIX vendors.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>The mappings of Windows NT RIDs to UNIX ids + is not made algorithmically and depends on the order in which + unmapped users or groups are seen by winbind. It may be difficult + to recover the mappings of rid to UNIX id mapping if the file + containing this information is corrupted or destroyed.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Currently the winbind PAM module does not take + into account possible workstation and logon time restrictions + that may be been set for Windows NT users.</P +></LI +><LI +><P +>Building winbind from source is currently + quite tedious as it requires combining source code from two Samba + branches. Work is underway to solve this by providing all + the necessary functionality in the main Samba code branch.</P +></LI +></UL +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1138" +>Conclusion</A +></H1 +><P +>The winbind system, through the use of the Name Service + Switch, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and appropriate + Microsoft RPC calls have allowed us to provide seamless + integration of Microsoft Windows NT domain users on a + UNIX system. The result is a great reduction in the administrative + cost of running a mixed UNIX and NT network.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN1141" +>Chapter 8. UNIX Permission Bits and WIndows NT Access Control Lists</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1152" +>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT + security dialogs</A +></H1 +><P +>New in the Samba 2.0.4 release is the ability for Windows + NT clients to use their native security settings dialog box to + view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</P +><P +>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise + the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and + still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba + administrator can set.</P +><P +>In Samba 2.0.4 and above the default value of the + parameter <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NTACLSUPPOR" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +> nt acl support</I +></TT +></A +> has been changed from + <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>false</TT +> to <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>true</TT +>, so + manipulation of permissions is turned on by default.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1161" +>How to view file security on a Samba share</A +></H1 +><P +>From an NT 4.0 client, single-click with the right + mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted + drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click + on the <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Properties</I +> entry at the bottom of + the menu. This brings up the normal file properties dialog + box, but with Samba 2.0.4 this will have a new tab along the top + marked <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Security</I +>. Click on this tab and you + will see three buttons, <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Permissions</I +>, + <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Auditing</I +>, and <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Ownership</I +>. + The <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Auditing</I +> button will cause either + an error message <SPAN +CLASS="ERRORNAME" +>A requested privilege is not held + by the client</SPAN +> to appear if the user is not the + NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an + Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the + user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is + non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only + useful button, the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Add</B +> button will not currently + allow a list of users to be seen.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1172" +>Viewing file ownership</A +></H1 +><P +>Clicking on the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Ownership"</B +> button + brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The + owner name will be of the form :</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B +></P +><P +>Where <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>SERVER</I +></TT +> is the NetBIOS name of + the Samba server, <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>user</I +></TT +> is the user name of + the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>(Long name)</I +></TT +> + is the discriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the + GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Close + </B +> button to remove this dialog.</P +><P +>If the parameter <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>nt acl support</I +></TT +> + is set to <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>false</TT +> then the file owner will + be shown as the NT user <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Everyone"</B +>.</P +><P +>The <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Take Ownership</B +> button will not allow + you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on + it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are + currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason + for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privilaged + operation in UNIX, available only to the <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>root</I +> + user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change + the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT + client this will not work with Samba at this time.</P +><P +>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba + and allow a user with Administrator privillage connected + to a Samba 2.0.4 server as root to change the ownership of + files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS + or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>Seclib + </I +> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of + the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1192" +>Viewing file or directory permissions</A +></H1 +><P +>The third button is the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Permissions"</B +> + button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both + the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. + The owner is displayed in the form :</P +><P +><B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B +></P +><P +>Where <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>SERVER</I +></TT +> is the NetBIOS name of + the Samba server, <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>user</I +></TT +> is the user name of + the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>(Long name)</I +></TT +> + is the discriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the + GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</P +><P +>If the parameter <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>nt acl support</I +></TT +> + is set to <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>false</TT +> then the file owner will + be shown as the NT user <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Everyone"</B +> and the + permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".</P +><P +>The permissions field is displayed differently for files + and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions + are displayed first.</P +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1207" +>File Permissions</A +></H2 +><P +>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and + the correspinding "read", "write", "execute" permissions + triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL + with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding + NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into + the global NT group <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>Everyone</B +>, followed + by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX + owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>user</B +> icon and an NT <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>local + group</B +> icon respectively followed by the list + of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</P +><P +>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common + NT names such as <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"read"</B +>, <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +> "change"</B +> or <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"full control"</B +> then + usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +> "Special Access"</B +> in the NT display list.</P +><P +>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed + for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order + to allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba + overloads the NT <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Take Ownership"</B +> ACL attribute + (which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with + no permissions as having the NT <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"O"</B +> bit set. + This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning + zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will + be given below.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1221" +>Directory Permissions</A +></H2 +><P +>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two + different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions + is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed + in the first set of parentheses in the normal <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"RW"</B +> + NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in + exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described + above, and is displayed in the same way.</P +><P +>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning + in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +> "inherited"</B +> permissions that any file created within + this directory would inherit.</P +><P +>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by + returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file + created by Samba on this share would receive.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1228" +>Modifying file or directory permissions</A +></H1 +><P +>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple + as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and + clicking the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>OK</B +> button. However, there are + limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions + with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS + attributes that need to also be taken into account.</P +><P +>If the parameter <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>nt acl support</I +></TT +> + is set to <TT +CLASS="CONSTANT" +>false</TT +> then any attempt to set + security permissions will fail with an <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Access Denied" + </B +> message.</P +><P +>The first thing to note is that the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Add"</B +> + button will not return a list of users in Samba 2.0.4 (it will give + an error message of <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"The remote proceedure call failed + and did not execute"</B +>). This means that you can only + manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in + the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the + only permissions that UNIX actually has.</P +><P +>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world) + is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, + then when the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +> button is pressed it will + be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then + view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear + as the NT <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"O"</B +> flag, as described above. This + allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once + you have removed them from a triple component.</P +><P +>As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of + an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete + access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on + the Samba server.</P +><P +>When setting permissions on a directory the second + set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is + by default applied to all files within that directory. If this + is not what you want you must uncheck the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Replace + permissions on existing files"</B +> checkbox in the NT + dialog before clicking <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +>.</P +><P +>If you wish to remove all permissions from a + user/group/world component then you may either highlight the + component and click the <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Remove"</B +> button, + or set the component to only have the special <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Take + Ownership"</B +> permission (dsplayed as <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"O" + </B +>) highlighted.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1250" +>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask + parameters</A +></H1 +><P +>Note that with Samba 2.0.5 there are four new parameters + to control this interaction. These are :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security mask</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force security mode</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>directory security mask</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force directory security mode</I +></TT +></P +><P +>Once a user clicks <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +> to apply the + permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world + r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a + file against the bits set in the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK" +TARGET="_top" +> + <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security mask</I +></TT +></A +> parameter. Any bits that + were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone + in the file permissions.</P +><P +>Essentially, zero bits in the <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security mask</I +></TT +> + mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <I +CLASS="EMPHASIS" +>not</I +> + allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change. + </P +><P +>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as + the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>create mask + </I +></TT +></A +> parameter to provide compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 + where this permission change facility was introduced. To allow a user to + modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter + to 0777.</P +><P +>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against + the bits set in the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE" +TARGET="_top" +> <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force security mode</I +></TT +></A +> parameter. Any bits + that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter + are forced to be set.</P +><P +>Essentially, bits set in the <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force security mode + </I +></TT +> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when + modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</P +><P +>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value + as the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force + create mode</I +></TT +></A +> parameter to provide compatibility + with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility was introduced. + To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, + with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</P +><P +>The <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security mask</I +></TT +> and <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force + security mode</I +></TT +> parameters are applied to the change + request in that order.</P +><P +>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as + described above for a file except using the parameter <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +> directory security mask</I +></TT +> instead of <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security + mask</I +></TT +>, and <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force directory security mode + </I +></TT +> parameter instead of <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force security mode + </I +></TT +>.</P +><P +>The <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>directory security mask</I +></TT +> parameter + by default is set to the same value as the <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>directory mask + </I +></TT +> parameter and the <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force directory security + mode</I +></TT +> parameter by default is set to the same value as + the <TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force directory mode</I +></TT +> parameter to provide + compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility + was introduced.</P +><P +>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that + an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users + to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</P +><P +>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control + in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and + doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following + parameters in the <A +HREF="smb.conf.5.html" +TARGET="_top" +><TT +CLASS="FILENAME" +>smb.conf(5) + </TT +></A +> file in that share specific section :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>security mask = 0777</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force security mode = 0</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>directory security mask = 0777</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force directory security mode = 0</I +></TT +></P +><P +>As described, in Samba 2.0.4 the parameters :</P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>create mask</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force create mode</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>directory mask</I +></TT +></P +><P +><TT +CLASS="PARAMETER" +><I +>force directory mode</I +></TT +></P +><P +>were used instead of the parameters discussed here.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><HR><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1314" +>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute + mapping</A +></H1 +><P +>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read + only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can + be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security + dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping. + </P +><P +>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access + for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard + file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is + the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</P +><P +>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions + to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks + <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +> to get back to the standard attributes tab + dialog, and then clicks <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +> on that dialog, then + NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what + the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting + permissions and clicking <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +> to get back to the + attributes dialog you should always hit <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"Cancel"</B +> + rather than <B +CLASS="COMMAND" +>"OK"</B +> to ensure that your changes + are not overridden.</P +></DIV +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="CHAPTER" +><HR><H1 +><A +NAME="AEN1324" +>Chapter 9. OS2 Client HOWTO</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT1" +><H1 +CLASS="SECT1" +><A +NAME="AEN1335" +>FAQs</A +></H1 +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1337" +>How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</A +></H2 +><P +>A more complete answer to this question can be + found on <A +HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html" +TARGET="_top" +> http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html</A +>.</P +><P +>Basically, you need three components:</P +><P +></P +><UL +><LI +><P +>The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer') + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>TCP/IP ('Internet support') + </P +></LI +><LI +><P +>The "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver ('TCPBEUI') + </P +></LI +></UL +><P +>Installing the first two together with the base operating + system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp + has already been installed, but you now want to install the + networking support, use the "Selective Install for Networking" + object in the "System Setup" folder.</P +><P +>Adding the "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver is not described + in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start + MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on "Configure LAPS" and click + on "IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP" in 'Protocols'. This line + is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line, + click on "Change number" and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this + configuration.</P +><P +>If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you + can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers + to the "Names List", or specify a WINS server ('NetBIOS + Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you + may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on + the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.</P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1352" +>How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</A +></H2 +><P +>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client + for OS/2 from + <A +HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/" +TARGET="_top" +> ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</A +>. + See <A +HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html" +TARGET="_top" +> http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html</A +> for + more information on how to install and use this client. In + a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of + the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</P +><P +><PRE +CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" +> 20=setup.exe + 20=netwksta.sys + 20=netvdd.sys + </PRE +></P +><P +>before you install the client. Also, don't use the + included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000 + or NS2000 driver from + <A +HREF="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/" +TARGET="_top" +> ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</A +> instead. + </P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1361" +>Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) + is used as a client?</A +></H2 +><P +>When you do a NET VIEW or use the "File and Print + Client Resource Browser", no Samba servers show up. This can + be fixed by a patch from <A +HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html" +TARGET="_top" +> http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html</A +>. + The patch will be included in a later version of Samba. It also + fixes a couple of other problems, such as preserving long + filenames when objects are dragged from the Workplace Shell + to the Samba server. </P +></DIV +><DIV +CLASS="SECT2" +><HR><H2 +CLASS="SECT2" +><A +NAME="AEN1365" +>How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?</A +></H2 +><P +>First, create a share called [PRINTDRV] that is + world-readable. Copy your OS/2 driver files there. Note + that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need + to use the original install files, and not copy an installed + driver from an OS/2 system.</P +><P +>Install the NT driver first for that printer. Then, + add to your smb.conf a paramater, "os2 driver map = + <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>filename</I +></TT +>". Then, in the file + specified by <TT +CLASS="REPLACEABLE" +><I +>filename</I +></TT +>, map the + name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as + follows:</P +><P +><nt driver name> = <os2 driver + name>.<device name>, e.g.: + HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</P +><P +>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</P +><P +>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the + device name, the first attempt to download the driver will + actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell + you the driver is not available. On the second attempt, it + will work. This is fixed simply by adding the device name + to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt. + </P +></DIV +></DIV +></DIV +></DIV +></BODY +></HTML +>
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