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diff --git a/docs/Samba-Guide/Chap12-Appendix.xml b/docs/Samba-Guide/Chap12-Appendix.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c3b244c405 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/Samba-Guide/Chap12-Appendix.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1641 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> +<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" + "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [ + + <!-- Stuff for xincludes --> + <!ENTITY % xinclude SYSTEM "../entities/xinclude.dtd"> + %xinclude; + + <!-- entities files to use --> + <!ENTITY % global_entities SYSTEM '../entities/global.entities'> + %global_entities; + +]> + +<appendix id="appendix"> + <title>Appendix: A Collection of Useful Tid-bits</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>material</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>domain</primary> + <secondary>joining</secondary> + </indexterm> + Information presented here is considered to be either basic or well-known material that is informative + yet helpful. Over the years, I have observed an interesting behavior. There is an expectation that + the process for joining a Windows client to a Samba-controlled Windows Domain may somehow involve steps + different from doing so with Windows NT4 or a Windows ADS Domain. Be assured that the steps are identical, + as shown in the example given below. + </para> + +<sect1 id="domjoin"> +<title>Joining a Domain: Windows 200x/XP Professional</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>joining a domain</primary> + </indexterm> + Microsoft Windows NT/200x/XP Professional platforms can participate in Domain Security. + This section steps through the process for making a Windows 200x/XP Professional machine a + member of a Domain Security environment. It should be noted that this process is identical + when joining a domain that is controlled by Windows NT4/200x as well as a Samba PDC. + </para> + + <procedure> + <step><para> + Click <guimenu>Start</guimenu>. + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Right-click <guimenu>My Computer</guimenu>, and then select <guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem>. + </para></step> + + <step><para> + The opening panel is the same one that can be reached by clicking <guimenu>System</guimenu> on the Control Panel. + See <link linkend="wxpp001"></link>. + <image id="wxpp001"><imagefile>wxpp001</imagefile><imagedescription>The General Panel.</imagedescription></image> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Click the <guimenu>Computer Name</guimenu> tab. + This panel shows the <guimenuitem>Computer Description</guimenuitem>, the <guimenuitem>Full computer name</guimenuitem>, + and the <guimenuitem>Workgroup</guimenuitem> or <guimenuitem>Domain name</guimenuitem>. + </para> + + <para> + Clicking the <guimenu>Network ID</guimenu> button launches the configuration wizard. Do not use this with + Samba-3. If you wish to change the computer name, or join or leave the domain, click the <guimenu>Change</guimenu> button. + See <link linkend="wxpp004"></link>. + <image id="wxpp004"><imagefile>wxpp004</imagefile><imagedescription>The Computer Name Panel.</imagedescription></image> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Click on <guimenu>Change</guimenu>. This panel shows that our example machine (TEMPTATION) is in a workgroup called WORKGROUP. + We join the domain called MIDEARTH. See <link linkend="wxpp006"></link>. + <image id="wxpp006"><imagefile>wxpp006</imagefile><imagedescription>The Computer Name Changes Panel.</imagedescription></image> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Enter the name <guimenu>MIDEARTH</guimenu> in the field below the Domain radio button. + </para> + + <para> + This panel shows that our example machine (TEMPTATION) is set to join the domain called MIDEARTH. See <link linkend="wxpp007"></link>. + <image id="wxpp007"><imagefile>wxpp007</imagefile><imagedescription>The Computer Name Changes Panel &smbmdash; Domain MIDEARTH.</imagedescription></image> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Now click the <guimenu>OK</guimenu> button. A dialog box should appear to allow you to provide the credentials (username and password) + of a Domain administrative account that has the rights to add machines to the Domain. + </para> + + <para> + Enter the name <quote>root</quote> and the root password from your Samba-3 server. See <link linkend="wxpp008"></link>. + <image id="wxpp008"><imagefile>wxpp008</imagefile><imagedescription>Computer Name Changes &smbmdash; User name and Password Panel.</imagedescription></image> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Click <guimenu>OK</guimenu>. + </para> + + <para> + The <quote>Welcome to the MIDEARTH domain</quote> dialog box should appear. At this point, the machine must be rebooted. + Joining the domain is now complete. + </para></step> + + </procedure> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>Active Directory</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>DNS</primary> + </indexterm> + The screen capture shown in <link linkend="wxpp007"/> has a button labeled <guimenu>More...</guimenu>. This button opens a + panel in which you can set (or change) the Primary DNS suffix of the computer. This is a parameter that mainly affects members + of Microsoft Active Directory. Active Directory is heavily oriented around the DNS name space. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>Netlogon</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>DNS</primary><secondary>dynamic</secondary> + </indexterm> + Where NetBIOS technology uses WINS as well as UDP broadcast as key mechanisms for name resolution, Active Directory servers + register their services with the Microsoft Dynamic DNS server. Windows clients must be able to query the correct DNS server + to find the services (like which machines are Domain Controllers or which machines have the Netlogon service running). + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>DNS</primary> + <secondary>suffix</secondary> + </indexterm> + The default setting of the Primary DNS suffix is the Active Directory domain name. When you change the Primary DNS suffix, + this does not affect Domain Membership, but it can break network browsing and the ability to resolve your computer name to + a valid IP address. + </para> + + <para> + The Primary DNS suffix parameter principally affects MS Windows clients that are members of an Active Directory domain. + Where the client is a member of a Samba Domain, it is preferable to leave this field blank. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>Group Policy</primary> + </indexterm> + According to Microsoft documentation, <quote>If this computer belongs to a group with <constant>Group Policy</constant> + enabled on <command>Primary DNS suffice of this computer</command>, the string specified in the Group Policy is used + as the primary DNS suffix and you might need to restart your computer to view the correct setting. The local setting is + used only if Group Policy is disabled or unspecified.</quote> + </para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Samba System File Location</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>default installation</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/local/samba</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/local</primary> + </indexterm> + One of the frustrations expressed by subscribers to the Samba mailing lists revolves around the choice of where the default Samba Team + build and installation process locates its Samba files. The location, chosen in the early 1990s, for the default installation is + in the <filename>/usr/local/samba</filename> directory. This is a perfectly reasonable location, particularly given all the other + Open Source software that installs into the <filename>/usr/local</filename> subdirectories. + </para> + + <para> + Several UNIX vendors, and Linux vendors in particular, elected to locate the Samba files in a location other than the Samba Team + default. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>Free Standards Grou</primary> + <see>FSG</see> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>FSG</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Linux Standards Base</primary> + <see>LSB</see> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>LSB</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>File Hierarchy System</primary> + <see>FHS</see> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>FHS</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>file locations</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/etc/samba</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/sbin</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/bin</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/share</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/share/swat</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/lib/samba</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/usr/share/samba/swat</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>SWAT</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>VFS modules</primary> + </indexterm> + Linux vendors, working in conjunction with the Free Standards Group (FSG), Linux Standards Base (LSB), and File Hierarchy + System (FHS), have elected to locate the configuration files under the <filename>/etc/samba</filename> directory, common binary + files (those used by users) in the <filename>/usr/bin</filename> directory, and the administrative files (daemons) in the + <filename>/usr/sbin</filename> directory. Support files for the Samba Web Admin Tool (SWAT) are located under the + <filename>/usr/share</filename> directory, either in <filename>/usr/share/samba/swat</filename> or in + <filename>/usr/share/swat</filename>. There are additional support files for <command>smbd</command> in the + <filename>/usr/lib/samba</filename> directory tree. The files located there include the dynamically loadable modules for the + passdb backend as well as for the VFS modules. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>/var/lib/samba</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>/var/log/samba</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>run-time control files</primary> + </indexterm> + Samba creates run-time control files and generates log files. The run-time control files (tdb and dat files) are stored in + the <filename>/var/lib/samba</filename> directory. Log files are created in <filename>/var/log/samba.</filename> + </para> + + <para> + When Samba is built and installed using the default Samba Team process, all files are located under the + <filename>/usr/local/samba</filename> directory tree. This makes it simple to find the files that Samba owns. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>smbd</primary> + <secondary>location of files</secondary> + </indexterm> + One way to find the Samba files that are installed on your UNIX/Linux system is to search for the location + of all files called <command>smbd</command>. Here is an example: +<screen> +&rootprompt; find / -name smbd -print +</screen> + You can find the location of the configuration files by running: +<screen> +&rootprompt; /path-to-binary-file/smbd -b | more +... +Paths: + SBINDIR: /usr/sbin + BINDIR: /usr/bin + SWATDIR: /usr/share/samba/swat + CONFIGFILE: /etc/samba/smb.conf + LOGFILEBASE: /var/log/samba + LMHOSTSFILE: /etc/samba/lmhosts + LIBDIR: /usr/lib/samba + SHLIBEXT: so + LOCKDIR: /var/lib/samba + PIDDIR: /var/run/samba + SMB_PASSWD_FILE: /etc/samba/smbpasswd + PRIVATE_DIR: /etc/samba +... +</screen> + If you wish to locate the Samba version, just run: +<screen> +&rootprompt; /path-to-binary-file/smbd -V +Version 3.0.2-SUSE +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Many people have been caught by installation of Samba using the default Samba Team process when it was already installed + by the platform vendor's method. If your platform uses RPM format packages, you can check to see if Samba is installed by + executing:<indexterm> + <primary>rpm</primary> + </indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; rpm -qa | grep samba +samba3-pdb-3.0.2-1 +samba3-vscan-0.3.4-0 +samba3-winbind-3.0.2-1 +samba3-3.0.2-1 +samba3-python-3.0.2-1 +samba3-utils-3.0.2-1 +samba3-doc-3.0.2-1 +samba3-client-3.0.2-1 +samba3-cifsmount-3.0.2-1 + </screen><indexterm> + <primary>package names</primary> + </indexterm> + The package names, of course, vary according to how the vendor, or the binary package builder, prepared them. + </para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Starting Samba</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>daemon</primary> + </indexterm> + Samba essentially consists of two or three daemons. A daemon is a UNIX application that runs in the background and provides services. + An example of a service is the Apache Web server for which the daemon is called <command>httpd</command>. In the case of Samba, there + are three daemons, two of which are needed as a minimum. + </para> + + <para> + The Samba server is made up of the following daemons: + </para> + +<example id="ch12SL"> +<title>A Useful Samba Control Script for SuSE Linux</title> +<screen> +#!/bin/bash +# +# Script to start/stop samba +# Locate this in /sbin as a file called 'samba' + +RCD=/etc/rc.d + +if [ z$1 == 'z' ]; then + echo $0 - No arguments given; must be start or stop. + exit +fi + +if [ $1 == 'start' ]; then + ${RCD}/nmb start + ${RCD}/smb start + ${RCD}/winbind start + +fi +if [ $1 == 'stop' ]; then + ${RCD}/smb stop + ${RCD}/winbind stop + ${RCD}/nmb stop +fi +if [ $1 == 'restart' ]; then + ${RCD}/smb stop + ${RCD}/winbind stop + ${RCD}/nmb stop + sleep 5 + ${RCD}/nmb start + ${RCD}/smb start + ${RCD}/winbind start +fi +exit 0 +</screen> +</example> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry><term>nmbd</term> + <listitem><para> + <indexterm><primary>smbd</primary></indexterm> + <indexterm><primary>starting samba</primary><secondary>smbd</secondary></indexterm> + This daemon handles all name registration and resolution requests. It is the primary vehicle involved + in network browsing. It handles all UDP-based protocols. The <command>nmbd</command> daemon should + be the first command started as part of the Samba startup process. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry><term>smbd</term> + <listitem><para> + <indexterm><primary>nmbd</primary></indexterm> + <indexterm><primary>starting samba</primary><secondary>nmbd</secondary></indexterm> + This daemon handles all TCP/IP-based connection services for file- and print-based operations. It also + manages local authentication. It should be started immediately following the startup of <command>nmbd</command>. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry><term>winbindd</term> + <listitem><para> + <indexterm><primary>winbindd</primary></indexterm> + <indexterm><primary>starting samba</primary><secondary>winbindd</secondary></indexterm> + This daemon should be started when Samba is a member of a Windows NT4 or ADS Domain. IT is also needed when + Samba has trust relationships with another Domain. The <command>winbindd</command> daemon will check the + &smb.conf; file for the presence of the <parameter>idmap uid</parameter> and <parameter>idmap gid</parameter> + parameters. If they are not found, <command>winbindd</command> bails out and refuses to start. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <para> + When Samba has been packaged by an operating system vendor, the startup process is typically a custom feature of its + integration into the platform as a whole. Please refer to your operating system platform administration manuals for + specific information pertaining to correct management of Samba startup. + </para> + +<example id="ch12RHscript"> +<screen> +#!/bin/sh +# +# chkconfig: 345 81 35 +# description: Starts and stops the Samba smbd and nmbd daemons \ +# used to provide SMB network services. + +# Source function library. +. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions +# Source networking configuration. +. /etc/sysconfig/network +# Check that networking is up. +[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0 +CONFIG=/etc/samba/smb.conf +# Check that smb.conf exists. +[ -f $CONFIG ] || exit 0 + +# See how we were called. +case "$1" in + start) + echo -n "Starting SMB services: " + daemon smbd -D; daemon nmbd -D; echo; + touch /var/lock/subsys/smb + ;; + stop) + echo -n "Shutting down SMB services: " + smbdpids=`ps guax | grep smbd | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'` + for pid in $smbdpids; do + kill -TERM $pid + done + killproc nmbd -TERM; rm -f /var/lock/subsys/smb + echo "" + ;; + status) + status smbd; status nmbd; + ;; + restart) + echo -n "Restarting SMB services: " + $0 stop; $0 start; + echo "done." + ;; + *) + echo "Usage: smb {start|stop|restart|status}" + exit 1 +esac +</screen> +</example> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>samba control script</primary> + </indexterm> + SUSE Linux implements individual control over each Samba daemon. A samba control script that can be conveniently + executed from the command line is shown in <link linkend="ch12SL"/>. This can be located in the directory + <filename>/sbin</filename> in a file called <filename>samba</filename>. This type of control script should be + owned by user root and group root, and set so that only root can execute it. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>startup script</primary> + </indexterm> + A sample startup script for a Red Hat Linux system is shown in <link linkend="ch12RHscript"/>. + This file could be located in the directory <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename> and can be called + <filename>samba</filename>. A similar startup script is required to control <command>winbind</command>. + If you want to find more information regarding startup scripts please refer to the packaging section of + the Samba source code distribution tarball. The packaging files for each platform include a + startup control file. + </para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>DNS Configuration Files</title> + + <para> + The following files are common to all DNS server configurations. Rather than repeat them multiple times, they + are presented here for general reference. + </para> + + <sect2> + <title>The Forward Zone File for the Loopback Adaptor</title> + + <para> + The forward zone file for the loopback address never changes. An example file is shown + in <link linkend="loopback"/>. All traffic destined for an IP address that is hosted on a + physical interface on the machine itself is routed to the loopback adaptor. This is + a fundamental design feature of the TCP/IP protocol implementation. The loopback adaptor + is called <constant>localhost</constant>. + </para> + +<example id="loopback"> +<title>DNS Localhost Forward Zone File: <filename>/var/lib/named/localhost.zone</filename></title> +<screen> +$TTL 1W +@ IN SOA @ root ( + 42 ; serial + 2D ; refresh + 4H ; retry + 6W ; expiry + 1W ) ; minimum + + IN NS @ + IN A 127.0.0.1 +</screen> +</example> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>The Reverse Zone File for the Loopback Adaptor</title> + + <para> + The reverse zone file for the loopback address as shown in <link linkend="dnsloopy"/> + is necessary so that references to the address <constant>127.0.0.1</constant> can be + resolved to the correct name of the interface. + </para> + +<example id="dnsloopy"> +<title>DNS Localhost Reverse Zone File: <filename>/var/lib/named/127.0.0.zone</filename></title> +<screen> +$TTL 1W +@ IN SOA localhost. root.localhost. ( + 42 ; serial + 2D ; refresh + 4H ; retry + 6W ; expiry + 1W ) ; minimum + + IN NS localhost. +1 IN PTR localhost. +</screen> +</example> + +<example id="roothint"> +<title>DNS Root Name Server Hint File: <filename>/var/lib/named/root.hint</filename></title> +<screen> +; This file is made available by InterNIC under anonymous FTP as +; file /domain/named.root +; on server FTP.INTERNIC.NET +; last update: Nov 5, 2002. Related version of root zone: 2002110501 +; formerly NS.INTERNIC.NET +. 3600000 IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 198.41.0.4 +; formerly NS1.ISI.EDU +. 3600000 NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 128.9.0.107 +; formerly C.PSI.NET +. 3600000 NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.33.4.12 +; formerly TERP.UMD.EDU +. 3600000 NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 128.8.10.90 +; formerly NS.NASA.GOV +. 3600000 NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.203.230.10 +; formerly NS.ISC.ORG +. 3600000 NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.5.5.241 +; formerly NS.NIC.DDN.MIL +. 3600000 NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.112.36.4 +; formerly AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL +. 3600000 NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 128.63.2.53 +; formerly NIC.NORDU.NET +. 3600000 NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.36.148.17 +; operated by VeriSign, Inc. +. 3600000 NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.58.128.30 +; housed in LINX, operated by RIPE NCC +. 3600000 NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 193.0.14.129 +; operated by IANA +. 3600000 NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 198.32.64.12 +; housed in Japan, operated by WIDE +. 3600000 NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. +M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 202.12.27.33 +; End of File +</screen> +</example> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>DNS Root Server Hint File</title> + + <para> + The content of the root hints file as shown in <link linkend="roothint"/> changes slowly over time. + Periodically this file should be updated from the source shown. Because + of its size this file is located at the end of this appendix. + </para> + + </sect2> + +</sect1> + +<sect1 id="altldapcfg"> + <title>Alternative LDAP Database Initialization</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>LDAP</primary> + <secondary>database</secondary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>LDAP</primary> + <secondary>initial configuration</secondary> + </indexterm> + The following procedure may be used as an alternative means of configuring + the initial LDAP database. Many administrators prefer to have greater control + over how system files get configured. + </para> + + <sect2> + <title>Initialization of the LDAP Database</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>LDIF</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Domain Groups</primary> + <secondary>well-known</secondary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>SID</primary> + </indexterm> + The first step to get the LDAP server ready for action is to create the LDIF file from + which the LDAP database will be preloaded. This is necessary to create the containers + into which the user, group, and so on, accounts is written. It is also necessary to + preload the well-known Windows NT Domain Groups, as they must have the correct SID so + that they can be recognized as special NT Groups by the MS Windows clients. + </para> + + <procedure id="ldapinit"> + <step><para> + Create a directory in which to store the files you use to generate + the LDAP LDIF file for your system. Execute the following: +<screen> +&rootprompt; mkdir /etc/openldap/SambaInit +&rootprompt; chown root.root /etc/openldap/SambaInit +&rootprompt; chmod 700 /etc/openldap/SambaInit +</screen> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Install the files shown in <link linkend="ch6-ldapreconfa"/>, <link linkend="ch6-ldapreconfb"/>, + and <link linkend="ch6-ldapreconfc"/> into the directory + <filename>/etc/openldap/SambaInit/SMBLDAP-ldif-preconfig.sh.</filename> These three files are, + respectively, Part A, B, and C of the <filename>SMBLDAP-ldif-preconfig.sh</filename> file. + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Install the files shown in <link linkend="ch6-ldifpata"/> and <link linkend="ch6-ldifpatb"/> into the directory + <filename>/etc/openldap/SambaInit/nit-ldif.pat.</filename> These two files are + Part A and B, respectively, of the <filename>init-ldif.pat</filename> file. + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Change to the <filename>/etc/openldap/SambaInit</filename> directory. Execute the following: +<screen> +&rootprompt; ./SMBLDAP-ldif-preconfig.sh + +How do you wish to refer to your organization? +Suggestions: + Black Tire Company, Inc. + Cat With Hat Ltd. +How would you like your organization name to appear? +Your organization name is: My Organization +Enter a new name is this is not what you want, press Enter to Continue. +Name [My Organization]: Abmas Inc. + +Samba Config File Location [/etc/samba/smb.conf]: +Enter a new full path or press Enter to continue. +Samba Config File Location [/etc/samba/smb.conf]: +Domain Name: MEGANET2 +Domain SID: S-1-5-21-3504140859-1010554828-2431957765 + +The name of your Internet domain is now needed in a special format +as follows, if your domain name is mydomain.org, what we need is +the information in the form of: + Domain ID: mydomain + Top level: org +If your fully qualified hostname is: snoopy.bazaar.garagesale.net +where "snoopy" is the name of the machine, +Then the information needed is: + Domain ID: garagesale + Top Level: net + +Found the following domain name: abmas.biz +I think the bit we are looking for might be: abmas +Enter the domain name or press Enter to continue: + +The top level organization name I will use is: biz +Enter the top level org name or press Enter to continue: +&rootprompt; +</screen> + This creates a file called <filename>MEGANET2.ldif</filename>. + </para></step> + + <step><para> + It is now time to preload the LDAP database with the following + command: +<screen> +&rootprompt; slapadd -v -l MEGANET2.ldif +added: "dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000001) +added: "cn=Manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000002) +added: "ou=People,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000003) +added: "ou=Computers,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000004) +added: "ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000005) +added: "ou=Domains,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000006) +added: "sambaDomainName=MEGANET2,ou=Domains,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000007) +added: "cn=domadmins,ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000008) +added: "cn=domguests,ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (00000009) +added: "cn=domusers,ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz" (0000000a) +</screen> + You should verify that the account information was correctly loaded by executing: +<screen> +&rootprompt; slapcat +dn: dc=abmas,dc=biz +objectClass: dcObject +objectClass: organization +dc: abmas +o: Abmas Inc. +description: Posix and Samba LDAP Identity Database +structuralObjectClass: organization +entryUUID: af552f8e-c4a1-1027-9002-9421e01bf474 +creatorsName: cn=manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz +modifiersName: cn=manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz +createTimestamp: 20031217055747Z +modifyTimestamp: 20031217055747Z +entryCSN: 2003121705:57:47Z#0x0001#0#0000 +... + +dn: cn=domusers,ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz +objectClass: posixGroup +objectClass: sambaGroupMapping +gidNumber: 513 +cn: domusers +sambaSID: S-1-5-21-3504140859-1010554828-2431957765-513 +sambaGroupType: 2 +displayName: Domain Users +description: Domain Users +structuralObjectClass: posixGroup +entryUUID: af7e98ba-c4a1-1027-900b-9421e01bf474 +creatorsName: cn=manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz +modifiersName: cn=manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz +createTimestamp: 20031217055747Z +modifyTimestamp: 20031217055747Z +entryCSN: 2003121705:57:47Z#0x000a#0#0000 +</screen> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Your LDAP database is ready for testing. You can now start the LDAP server + using the system tool for your Linux operating system. For SUSE Linux, you can + do this as follows: +<screen> +&rootprompt; rcldap start +</screen> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + It is now a good idea to validate that the LDAP server is running correctly. + Execute the following: +<screen> +&rootprompt; ldapsearch -x -b "dc=abmas,dc=biz" "(ObjectClass=*)" +# extended LDIF +# +# LDAPv3 +# base <dc=abmas,dc=biz> with scope sub +# filter: (ObjectClass=*) +# requesting: ALL +# + +# abmas.biz +dn: dc=abmas,dc=biz +objectClass: dcObject +objectClass: organization +dc: abmas +o: Abmas Inc. +description: Posix and Samba LDAP Identity Database +... +# domusers, Groups, abmas.biz +dn: cn=domusers,ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz +objectClass: posixGroup +objectClass: sambaGroupMapping +gidNumber: 513 +cn: domusers +sambaSID: S-1-5-21-3504140859-1010554828-2431957765-513 +sambaGroupType: 2 +displayName: Domain Users +description: Domain Users + +# search result +search: 2 +result: 0 Success + +# numResponses: 11 +# numEntries: 10 +</screen> + Your LDAP server is ready for creation of additional accounts. + </para></step> + </procedure> + + </sect2> + +<example id="ch6-ldapreconfa"> +<title>LDAP Pre-configuration Script: <filename>SMBLDAP-ldif-preconfig.sh</filename> &smbmdash; Part A</title> +<screen> +#!/bin/bash +# +# This script prepares the ldif LDAP load file only +# + +# Pattern File Name +file=init-ldif.pat + +# The name of my organization +ORGNAME="My Organization" + +# My Internet domain. ie: if my domain is: buckets.org, INETDOMAIN="buckets" +INETDOMAIN="my-domain" + +# In the above case, md domain is: buckets.org, TLDORG="org" +TLDORG="org" + +# This is the Samba Domain/Workgroup Name +DOMNAME="MYWORKGROUP" + +# +# Here We Go ... +# + +cat >>EOF + +How do you wish to refer to your organization? + +Suggestions: + Black Tire Company, Inc. + Cat With Hat Ltd. + +How would you like your organization name to appear? + +EOF + +echo "Your organization name is: $ORGNAME" +echo +echo "Enter a new name or, press Enter to Continue." +echo +</screen> +</example> + +<example id="ch6-ldapreconfb"> +<title>LDAP Pre-configuration Script: <filename>SMBLDAP-ldif-preconfig.sh</filename> &smbmdash; Part B</title> +<screen> +echo -e -n "Name [$ORGNAME]: " + read name + +if [ ! -z "$name" ]; then + ORGNAME=${name} +fi +echo +sed "s/ORGNAME/${ORGNAME}/g" < $file > $file.tmp1 + +# Try to find smb.conf + +if [ -e /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf ]; then + CONF=/usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf +elif [ -e /etc/samba/smb.conf ]; then + CONF=/etc/samba/smb.conf +fi + +echo "Samba Config File Location [$CONF]: " +echo +echo "Enter a new full path or press Enter to continue." +echo +echo -n "Samba Config File Location [$CONF]: " + read name +if [ ! -z "$name" ]; then + CONF=$name +fi +echo + +# Find the name of our Domain/Workgroup +DOMNAME=`grep -i workgroup ${CONF} | sed "s/ //g" | cut -f2 -d=` +echo Domain Name: $DOMNAME +echo + +sed "s/DOMNAME/${DOMNAME}/g" < $file.tmp1 > $file.tmp2 + +DOMSID=`net getlocalsid ${DOMNAME} | cut -f2 -d: | sed "s/ //g"` +echo Domain SID: $DOMSID + +sed "s/DOMSID/${DOMSID}/g" < $file.tmp2 > $file.tmp1 +</screen> +</example> + +<example id="ch6-ldapreconfc"> +<title>LDAP Pre-configuration Script: <filename>SMBLDAP-ldif-preconfig.sh</filename> &smbmdash; Part C</title> +<screen> +cat >>EOL +The name of your Internet domain is now needed in a special format +as follows, if your domain name is mydomain.org, what we need is +the information in the form of: + Domain ID: mydomain + Top level: org + +If your fully qualified hostname is: snoopy.bazaar.garagesale.net +where "snoopy" is the name of the machine, +Then the information needed is: + Domain ID: garagesale + Top Level: net + +EOL +INETDOMAIN=`hostname -d | cut -f1 -d.` +echo Found the following domain name: `hostname -d` +echo "I think the bit we are looking for might be: $INETDOMAIN" +echo +echo -n "Enter the domain name or press Enter to continue: " + read domnam +if [ ! -z $domnam ]; then + INETDOMAIN=$domnam +fi +echo +sed "s/INETDOMAIN/${INETDOMAIN}/g" < $file.tmp1 > $file.tmp2 +TLDORG=`hostname -d | sed "s/${INETDOMAIN}.//g"` +echo "The top level organization name I will use is: ${TLDORG}" +echo +echo -n "Enter the top level org name or press Enter to continue: " + read domnam +if [ ! -z $domnam ]; then + TLDORG=$domnam +fi +sed "s/TLDORG/${TLDORG}/g" < $file.tmp2 > $DOMNAME.ldif +rm $file.tmp* +exit 0 +</screen> +</example> + +<example id="ch6-ldifpata"> +<title>LDIF Pattern File Used to Pre-configure LDAP &smbmdash; Part A</title> +<screen> +dn: dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: dcObject +objectClass: organization +dc: INETDOMAIN +o: ORGNAME +description: Posix and Samba LDAP Identity Database +structuralObjectClass: organization + +dn: cn=Manager,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: organizationalRole +cn: Manager +description: Directory Manager +structuralObjectClass: organizationalRole + +dn: ou=People,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: top +objectClass: organizationalUnit +ou: People +structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit + +dn: ou=Computers,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: top +objectClass: organizationalUnit +ou: Computers +structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit + +dn: ou=Groups,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: top +objectClass: organizationalUnit +ou: Groups +structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit + +dn: ou=Idmap,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: top +objectClass: organizationalUnit +ou: Idmap +structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit + +dn: sambaDomainName=DOMNAME,ou=Domains,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: sambaDomain +sambaDomainName: DOMNAME +sambaSID: DOMSID +sambaAlgorithmicRidBase: 1000 +structuralObjectClass: sambaDomain +</screen> +</example> + +<example id="ch6-ldifpatb"> +<title>LDIF Pattern File Used to Pre-configure LDAP &smbmdash; Part B</title> +<screen> +dn: cn=domadmins,ou=Groups,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: posixGroup +objectClass: sambaGroupMapping +gidNumber: 512 +cn: domadmins +sambaSID: DOMSID-512 +sambaGroupType: 2 +displayName: Domain Admins +description: Domain Administrators +structuralObjectClass: posixGroup + +dn: cn=domguests,ou=Groups,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: posixGroup +objectClass: sambaGroupMapping +gidNumber: 514 +cn: domguests +sambaSID: DOMSID-514 +sambaGroupType: 2 +displayName: Domain Guests +description: Domain Guests Users +structuralObjectClass: posixGroup + +dn: cn=domusers,ou=Groups,dc=INETDOMAIN,dc=TLDORG +objectClass: posixGroup +objectClass: sambaGroupMapping +gidNumber: 513 +cn: domusers +sambaSID: DOMSID-513 +sambaGroupType: 2 +displayName: Domain Users +description: Domain Users +structuralObjectClass: posixGroup +</screen> +</example> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>The LDAP Account Manager</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>LDAP Account Manager</primary> + <see>LAM</see> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>PHP</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>unencrypted</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>SSL</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Posix</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>accounts</primary><secondary>manage</secondary> + </indexterm> +The LDAP Account Manager (LAM) is an application suite that has been written in PHP. +LAM can be used with any Web server that has PHP4 support. It connects to the LDAP +server either using unencrypted connections or via SSL. LAM can be used to manage +Posix accounts as well as SambaSAMAccounts for users, groups, and Windows machines +(hosts). +</para> + +<para> +LAM is available from the <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/lam/">LAM</ulink> +home page and from its mirror sites. LAM has been released under the GNU GPL version 2. +The current version of LAM is 0.4.3. Release of version 0.5 is expected some time early +in 2004. +</para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>PHP4</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>OpenLDAP</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Perl</primary> + </indexterm> +Requirements: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>A web server that will work with PHP4.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>PHP4 (available from the <ulink url="http://www.php.net/"> + PHP</ulink> home page.)</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>OpenLDAP 2.0 or later.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>A Web browser that supports CSS.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Perl.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>The gettext package.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>mcrypt + mhash (optional since version 0.4.3).</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>It is also a good idea to install SSL support.</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +LAM is a useful tool that provides a simple Web-based device that can be used to + manage the contents of the LDAP directory to:<indexterm> + <primary>organizational units</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>operating profiles</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>account policies</primary> + </indexterm> +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Display user/group/host and Domain entries.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Manages entries (Add/Delete/Edit).</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Filter and sort entries.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Set LAM administrator accounts.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Store and use multiple operating profiles.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Edit organizational units (OUs).</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Upload accounts from a file.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para></para>Is compatible with Samba-2.2.x and Samba-3.</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +When correctly configured, LAM allows convenient management of UNIX (Posix) and Samba +user, group, and windows domain member machine accounts. +</para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>default password</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>secure connections</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>SSL</primary> + </indexterm> +The default password is <quote>lam.</quote> It is highly recommended that you use only +an SSL connection to your Web server for all remote operations involving LAM. If you +want secure connections, you must configure your Apache Web server to permit connections +to LAM using only SSL. +</para> + +<procedure id="ch6-laminst"> + <step><para> + Extract the LAM package with: +<screen> +&rootprompt; tar xzf ldap-account-manager_0.4.3.tar.gz +</screen> +Alternately, install the LAM RPM for your system using the following example for +example: +<screen> +&rootprompt; rpm -Uvh ldap-account-manager-0.4.3-1.noarch.rpm +</screen> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Copy the extracted files to the document root directory of your Web server. + For example, on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 8, copy to the + <filename>/srv/web/htdocs</filename> directory. + </para></step> + + <step><para><indexterm> + <primary>file permissions</primary> + </indexterm> + Set file permissions using the following commands: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chown -R wwwrun.www /srv/www/htdocs/lam +&rootprompt; chmod 755 /srv/www/htdocs/lam/sess +&rootprompt; chmod 755 /srv/www/htdocs/lam/tmp +&rootprompt; chmod 755 /srv/www/htdocs/lam/config +&rootprompt; chmod 755 /srv/www/htdocs/lam/lib/*pl +</screen> + </para></step> + + <step><para><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + <secondary>configuration file</secondary> + </indexterm> + Using your favorite editor create the following <filename>config.cfg</filename> + LAM configuration file: +<screen> +&rootprompt; cd /srv/www/htdocs/lam/config +&rootprompt; cp config.cfg_sample config.cfg +&rootprompt; vi config.cfg + </screen><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + <secondary>profile</secondary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + <secondary>wizard</secondary> + </indexterm> + An example file is shown in <link linkend="lamcfg"/>. + This is the minimum configuration that must be completed. The LAM profile + file can be created using a convenient wizard that is part of the LAM + configuration suite. + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Start your Web server then, using your Web browser, connect to + <ulink url="http://localhost/lam">LAM</ulink> URL. Click on the + the <parameter>Configuration Login</parameter> link then click on the + Configuration Wizard link to begin creation of the default profile so that + LAM can connect to your LDAP server. Alternately, copy the + <filename>lam.conf_sample</filename> file to a file called + <filename>lam.conf</filename> then, using your favorite editor, + change the settings to match local site needs. + </para></step> +</procedure> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>pitfalls</primary> + </indexterm> + An example of a working file is shown here in <link linkend="lamconf"/>. + This file has been stripped of comments to keep the size small. The comments + and help information provided in the profile file that the wizard creates + is very useful and will help many administrators to avoid pitfalls. + Your configuration file obviously reflects the configuration options that + are preferred at your site. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + <secondary>login screen</secondary> + </indexterm> + It is important that your LDAP server is running at the time that LAM is + being configured. This permits you to validate correct operation. + An example of the LAM login screen is provided in <link linkend="lam-login"/>. + </para> + + <image id="lam-login"> + <description>The LDAP Account Manager Login Screen</description> + <imagefile scale="50">lam-login.png</imagefile> + </image> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + <secondary>configuration editor</secondary> + </indexterm> + The LAM configuration editor has a number of options that must be managed correctly. + An example of use of the LAM configuration editor is shown in <link linkend="lam-config"/>. + It is important that you correctly set the minimum and maximum UID/GID values that are + permitted for use at your site. The default values may not be compatible with a need to + modify initial default account values for well-known Windows network users and groups. + The best work-around is to temporarily set the minimum values to zero (0) to permit + the initial settings to be made. Do not forget to reset these to sensible values before + using LAM to add additional users and groups. + </para> + + <image id="lam-config"> + <description>The LDAP Account Manager Configuration Screen</description> + <imagefile scale="50">lam-config.png</imagefile> + </image> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>PDF</primary> + </indexterm> + LAM has some nice, but unusual features. For example, one unexpected feature in most application + screens permits the generation of a PDF file that lists configuration information. This is a well + thought out facility. This option has been edited out of the following screen shots to conserve + space. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>LAM</primary> + <secondary>opening screen</secondary> + </indexterm> + When you log onto LAM the opening screen drops you right into the user manager as shown in + <link linkend="lam-user"/>. This is a logical action as it permits the most-needed facility + to be used immediately. The editing of an existing user, as with the addition of a new user, + is easy to follow and very clear in both layout and intent. It is a simple matter to edit + generic settings, UNIX specific parameters, and then Samba account requirements. Each step + involves clicking a button that intuitively drives you through the process. When you have + finished editing simply press the <guimenu>Final</guimenu> button. + </para> + + <image id="lam-user"> + <description>The LDAP Account Manager User Edit Screen</description> + <imagefile scale="50">lam-users.png</imagefile> + </image> + + <para> + The edit screen for groups is shown in <link linkend="lam-group"/>. As with the edit screen + for user accounts, group accounts may be rapidly dealt with. <link linkend="lam-group-mem"/> + shown a sub-screen from the group editor that permits users to be assigned secondary group + memberships. + </para> + + <image id="lam-group"> + <description>The LDAP Account Manager Group Edit Screen</description> + <imagefile scale="50">lam-groups.png</imagefile> + </image> + + <image id="lam-group-mem"> + <description>The LDAP Account Manager Group Membership Edit Screen</description> + <imagefile scale="50">lam-group-members.png</imagefile> + </image> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>smbldap-tools</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>scripts</primary> + </indexterm> + The final screen presented here is one that you should not normally need to use. Host accounts will + be automatically managed using the smbldap-tools scripts. This means that the screen <link linkend="lam-host"/> + will, in most cases, not be used. + </para> + + <image id="lam-host"> + <description>The LDAP Account Manager Host Edit Screen</description> + <imagefile scale="50">lam-hosts.png</imagefile> + </image> + + <para> + One aspect of LAM that may annoy some users is the way it forces certain conventions on + the administrator. For example, LAM does not permit the creation of Windows user and group + accounts that contain upper-case characters or spaces even though the underlying UNIX/Linux + operating system may exhibit no problems with them. Given the propensity for using upper-case + characters and spaces (particularly in the default Windows account names) this may cause + some annoyance. For the rest, LAM is a very useful administrative tool. + </para> + +<example id="lamcfg"> +<title>Example LAM Configuration File &smbmdash; <filename>config.cfg</filename></title> +<screen> +# password to add/delete/rename configuration profiles +password: not24get + +# default profile, without ".conf" +default: lam +</screen> +</example> + +<example id="lamconf"> +<title>LAM Profile Control File &smbmdash; <filename>lam.conf</filename></title> +<screen> +ServerURL: ldap://massive.abmas.org:389 +Admins: cn=Manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz +Passwd: not24get +usersuffix: ou=People,dc=abmas,dc=biz +groupsuffix: ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz +hostsuffix: ou=Computers,dc=abmas,dc=biz +domainsuffix: ou=Domains,dc=abmas,dc=biz +MinUID: 0 +MaxUID: 65535 +MinGID: 0 +MaxGID: 65535 +MinMachine: 20000 +MaxMachine: 25000 +userlistAttributes: #uid;#givenName;#sn;#uidNumber;#gidNumber +grouplistAttributes: #cn;#gidNumber;#memberUID;#description +hostlistAttributes: #cn;#description;#uidNumber;#gidNumber +maxlistentries: 30 +defaultLanguage: en_GB:ISO-8859-1:English (Britain) +scriptPath: +scriptServer: +samba3: yes +cachetimeout: 5 +pwdhash: SSHA +</screen> +</example> + +</sect1> + +<sect1 id="ch12-SUIDSGID"> + <title>Effect of Setting File and Directory SUID/SGID Permissions Explained</title> + + <indexterm><primary>SUID</primary></indexterm> + <indexterm><primary>SGID</primary></indexterm> + <para> + The setting of the SUID/SGID bits on the file or directory permissions flag has particular + consequences. If the file is executable and the SUID bit is set, it executes with the privilege + of (with the UID of) the owner of the file. For example, if you are logged onto a system as + a normal user (let's say as the user <constant>bobj</constant>), and you execute a file that is owned + by the user <constant>root</constant> (uid = 0), and the file has the SUID bit set, then the file is + executed as if you had logged in as the user <constant>root</constant> and then executed the file. + The SUID bit effectively gives you (as <constant>bobj</constant>) administrative privilege for the + use of that executable file. + </para> + + <para> + The setting of the SGID bit does precisely the same as the effect of the SUID bit, except that it + applies the privilege to the UNIX group setting. In other words, the file executes with the force + of capability of the group. + </para> + + <para> + When the SUID/SGID permissions are set on a directory, all files that are created within that directory + is automatically given the ownership of the SUID user and the SGID group, as per the ownership + of the directory in which the file is created. This means that the system level <command>create()</command> + function executes with the SUID user and/or SGID group of the directory in which the file is + created. + </para> + + <para> + If you want to obtain the SUID behavior, simply execute the following command: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chmod u+s file-or-directory +</screen> + To set the SGID properties on a file or a directory, execute this command: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chmod g+s file-or-directory +</screen> + And to set both SUID and SGID properties, execute the following: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chmod ug+s file-or-directory +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Let's consider the example of a directory <filename>/data/accounts</filename>. The permissions on this + directory before setting both SUID and SGID on this directory are: +<screen> +&rootprompt; ls -al /data/accounts +total 1 +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 232 Dec 18 17:08 . +drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 600 Dec 17 23:15 .. +drwxrwxrwx 2 bobj Domain Users 48 Dec 18 17:08 accounts/ +drwx------ 2 root root 48 Jan 26 2002 lost+found +</screen> + In this example, if the user <constant>maryv</constant> creates a file, it would be owned by her. + If <constant>maryv</constant> has the primary group of <constant>Accounts</constant>, the file is + owned by the group <constant>Accounts</constant> as shown in this listing: +<screen> +&rootprompt; ls -al /data/accounts/maryvfile.txt +drw-rw-r-- 2 maryv Accounts 12346 Dec 18 17:53 +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Now you set the SUID and SGID and check the result as follows: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chmod ug+s /data/accounts +&rootprompt; ls -al /data/accounts +total 1 +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 232 Dec 18 17:08 . +drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 600 Dec 17 23:15 .. +drwsrwsr-x 2 bobj Domain Users 48 Dec 18 17:08 accounts +drwx------ 2 root root 48 Jan 26 2002 lost+found +</screen> + If <constant>maryv</constant> creates a file in this directory after this change has been made, the + file is owned by the user <constant>bobj</constant>, and the group is set to the group + <constant>Domain Users</constant> as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chmod ug+s /data/accounts +&rootprompt; ls -al /data/accounts/maryvfile.txt +total 1 +drw-rw-r-- 2 bobj Domain Users 12346 Dec 18 18:11 maryvfile.txt +</screen> + </para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1 id="ch12dblck"> + <title>Shared Data Integrity</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>data integrity</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>multi-user</primary> + <secondary>data access</secondary> + </indexterm> + The integrity of shared data is often viewed as a particularly emotional issue, especially where + there are concurrent problems with multi-user data access. Contrary to the assertions of some who have + experienced problems in either area, the cause has nothing to do with the phases of the moons of Jupiter. + </para> + + <para> + The solution to concurrent multi-user data access problems must consider three separate areas + from which the problem may stem:<indexterm> + <primary>locking</primary> + <secondary>Application level</secondary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>locking</primary> + <secondary>Client side</secondary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>locking</primary> + <secondary>Server side</secondary> + </indexterm> + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>application level locking controls.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>client side locking controls.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>server side locking controls.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>database applications</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Microsoft Access</primary> + </indexterm> + Many database applications use some form of application-level access control. An example of one + well-known application that uses application-level locking is Microsoft Access. Detailed guidance + is provided given that this is the most common application for which problems have been reported. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>Microsoft Excel</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Act!</primary> + </indexterm> + Common applications that are affected by client- and server-side locking controls include MS + Excel and Act!. Important locking guidance is provided here. + </para> + + + <sect2> + <title>Microsoft Access</title> + + <para> + The best advice that can be given is to carefully read the Microsoft knowledge base articles that + cover this area. Examples of relevant documents includes: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;208778</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;299373</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>multi-user</primary> + <secondary>access</secondary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>exclusive open</primary> + </indexterm> + Make sure that your MS Access database file is configured for multi-user access (not set for + exclusive open). Open MS Access on each client workstation then set the following: <menuchoice> + <guimenu>(Menu bar) Tools</guimenu><guimenu>Options</guimenu><guimenu>[tab] General</guimenu> + </menuchoice>. Set network path to Default database folder: <filename>\\server\share\folder</filename>. + </para> + + <para> + You can configure MS Access file sharing behavior as follows: click <guimenu>[tab] Advanced</guimenu>. + Set:<indexterm> + <primary>record locking</primary> + </indexterm> + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Default open mode: Shared</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Default Record Locking: Edited Record</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Open databases using record_level locking</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>MS Access</primary> + <secondary>validate</secondary> + </indexterm> + You must now commit the changes so that they will take effect. To do so, click + <guimenu>Apply</guimenu><guimenu>Ok</guimenu>. At this point, you should exit MS Access, restart + it and then validate that these settings have not changed. + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Act! Database Sharing</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>ACT! database</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>data corruption</primary> + </indexterm> + Where the server sharing the ACT! database(s) is running Samba, Windows NT, 200x or XP, you + must disable opportunistic locking on the server and all workstations. Failure to do so + results in data corruption. This information is available from the Act! Web site + knowledge-base articles + <ulink url="http://itdomino.saleslogix.com/act.nsf/docid/1998223162925">1998223162925</ulink> + as well as from article + <ulink url="http://itdomino.saleslogix.com/act.nsf/docid/200110485036">200110485036</ulink>. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>opportunistic locking</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>Act!Diag</primary> + </indexterm> + These documents clearly state that opportunistic locking must be disabled on both + the server (Samba in the case we are interested in here), as well as on every workstation + from which the centrally shared Act! database will be accessed. Act! provides + a tool called <command>Act!Diag</command> that may be used to disable all workstation + registry settings that may otherwise interfere with the operation of Act! + Registered Act! users may download this utility from the Act! Web + <ulink url="http://www.act.com/support/updates/index.cfm">site.</ulink> + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Opportunistic Locking Controls</title> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>file cacheing</primary> + </indexterm> + Third-party Windows applications may not be compatible with the use of opportunistic file + and record locking. For applications that are known not to be compatible,<footnote>Refer to + the application manufacturers' installation guidelines and knowledge base for specific + information regarding compatibility. It is often safe to assume that if the software + manufacturer does not specifically mention incompatibilities with opportunistic file + and record locking, or with Windows client file cacheing, the application is probably + compatible with Windows (as well as Samba) default settings.</footnote> oplock + support may need to be disabled both on the Samba server and on the Windows workstations. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>cache</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>write lock</primary> + </indexterm><indexterm> + <primary>flush</primary> + <secondary>cache memory</secondary> + </indexterm> + Oplocks enable a Windows client to cache parts of a file that are being + edited. Another windows client may then request to open the file with the + ability to write to it. The server will then ask the original workstation + that had the file open with a write lock to release it's lock. Before + doing so, that workstation must flush the file from cache memory to the + disk or network drive. + </para> + + <para><indexterm> + <primary>Oplocks</primary> + <secondary>disabled</secondary> + </indexterm> + Disabling of Oplocks usage may require server and client changes. + Oplocks may be disabled by file, by file pattern, on the share, or on the + samba server. + </para> + + <para> + The following are examples showing how Oplock support may be managed using + Samba &smb.conf; file settings: +<screen> +By file: veto oplock files = myfile.mdb + +By Pattern: veto oplock files = /*.mdb/ + +On the Share: oplocks = No + level2 oplocks = No + +On the server: +(in [global]) oplocks = No + level2 oplocks = No +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The following registry entries on Microsoft Windows XP Professional, 2000 Professional and Windows NT4 + workstation clients must be configured as shown here: +<screen> +REGEDIT4 + +[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ + Services\LanmanServer\Parameters] + "EnableOplocks"=dword:00000000 + +[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ + Services\LanmanWorkstation\Parameters] + "UseOpportunisticLocking"=dword:00000000 +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Comprehensive coverage of file and record locking controls is provided in TOSHARG Chapter 13. + The information provided in that chapter was obtained from a wide variety of sources. + </para> + + </sect2> + +</sect1> + +</appendix> + |