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Diffstat (limited to 'docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.xml')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.xml | 205 |
1 files changed, 168 insertions, 37 deletions
diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.xml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.xml index 9f0de0a56a..8d07b8a3fd 100644 --- a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.xml +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.xml @@ -24,6 +24,26 @@ NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this section may help you to resolve networking problem </para> </note> +<sect1> +<title>Features and Benefits</title> + +<para> +Many MS Windows network administrators have never been exposed to basic TCP/IP +networking as it is implemented in a Unix/Linux operating system. Likewise, many Unix and +Linux administrators have not been exposed to the intricacies of MS Windows TCP/IP based +networking (and may have no desire to be either). +</para> + +<para> +This chapter gives a short introduction to the basics of how a name can be resolved to +it's IP address for each operating system environment. +</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>Background Information</title> + <para> Since the introduction of MS Windows 2000 it is possible to run MS Windows networking without the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP. NetBIOS over TCP/IP uses UDP port 137 for NetBIOS @@ -48,6 +68,7 @@ Use of DHCP with ADS is recommended as a further means of maintaining central co over client workstation network configuration. </para> +</sect1> <sect1> <title>Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</title> @@ -67,13 +88,13 @@ The key configuration files covered in this section are: <title><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></title> <para> -Contains a static list of IP Addresses and names. +Contains a static list of IP addresses and names. eg: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain 192.168.1.1 bigbox.caldera.com bigbox alias4box -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> <para> The purpose of <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is to provide a @@ -85,9 +106,9 @@ IP addresses. <para> Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media -Access Control address, or MAC address. IP Addresses are currently +Access Control address, or MAC address. IP addresses are currently 32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal -numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1 +numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1. </para> <para> @@ -97,10 +118,10 @@ as two digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. eg: </para> <para> -Every network interfrace must have an MAC address. Associated with +Every network interface must have an MAC address. Associated with a MAC address there may be one or more IP addresses. There is NO relationship between an IP address and a MAC address, all such assignments -are arbitary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all +are arbitrary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all network communications takes place using MAC addressing. Since MAC addresses must be globally unique, and generally remains fixed for any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense @@ -133,7 +154,7 @@ interface. <para> The <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file is foundational to all -Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minumum will contain +Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minimum will contain the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the primary names by which they are known within the local machine. This file helps to prime the pump so that a basic level of name @@ -178,13 +199,13 @@ This file tells the name resolution libraries: <filename>/etc/host.conf</filename> is the primary means by which the setting in /etc/resolv.conf may be affected. It is a critical configuration file. This file controls the order by -which name resolution may procede. The typical structure is: +which name resolution may proceed. The typical structure is: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> order hosts,bind multi on -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> <para> then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the @@ -205,7 +226,7 @@ file typically has resolver object specifications as follows: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> # /etc/nsswitch.conf # # Name Service Switch configuration file. @@ -219,14 +240,14 @@ file typically has resolver object specifications as follows: hosts: files nis dns # Alternative entries for host name resolution are: - # hosts: files dns nis nis+ hesoid db compat ldap wins + # hosts: files dns nis nis+ hesiod db compat ldap wins networks: nis files dns ethers: nis files protocols: nis files rpc: nis files services: nis files -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> <para> Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate @@ -244,12 +265,12 @@ Starting with version 2.2.0 samba has Linux support for extensions to the name service switch infrastructure so that linux clients will be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP Addresses. To gain this functionality Samba needs to be compiled -with appropriate arguments to the make command (ie: <command>make -nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</command>). The resulting library should +with appropriate arguments to the make command (i.e.: <userinput>make +nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</userinput>). The resulting library should then be installed in the <filename>/lib</filename> directory and the "wins" parameter needs to be added to the "hosts:" line in the <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file. At this point it -will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by it's NetBIOS +will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by its NetBIOS machine name, so long as that machine is within the workgroup to which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong. </para> @@ -265,10 +286,10 @@ which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong. MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as the "computer name", "machine name", "networking name", "netbios name", -"SMB name". All terms mean the same thing with the exception of +or "SMB name". All terms mean the same thing with the exception of "netbios name" which can apply also to the name of the workgroup or the domain name. The terms "workgroup" and "domain" are really just a -simply name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names +simple name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16th character is reserved. It is used to store a one byte value that indicates service level information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine @@ -280,7 +301,7 @@ the client/server. The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> Unique NetBIOS Names: MACHINENAME<00> = Server Service is running on MACHINENAME MACHINENAME<03> = Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name) @@ -292,7 +313,7 @@ The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations: WORKGROUP<1c> = Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers WORKGROUP<1d> = Local Master Browsers WORKGROUP<1e> = Internet Name Resolvers -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> <para> It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own @@ -311,8 +332,8 @@ wants to locate a domain logon server. It finds this service and the IP address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have registered the name type *<1c>. A logon request is then sent to each -IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. Which -ever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services. +IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. +Whichever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services. </para> <para> @@ -372,7 +393,7 @@ frustrating for users - but it is a characteristic of the protocol. <para> The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS name cache is called "nbtstat". The Samba equivalent of this -is called "nmblookup". +is called <command>nmblookup</command>. </para> </sect2> @@ -392,7 +413,7 @@ to IP address mapping. It typically looks like: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> # Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp. # # This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS @@ -401,7 +422,7 @@ It typically looks like: # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames # (NetBIOS) names. Each entry should be kept on an individual line. # The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the - # corresponding computername. The address and the comptername + # corresponding computername. The address and the computername # should be separated by at least one space or tab. The "#" character # is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions # below). @@ -433,7 +454,7 @@ It typically looks like: # centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server. # It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the # server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive. - # In addtion the share "public" in the example below must be in the + # In addition the share "public" in the example below must be in the # LanManServer list of "NullSessionShares" in order for client machines to # be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under # \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\parameters\nullsessionshares @@ -469,7 +490,7 @@ It typically looks like: # so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance. # Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the # end of this file. -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> </sect2> @@ -492,10 +513,10 @@ every way the equivalent of the Unix/Linux <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. <para> This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network -configuration facility. If enabled an elaborate name resolution sequence -is followed the precise nature of which is dependant on what the NetBIOS -Node Type parameter is configured to. A Node Type of 0 means use -NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is first used if the name +configuration facility. If enabled, an elaborate name resolution sequence +is followed the precise nature of which is dependant on how the NetBIOS +Node Type parameter is configured. A Node Type of 0 means that +NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is used if the name that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the @@ -509,7 +530,7 @@ lookup is used. <title>WINS Lookup</title> <para> -A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivaent of the +A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivalent of the rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address. @@ -520,19 +541,19 @@ To configure Samba to be a WINS server the following parameter needs to be added to the &smb.conf; file: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> wins support = Yes -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> <para> To configure Samba to use a WINS server the following parameters are needed in the &smb.conf; file: </para> -<para><programlisting> +<para><screen> wins support = No wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -</programlisting></para> +</screen></para> <para> where <replaceable>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</replaceable> is the IP address @@ -542,4 +563,114 @@ of the WINS server. </sect2> </sect1> +<sect1> +<title>Common Errors</title> + +<para> +TCP/IP network configuration problems find every network administrator sooner or later. +The cause can be anything from keyboard mishaps, forgetfulness, simple mistakes, and +carelessness. Of course, no one is every deliberately careless! +</para> + + <sect2> + <title>My Boomerang Won't Come Back</title> + + <para> + Well, the real complaint said, "I can ping my samba server from Windows, but I can + not ping my Windows machine from the samba server." + </para> + + <para> + The Windows machine was at IP Address 192.168.1.2 with netmask 255.255.255.0, the + Samba server (Linux) was at IP Address 192.168.1.130 with netmask 255.255.255.128. + The machines were on a local network with no external connections. + </para> + + <para> + Due to inconsistent netmasks, the Windows machine was on network 192.168.1.0/24, while + the Samba server was on network 192.168.1.128/25 - logically a different network. + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Very Slow Network Connections</title> + + <para> + A common causes of slow network response includes: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Client is configured to use DNS and DNS server is down</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Client is configured to use remote DNS server, but remote connection is down</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Client is configured to use a WINS server, but there is no WINS server</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Client is NOT configured to use a WINS server, but there is a WINS server</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Firewall is filtering our DNS or WINS traffic</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Samba server name change problem</title> + + <para> + The name of the samba server was changed, samba was restarted, samba server can not be + pinged by new name from MS Windows NT4 Workstation, but it does still respond to ping using + the old name. Why? + </para> + + <para> + From this description three (3) things are rather obvious: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>WINS is NOT in use, only broadcast based name resolution is used</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>The samba server was renamed and restarted within the last 10-15 minutes</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>The old samba server name is still in the NetBIOS name cache on the MS Windows NT4 Workstation</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + To find what names are present in the NetBIOS name cache on the MS Windows NT4 machine, + open a cmd shell, then: + </para> + + <para> + <screen> + C:\temp\>nbtstat -n + + NetBIOS Local Name Table + + Name Type Status + ------------------------------------------------ + SLACK <03> UNIQUE Registered + ADMINISTRATOR <03> UNIQUE Registered + SLACK <00> UNIQUE Registered + SARDON <00> GROUP Registered + SLACK <20> UNIQUE Registered + SLACK <1F> UNIQUE Registered + + + C:\Temp\>nbtstat -c + + NetBIOS Remote Cache Name Table + + Name Type Host Address Life [sec] + -------------------------------------------------------------- + FRODO <20> UNIQUE 192.168.1.1 240 + + C:\Temp\> + </screen> + </para> + + <para> + In the above example, FRODO is the Samba server and SLACK is the MS Windows NT4 Workstation. + The first listing shows the contents of the Local Name Table (i.e.: Identity information on + the MS Windows workstation), the second shows the NetBIOS name in the NetBIOS name cache. + The name cache contains the remote machines known to this workstation. + </para> + + </sect2> + +</sect1> + </chapter> |