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diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml deleted file mode 100644 index 9f0de0a56a..0000000000 --- a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,545 +0,0 @@ -<chapter id="integrate-ms-networks"> - -<chapterinfo> - &author.jht; - <pubdate> (Jan 01 2001) </pubdate> -</chapterinfo> - -<title>Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</title> - -<para> -This section deals with NetBIOS over TCP/IP name to IP address resolution. If -your MS Windows clients are NOT configured to use NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this -section does not apply to your installation. If your installation involves use of -NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this section may help you to resolve networking problems. -</para> - -<note> -<para> - NetBIOS over TCP/IP has nothing to do with NetBEUI. NetBEUI is NetBIOS - over Logical Link Control (LLC). On modern networks it is highly advised - to NOT run NetBEUI at all. Note also that there is NO such thing as - NetBEUI over TCP/IP - the existence of such a protocol is a complete - and utter mis-apprehension. -</para> -</note> - -<para> -Since the introduction of MS Windows 2000 it is possible to run MS Windows networking -without the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP. NetBIOS over TCP/IP uses UDP port 137 for NetBIOS -name resolution and uses TCP port 139 for NetBIOS session services. When NetBIOS over -TCP/IP is disabled on MS Windows 2000 and later clients then only TCP port 445 will be -used and UDP port 137 and TCP port 139 will not. -</para> - -<note> -<para> -When using Windows 2000 or later clients, if NetBIOS over TCP/IP is NOT disabled, then -the client will use UDP port 137 (NetBIOS Name Service, also known as the Windows Internet -Name Service or WINS), TCP port 139 AND TCP port 445 (for actual file and print traffic). -</para> -</note> - -<para> -When NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled the use of DNS is essential. Most installations that -disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP today use MS Active Directory Service (ADS). ADS requires -Dynamic DNS with Service Resource Records (SRV RR) and with Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR). -Use of DHCP with ADS is recommended as a further means of maintaining central control -over client workstation network configuration. -</para> - - -<sect1> -<title>Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</title> - -<para> -The key configuration files covered in this section are: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></para></listitem> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></para></listitem> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/host.conf</filename></para></listitem> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename></para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<sect2> -<title><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></title> - -<para> -Contains a static list of IP Addresses and names. -eg: -</para> -<para><programlisting> - 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain - 192.168.1.1 bigbox.caldera.com bigbox alias4box -</programlisting></para> - -<para> -The purpose of <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is to provide a -name resolution mechanism so that uses do not need to remember -IP addresses. -</para> - - -<para> -Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport -layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media -Access Control address, or MAC address. IP Addresses are currently -32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal -numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1 -</para> - -<para> -MAC Addresses use 48 bits (or 6 bytes) and are typically represented -as two digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. eg: -40:8e:0a:12:34:56 -</para> - -<para> -Every network interfrace must have an MAC address. Associated with -a MAC address there may be one or more IP addresses. There is NO -relationship between an IP address and a MAC address, all such assignments -are arbitary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all -network communications takes place using MAC addressing. Since MAC -addresses must be globally unique, and generally remains fixed for -any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense -from a network management perspective. More than one IP address can -be assigned per MAC address. One address must be the primary IP address, -this is the address that will be returned in the ARP reply. -</para> - -<para> -When a user or a process wants to communicate with another machine -the protocol implementation ensures that the "machine name" or "host -name" is resolved to an IP address in a manner that is controlled -by the TCP/IP configuration control files. The file -<filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is one such file. -</para> - -<para> -When the IP address of the destination interface has been -determined a protocol called ARP/RARP is used to identify -the MAC address of the target interface. ARP stands for Address -Resolution Protocol, and is a broadcast oriented method that -uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) to send a request to all -interfaces on the local network segment using the all 1's MAC -address. Network interfaces are programmed to respond to two -MAC addresses only; their own unique address and the address -ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. The reply packet from an ARP request will -contain the MAC address and the primary IP address for each -interface. -</para> - -<para> -The <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file is foundational to all -Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minumum will contain -the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the -primary names by which they are known within the local machine. -This file helps to prime the pump so that a basic level of name -resolution can exist before any other method of name resolution -becomes available. -</para> - -</sect2> - - -<sect2> -<title><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></title> - -<para> -This file tells the name resolution libraries: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>The name of the domain to which the machine - belongs - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The name(s) of any domains that should be - automatically searched when trying to resolve unqualified - host names to their IP address - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The name or IP address of available Domain - Name Servers that may be asked to perform name to address - translation lookups - </para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -</sect2> - - -<sect2> -<title><filename>/etc/host.conf</filename></title> - - -<para> -<filename>/etc/host.conf</filename> is the primary means by -which the setting in /etc/resolv.conf may be affected. It is a -critical configuration file. This file controls the order by -which name resolution may procede. The typical structure is: -</para> - -<para><programlisting> - order hosts,bind - multi on -</programlisting></para> - -<para> -then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the -man page for host.conf for further details. -</para> - - -</sect2> - - - -<sect2> -<title><filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename></title> - -<para> -This file controls the actual name resolution targets. The -file typically has resolver object specifications as follows: -</para> - - -<para><programlisting> - # /etc/nsswitch.conf - # - # Name Service Switch configuration file. - # - - passwd: compat - # Alternative entries for password authentication are: - # passwd: compat files nis ldap winbind - shadow: compat - group: compat - - hosts: files nis dns - # Alternative entries for host name resolution are: - # hosts: files dns nis nis+ hesoid db compat ldap wins - networks: nis files dns - - ethers: nis files - protocols: nis files - rpc: nis files - services: nis files -</programlisting></para> - -<para> -Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate -facilities and/or services are correctly configured. -</para> - -<para> -It should be noted that unless a network request/message must be -sent, TCP/IP networks are silent. All TCP/IP communications assumes a -principal of speaking only when necessary. -</para> - -<para> -Starting with version 2.2.0 samba has Linux support for extensions to -the name service switch infrastructure so that linux clients will -be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP -Addresses. To gain this functionality Samba needs to be compiled -with appropriate arguments to the make command (ie: <command>make -nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</command>). The resulting library should -then be installed in the <filename>/lib</filename> directory and -the "wins" parameter needs to be added to the "hosts:" line in -the <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file. At this point it -will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by it's NetBIOS -machine name, so long as that machine is within the workgroup to -which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong. -</para> - -</sect2> -</sect1> - - -<sect1> -<title>Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</title> - -<para> -MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine -is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as -the "computer name", "machine name", "networking name", "netbios name", -"SMB name". All terms mean the same thing with the exception of -"netbios name" which can apply also to the name of the workgroup or the -domain name. The terms "workgroup" and "domain" are really just a -simply name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names -are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16th character is reserved. -It is used to store a one byte value that indicates service level -information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine -name is therefore registered for each service type that is provided by -the client/server. -</para> - -<para> -The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations: -</para> - -<para><programlisting> - Unique NetBIOS Names: - MACHINENAME<00> = Server Service is running on MACHINENAME - MACHINENAME<03> = Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name) - MACHINENAME<20> = LanMan Server service is running on MACHINENAME - WORKGROUP<1b> = Domain Master Browser - - Group Names: - WORKGROUP<03> = Generic Name registered by all members of WORKGROUP - WORKGROUP<1c> = Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers - WORKGROUP<1d> = Local Master Browsers - WORKGROUP<1e> = Internet Name Resolvers -</programlisting></para> - -<para> -It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own -names as per the above. This is in vast contrast to TCP/IP -installations where traditionally the system administrator will -determine in the /etc/hosts or in the DNS database what names -are associated with each IP address. -</para> - -<para> -One further point of clarification should be noted, the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> -file and the DNS records do not provide the NetBIOS name type information -that MS Windows clients depend on to locate the type of service that may -be needed. An example of this is what happens when an MS Windows client -wants to locate a domain logon server. It finds this service and the IP -address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a -NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have -registered the name type *<1c>. A logon request is then sent to each -IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. Which -ever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services. -</para> - -<para> -The name "workgroup" or "domain" really can be confusing since these -have the added significance of indicating what is the security -architecture of the MS Windows network. The term "workgroup" indicates -that the primary nature of the network environment is that of a -peer-to-peer design. In a WORKGROUP all machines are responsible for -their own security, and generally such security is limited to use of -just a password (known as SHARE MODE security). In most situations -with peer-to-peer networking the users who control their own machines -will simply opt to have no security at all. It is possible to have -USER MODE security in a WORKGROUP environment, thus requiring use -of a user name and a matching password. -</para> - -<para> -MS Windows networking is thus predetermined to use machine names -for all local and remote machine message passing. The protocol used is -called Server Message Block (SMB) and this is implemented using -the NetBIOS protocol (Network Basic Input Output System). NetBIOS can -be encapsulated using LLC (Logical Link Control) protocol - in which case -the resulting protocol is called NetBEUI (Network Basic Extended User -Interface). NetBIOS can also be run over IPX (Internetworking Packet -Exchange) protocol as used by Novell NetWare, and it can be run -over TCP/IP protocols - in which case the resulting protocol is called -NBT or NetBT, the NetBIOS over TCP/IP. -</para> - -<para> -MS Windows machines use a complex array of name resolution mechanisms. -Since we are primarily concerned with TCP/IP this demonstration is -limited to this area. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>The NetBIOS Name Cache</title> - -<para> -All MS Windows machines employ an in memory buffer in which is -stored the NetBIOS names and IP addresses for all external -machines that that machine has communicated with over the -past 10-15 minutes. It is more efficient to obtain an IP address -for a machine from the local cache than it is to go through all the -configured name resolution mechanisms. -</para> - -<para> -If a machine whose name is in the local name cache has been shut -down before the name had been expired and flushed from the cache, then -an attempt to exchange a message with that machine will be subject -to time-out delays. i.e.: Its name is in the cache, so a name resolution -lookup will succeed, but the machine can not respond. This can be -frustrating for users - but it is a characteristic of the protocol. -</para> - -<para> -The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS -name cache is called "nbtstat". The Samba equivalent of this -is called "nmblookup". -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>The LMHOSTS file</title> - -<para> -This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or -2000 in <filename>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</filename> and contains -the IP Address and the machine name in matched pairs. The -<filename>LMHOSTS</filename> file performs NetBIOS name -to IP address mapping. -</para> - -<para> -It typically looks like: -</para> - -<para><programlisting> - # Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp. - # - # This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS - # over TCP/IP) stack for Windows98 - # - # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames - # (NetBIOS) names. Each entry should be kept on an individual line. - # The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the - # corresponding computername. The address and the comptername - # should be separated by at least one space or tab. The "#" character - # is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions - # below). - # - # This file is compatible with Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x TCP/IP lmhosts - # files and offers the following extensions: - # - # #PRE - # #DOM:<domain> - # #INCLUDE <filename> - # #BEGIN_ALTERNATE - # #END_ALTERNATE - # \0xnn (non-printing character support) - # - # Following any entry in the file with the characters "#PRE" will cause - # the entry to be preloaded into the name cache. By default, entries are - # not preloaded, but are parsed only after dynamic name resolution fails. - # - # Following an entry with the "#DOM:<domain>" tag will associate the - # entry with the domain specified by <domain>. This affects how the - # browser and logon services behave in TCP/IP environments. To preload - # the host name associated with #DOM entry, it is necessary to also add a - # #PRE to the line. The <domain> is always preloaded although it will not - # be shown when the name cache is viewed. - # - # Specifying "#INCLUDE <filename>" will force the RFC NetBIOS (NBT) - # software to seek the specified <filename> and parse it as if it were - # local. <filename> is generally a UNC-based name, allowing a - # centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server. - # It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the - # server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive. - # In addtion the share "public" in the example below must be in the - # LanManServer list of "NullSessionShares" in order for client machines to - # be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under - # \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\parameters\nullsessionshares - # in the registry. Simply add "public" to the list found there. - # - # The #BEGIN_ and #END_ALTERNATE keywords allow multiple #INCLUDE - # statements to be grouped together. Any single successful include - # will cause the group to succeed. - # - # Finally, non-printing characters can be embedded in mappings by - # first surrounding the NetBIOS name in quotations, then using the - # \0xnn notation to specify a hex value for a non-printing character. - # - # The following example illustrates all of these extensions: - # - # 102.54.94.97 rhino #PRE #DOM:networking #net group's DC - # 102.54.94.102 "appname \0x14" #special app server - # 102.54.94.123 popular #PRE #source server - # 102.54.94.117 localsrv #PRE #needed for the include - # - # #BEGIN_ALTERNATE - # #INCLUDE \\localsrv\public\lmhosts - # #INCLUDE \\rhino\public\lmhosts - # #END_ALTERNATE - # - # In the above example, the "appname" server contains a special - # character in its name, the "popular" and "localsrv" server names are - # preloaded, and the "rhino" server name is specified so it can be used - # to later #INCLUDE a centrally maintained lmhosts file if the "localsrv" - # system is unavailable. - # - # Note that the whole file is parsed including comments on each lookup, - # so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance. - # Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the - # end of this file. -</programlisting></para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>HOSTS file</title> - -<para> -This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 2000 in -<filename>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</filename> and contains -the IP Address and the IP hostname in matched pairs. It can be -used by the name resolution infrastructure in MS Windows, depending -on how the TCP/IP environment is configured. This file is in -every way the equivalent of the Unix/Linux <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. -</para> -</sect2> - - -<sect2> -<title>DNS Lookup</title> - -<para> -This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network -configuration facility. If enabled an elaborate name resolution sequence -is followed the precise nature of which is dependant on what the NetBIOS -Node Type parameter is configured to. A Node Type of 0 means use -NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is first used if the name -that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name -cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to -Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the -WINS Server to obtain a lookup before DNS, HOSTS, LMHOSTS, or broadcast -lookup is used. -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>WINS Lookup</title> - -<para> -A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivaent of the -rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores -the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client -if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address. -</para> - -<para> -To configure Samba to be a WINS server the following parameter needs -to be added to the &smb.conf; file: -</para> - -<para><programlisting> - wins support = Yes -</programlisting></para> - -<para> -To configure Samba to use a WINS server the following parameters are -needed in the &smb.conf; file: -</para> - -<para><programlisting> - wins support = No - wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -</programlisting></para> - -<para> -where <replaceable>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</replaceable> is the IP address -of the WINS server. -</para> - -</sect2> -</sect1> - -</chapter> |