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Diffstat (limited to 'docs/docbook/projdoc')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/CVS-Access.sgml | 157 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/DOMAIN_MEMBER.sgml | 224 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/ENCRYPTION.sgml | 378 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml | 935 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/NT_Security.sgml | 358 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/OS2-Client-HOWTO.sgml | 142 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/PAM-Authentication-And-Samba.sgml | 215 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-BDC-HOWTO.sgml | 233 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.sgml | 594 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-PDC-HOWTO.sgml | 1828 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/UNIX_INSTALL.sgml | 451 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/msdfs_setup.sgml | 117 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/printer_driver2.sgml | 689 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/samba-doc.sgml | 77 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/docbook/projdoc/winbind.sgml | 919 |
15 files changed, 7317 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/CVS-Access.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/CVS-Access.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..98ef925f20 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/CVS-Access.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +<chapter id="cvs-access"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate> (22 May 2001) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>HOWTO Access Samba source code via CVS</title> + +<sect1> +<title>Introduction</title> + +<para> +Samba is developed in an open environment. Developers use CVS +(Concurrent Versioning System) to "checkin" (also known as +"commit") new source code. Samba's various CVS branches can +be accessed via anonymous CVS using the instructions +detailed in this chapter. +</para> + +<para> +This document is a modified version of the instructions found at +<ulink url="http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html">http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html</ulink> +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>CVS Access to samba.org</title> + +<para> +The machine samba.org runs a publicly accessible CVS +repository for access to the source code of several packages, +including samba, rsync and jitterbug. There are two main ways of +accessing the CVS server on this host. +</para> + +<sect2> +<title>Access via CVSweb</title> + +<para> +You can access the source code via your +favourite WWW browser. This allows you to access the contents of +individual files in the repository and also to look at the revision +history and commit logs of individual files. You can also ask for a diff +listing between any two versions on the repository. +</para> + +<para> +Use the URL : <ulink +url="http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb">http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb</ulink> +</para> +</sect2> + +<sect2> +<title>Access via cvs</title> + +<para> +You can also access the source code via a +normal cvs client. This gives you much more control over you can +do with the repository and allows you to checkout whole source trees +and keep them up to date via normal cvs commands. This is the +preferred method of access if you are a developer and not +just a casual browser. +</para> + +<para> +To download the latest cvs source code, point your +browser at the URL : <ulink url="http://www.cyclic.com/">http://www.cyclic.com/</ulink>. +and click on the 'How to get cvs' link. CVS is free software under +the GNU GPL (as is Samba). Note that there are several graphical CVS clients +which provide a graphical interface to the sometimes mundane CVS commands. +Links to theses clients are also available from http://www.cyclic.com. +</para> + +<para> +To gain access via anonymous cvs use the following steps. +For this example it is assumed that you want a copy of the +samba source code. For the other source code repositories +on this system just substitute the correct package name +</para> + +<orderedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + Install a recent copy of cvs. All you really need is a + copy of the cvs client binary. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + Run the command + </para> + + <para> + <command>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot login</command> + </para> + + <para> + When it asks you for a password type <userinput>cvs</userinput>. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + Run the command + </para> + + <para> + <command>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co samba</command> + </para> + + <para> + This will create a directory called samba containing the + latest samba source code (i.e. the HEAD tagged cvs branch). This + currently corresponds to the 3.0 development tree. + </para> + + <para> + CVS branches other HEAD can be obtained by using the <parameter>-r</parameter> + and defining a tag name. A list of branch tag names can be found on the + "Development" page of the samba web site. A common request is to obtain the + latest 2.2 release code. This could be done by using the following command. + </para> + + <para> + <command>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co -r SAMBA_2_2 samba</command> + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + Whenever you want to merge in the latest code changes use + the following command from within the samba directory: + </para> + + <para> + <command>cvs update -d -P</command> + </para> +</listitem> +</orderedlist> + +</sect2> +</sect1> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/DOMAIN_MEMBER.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/DOMAIN_MEMBER.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d0b36eafc --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/DOMAIN_MEMBER.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +<chapter id="domain-security"> + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Jeremy</firstname><surname>Allison</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>samba@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Jerry</firstname><surname>Carter</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>jerry@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate>16 Apr 2001</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + + +<title>security = domain in Samba 2.x</title> + +<sect1> + + <title>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</title> + + <para>Assume you have a Samba 2.x server with a NetBIOS name of + <constant>SERV1</constant> and are joining an NT domain called + <constant>DOM</constant>, which has a PDC with a NetBIOS name + of <constant>DOMPDC</constant> and two backup domain controllers + with NetBIOS names <constant>DOMBDC1</constant> and <constant>DOMBDC2 + </constant>.</para> + + <para>In order to join the domain, first stop all Samba daemons + and run the command:</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>smbpasswd -j DOM -r DOMPDC + -U<replaceable>Administrator%password</replaceable></userinput></para> + + <para>as we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain + (the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database) + is DOMPDC. The <replaceable>Administrator%password</replaceable> is + the login name and password for an account which has the necessary + privilege to add machines to the domain. If this is successful + you will see the message:</para> + + <para><computeroutput>smbpasswd: Joined domain DOM.</computeroutput> + </para> + + <para>in your terminal window. See the <ulink url="smbpasswd.8.html"> + smbpasswd(8)</ulink> man page for more details.</para> + + <para>There is existing development code to join a domain + without having to create the machine trust account on the PDC + beforehand. This code will hopefully be available soon + in release branches as well.</para> + + <para>This command goes through the machine account password + change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account + password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory + in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :</para> + + <para><filename>/usr/local/samba/private</filename></para> + + <para>In Samba 2.0.x, the filename looks like this:</para> + + <para><filename><replaceable><NT DOMAIN NAME></replaceable>.<replaceable><Samba + Server Name></replaceable>.mac</filename></para> + + <para>The <filename>.mac</filename> suffix stands for machine account + password file. So in our example above, the file would be called:</para> + + <para><filename>DOM.SERV1.mac</filename></para> + + <para>In Samba 2.2, this file has been replaced with a TDB + (Trivial Database) file named <filename>secrets.tdb</filename>. + </para> + + + <para>This file is created and owned by root and is not + readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level + security for your system, and should be treated as carefully + as a shadow password file.</para> + + <para>Now, before restarting the Samba daemons you must + edit your <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html"><filename>smb.conf(5)</filename> + </ulink> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.</para> + + <para>Change (or add) your <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY"> + <parameter>security =</parameter></ulink> line in the [global] section + of your smb.conf to read:</para> + + <para><command>security = domain</command></para> + + <para>Next change the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"><parameter> + workgroup =</parameter></ulink> line in the [global] section to read: </para> + + <para><command>workgroup = DOM</command></para> + + <para>as this is the name of the domain we are joining. </para> + + <para>You must also have the parameter <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"> + <parameter>encrypt passwords</parameter></ulink> set to <constant>yes + </constant> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.</para> + + <para>Finally, add (or modify) a <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER"> + <parameter>password server =</parameter></ulink> line in the [global] + section to read: </para> + + <para><command>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</command></para> + + <para>These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba + will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will + try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to + rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load + among domain controllers.</para> + + <para>Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine + the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may + set this line to be :</para> + + <para><command>password server = *</command></para> + + <para>This method, which was introduced in Samba 2.0.6, + allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This + method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to + find domain controllers to authenticate against.</para> + + <para>Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for + clients to begin using domain security!</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</title> + +<para> +Many people have asked regarding the state of Samba's ability to participate in +a Windows 2000 Domain. Samba 2.2 is able to act as a member server of a Windows +2000 domain operating in mixed or native mode. +</para> + +<para> +There is much confusion between the circumstances that require a "mixed" mode +Win2k DC and a when this host can be switched to "native" mode. A "mixed" mode +Win2k domain controller is only needed if Windows NT BDCs must exist in the same +domain. By default, a Win2k DC in "native" mode will still support +NetBIOS and NTLMv1 for authentication of legacy clients such as Windows 9x and +NT 4.0. Samba has the same requirements as a Windows NT 4.0 member server. +</para> + +<para> +The steps for adding a Samba 2.2 host to a Win2k domain are the same as those +for adding a Samba server to a Windows NT 4.0 domain. The only exception is that +the "Server Manager" from NT 4 has been replaced by the "Active Directory Users and +Computers" MMC (Microsoft Management Console) plugin. +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>Why is this better than security = server?</title> + + <para>Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from + having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching + to your server. This means that if domain user <constant>DOM\fred + </constant> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs + to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix + filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSSERVER">security = server</ulink>, + where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows + NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would. + </para> + + <para>Please refer to the <ulink url="winbind.html">Winbind + paper</ulink> for information on a system to automatically + assign UNIX uids and gids to Windows NT Domain users and groups. + This code is available in development branches only at the moment, + but will be moved to release branches soon.</para> + + <para>The advantage to domain-level security is that the + authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated + RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This + means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in + exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into + a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource + domain PDC to an account domain PDC.</para> + + <para>In addition, with <command>security = server</command> every Samba + daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the + authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain + the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run + out of available connections. With <command>security = domain</command>, + however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long + as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection, + thus conserving PDC connection resources.</para> + + <para>And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server + authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication + reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such + as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. All + this information will allow Samba to be extended in the future into + a mode the developers currently call appliance mode. In this mode, + no local Unix users will be necessary, and Samba will generate Unix + uids and gids from the information passed back from the PDC when a + user is authenticated, making a Samba server truly plug and play + in an NT domain environment. Watch for this code soon.</para> + + <para><emphasis>NOTE:</emphasis> Much of the text of this document + was first published in the Web magazine <ulink url="http://www.linuxworld.com"> + LinuxWorld</ulink> as the article <ulink + url="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html">Doing + the NIS/NT Samba</ulink>.</para> + +</sect1> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/ENCRYPTION.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/ENCRYPTION.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6a26dbeffa --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/ENCRYPTION.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,378 @@ +<chapter id="pwencrypt"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Jeremy</firstname><surname>Allison</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>samba@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate>19 Apr 1999</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>LanMan and NT Password Encryption in Samba 2.x</title> + + +<sect1> + <title>Introduction</title> + + <para>With the development of LanManager and Windows NT + compatible password encryption for Samba, it is now able + to validate user connections in exactly the same way as + a LanManager or Windows NT server.</para> + + <para>This document describes how the SMB password encryption + algorithm works and what issues there are in choosing whether + you want to use it. You should read it carefully, especially + the part about security and the "PROS and CONS" section.</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>How does it work?</title> + + <para>LanManager encryption is somewhat similar to UNIX + password encryption. The server uses a file containing a + hashed value of a user's password. This is created by taking + the user's plaintext password, capitalising it, and either + truncating to 14 bytes or padding to 14 bytes with null bytes. + This 14 byte value is used as two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt + a 'magic' eight byte value, forming a 16 byte value which is + stored by the server and client. Let this value be known as + the "hashed password".</para> + + <para>Windows NT encryption is a higher quality mechanism, + consisting of doing an MD4 hash on a Unicode version of the user's + password. This also produces a 16 byte hash value that is + non-reversible.</para> + + <para>When a client (LanManager, Windows for WorkGroups, Windows + 95 or Windows NT) wishes to mount a Samba drive (or use a Samba + resource), it first requests a connection and negotiates the + protocol that the client and server will use. In the reply to this + request the Samba server generates and appends an 8 byte, random + value - this is stored in the Samba server after the reply is sent + and is known as the "challenge". The challenge is different for + every client connection.</para> + + <para>The client then uses the hashed password (16 byte values + described above), appended with 5 null bytes, as three 56 bit + DES keys, each of which is used to encrypt the challenge 8 byte + value, forming a 24 byte value known as the "response".</para> + + <para>In the SMB call SMBsessionsetupX (when user level security + is selected) or the call SMBtconX (when share level security is + selected), the 24 byte response is returned by the client to the + Samba server. For Windows NT protocol levels the above calculation + is done on both hashes of the user's password and both responses are + returned in the SMB call, giving two 24 byte values.</para> + + <para>The Samba server then reproduces the above calculation, using + its own stored value of the 16 byte hashed password (read from the + <filename>smbpasswd</filename> file - described later) and the challenge + value that it kept from the negotiate protocol reply. It then checks + to see if the 24 byte value it calculates matches the 24 byte value + returned to it from the client.</para> + + <para>If these values match exactly, then the client knew the + correct password (or the 16 byte hashed value - see security note + below) and is thus allowed access. If not, then the client did not + know the correct password and is denied access.</para> + + <para>Note that the Samba server never knows or stores the cleartext + of the user's password - just the 16 byte hashed values derived from + it. Also note that the cleartext password or 16 byte hashed values + are never transmitted over the network - thus increasing security.</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Important Notes About Security</title> + + <para>The unix and SMB password encryption techniques seem similar + on the surface. This similarity is, however, only skin deep. The unix + scheme typically sends clear text passwords over the network when + logging in. This is bad. The SMB encryption scheme never sends the + cleartext password over the network but it does store the 16 byte + hashed values on disk. This is also bad. Why? Because the 16 byte hashed + values are a "password equivalent". You cannot derive the user's + password from them, but they could potentially be used in a modified + client to gain access to a server. This would require considerable + technical knowledge on behalf of the attacker but is perfectly possible. + You should thus treat the smbpasswd file as though it contained the + cleartext passwords of all your users. Its contents must be kept + secret, and the file should be protected accordingly.</para> + + <para>Ideally we would like a password scheme which neither requires + plain text passwords on the net or on disk. Unfortunately this + is not available as Samba is stuck with being compatible with + other SMB systems (WinNT, WfWg, Win95 etc). </para> + + <warning> + <para>Note that Windows NT 4.0 Service pack 3 changed the + default for permissible authentication so that plaintext + passwords are <emphasis>never</emphasis> sent over the wire. + The solution to this is either to switch to encrypted passwords + with Samba or edit the Windows NT registry to re-enable plaintext + passwords. See the document WinNT.txt for details on how to do + this.</para> + + <para>Other Microsoft operating systems which also exhibit + this behavior includes</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>MS DOS Network client 3.0 with + the basic network redirector installed</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Windows 95 with the network redirector + update installed</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Windows 98 [se]</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Windows 2000</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para><emphasis>Note :</emphasis>All current release of + Microsoft SMB/CIFS clients support authentication via the + SMB Challenge/Response mechanism described here. Enabling + clear text authentication does not disable the ability + of the client to participate in encrypted authentication.</para> + </warning> + + <sect2> + <title>Advantages of SMB Encryption</title> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>plain text passwords are not passed across + the network. Someone using a network sniffer cannot just + record passwords going to the SMB server.</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>WinNT doesn't like talking to a server + that isn't using SMB encrypted passwords. It will refuse + to browse the server if the server is also in user level + security mode. It will insist on prompting the user for the + password on each connection, which is very annoying. The + only things you can do to stop this is to use SMB encryption. + </para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + </sect2> + + + <sect2> + <title>Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</title> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>plain text passwords are not kept + on disk. </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>uses same password file as other unix + services such as login and ftp</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>you are probably already using other + services (such as telnet and ftp) which send plain text + passwords over the net, so sending them for SMB isn't + such a big deal.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + </sect2> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title><anchor id="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT">The smbpasswd file</title> + + <para>In order for Samba to participate in the above protocol + it must be able to look up the 16 byte hashed values given a user name. + Unfortunately, as the UNIX password value is also a one way hash + function (ie. it is impossible to retrieve the cleartext of the user's + password given the UNIX hash of it), a separate password file + containing this 16 byte value must be kept. To minimise problems with + these two password files, getting out of sync, the UNIX <filename> + /etc/passwd</filename> and the <filename>smbpasswd</filename> file, + a utility, <command>mksmbpasswd.sh</command>, is provided to generate + a smbpasswd file from a UNIX <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. + </para + + + <para>To generate the smbpasswd file from your <filename>/etc/passwd + </filename> file use the following command :</para> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh + > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</userinput></para> + + <para>If you are running on a system that uses NIS, use</para> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>ypcat passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh + > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</userinput></para> + + <para>The <command>mksmbpasswd.sh</command> program is found in + the Samba source directory. By default, the smbpasswd file is + stored in :</para> + + <para><filename>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</filename></para> + + <para>The owner of the <filename>/usr/local/samba/private/</filename> + directory should be set to root, and the permissions on it should + be set to 0500 (<command>chmod 500 /usr/local/samba/private</command>). + </para> + + <para>Likewise, the smbpasswd file inside the private directory should + be owned by root and the permissions on is should be set to 0600 + (<command>chmod 600 smbpasswd</command>).</para> + + + <para>The format of the smbpasswd file is (The line has been + wrapped here. It should appear as one entry per line in + your smbpasswd file.)</para> + + <para><programlisting> +username:uid:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX: + [Account type]:LCT-<last-change-time>:Long name + </programlisting></para> + + <para>Although only the <replaceable>username</replaceable>, + <replaceable>uid</replaceable>, <replaceable> + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</replaceable>, + [<replaceable>Account type</replaceable>] and <replaceable> + last-change-time</replaceable> sections are significant + and are looked at in the Samba code.</para> + + <para>It is <emphasis>VITALLY</emphasis> important that there by 32 + 'X' characters between the two ':' characters in the XXX sections - + the smbpasswd and Samba code will fail to validate any entries that + do not have 32 characters between ':' characters. The first XXX + section is for the Lanman password hash, the second is for the + Windows NT version.</para> + + <para>When the password file is created all users have password entries + consisting of 32 'X' characters. By default this disallows any access + as this user. When a user has a password set, the 'X' characters change + to 32 ascii hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). These are an ascii + representation of the 16 byte hashed value of a user's password.</para> + + <para>To set a user to have no password (not recommended), edit the file + using vi, and replace the first 11 characters with the ascii text + <constant>"NO PASSWORD"</constant> (minus the quotes).</para> + + <para>For example, to clear the password for user bob, his smbpasswd file + entry would look like :</para> + + <para><programlisting> + bob:100:NO PASSWORDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:[U ]:LCT-00000000:Bob's full name:/bobhome:/bobshell + </programlisting></para> + + <para>If you are allowing users to use the smbpasswd command to set + their own passwords, you may want to give users NO PASSWORD initially + so they do not have to enter a previous password when changing to their + new password (not recommended). In order for you to allow this the + <command>smbpasswd</command> program must be able to connect to the + <command>smbd</command> daemon as that user with no password. Enable this + by adding the line :</para> + + <para><command>null passwords = yes</command></para> + + <para>to the [global] section of the smb.conf file (this is why + the above scenario is not recommended). Preferably, allocate your + users a default password to begin with, so you do not have + to enable this on your server.</para> + + <para><emphasis>Note : </emphasis>This file should be protected very + carefully. Anyone with access to this file can (with enough knowledge of + the protocols) gain access to your SMB server. The file is thus more + sensitive than a normal unix <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file.</para> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>The smbpasswd Command</title> + + <para>The smbpasswd command maintains the two 32 byte password fields + in the smbpasswd file. If you wish to make it similar to the unix + <command>passwd</command> or <command>yppasswd</command> programs, + install it in <filename>/usr/local/samba/bin/</filename> (or your + main Samba binary directory).</para> + + <para>Note that as of Samba 1.9.18p4 this program <emphasis>MUST NOT + BE INSTALLED</emphasis> setuid root (the new <command>smbpasswd</command> + code enforces this restriction so it cannot be run this way by + accident).</para> + + <para><command>smbpasswd</command> now works in a client-server mode + where it contacts the local smbd to change the user's password on its + behalf. This has enormous benefits - as follows.</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>smbpasswd no longer has to be setuid root - + an enormous range of potential security problems is + eliminated.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><command>smbpasswd</command> now has the capability + to change passwords on Windows NT servers (this only works when + the request is sent to the NT Primary Domain Controller if you + are changing an NT Domain user's password).</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para>To run smbpasswd as a normal user just type :</para> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>smbpasswd</userinput></para> + <para><prompt>Old SMB password: </prompt><userinput><type old value here - + or hit return if there was no old password></userinput></para> + <para><prompt>New SMB Password: </prompt><userinput><type new value> + </userinput></para> + <para><prompt>Repeat New SMB Password: </prompt><userinput><re-type new value + </userinput></para> + + <para>If the old value does not match the current value stored for + that user, or the two new values do not match each other, then the + password will not be changed.</para> + + <para>If invoked by an ordinary user it will only allow the user + to change his or her own Samba password.</para> + + <para>If run by the root user smbpasswd may take an optional + argument, specifying the user name whose SMB password you wish to + change. Note that when run as root smbpasswd does not prompt for + or check the old password value, thus allowing root to set passwords + for users who have forgotten their passwords.</para> + + <para><command>smbpasswd</command> is designed to work in the same way + and be familiar to UNIX users who use the <command>passwd</command> or + <command>yppasswd</command> commands.</para> + + <para>For more details on using <command>smbpasswd</command> refer + to the man page which will always be the definitive reference.</para> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>Setting up Samba to support LanManager Encryption</title> + + <para>This is a very brief description on how to setup samba to + support password encryption. </para> + + <orderedlist numeration="Arabic"> + <listitem><para>compile and install samba as usual</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>enable encrypted passwords in <filename> + smb.conf</filename> by adding the line <command>encrypt + passwords = yes</command> in the [global] section</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>create the initial <filename>smbpasswd</filename> + password file in the place you specified in the Makefile + (--prefix=<dir>). See the notes under the <link + linkend="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT">The smbpasswd File</link> + section earlier in the document for details.</para> + </listitem> + </orderedlist> + + <para>Note that you can test things using smbclient.</para> +</sect1> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b6abaf80f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,935 @@ +<chapter id="integrate-ms-networks"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>John</firstname><surname>Terpstra</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>jht@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate> (Jan 01 2001) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</title> + +<sect1> +<title>Agenda</title> + +<para> +To identify the key functional mechanisms of MS Windows networking +to enable the deployment of Samba as a means of extending and/or +replacing MS Windows NT/2000 technology. +</para> + +<para> +We will examine: +</para> + +<orderedlist> + <listitem><para>Name resolution in a pure Unix/Linux TCP/IP + environment + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Name resolution as used within MS Windows + networking + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>How browsing functions and how to deploy stable + and dependable browsing using Samba + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>MS Windows security options and how to + configure Samba for seemless integration + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Configuration of Samba as:</para> + <orderedlist> + <listitem><para>A stand-alone server</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>An MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 security domain member + </para></listitem> + <listitem><para>An alternative to an MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 Domain Controller + </para></listitem> + </orderedlist> + </listitem> +</orderedlist> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</title> + +<para> +The key configuration files covered in this section are: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><filename>/etc/host.conf</filename></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename></para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<sect2> +<title><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></title> + +<para> +Contains a static list of IP Addresses and names. +eg: +</para> +<para><programlisting> + 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain + 192.168.1.1 bigbox.caldera.com bigbox alias4box +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The purpose of <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is to provide a +name resolution mechanism so that uses do not need to remember +IP addresses. +</para> + + +<para> +Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport +layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media +Access Control address, or MAC address. IP Addresses are currently +32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal +numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1 +</para> + +<para> +MAC Addresses use 48 bits (or 6 bytes) and are typically represented +as two digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. eg: +40:8e:0a:12:34:56 +</para> + +<para> +Every network interfrace must have an MAC address. Associated with +a MAC address there may be one or more IP addresses. There is NO +relationship between an IP address and a MAC address, all such assignments +are arbitary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all +network communications takes place using MAC addressing. Since MAC +addresses must be globally unique, and generally remains fixed for +any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense +from a network management perspective. More than one IP address can +be assigned per MAC address. One address must be the primary IP address, +this is the address that will be returned in the ARP reply. +</para> + +<para> +When a user or a process wants to communicate with another machine +the protocol implementation ensures that the "machine name" or "host +name" is resolved to an IP address in a manner that is controlled +by the TCP/IP configuration control files. The file +<filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is one such file. +</para> + +<para> +When the IP address of the destination interface has been +determined a protocol called ARP/RARP isused to identify +the MAC address of the target interface. ARP stands for Address +Resolution Protocol, and is a broadcast oriented method that +uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) to send a request to all +interfaces on the local network segment using the all 1's MAC +address. Network interfaces are programmed to respond to two +MAC addresses only; their own unique address and the address +ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. The reply packet from an ARP request will +contain the MAC address and the primary IP address for each +interface. +</para> + +<para> +The <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file is foundational to all +Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minumum will contain +the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the +primary names by which they are known within the local machine. +This file helps to prime the pump so that a basic level of name +resolution can exist before any other method of name resolution +becomes available. +</para> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></title> + +<para> +This file tells the name resolution libraries: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>The name of the domain to which the machine + belongs + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>The name(s) of any domains that should be + automatically searched when trying to resolve unqualified + host names to their IP address + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>The name or IP address of available Domain + Name Servers that may be asked to perform name to address + translation lookups + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title><filename>/etc/host.conf</filename></title> + + +<para> +<filename>/etc/host.conf</filename> is the primary means by +which the setting in /etc/resolv.conf may be affected. It is a +critical configuration file. This file controls the order by +which name resolution may procede. The typical structure is: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + order hosts,bind + multi on +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the +man page for host.conf for further details. +</para> + + +</sect2> + + + +<sect2> +<title><filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename></title> + +<para> +This file controls the actual name resolution targets. The +file typically has resolver object specifications as follows: +</para> + + +<para><programlisting> + # /etc/nsswitch.conf + # + # Name Service Switch configuration file. + # + + passwd: compat + # Alternative entries for password authentication are: + # passwd: compat files nis ldap winbind + shadow: compat + group: compat + + hosts: files nis dns + # Alternative entries for host name resolution are: + # hosts: files dns nis nis+ hesoid db compat ldap wins + networks: nis files dns + + ethers: nis files + protocols: nis files + rpc: nis files + services: nis files +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate +facilities and/or services are correctly configured. +</para> + +<para> +It should be noted that unless a network request/message must be +sent, TCP/IP networks are silent. All TCP/IP communications assumes a +principal of speaking only when necessary. +</para> + +<para> +Samba version 2.2.0 will add Linux support for extensions to +the name service switch infrastructure so that linux clients will +be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP +Addresses. To gain this functionality Samba needs to be compiled +with appropriate arguments to the make command (ie: <command>make +nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</command>). The resulting library should +then be installed in the <filename>/lib</filename> directory and +the "wins" parameter needs to be added to the "hosts:" line in +the <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file. At this point it +will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by it's NetBIOS +machine name, so long as that machine is within the workgroup to +which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</title> + +<para> +MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine +is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as +the "computer name", "machine name", "networking name", "netbios name", +"SMB name". All terms mean the same thing with the exception of +"netbios name" which can apply also to the name of the workgroup or the +domain name. The terms "workgroup" and "domain" are really just a +simply name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names +are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16th character is reserved. +It is used to store a one byte value that indicates service level +information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine +name is therefore registered for each service type that is provided by +the client/server. +</para> + +<para> +The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + Unique NetBIOS Names: + MACHINENAME<00> = Server Service is running on MACHINENAME + MACHINENAME<03> = Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name) + MACHINENAME<20> = LanMan Server service is running on MACHINENAME + WORKGROUP<1b> = Domain Master Browser + + Group Names: + WORKGROUP<03> = Generic Name registered by all members of WORKGROUP + WORKGROUP<1c> = Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers + WORKGROUP<1d> = Local Master Browsers + WORKGROUP<1e> = Internet Name Resolvers +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own +names as per the above. This is in vast contrast to TCP/IP +installations where traditionally the system administrator will +determine in the /etc/hosts or in the DNS database what names +are associated with each IP address. +</para> + +<para> +One further point of clarification should be noted, the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> +file and the DNS records do not provide the NetBIOS name type information +that MS Windows clients depend on to locate the type of service that may +be needed. An example of this is what happens when an MS Windows client +wants to locate a domain logon server. It find this service and the IP +address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a +NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have +registered the name type *<1c>. A logon request is then sent to each +IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. Which +ever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services. +</para> + +<para> +The name "workgroup" or "domain" really can be confusing since these +have the added significance of indicating what is the security +architecture of the MS Windows network. The term "workgroup" indicates +that the primary nature of the network environment is that of a +peer-to-peer design. In a WORKGROUP all machines are responsible for +their own security, and generally such security is limited to use of +just a password (known as SHARE MORE security). In most situations +with peer-to-peer networking the users who control their own machines +will simply opt to have no security at all. It is possible to have +USER MODE security in a WORKGROUP environment, thus requiring use +of a user name and a matching password. +</para> + +<para> +MS Windows networking is thus predetermined to use machine names +for all local and remote machine message passing. The protocol used is +called Server Message Block (SMB) and this is implemented using +the NetBIOS protocol (Network Basic Input Output System). NetBIOS can +be encapsulated using LLC (Logical Link Control) protocol - in which case +the resulting protocol is called NetBEUI (Network Basic Extended User +Interface). NetBIOS can also be run over IPX (Internetworking Packet +Exchange) protocol as used by Novell NetWare, and it can be run +over TCP/IP protocols - in which case the resulting protocol is called +NBT or NetBT, the NetBIOS over TCP/IP. +</para> + +<para> +MS Windows machines use a complex array of name resolution mechanisms. +Since we are primarily concerned with TCP/IP this demonstration is +limited to this area. +</para> + +<sect2> +<title>The NetBIOS Name Cache</title> + +<para> +All MS Windows machines employ an in memory buffer in which is +stored the NetBIOS names and their IP addresses for all external +machines that that the local machine has communicated with over the +past 10-15 minutes. It is more efficient to obtain an IP address +for a machine from the local cache than it is to go through all the +configured name resolution mechanisms. +</para> + +<para> +If a machine whose name is in the local name cache has been shut +down before the name had been expired and flushed from the cache, then +an attempt to exchange a message with that machine will be subject +to time-out delays. ie: It's name is in the cache, so a name resolution +lookup will succeed, but the machine can not respond. This can be +frustrating for users - but it is a characteristic of the protocol. +</para> + +<para> +The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS +name cache is called "nbtstat". The Samba equivalent of this +is called "nmblookup". +</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2> +<title>The LMHOSTS file</title> + +<para> +This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or +2000 in <filename>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</filename> and contains +the IP Address and the machine name in matched pairs. The +<filename>LMHOSTS</filename> file performs NetBIOS name +to IP address mapping oriented. +</para> + +<para> +It typically looks like: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + # Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp. + # + # This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS + # over TCP/IP) stack for Windows98 + # + # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames + # (NetBIOS) names. Each entry should be kept on an individual line. + # The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the + # corresponding computername. The address and the comptername + # should be separated by at least one space or tab. The "#" character + # is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions + # below). + # + # This file is compatible with Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x TCP/IP lmhosts + # files and offers the following extensions: + # + # #PRE + # #DOM:<domain> + # #INCLUDE <filename> + # #BEGIN_ALTERNATE + # #END_ALTERNATE + # \0xnn (non-printing character support) + # + # Following any entry in the file with the characters "#PRE" will cause + # the entry to be preloaded into the name cache. By default, entries are + # not preloaded, but are parsed only after dynamic name resolution fails. + # + # Following an entry with the "#DOM:<domain>" tag will associate the + # entry with the domain specified by <domain>. This affects how the + # browser and logon services behave in TCP/IP environments. To preload + # the host name associated with #DOM entry, it is necessary to also add a + # #PRE to the line. The <domain> is always preloaded although it will not + # be shown when the name cache is viewed. + # + # Specifying "#INCLUDE <filename>" will force the RFC NetBIOS (NBT) + # software to seek the specified <filename> and parse it as if it were + # local. <filename> is generally a UNC-based name, allowing a + # centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server. + # It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the + # server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive. + # In addtion the share "public" in the example below must be in the + # LanManServer list of "NullSessionShares" in order for client machines to + # be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under + # \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\parameters\nullsessionshares + # in the registry. Simply add "public" to the list found there. + # + # The #BEGIN_ and #END_ALTERNATE keywords allow multiple #INCLUDE + # statements to be grouped together. Any single successful include + # will cause the group to succeed. + # + # Finally, non-printing characters can be embedded in mappings by + # first surrounding the NetBIOS name in quotations, then using the + # \0xnn notation to specify a hex value for a non-printing character. + # + # The following example illustrates all of these extensions: + # + # 102.54.94.97 rhino #PRE #DOM:networking #net group's DC + # 102.54.94.102 "appname \0x14" #special app server + # 102.54.94.123 popular #PRE #source server + # 102.54.94.117 localsrv #PRE #needed for the include + # + # #BEGIN_ALTERNATE + # #INCLUDE \\localsrv\public\lmhosts + # #INCLUDE \\rhino\public\lmhosts + # #END_ALTERNATE + # + # In the above example, the "appname" server contains a special + # character in its name, the "popular" and "localsrv" server names are + # preloaded, and the "rhino" server name is specified so it can be used + # to later #INCLUDE a centrally maintained lmhosts file if the "localsrv" + # system is unavailable. + # + # Note that the whole file is parsed including comments on each lookup, + # so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance. + # Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the + # end of this file. +</programlisting></para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2> +<title>HOSTS file</title> + +<para> +This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 2000 in +<filename>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</filename> and contains +the IP Address and the IP hostname in matched pairs. It can be +used by the name resolution infrastructure in MS Windows, depending +on how the TCP/IP environment is configured. This file is in +every way the equivalent of the Unix/Linux <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. +</para> +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>DNS Lookup</title> + +<para> +This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network +configuration facility. If enabled an elaborate name resolution sequence +is followed the precise nature of which isdependant on what the NetBIOS +Node Type parameter is configured to. A Node Type of 0 means use +NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is first used if the name +that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name +cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to +Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the +WINS Server to obtain a lookup before DNS, HOSTS, LMHOSTS, or broadcast +lookup is used. +</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2> +<title>WINS Lookup</title> + +<para> +A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivaent of the +rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores +the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client +if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address. +</para> + +<para> +To configure Samba to be a WINS server the following parameter needs +to be added to the <filename>smb.conf</filename> file: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + wins support = Yes +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +To configure Samba to use a WINS server the following parameters are +needed in the smb.conf file: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + wins support = No + wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +where <replaceable>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</replaceable> is the IP address +of the WINS server. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>How browsing functions and how to deploy stable and +dependable browsing using Samba</title> + + +<para> +As stated above, MS Windows machines register their NetBIOS names +(ie: the machine name for each service type in operation) on start +up. Also, as stated above, the exact method by which this name registration +takes place is determined by whether or not the MS Windows client/server +has been given a WINS server address, whether or not LMHOSTS lookup +is enabled, or if DNS for NetBIOS name resolution is enabled, etc. +</para> + +<para> +In the case where there is no WINS server all name registrations as +well as name lookups are done by UDP broadcast. This isolates name +resolution to the local subnet, unless LMHOSTS is used to list all +names and IP addresses. In such situations Samba provides a means by +which the samba server name may be forcibly injected into the browse +list of a remote MS Windows network (using the "remote announce" parameter). +</para> + +<para> +Where a WINS server is used, the MS Windows client will use UDP +unicast to register with the WINS server. Such packets can be routed +and thus WINS allows name resolution to function across routed networks. +</para> + +<para> +During the startup process an election will take place to create a +local master browser if one does not already exist. On each NetBIOS network +one machine will be elected to function as the domain master browser. This +domain browsing has nothing to do with MS security domain control. +Instead, the domain master browser serves the role of contacting each local +master browser (found by asking WINS or from LMHOSTS) and exchanging browse +list contents. This way every master browser will eventually obtain a complete +list of all machines that are on the network. Every 11-15 minutes an election +is held to determine which machine will be the master browser. By nature of +the election criteria used, the machine with the highest uptime, or the +most senior protocol version, or other criteria, will win the election +as domain master browser. +</para> + +<para> +Clients wishing to browse the network make use of this list, but also depend +on the availability of correct name resolution to the respective IP +address/addresses. +</para> + +<para> +Any configuration that breaks name resolution and/or browsing intrinsics +will annoy users because they will have to put up with protracted +inability to use the network services. +</para> + +<para> +Samba supports a feature that allows forced synchonisation +of browse lists across routed networks using the "remote +browse sync" parameter in the smb.conf file. This causes Samba +to contact the local master browser on a remote network and +to request browse list synchronisation. This effectively bridges +two networks that are separated by routers. The two remote +networks may use either broadcast based name resolution or WINS +based name resolution, but it should be noted that the "remote +browse sync" parameter provides browse list synchronisation - and +that is distinct from name to address resolution, in other +words, for cross subnet browsing to function correctly it is +essential that a name to address resolution mechanism be provided. +This mechanism could be via DNS, <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>, +and so on. +</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>MS Windows security options and how to configure +Samba for seemless integration</title> + +<para> +MS Windows clients may use encrypted passwords as part of a +challenege/response authentication model (a.k.a. NTLMv1) or +alone, or clear text strings for simple password based +authentication. It should be realized that with the SMB +protocol the password is passed over the network either +in plain text or encrypted, but not both in the same +authentication requets. +</para> + +<para> +When encrypted passwords are used a password that has been +entered by the user is encrypted in two ways: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>An MD4 hash of the UNICODE of the password + string. This is known as the NT hash. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>The password is converted to upper case, + and then padded or trucated to 14 bytes. This string is + then appended with 5 bytes of NULL characters and split to + form two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt a "magic" 8 byte value. + The resulting 16 bytes for the LanMan hash. + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +You should refer to the <ulink url="ENCRYPTION.html"> +Password Encryption</ulink> chapter in this HOWTO collection +for more details on the inner workings +</para> + +<para> +MS Windows 95 pre-service pack 1, MS Windows NT versions 3.x +and version 4.0 pre-service pack 3 will use either mode of +password authentication. All versions of MS Windows that follow +these versions no longer support plain text passwords by default. +</para> + +<para> +MS Windows clients have a habit of dropping network mappings that +have been idle for 10 minutes or longer. When the user attempts to +use the mapped drive connection that has been dropped the SMB protocol +has a mechanism by which the connection can be re-established using +a cached copy of the password. +</para> + +<para> +When Microsoft changed the default password mode, they dropped support for +caching of the plain text password. This means that when the registry +parameter is changed to re-enable use of plain text passwords it appears to +work, but when a dropped mapping attempts to revalidate it will fail if +the remote authentication server does not support encrypted passwords. +This means that it is definitely not a good idea to re-enable plain text +password support in such clients. +</para> + +<para> +The following parameters can be used to work around the +issue of Windows 9x client upper casing usernames and +password before transmitting them to the SMB server +when using clear text authentication. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDLEVEL">passsword level</ulink> = <replaceable>integer</replaceable> + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#USERNAMELEVEL">username level</ulink> = <replaceable>integer</replaceable> +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +By default Samba will lower case the username before attempting +to lookup the user in the database of local system accounts. +Because UNIX usernames conventionally only contain lower case +character, the <parameter>username level</parameter> parameter +is rarely even needed. +</para> + +<para> +However, password on UNIX systems often make use of mixed case +characters. This means that in order for a user on a Windows 9x +client to connect to a Samba server using clear text authentication, +the <parameter>password level</parameter> must be set to the maximum +number of upper case letter which <emphasis>could</emphasis> appear +is a password. Note that is the server OS uses the traditional +DES version of crypt(), then a <parameter>password level</parameter> +of 8 will result in case insensitive passwords as seen from Windows +users. This will also result in longer login times as Samba +hash to compute the permutations of the password string and +try them one by one until a match is located (or all combinations fail). +</para> + +<para> +The best option to adopt is to enable support for encrypted passwords +where ever Samba is used. There are three configuration possibilities +for support of encrypted passwords: +</para> + + +<sect2> +<title>Use MS Windows NT as an authentication server</title> + +<para> +This method involves the additions of the following parameters +in the smb.conf file: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + encrypt passwords = Yes + security = server + password server = "NetBIOS_name_of_PDC" +</programlisting></para> + + +<para> +There are two ways of identifying whether or not a username and +password pair was valid or not. One uses the reply information provided +as part of the authentication messaging process, the other uses +just and error code. +</para> + +<para> +The down-side of this mode of configuration is the fact that +for security reasons Samba will send the password server a bogus +username and a bogus password and if the remote server fails to +reject the username and password pair then an alternative mode +of identification of validation is used. Where a site uses password +lock out after a certain number of failed authentication attempts +this will result in user lockouts. +</para> + +<para> +Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be +a standard Unix account for the user, this account can be blocked +to prevent logons by other than MS Windows clients. +</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2> +<title>Make Samba a member of an MS Windows NT security domain</title> + +<para> +This method involves additon of the following paramters in the smb.conf file: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + encrypt passwords = Yes + security = domain + workgroup = "name of NT domain" + password server = * +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The use of the "*" argument to "password server" will cause samba +to locate the domain controller in a way analogous to the way +this is done within MS Windows NT. +</para> + +<para> +In order for this method to work the Samba server needs to join the +MS Windows NT security domain. This is done as follows: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>On the MS Windows NT domain controller using + the Server Manager add a machine account for the Samba server. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Next, on the Linux system execute: + <command>smbpasswd -r PDC_NAME -j DOMAIN_NAME</command> + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be +a standard Unix account for the user in order to assign +a uid once the account has been authenticated by the remote +Windows DC. This account can be blocked to prevent logons by +other than MS Windows clients by things such as setting an invalid +shell in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry. +</para> + +<para> +An alternative to assigning UIDs to Windows users on a +Samba member server is presented in the <ulink +url="winbind.html">Winbind Overview</ulink> chapter in +this HOWTO collection. +</para> + + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Configure Samba as an authentication server</title> + +<para> +This mode of authentication demands that there be on the +Unix/Linux system both a Unix style account as well as and +smbpasswd entry for the user. The Unix system account can be +locked if required as only the encrypted password will be +used for SMB client authentication. +</para> + +<para> +This method involves addition of the following parameters to +the smb.conf file: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +## please refer to the Samba PDC HOWTO chapter later in +## this collection for more details +[global] + encrypt passwords = Yes + security = user + domain logons = Yes + ; an OS level of 33 or more is recommended + os level = 33 + +[NETLOGON] + path = /somewhare/in/file/system + read only = yes +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +in order for this method to work a Unix system account needs +to be created for each user, as well as for each MS Windows NT/2000 +machine. The following structure is required. +</para> + +<sect3> +<title>Users</title> + +<para> +A user account that may provide a home directory should be +created. The following Linux system commands are typical of +the procedure for creating an account. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + # useradd -s /bin/bash -d /home/"userid" -m "userid" + # passwd "userid" + Enter Password: <pw> + + # smbpasswd -a "userid" + Enter Password: <pw> +</programlisting></para> +</sect3> + +<sect3> +<title>MS Windows NT Machine Accounts</title> + +<para> +These are required only when Samba is used as a domain +controller. Refer to the Samba-PDC-HOWTO for more details. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + # useradd -s /bin/false -d /dev/null "machine_name"\$ + # passwd -l "machine_name"\$ + # smbpasswd -a -m "machine_name" +</programlisting></para> +</sect3> +</sect2> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Conclusions</title> + +<para> +Samba provides a flexible means to operate as... +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>A Stand-alone server - No special action is needed + other than to create user accounts. Stand-alone servers do NOT + provide network logon services, meaning that machines that use this + server do NOT perform a domain logon but instead make use only of + the MS Windows logon which is local to the MS Windows + workstation/server. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>An MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 security domain member. + </para></listitem> + + + <listitem><para>An alternative to an MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 + Domain Controller. + </para></listitem> + +</itemizedlist> + +</sect1> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/NT_Security.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/NT_Security.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2259dae029 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/NT_Security.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,358 @@ +<chapter id="unix-permissions"> + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Jeremy</firstname><surname>Allison</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>samba@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate>12 Apr 1999</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + + +<title>UNIX Permission Bits and Windows NT Access Control Lists</title> + +<sect1> + <title>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT + security dialogs</title> + + + <para>New in the Samba 2.0.4 release is the ability for Windows + NT clients to use their native security settings dialog box to + view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</para> + + <para>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise + the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and + still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba + administrator can set.</para> + + <para>In Samba 2.0.4 and above the default value of the + parameter <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#NTACLSUPPORT"><parameter> + nt acl support</parameter></ulink> has been changed from + <constant>false</constant> to <constant>true</constant>, so + manipulation of permissions is turned on by default.</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>How to view file security on a Samba share</title> + + <para>From an NT 4.0 client, single-click with the right + mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted + drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click + on the <emphasis>Properties</emphasis> entry at the bottom of + the menu. This brings up the normal file properties dialog + box, but with Samba 2.0.4 this will have a new tab along the top + marked <emphasis>Security</emphasis>. Click on this tab and you + will see three buttons, <emphasis>Permissions</emphasis>, + <emphasis>Auditing</emphasis>, and <emphasis>Ownership</emphasis>. + The <emphasis>Auditing</emphasis> button will cause either + an error message <errorname>A requested privilege is not held + by the client</errorname> to appear if the user is not the + NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an + Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the + user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is + non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only + useful button, the <command>Add</command> button will not currently + allow a list of users to be seen.</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Viewing file ownership</title> + + <para>Clicking on the <command>"Ownership"</command> button + brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The + owner name will be of the form :</para> + + <para><command>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</command></para> + + <para>Where <replaceable>SERVER</replaceable> is the NetBIOS name of + the Samba server, <replaceable>user</replaceable> is the user name of + the UNIX user who owns the file, and <replaceable>(Long name)</replaceable> + is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the + GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the <command>Close + </command> button to remove this dialog.</para> + + <para>If the parameter <parameter>nt acl support</parameter> + is set to <constant>false</constant> then the file owner will + be shown as the NT user <command>"Everyone"</command>.</para> + + <para>The <command>Take Ownership</command> button will not allow + you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on + it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are + currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason + for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privileged + operation in UNIX, available only to the <emphasis>root</emphasis> + user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change + the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT + client this will not work with Samba at this time.</para> + + <para>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba + and allow a user with Administrator privilege connected + to a Samba 2.0.4 server as root to change the ownership of + files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS + or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <emphasis>Seclib + </emphasis> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of + the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Viewing file or directory permissions</title> + + <para>The third button is the <command>"Permissions"</command> + button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both + the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. + The owner is displayed in the form :</para> + + <para><command>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</command></para> + + <para>Where <replaceable>SERVER</replaceable> is the NetBIOS name of + the Samba server, <replaceable>user</replaceable> is the user name of + the UNIX user who owns the file, and <replaceable>(Long name)</replaceable> + is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the + GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</para> + + <para>If the parameter <parameter>nt acl support</parameter> + is set to <constant>false</constant> then the file owner will + be shown as the NT user <command>"Everyone"</command> and the + permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".</para> + + + <para>The permissions field is displayed differently for files + and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions + are displayed first.</para> + + <sect2> + <title>File Permissions</title> + + <para>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and + the corresponding "read", "write", "execute" permissions + triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL + with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding + NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into + the global NT group <command>Everyone</command>, followed + by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX + owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT + <command>user</command> icon and an NT <command>local + group</command> icon respectively followed by the list + of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</para> + + <para>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common + NT names such as <command>"read"</command>, <command> + "change"</command> or <command>"full control"</command> then + usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <command> + "Special Access"</command> in the NT display list.</para> + + <para>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed + for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order + to allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba + overloads the NT <command>"Take Ownership"</command> ACL attribute + (which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with + no permissions as having the NT <command>"O"</command> bit set. + This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning + zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will + be given below.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Directory Permissions</title> + + <para>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two + different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions + is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed + in the first set of parentheses in the normal <command>"RW"</command> + NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in + exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described + above, and is displayed in the same way.</para> + + <para>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning + in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <command> + "inherited"</command> permissions that any file created within + this directory would inherit.</para> + + <para>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by + returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file + created by Samba on this share would receive.</para> + </sect2> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Modifying file or directory permissions</title> + + <para>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple + as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and + clicking the <command>OK</command> button. However, there are + limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions + with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS + attributes that need to also be taken into account.</para> + + <para>If the parameter <parameter>nt acl support</parameter> + is set to <constant>false</constant> then any attempt to set + security permissions will fail with an <command>"Access Denied" + </command> message.</para> + + <para>The first thing to note is that the <command>"Add"</command> + button will not return a list of users in Samba 2.0.4 (it will give + an error message of <command>"The remote procedure call failed + and did not execute"</command>). This means that you can only + manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in + the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the + only permissions that UNIX actually has.</para> + + <para>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world) + is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, + then when the <command>"OK"</command> button is pressed it will + be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then + view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear + as the NT <command>"O"</command> flag, as described above. This + allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once + you have removed them from a triple component.</para> + + <para>As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of + an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete + access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on + the Samba server.</para> + + <para>When setting permissions on a directory the second + set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is + by default applied to all files within that directory. If this + is not what you want you must uncheck the <command>"Replace + permissions on existing files"</command> checkbox in the NT + dialog before clicking <command>"OK"</command>.</para> + + <para>If you wish to remove all permissions from a + user/group/world component then you may either highlight the + component and click the <command>"Remove"</command> button, + or set the component to only have the special <command>"Take + Ownership"</command> permission (displayed as <command>"O" + </command>) highlighted.</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask + parameters</title> + + <para>Note that with Samba 2.0.5 there are four new parameters + to control this interaction. These are :</para> + + <para><parameter>security mask</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>force security mode</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>directory security mask</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>force directory security mode</parameter></para> + + <para>Once a user clicks <command>"OK"</command> to apply the + permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world + r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a + file against the bits set in the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK"> + <parameter>security mask</parameter></ulink> parameter. Any bits that + were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone + in the file permissions.</para> + + <para>Essentially, zero bits in the <parameter>security mask</parameter> + mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <emphasis>not</emphasis> + allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change. + </para> + + <para>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as + the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"><parameter>create mask + </parameter></ulink> parameter to provide compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 + where this permission change facility was introduced. To allow a user to + modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter + to 0777.</para> + + <para>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against + the bits set in the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE"> + <parameter>force security mode</parameter></ulink> parameter. Any bits + that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter + are forced to be set.</para> + + <para>Essentially, bits set in the <parameter>force security mode + </parameter> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when + modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</para> + + <para>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value + as the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE"><parameter>force + create mode</parameter></ulink> parameter to provide compatibility + with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility was introduced. + To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file + with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</para> + + <para>The <parameter>security mask</parameter> and <parameter>force + security mode</parameter> parameters are applied to the change + request in that order.</para> + + <para>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as + described above for a file except using the parameter <parameter> + directory security mask</parameter> instead of <parameter>security + mask</parameter>, and <parameter>force directory security mode + </parameter> parameter instead of <parameter>force security mode + </parameter>.</para> + + <para>The <parameter>directory security mask</parameter> parameter + by default is set to the same value as the <parameter>directory mask + </parameter> parameter and the <parameter>force directory security + mode</parameter> parameter by default is set to the same value as + the <parameter>force directory mode</parameter> parameter to provide + compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility + was introduced.</para> + + <para>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that + an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users + to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</para> + + <para>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control + in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and + doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following + parameters in the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html"><filename>smb.conf(5) + </filename></ulink> file in that share specific section :</para> + + <para><parameter>security mask = 0777</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>force security mode = 0</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>directory security mask = 0777</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>force directory security mode = 0</parameter></para> + + <para>As described, in Samba 2.0.4 the parameters :</para> + + <para><parameter>create mask</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>force create mode</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>directory mask</parameter></para> + <para><parameter>force directory mode</parameter></para> + + <para>were used instead of the parameters discussed here.</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute + mapping</title> + + <para>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read + only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can + be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security + dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping. + </para> + + <para>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access + for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard + file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is + the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</para> + + <para>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions + to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks + <command>"OK"</command> to get back to the standard attributes tab + dialog, and then clicks <command>"OK"</command> on that dialog, then + NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what + the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting + permissions and clicking <command>"OK"</command> to get back to the + attributes dialog you should always hit <command>"Cancel"</command> + rather than <command>"OK"</command> to ensure that your changes + are not overridden.</para> +</sect1> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/OS2-Client-HOWTO.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/OS2-Client-HOWTO.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ca7ad6a754 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/OS2-Client-HOWTO.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +<chapter id="os2"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Jim</firstname><surname>McDonough</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>IBM</orgname> + <address> + <email>jerry@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate>5 Mar 2001</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>OS2 Client HOWTO</title> + +<sect1> + <title>FAQs</title> + + <sect2> + <title>How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</title> + + <para>A more complete answer to this question can be + found on <ulink url="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html"> + http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html</ulink>.</para> + + <para>Basically, you need three components:</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer') + </para></listitem> + <listitem><para>TCP/IP ('Internet support') + </para></listitem> + <listitem><para>The "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver ('TCPBEUI') + </para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para>Installing the first two together with the base operating + system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp + has already been installed, but you now want to install the + networking support, use the "Selective Install for Networking" + object in the "System Setup" folder.</para> + + <para>Adding the "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver is not described + in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start + MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on "Configure LAPS" and click + on "IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP" in 'Protocols'. This line + is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line, + click on "Change number" and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this + configuration.</para> + + <para>If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you + can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers + to the "Names List", or specify a WINS server ('NetBIOS + Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you + may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on + the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</title> + + <para>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client + for OS/2 from + <ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/"> + ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</ulink>. + See <ulink url="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html"> + http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html</ulink> for + more information on how to install and use this client. In + a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of + the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</para> + + <para><programlisting> + 20=setup.exe + 20=netwksta.sys + 20=netvdd.sys + </programlisting></para> + + <para>before you install the client. Also, don't use the + included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000 + or NS2000 driver from + <ulink url="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/"> + ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</ulink> instead. + </para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) + is used as a client?</title> + + <para>When you do a NET VIEW or use the "File and Print + Client Resource Browser", no Samba servers show up. This can + be fixed by a patch from <ulink + url="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html"> + http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html</ulink>. + The patch will be included in a later version of Samba. It also + fixes a couple of other problems, such as preserving long + filenames when objects are dragged from the Workplace Shell + to the Samba server. </para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?</title> + + <para>First, create a share called [PRINTDRV] that is + world-readable. Copy your OS/2 driver files there. Note + that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need + to use the original install files, and not copy an installed + driver from an OS/2 system.</para> + + <para>Install the NT driver first for that printer. Then, + add to your smb.conf a parameter, "os2 driver map = + <replaceable>filename</replaceable>". Then, in the file + specified by <replaceable>filename</replaceable>, map the + name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as + follows:</para> + + <para><nt driver name> = <os2 driver + name>.<device name>, e.g.: + HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</para> + + <para>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</para> + + <para>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the + device name, the first attempt to download the driver will + actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell + you the driver is not available. On the second attempt, it + will work. This is fixed simply by adding the device name + to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt. + </para> + </sect2> +</sect1> + +</chapter> + diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/PAM-Authentication-And-Samba.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/PAM-Authentication-And-Samba.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..594516640d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/PAM-Authentication-And-Samba.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +<chapter id="pam"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>John</firstname><surname>Terpstra</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>jht@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate> (Jun 21 2001) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>Configuring PAM for distributed but centrally +managed authentication</title> + +<sect1> +<title>Samba and PAM</title> + +<para> +A number of Unix systems (eg: Sun Solaris), as well as the +xxxxBSD family and Linux, now utilize the Pluggable Authentication +Modules (PAM) facility to provide all authentication, +authorization and resource control services. Prior to the +introduction of PAM, a decision to use an alternative to +the system password database (<filename>/etc/passwd</filename>) +would require the provision of alternatives for all programs that provide +security services. Such a choice would involve provision of +alternatives to such programs as: <command>login</command>, +<command>passwd</command>, <command>chown</command>, etc. +</para> + +<para> +PAM provides a mechanism that disconnects these security programs +from the underlying authentication/authorization infrastructure. +PAM is configured either through one file <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> (Solaris), +or by editing individual files that are located in <filename>/etc/pam.d</filename>. +</para> + +<para> +The following is an example <filename>/etc/pam.d/login</filename> configuration file. +This example had all options been uncommented is probably not usable +as it stacks many conditions before allowing successful completion +of the login process. Essentially all conditions can be disabled +by commenting them out except the calls to <filename>pam_pwdb.so</filename>. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +#%PAM-1.0 +# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service +# +auth required pam_securetty.so +auth required pam_nologin.so +# auth required pam_dialup.so +# auth optional pam_mail.so +auth required pam_pwdb.so shadow md5 +# account requisite pam_time.so +account required pam_pwdb.so +session required pam_pwdb.so +# session optional pam_lastlog.so +# password required pam_cracklib.so retry=3 +password required pam_pwdb.so shadow md5 +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +PAM allows use of replacable modules. Those available on a +sample system include: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +$ /bin/ls /lib/security +pam_access.so pam_ftp.so pam_limits.so +pam_ncp_auth.so pam_rhosts_auth.so pam_stress.so +pam_cracklib.so pam_group.so pam_listfile.so +pam_nologin.so pam_rootok.so pam_tally.so +pam_deny.so pam_issue.so pam_mail.so +pam_permit.so pam_securetty.so pam_time.so +pam_dialup.so pam_lastlog.so pam_mkhomedir.so +pam_pwdb.so pam_shells.so pam_unix.so +pam_env.so pam_ldap.so pam_motd.so +pam_radius.so pam_smbpass.so pam_unix_acct.so +pam_wheel.so pam_unix_auth.so pam_unix_passwd.so +pam_userdb.so pam_warn.so pam_unix_session.so +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The following example for the login program replaces the use of +the <filename>pam_pwdb.so</filename> module which uses the system +password database (<filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, +<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>) with +the module <filename>pam_smbpass.so</filename> which uses the Samba +database which contains the Microsoft MD4 encrypted password +hashes. This database is stored in either +<filename>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</filename>, +<filename>/etc/samba/smbpasswd</filename>, or in +<filename>/etc/samba.d/smbpasswd</filename>, depending on the +Samba implementation for your Unix/Linux system. The +<filename>pam_smbpass.so</filename> module is provided by +Samba version 2.2.1 or later. It can be compiled by specifying the +<command>--with-pam_smbpass</command> options when running Samba's +<filename>configure</filename> script. For more information +on the <filename>pam_smbpass</filename> module, see the documentation +in the <filename>source/pam_smbpass</filename> directory of the Samba +source distribution. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +#%PAM-1.0 +# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service +# +auth required pam_smbpass.so nodelay +account required pam_smbpass.so nodelay +session required pam_smbpass.so nodelay +password required pam_smbpass.so nodelay +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The following is the PAM configuration file for a particular +Linux system. The default condition uses <filename>pam_pwdb.so</filename>. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +#%PAM-1.0 +# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service +# +auth required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nullok nodelay shadow audit +account required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay +session required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nodelay +password required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow md5 +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +In the following example the decision has been made to use the +smbpasswd database even for basic samba authentication. Such a +decision could also be made for the passwd program and would +thus allow the smbpasswd passwords to be changed using the passwd +program. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +#%PAM-1.0 +# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service +# +auth required /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nodelay +account required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay +session required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nodelay +password required /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nodelay smbconf=/etc/samba.d/smb.conf +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +Note: PAM allows stacking of authentication mechanisms. It is +also possible to pass information obtained within on PAM module through +to the next module in the PAM stack. Please refer to the documentation for +your particular system implementation for details regarding the specific +capabilities of PAM in this environment. Some Linux implmentations also +provide the <filename>pam_stack.so</filename> module that allows all +authentication to be configured in a single central file. The +<filename>pam_stack.so</filename> method has some very devoted followers +on the basis that it allows for easier administration. As with all issues in +life though, every decision makes trade-offs, so you may want examine the +PAM documentation for further helpful information. +</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>Distributed Authentication</title> + +<para> +The astute administrator will realize from this that the +combination of <filename>pam_smbpass.so</filename>, +<command>winbindd</command>, and <command>rsync</command> (see +<ulink url="http://rsync.samba.org/">http://rsync.samba.org/</ulink>) +will allow the establishment of a centrally managed, distributed +user/password database that can also be used by all +PAM (eg: Linux) aware programs and applications. This arrangement +can have particularly potent advantages compared with the +use of Microsoft Active Directory Service (ADS) in so far as +reduction of wide area network authentication traffic. +</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>PAM Configuration in smb.conf</title> + +<para> +There is an option in smb.conf called <ulink +url="smb.conf.5.html#OBEYPAMRESTRICTIONS">obey pam restrictions</ulink>. +The following is from the on-line help for this option in SWAT; +</para> + +<para> +When Samba 2.2 is configure to enable PAM support (i.e. +<constant>--with-pam</constant>), this parameter will +control whether or not Samba should obey PAM's account +and session management directives. The default behavior +is to use PAM for clear text authentication only and to +ignore any account or session management. Note that Samba always +ignores PAM for authentication in the case of +<ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS">encrypt passwords = yes</ulink>. +The reason is that PAM modules cannot support the challenge/response +authentication mechanism needed in the presence of SMB +password encryption. +</para> + +<para>Default: <command>obey pam restrictions = no</command></para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-BDC-HOWTO.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-BDC-HOWTO.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..53a0959c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-BDC-HOWTO.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +<chapter id="samba-bdc"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Volker</firstname><surname>Lendecke</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address><email>Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE</email></address> + </affiliation> + </author> + <pubdate> (26 Apr 2001) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title> +How to Act as a Backup Domain Controller in a Purely Samba Controlled Domain +</title> + +<sect1> +<title>Prerequisite Reading</title> + +<para> +Before you continue reading in this chapter, please make sure +that you are comfortable with configuring a Samba PDC +as described in the <ulink url="Samba-PDC-HOWTO.html">Samba-PDC-HOWTO</ulink>. +</para> + + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + +<title>Background</title> + +<para> +What is a Domain Controller? It is a machine that is able to answer +logon requests from workstations in a Windows NT Domain. Whenever a +user logs into a Windows NT Workstation, the workstation connects to a +Domain Controller and asks him whether the username and password the +user typed in is correct. The Domain Controller replies with a lot of +information about the user, for example the place where the users +profile is stored, the users full name of the user. All this +information is stored in the NT user database, the so-called SAM. +</para> + +<para> +There are two kinds of Domain Controller in a NT 4 compatible Domain: +A Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and one or more Backup Domain +Controllers (BDC). The PDC contains the master copy of the +SAM. Whenever the SAM has to change, for example when a user changes +his password, this change has to be done on the PDC. A Backup Domain +Controller is a machine that maintains a read-only copy of the +SAM. This way it is able to reply to logon requests and authenticate +users in case the PDC is not available. During this time no changes to +the SAM are possible. Whenever changes to the SAM are done on the PDC, +all BDC receive the changes from the PDC. +</para> + +<para> +Since version 2.2 Samba officially supports domain logons for all +current Windows Clients, including Windows 2000 and XP. This text +assumes the domain to be named SAMBA. To be able to act as a PDC, some +parameters in the [global]-section of the smb.conf have to be set: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +workgroup = SAMBA +domain master = yes +domain logons = yes +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +Several other things like a [homes] and a [netlogon] share also may be +set along with settings for the profile path, the users home drive and +others. This will not be covered in this document. +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</title> + +<para> +Every machine that is a Domain Controller for the domain SAMBA has to +register the NetBIOS group name SAMBA#1c with the WINS server and/or +by broadcast on the local network. The PDC also registers the unique +NetBIOS name SAMBA#1b with the WINS server. The name type #1b is +normally reserved for the domain master browser, a role that has +nothing to do with anything related to authentication, but the +Microsoft Domain implementation requires the domain master browser to +be on the same machine as the PDC. +</para> + + +<sect2> +<title>How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</title> + +<para> +A NT workstation in the domain SAMBA that wants a local user to be +authenticated has to find the domain controller for SAMBA. It does +this by doing a NetBIOS name query for the group name SAMBA#1c. It +assumes that each of the machines it gets back from the queries is a +domain controller and can answer logon requests. To not open security +holes both the workstation and the selected (TODO: How is the DC +chosen) domain controller authenticate each other. After that the +workstation sends the user's credentials (his name and password) to +the domain controller, asking for approval. +</para> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>When is the PDC needed?</title> + +<para> +Whenever a user wants to change his password, this has to be done on +the PDC. To find the PDC, the workstation does a NetBIOS name query +for SAMBA#1b, assuming this machine maintains the master copy of the +SAM. The workstation contacts the PDC, both mutually authenticate and +the password change is done. +</para> + +</sect2> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller?</title> + +<para> +With version 2.2, no. The native NT SAM replication protocols have +not yet been fully implemented. The Samba Team is working on +understanding and implementing the protocols, but this work has not +been finished for version 2.2. +</para> + +<para> +Can I get the benefits of a BDC with Samba? Yes. The main reason for +implementing a BDC is availability. If the PDC is a Samba machine, +a second Samba machine can be set up to +service logon requests whenever the PDC is down. +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>How do I set up a Samba BDC?</title> + +<para> +Several things have to be done: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + +<listitem><para> +The file private/MACHINE.SID identifies the domain. When a samba +server is first started, it is created on the fly and must never be +changed again. This file has to be the same on the PDC and the BDC, +so the MACHINE.SID has to be copied from the PDC to the BDC. +</para></listitem> + +<listitem><para> +The Unix user database has to be synchronized from the PDC to the +BDC. This means that both the /etc/passwd and /etc/group have to be +replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This can be done manually +whenever changes are made, or the PDC is set up as a NIS master +server and the BDC as a NIS slave server. To set up the BDC as a +mere NIS client would not be enough, as the BDC would not be able to +access its user database in case of a PDC failure. +</para></listitem> + +<listitem><para> +The Samba password database in the file private/smbpasswd has to be +replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This is a bit tricky, see the +next section. +</para></listitem> + +<listitem><para> +Any netlogon share has to be replicated from the PDC to the +BDC. This can be done manually whenever login scripts are changed, +or it can be done automatically together with the smbpasswd +synchronization. +</para></listitem> + +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Finally, the BDC has to be found by the workstations. This can be done +by setting +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +workgroup = samba +domain master = no +domain logons = yes +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +in the [global]-section of the smb.conf of the BDC. This makes the BDC +only register the name SAMBA#1c with the WINS server. This is no +problem as the name SAMBA#1c is a NetBIOS group name that is meant to +be registered by more than one machine. The parameter 'domain master = +no' forces the BDC not to register SAMBA#1b which as a unique NetBIOS +name is reserved for the Primary Domain Controller. +</para> + +<sect2> +<title>How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</title> + +<para> +Replication of the smbpasswd file is sensitive. It has to be done +whenever changes to the SAM are made. Every user's password change is +done in the smbpasswd file and has to be replicated to the BDC. So +replicating the smbpasswd file very often is necessary. +</para> + +<para> +As the smbpasswd file contains plain text password equivalents, it +must not be sent unencrypted over the wire. The best way to set up +smbpasswd replication from the PDC to the BDC is to use the utility +rsync. rsync can use ssh as a transport. ssh itself can be set up to +accept *only* rsync transfer without requiring the user to type a +password. +</para> + + +</sect2> +</sect1> +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..21d2c55ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,594 @@ +<chapter id="samba-ldap-howto"> + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Gerald (Jerry)></firstname><surname>Carter</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address><email>jerry@samba.org</email></address> + </affiliation> + <firstname>Olivier (lem)></firstname><surname>Lemaire</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>IDEALX</orgname> + <address><email>olem@IDEALX.org</email></address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate> (13 Jan 2002) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>Storing Samba's User/Machine Account information in an LDAP Directory</title> + +<sect1> +<title>Purpose</title> + +<para> +This document describes how to use an LDAP directory for storing Samba user +account information traditionally stored in the smbpasswd(5) file. It is +assumed that the reader already has a basic understanding of LDAP concepts +and has a working directory server already installed. For more information +on LDAP architectures and Directories, please refer to the following sites. +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>OpenLDAP - <ulink url="http://www.openldap.org/">http://www.openldap.org/</ulink></para></listitem> + <listitem><para>iPlanet Directory Server - <ulink url="http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory">http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory</ulink></para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Note that <ulink url="http://www.ora.com/">O'Reilly Publishing</ulink> is working on +a guide to LDAP for System Administrators which has a planned release date of +early summer, 2002. +</para> + +<para> +Two additional Samba resources which may prove to be helpful are +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>The <ulink url="http://www.unav.es/cti/ldap-smb/ldap-smb-2_2-howto.html">Samba-PDC-LDAP-HOWTO</ulink> + maintained by Ignacio Coupeau.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>The NT migration scripts from <ulink url="http://samba.idealx.org/">IDEALX</ulink> that are + geared to manage users and group in such a Samba-LDAP Domain Controller configuration. + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Introduction</title> + +<para> +Traditionally, when configuring <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS">"encrypt +passwords = yes"</ulink> in Samba's <filename>smb.conf</filename> file, user account +information such as username, LM/NT password hashes, password change times, and account +flags have been stored in the <filename>smbpasswd(5)</filename> file. There are several +disadvantages to this approach for sites with very large numbers of users (counted +in the thousands). +</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem><para> +The first is that all lookups must be performed sequentially. Given that +there are approximately two lookups per domain logon (one for a normal +session connection such as when mapping a network drive or printer), this +is a performance bottleneck for lareg sites. What is needed is an indexed approach +such as is used in databases. +</para></listitem> + +<listitem><para> +The second problem is that administrators who desired to replicate a +smbpasswd file to more than one Samba server were left to use external +tools such as <command>rsync(1)</command> and <command>ssh(1)</command> +and wrote custom, in-house scripts. +</para></listitem> + +<listitem><para> +And finally, the amount of information which is stored in an +smbpasswd entry leaves no room for additional attributes such as +a home directory, password expiration time, or even a Relative +Identified (RID). +</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +As a result of these defeciencies, a more robust means of storing user attributes +used by smbd was developed. The API which defines access to user accounts +is commonly referred to as the samdb interface (previously this was called the passdb +API, and is still so named in the CVS trees). In Samba 2.2.3, enabling support +for a samdb backend (e.g. <parameter>--with-ldapsam</parameter> or +<parameter>--with-tdbsam</parameter>) requires compile time support. +</para> + +<para> +When compiling Samba to include the <parameter>--with-ldapsam</parameter> autoconf +option, smbd (and associated tools) will store and lookup user accounts in +an LDAP directory. In reality, this is very easy to understand. If you are +comfortable with using an smbpasswd file, simply replace "smbpasswd" with +"LDAP directory" in all the documentation. +</para> + +<para> +There are a few points to stress about what the <parameter>--with-ldapsam</parameter> +does not provide. The LDAP support referred to in the this documentation does not +include: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>A means of retrieving user account information from + an Windows 2000 Active Directory server.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>A means of replacing /etc/passwd.</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +The second item can be accomplished by using LDAP NSS and PAM modules. LGPL +versions of these libraries can be obtained from PADL Software +(<ulink url="http://www.padl.com/">http://www.padl.com/</ulink>). However, +the details of configuring these packages are beyond the scope of this document. +</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>Supported LDAP Servers</title> + +<para> +The LDAP samdb code in 2.2.3 has been developed and tested using the OpenLDAP +2.0 server and client libraries. The same code should be able to work with +Netscape's Directory Server and client SDK. However, due to lack of testing +so far, there are bound to be compile errors and bugs. These should not be +hard to fix. If you are so inclined, please be sure to forward all patches to +<ulink url="samba-patches@samba.org">samba-patches@samba.org</ulink> and +<ulink url="jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>. +</para> + +</sect1> + + + + +<sect1> +<title>Schema and Relationship to the RFC 2307 posixAccount</title> + + +<para> +Samba 2.2.3 includes the necessary schema file for OpenLDAP 2.0 in +<filename>examples/LDAP/samba.schema</filename>. (Note that this schema +file has been modified since the experimental support initially included +in 2.2.2). The sambaAccount objectclass is given here: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +objectclass ( 1.3.1.5.1.4.1.7165.2.2.2 NAME 'sambaAccount' SUP top STRUCTURAL + DESC 'Samba Account' + MUST ( uid $ rid ) + MAY ( cn $ lmPassword $ ntPassword $ pwdLastSet $ logonTime $ + logoffTime $ kickoffTime $ pwdCanChange $ pwdMustChange $ acctFlags $ + displayName $ smbHome $ homeDrive $ scriptPath $ profilePath $ + description $ userWorkstations $ primaryGroupID $ domain )) +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The samba.schema file has been formatted for OpenLDAP 2.0. The OID's are +owned by the Samba Team and as such is legal to be openly published. +If you translate the schema to be used with Netscape DS, please +submit the modified schema file as a patch to <ulink +url="jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink> +</para> + +<para> +Just as the smbpasswd file is mean to store information which supplements a +user's <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry, so is the sambaAccount object +meant to supplement the UNIX user account information. A sambaAccount is a +<constant>STRUCTURAL</constant> objectclass so it can be stored individually +in the directory. However, there are several fields (e.g. uid) which overlap +with the posixAccount objectclass outlined in RFC2307. This is by design. +</para> + +<!--olem: we should perhaps have a note about shadowAccounts too as many +systems use them, isn'it ? --> + +<para> +In order to store all user account information (UNIX and Samba) in the directory, +it is necessary to use the sambaAccount and posixAccount objectclasses in +combination. However, smbd will still obtain the user's UNIX account +information via the standard C library calls (e.g. getpwnam(), et. al.). +This means that the Samba server must also have the LDAP NSS library installed +and functioning correctly. This division of information makes it possible to +store all Samba account information in LDAP, but still maintain UNIX account +information in NIS while the network is transitioning to a full LDAP infrastructure. +</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>Configuring Samba with LDAP</title> + + +<sect2> +<title>OpenLDAP configuration</title> + +<para> +To include support for the sambaAccount object in an OpenLDAP directory +server, first copy the samba.schema file to slapd's configuration directory. +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root# </prompt><command>cp samba.schema /etc/openldap/schema/</command> +</para> + +<para> +Next, include the <filename>samba.schema</filename> file in <filename>slapd.conf</filename>. +The sambaAccount object contains two attributes which depend upon other schema +files. The 'uid' attribute is defined in <filename>cosine.schema</filename> and +the 'displayName' attribute is defined in the <filename>inetorgperson.schema</filename> +file. Both of these must be included before the <filename>samba.schema</filename> file. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +## /etc/openldap/slapd.conf + +## schema files (core.schema is required by default) +include /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema + +## needed for sambaAccount +include /etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema +include /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema +include /etc/openldap/schema/samba.schema + +## uncomment this line if you want to support the RFC2307 (NIS) schema +## include /etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema + +.... +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +It is recommended that you maintain some indices on some of the most usefull attributes, +like in the following example, to speed up searches made on sambaAccount objectclasses +(and possibly posixAccount and posixGroup as well). +</para> +<para><programlisting> +# Indices to maintain +## required by OpenLDAP 2.0 +index objectclass eq + +## support pb_getsampwnam() +index uid pres,eq +## support pdb_getsambapwrid() +index rid eq + +## uncomment these if you are storing posixAccount and +## posixGroup entries in the directory as well +##index uidNumber eq +##index gidNumber eq +##index cn eq +##index memberUid eq +</programlisting></para> +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Configuring Samba</title> +<!--lem: <title>smb.conf LDAP parameters</title> --> + +<para> +The following parameters are available in smb.conf only with <parameter>--with-ldapsam</parameter> +was included with compiling Samba. +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSSL">ldap ssl</ulink></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSERVER">ldap server</ulink></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPADMINDN">ldap admin dn</ulink></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSUFFIX">ldap suffix</ulink></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPFILTER">ldap filter</ulink></para></listitem> + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPPORT">ldap port</ulink></para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +These are described in the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html">smb.conf(5)</ulink> man +page and so will not be repeated here. However, a sample smb.conf file for +use with an LDAP directory could appear as +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +## /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf +[global] + security = user + encrypt passwords = yes + + netbios name = TASHTEGO + workgroup = NARNIA + + # ldap related parameters + + # define the DN to use when binding to the directory servers + # The password for this DN is not stored in smb.conf. Rather it + # must be set by using 'smbpasswd -w <replaceable>secretpw</replaceable>' to store the + # passphrase in the secrets.tdb file. If the "ldap admin dn" values + # changes, this password will need to be reset. + ldap admin dn = "cn=Samba Manager,ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org" + + # specify the LDAP server's hostname (defaults to locahost) + ldap server = ahab.samba.org + + # Define the SSL option when connecting to the directory + # ('off', 'start tls', or 'on' (default)) + ldap ssl = start tls + + # define the port to use in the LDAP session (defaults to 636 when + # "ldap ssl = on") + ldap port = 389 + + # specify the base DN to use when searching the directory + ldap suffix = "ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org" + + # generally the default ldap search filter is ok + # ldap filter = "(&(uid=%u)(objectclass=sambaAccount))" +</programlisting></para> + + +</sect2> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Accounts and Groups management</title> + +<para> +As users accounts are managed thru the sambaAccount objectclass, you should +modify you existing administration tools to deal with sambaAccount attributes. +</para> + +<para> +Machines accounts are managed with the sambaAccount objectclass, just +like users accounts. However, it's up to you to stored thoses accounts +in a different tree of you LDAP namespace: you should use +"ou=Groups,dc=plainjoe,dc=org" to store groups and +"ou=People,dc=plainjoe,dc=org" to store users. Just configure your +NSS and PAM accordingly (usually, in the /etc/ldap.conf configuration +file). +</para> + +<para> +In Samba release 2.2.3, the group management system is based on posix +groups. This meand that Samba make usage of the posixGroup objectclass. +For now, there is no NT-like group system management (global and local +groups). +</para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> +<title>Security and sambaAccount</title> + + +<para> +There are two important points to remember when discussing the security +of sambaAccount entries in the directory. +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para><emphasis>Never</emphasis> retrieve the lmPassword or + ntPassword attribute values over an unencrypted LDAP session.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para><emphasis>Never</emphasis> allow non-admin users to + view the lmPassword or ntPassword attribute values.</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +These password hashes are clear text equivalents and can be used to impersonate +the user without deriving the original clear text strings. For more information +on the details of LM/NT password hashes, refer to the <ulink +url="ENCRYPTION.html">ENCRYPTION chapter</ulink> of the Samba-HOWTO-Collection. +</para> + +<para> +To remedy the first security issue, the "ldap ssl" smb.conf parameter defaults +to require an encrypted session (<command>ldap ssl = on</command>) using +the default port of 636 +when contacting the directory server. When using an OpenLDAP 2.0 server, it +is possible to use the use the StartTLS LDAP extended operation in the place of +LDAPS. In either case, you are strongly discouraged to disable this security +(<command>ldap ssl = off</command>). +</para> + +<para> +Note that the LDAPS protocol is deprecated in favor of the LDAPv3 StartTLS +extended operation. However, the OpenLDAP library still provides support for +the older method of securing communication between clients and servers. +</para> + +<para> +The second security precaution is to prevent non-administrative users from +harvesting password hashes from the directory. This can be done using the +following ACL in <filename>slapd.conf</filename>: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +## allow the "ldap admin dn" access, but deny everyone else +access to attrs=lmPassword,ntPassword + by dn="cn=Samba Admin,ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org" write + by * none +</programlisting></para> + + +</sect1> + + + +<sect1> +<title>LDAP specials attributes for sambaAccounts</title> + +<para> +The sambaAccount objectclass is composed of the following attributes: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + + <listitem><para><constant>lmPassword</constant>: the LANMAN password 16-byte hash stored as a character + representation of a hexidecimal string.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>ntPassword</constant>: the NT password hash 16-byte stored as a character + representation of a hexidecimal string.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>pwdLastSet</constant>: The integer time in seconds since 1970 when the + <constant>lmPassword</constant> and <constant>ntPassword</constant> attributes were last set. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>acctFlags</constant>: string of 11 characters surrounded by square brackets [] + representing account flags such as U (user), W(workstation), X(no password expiration), and + D(disabled).</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>logonTime</constant>: Integer value currently unused</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>logoffTime</constant>: Integer value currently unused</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>kickoffTime</constant>: Integer value currently unused</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>pwdCanChange</constant>: Integer value currently unused</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>pwdMustChange</constant>: Integer value currently unused</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>homeDrive</constant>: specifies the drive letter to which to map the + UNC path specified by homeDirectory. The drive letter must be specified in the form "X:" + where X is the letter of the drive to map. Refer to the "logon drive" parameter in the + smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>scriptPath</constant>: The scriptPath property specifies the path of + the user's logon script, .CMD, .EXE, or .BAT file. The string can be null. The path + is relative to the netlogon share. Refer to the "logon script" parameter in the + smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>profilePath</constant>: specifies a path to the user's profile. + This value can be a null string, a local absolute path, or a UNC path. Refer to the + "logon path" parameter in the smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>smbHome</constant>: The homeDirectory property specifies the path of + the home directory for the user. The string can be null. If homeDrive is set and specifies + a drive letter, homeDirectory should be a UNC path. The path must be a network + UNC path of the form \\server\share\directory. This value can be a null string. + Refer to the "logon home" parameter in the smb.conf(5) man page for more information. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>userWorkstation</constant>: character string value currently unused. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>rid</constant>: the integer representation of the user's relative identifier + (RID).</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><constant>primaryGroupID</constant>: the relative identifier (RID) of the primary group + of the user.</para></listitem> + +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +The majority of these parameters are only used when Samba is acting as a PDC of +a domain (refer to the <ulink url="Samba-PDC-HOWTO.html">Samba-PDC-HOWTO</ulink> for details on +how to configure Samba as a Primary Domain Controller). The following four attributes +are only stored with the sambaAccount entry if the values are non-default values: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>smbHome</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>scriptPath</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>logonPath</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>homeDrive</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +These attributes are only stored with the sambaAccount entry if +the values are non-default values. For example, assume TASHTEGO has now been +configured as a PDC and that <command>logon home = \\%L\%u</command> was defined in +its <filename>smb.conf</filename> file. When a user named "becky" logons to the domain, +the <parameter>logon home</parameter> string is expanded to \\TASHTEGO\becky. +If the smbHome attribute exists in the entry "uid=becky,ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org", +this value is used. However, if this attribute does not exist, then the value +of the <parameter>logon home</parameter> parameter is used in its place. Samba +will only write the attribute value to the directory entry is the value is +something other than the default (e.g. \\MOBY\becky). +</para> + + +</sect1> + + + + +<sect1> +<title>Example LDIF Entries for a sambaAccount</title> + + +<para> +The following is a working LDIF with the inclusion of the posixAccount objectclass: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +dn: uid=guest2, ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org +ntPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7 +pwdMustChange: 2147483647 +primaryGroupID: 1201 +lmPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE +pwdLastSet: 1010179124 +logonTime: 0 +objectClass: sambaAccount +uid: guest2 +kickoffTime: 2147483647 +acctFlags: [UX ] +logoffTime: 2147483647 +rid: 19006 +pwdCanChange: 0 +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The following is an LDIF entry for using both the sambaAccount and +posixAccount objectclasses: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +dn: uid=gcarter, ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org +logonTime: 0 +displayName: Gerald Carter +lmPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE +primaryGroupID: 1201 +objectClass: posixAccount +objectClass: sambaAccount +acctFlags: [UX ] +userPassword: {crypt}BpM2ej8Rkzogo +uid: gcarter +uidNumber: 9000 +cn: Gerald Carter +loginShell: /bin/bash +logoffTime: 2147483647 +gidNumber: 100 +kickoffTime: 2147483647 +pwdLastSet: 1010179230 +rid: 19000 +homeDirectory: /home/tashtego/gcarter +pwdCanChange: 0 +pwdMustChange: 2147483647 +ntPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7 +</programlisting></para> + + +</sect1> + + + +<sect1> +<title>Comments</title> + + +<para> +Please mail all comments regarding this HOWTO to <ulink +url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>. This documents was +last updated to reflect the Samba 2.2.3 release. + +</para> + + +</sect1> + + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-PDC-HOWTO.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-PDC-HOWTO.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..475b66598c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-PDC-HOWTO.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,1828 @@ +<chapter id="samba-pdc"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Gerald (Jerry)</firstname><surname>Carter</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>VA Linux Systems/Samba Team</orgname> + <address><email>jerry@samba.org</email></address> + </affiliation> + <firstname>David</firstname><surname>Bannon</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address><email>dbannon@samba.org</email></address> + </affiliation> + + </author> + <pubdate> (26 Apr 2001) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title> +How to Configure Samba 2.2 as a Primary Domain Controller +</title> + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Prerequisite Reading + +*************************************************************** --> +<sect1> +<title>Prerequisite Reading</title> + +<para> +Before you continue reading in this chapter, please make sure +that you are comfortable with configuring basic files services +in smb.conf and how to enable and administer password +encryption in Samba. Theses two topics are covered in the +<ulink url="smb.conf.5.html"><filename>smb.conf(5)</filename></ulink> +manpage and the <ulink url="ENCRYPTION.html">Encryption chapter</ulink> +of this HOWTO Collection. +</para> + + +</sect1> + + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Background Information + +*************************************************************** --> +<sect1> +<title> +Background +</title> + +<note> +<para> +<emphasis>Author's Note:</emphasis> This document is a combination +of David Bannon's "Samba 2.2 PDC HOWTO" and "Samba NT Domain FAQ". +Both documents are superseded by this one. +</para> +</note> + +<para> +Versions of Samba prior to release 2.2 had marginal capabilities to act +as a Windows NT 4.0 Primary Domain Controller +<indexterm><primary>Primary Domain Controller</primary></indexterm> +(PDC). With Samba 2.2.0, we are proud to announce official support for +Windows NT 4.0-style domain logons from Windows NT 4.0 and Windows +2000 clients. This article outlines the steps +necessary for configuring Samba as a PDC. It is necessary to have a +working Samba server prior to implementing the PDC functionality. If +you have not followed the steps outlined in <ulink +url="UNIX_INSTALL.html"> UNIX_INSTALL.html</ulink>, please make sure +that your server is configured correctly before proceeding. Another +good resource in the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html">smb.conf(5) man +page</ulink>. The following functionality should work in 2.2: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para> + domain logons for Windows NT 4.0/2000 clients. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + placing a Windows 9x client in user level security + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + retrieving a list of users and groups from a Samba PDC to + Windows 9x/NT/2000 clients + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + roving (roaming) user profiles + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + Windows NT 4.0-style system policies + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + + +<para> +The following pieces of functionality are not included in the 2.2 release: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para> + Windows NT 4 domain trusts + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + SAM replication with Windows NT 4.0 Domain Controllers + (i.e. a Samba PDC and a Windows NT BDC or vice versa) + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + Adding users via the User Manager for Domains + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + Acting as a Windows 2000 Domain Controller (i.e. Kerberos and + Active Directory) + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Please note that Windows 9x clients are not true members of a domain +for reasons outlined in this article. Therefore the protocol for +support Windows 9x-style domain logons is completely different +from NT4 domain logons and has been officially supported for some +time. +</para> + + +<para> +Implementing a Samba PDC can basically be divided into 2 broad +steps. +</para> + +<orderedlist numeration="Arabic"> + <listitem><para> + Configuring the Samba PDC + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + Creating machine trust accounts and joining clients + to the domain + </para></listitem> +</orderedlist> + +<para> +There are other minor details such as user profiles, system +policies, etc... However, these are not necessarily specific +to a Samba PDC as much as they are related to Windows NT networking +concepts. They will be mentioned only briefly here. +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Configuring the Samba PDC + +*************************************************************** --> + +<sect1> +<title>Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</title> + +<para> +The first step in creating a working Samba PDC is to +understand the parameters necessary in smb.conf. I will not +attempt to re-explain the parameters here as they are more that +adequately covered in <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html"> the smb.conf +man page</ulink>. For convenience, the parameters have been +linked with the actual smb.conf description. +</para> + +<para> +Here is an example <filename>smb.conf</filename> for acting as a PDC: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +[global] + ; Basic server settings + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#NETBIOSNAME">netbios name</ulink> = <replaceable>POGO</replaceable> + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP">workgroup</ulink> = <replaceable>NARNIA</replaceable> + + ; we should act as the domain and local master browser + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#OSLEVEL">os level</ulink> = 64 + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#PERFERREDMASTER">preferred master</ulink> = yes + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINMASTER">domain master</ulink> = yes + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LOCALMASTER">local master</ulink> = yes + + ; security settings (must user security = user) + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSUSER">security</ulink> = user + + ; encrypted passwords are a requirement for a PDC + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS">encrypt passwords</ulink> = yes + + ; support domain logons + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINLOGONS">domain logons</ulink> = yes + + ; where to store user profiles? + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONPATH">logon path</ulink> = \\%N\profiles\%u + + ; where is a user's home directory and where should it + ; be mounted at? + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONDRIVE">logon drive</ulink> = H: + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONHOME">logon home</ulink> = \\homeserver\%u + + ; specify a generic logon script for all users + ; this is a relative **DOS** path to the [netlogon] share + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONSCRIPT">logon script</ulink> = logon.cmd + +; necessary share for domain controller +[netlogon] + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#PATH">path</ulink> = /usr/local/samba/lib/netlogon + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#READONLY">read only</ulink> = yes + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST">write list</ulink> = <replaceable>ntadmin</replaceable> + +; share for storing user profiles +[profiles] + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#PATH">path</ulink> = /export/smb/ntprofile + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#READONLY">read only</ulink> = no + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK">create mask</ulink> = 0600 + <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#DIRECTORYMASK">directory mask</ulink> = 0700 +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +There are a couple of points to emphasize in the above configuration. +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para> + Encrypted passwords must be enabled. For more details on how + to do this, refer to <ulink url="ENCRYPTION.html">ENCRYPTION.html</ulink>. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + The server must support domain logons and a + <filename>[netlogon]</filename> share + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + The server must be the domain master browser in order for Windows + client to locate the server as a DC. Please refer to the various + Network Browsing documentation included with this distribution for + details. + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +As Samba 2.2 does not offer a complete implementation of group mapping +between Windows NT groups and Unix groups (this is really quite +complicated to explain in a short space), you should refer to the +<ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINADMINGROUP">domain admin +group</ulink> smb.conf parameter for information of creating "Domain +Admins" style accounts. +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients to the +Domain</title> + +<para> +A machine trust account is a Samba account that is used to +authenticate a client machine (rather than a user) to the Samba +server. In Windows terminology, this is known as a "Computer +Account."</para> + +<para> +The password of a machine trust account acts as the shared secret for +secure communication with the Domain Controller. This is a security +feature to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same NetBIOS name +from joining the domain and gaining access to domain user/group +accounts. Windows NT and 2000 clients use machine trust accounts, but +Windows 9x clients do not. Hence, a Windows 9x client is never a true +member of a domain because it does not possess a machine trust +account, and thus has no shared secret with the domain controller. +</para> + +<para>A Windows PDC stores each machine trust account in the Windows +Registry. A Samba PDC, however, stores each machine trust account +in two parts, as follows: + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>A Samba account, stored in the same location as user + LanMan and NT password hashes (currently + <filename>smbpasswd</filename>). The Samba account + possesses and uses only the NT password hash.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>A corresponding Unix account, typically stored in + <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. (Future releases will alleviate the need to + create <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entries.) </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +</para> + +<para> +There are two ways to create machine trust accounts: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para> Manual creation. Both the Samba and corresponding + Unix account are created by hand.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> "On-the-fly" creation. The Samba machine trust + account is automatically created by Samba at the time the client + is joined to the domain. (For security, this is the + recommended method.) The corresponding Unix account may be + created automatically or manually. </para> + </listitem> + +</itemizedlist> + +<sect2> +<title>Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</title> + +<para> +The first step in manually creating a machine trust account is to +manually create the corresponding Unix account in +<filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. This can be done using +<command>vipw</command> or other 'add user' command that is normally +used to create new Unix accounts. The following is an example for a +Linux based Samba server: +</para> + +<para> + <prompt>root# </prompt><command>/usr/sbin/useradd -g 100 -d /dev/null -c <replaceable>"machine +nickname"</replaceable> -s /bin/false <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>$ </command> +</para> +<para> +<prompt>root# </prompt><command>passwd -l <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>$</command> +</para> + +<para> +The <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry will list the machine name +with a "$" appended, won't have a password, will have a null shell and no +home directory. For example a machine named 'doppy' would have an +<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry like this: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +doppy$:x:505:501:<replaceable>machine_nickname</replaceable>:/dev/null:/bin/false +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +Above, <replaceable>machine_nickname</replaceable> can be any +descriptive name for the client, i.e., BasementComputer. +<replaceable>machine_name</replaceable> absolutely must be the NetBIOS +name of the client to be joined to the domain. The "$" must be +appended to the NetBIOS name of the client or Samba will not recognize +this as a machine trust account. +</para> + + +<para> +Now that the corresponding Unix account has been created, the next step is to create +the Samba account for the client containing the well-known initial +machine trust account password. This can be done using the <ulink +url="smbpasswd.8.html"><command>smbpasswd(8)</command></ulink> command +as shown here: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root# </prompt><command>smbpasswd -a -m <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable></command> +</para> + +<para> +where <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable> is the machine's NetBIOS +name. The RID of the new machine account is generated from the UID of +the corresponding Unix account. +</para> + +<warning> + <title>Join the client to the domain immediately</title> + + <para> + Manually creating a machine trust account using this method is the + equivalent of creating a machine trust account on a Windows NT PDC using + the "Server Manager". From the time at which the account is created + to the time which the client joins the domain and changes the password, + your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining your domain using a + a machine with the same NetBIOS name. A PDC inherently trusts + members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user + information to such clients. You have been warned! + </para> +</warning> +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>"On-the-Fly" Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</title> + +<para> +The second (and recommended) way of creating machine trust accounts is +simply to allow the Samba server to create them as needed when the client +is joined to the domain. </para> + +<para>Since each Samba machine trust account requires a corresponding +Unix account, a method for automatically creating the +Unix account is usually supplied; this requires configuration of the +<ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#ADDUSERSCRIPT">add user script</ulink> +option in <filename>smb.conf</filename>. This +method is not required, however; corresponding Unix accounts may also +be created manually. +</para> + + +<para>Below is an example for a RedHat 6.2 Linux system. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +[global] + # <...remainder of parameters...> + add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 -s /bin/false -M %u +</programlisting></para> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2><title>Joining the Client to the Domain</title> + +<para> +The procedure for joining a client to the domain varies with the +version of Windows. +</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem><para><emphasis>Windows 2000</emphasis></para> + + <para> When the user elects to join the client to a domain, Windows prompts for + an account and password that is privileged to join the domain. A + Samba administrative account (i.e., a Samba account that has root + privileges on the Samba server) must be entered here; the + operation will fail if an ordinary user account is given. + The password for this account should be + set to a different password than the associated + <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry, for security + reasons. </para> + + <para>The session key of the Samba administrative account acts as an + encryption key for setting the password of the machine trust + account. The machine trust account will be created on-the-fly, or + updated if it already exists.</para> +</listitem> + +<listitem><para><emphasis>Windows NT</emphasis></para> + + <para> If the machine trust account was created manually, on the + Identification Changes menu enter the domain name, but do not + check the box "Create a Computer Account in the Domain." In this case, + the existing machine trust account is used to join the machine to + the domain.</para> + + <para> If the machine trust account is to be created + on-the-fly, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain + name, and check the box "Create a Computer Account in the Domain." In + this case, joining the domain proceeds as above for Windows 2000 + (i.e., you must supply a Samba administrative account when + prompted).</para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Common Problems + +*************************************************************** --> + +<sect1> +<title>Common Problems and Errors</title> + +<para> +</para> +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>I cannot include a '$' in a machine name.</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + A 'machine name' in (typically) <filename>/etc/passwd</> + of the machine name with a '$' appended. FreeBSD (and other BSD + systems?) won't create a user with a '$' in their name. + </para> + + <para> + The problem is only in the program used to make the entry, once + made, it works perfectly. So create a user without the '$' and + use <command>vipw</> to edit the entry, adding the '$'. Or create + the whole entry with vipw if you like, make sure you use a + unique User ID ! + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>I get told "You already have a connection to the Domain...." + or "Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an + existing set.." when creating a machine trust account.</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + This happens if you try to create a machine trust account from the + machine itself and already have a connection (e.g. mapped drive) + to a share (or IPC$) on the Samba PDC. The following command + will remove all network drive connections: + </para> + + <para> + <prompt>C:\WINNT\></prompt> <command>net use * /d</command> + </para> + + <para> + Further, if the machine is a already a 'member of a workgroup' that + is the same name as the domain you are joining (bad idea) you will + get this message. Change the workgroup name to something else, it + does not matter what, reboot, and try again. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</emphasis> + </para> + + <para>I joined the domain successfully but after upgrading + to a newer version of the Samba code I get the message, "The system + can not log you on (C000019B), Please try a gain or consult your + system administrator" when attempting to logon. + </para> + + <para> + This occurs when the domain SID stored in + <filename>private/WORKGROUP.SID</filename> is + changed. For example, you remove the file and <command>smbd</command> automatically + creates a new one. Or you are swapping back and forth between + versions 2.0.7, TNG and the HEAD branch code (not recommended). The + only way to correct the problem is to restore the original domain + SID or remove the domain client from the domain and rejoin. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>The machine trust account for this computer either does not + exist or is not accessible.</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + When I try to join the domain I get the message "The machine account + for this computer either does not exist or is not accessible". What's + wrong? + </para> + + <para> + This problem is caused by the PDC not having a suitable machine trust account. + If you are using the <parameter>add user script</parameter> method to create + accounts then this would indicate that it has not worked. Ensure the domain + admin user system is working. + </para> + + <para> + Alternatively if you are creating account entries manually then they + have not been created correctly. Make sure that you have the entry + correct for the machine trust account in smbpasswd file on the Samba PDC. + If you added the account using an editor rather than using the smbpasswd + utility, make sure that the account name is the machine NetBIOS name + with a '$' appended to it ( i.e. computer_name$ ). There must be an entry + in both /etc/passwd and the smbpasswd file. Some people have reported + that inconsistent subnet masks between the Samba server and the NT + client have caused this problem. Make sure that these are consistent + for both client and server. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation, + I get a message about my account being disabled.</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + This problem is caused by a PAM related bug in Samba 2.2.0. This bug is + fixed in 2.2.1. Other symptoms could be unaccessible shares on + NT/W2K member servers in the domain or the following error in your smbd.log: + passdb/pampass.c:pam_account(268) PAM: UNKNOWN ERROR for User: %user% + </para> + + <para> + At first be ensure to enable the useraccounts with <command>smbpasswd -e + %user%</command>, this is normally done, when you create an account. + </para> + + <para> + In order to work around this problem in 2.2.0, configure the + <parameter>account</parameter> control flag in + <filename>/etc/pam.d/samba</filename> file as follows: + </para> + + <para><programlisting> + account required pam_permit.so + </programlisting></para> + + <para> + If you want to remain backward compatibility to samba 2.0.x use + <filename>pam_permit.so</filename>, it's also possible to use + <filename>pam_pwdb.so</filename>. There are some bugs if you try to + use <filename>pam_unix.so</filename>, if you need this, be ensure to use + the most recent version of this file. + </para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +</sect1> + + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Policies and Profiles + +*************************************************************** --> + +<sect1> +<title> +System Policies and Profiles +</title> + +<para> +Much of the information necessary to implement System Policies and +Roving User Profiles in a Samba domain is the same as that for +implementing these same items in a Windows NT 4.0 domain. +You should read the white paper <ulink url="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp">Implementing +Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0</ulink> available from Microsoft. +</para> + +<para> +Here are some additional details: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>What about Windows NT Policy Editor?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + To create or edit <filename>ntconfig.pol</filename> you must use + the NT Server Policy Editor, <command>poledit.exe</command> which + is included with NT Server but <emphasis>not NT Workstation</emphasis>. + There is a Policy Editor on a NTws + but it is not suitable for creating <emphasis>Domain Policies</emphasis>. + Further, although the Windows 95 + Policy Editor can be installed on an NT Workstation/Server, it will not + work with NT policies because the registry key that are set by the policy templates. + However, the files from the NT Server will run happily enough on an NTws. + You need <filename>poledit.exe, common.adm</> and <filename>winnt.adm</>. It is convenient + to put the two *.adm files in <filename>c:\winnt\inf</> which is where + the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. Note also that that + directory is 'hidden'. + </para> + + <para> + The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the Service Pack 3 (and + later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using <command>servicepackname /x</command>, + i.e. that's <command>Nt4sp6ai.exe /x</command> for service pack 6a. The policy editor, + <command>poledit.exe</command> and the associated template files (*.adm) should + be extracted as well. It is also possible to downloaded the policy template + files for Office97 and get a copy of the policy editor. Another possible + location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>Can Win95 do Policies?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + Install the group policy handler for Win9x to pick up group + policies. Look on the Win98 CD in <filename>\tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit</filename>. + Install group policies on a Win9x client by double-clicking + <filename>grouppol.inf</filename>. Log off and on again a couple of + times and see if Win98 picks up group policies. Unfortunately this needs + to be done on every Win9x machine that uses group policies.... + </para> + + <para> + If group policies don't work one reports suggests getting the updated + (read: working) grouppol.dll for Windows 9x. The group list is grabbed + from /etc/group. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>How do I get 'User Manager' and 'Server Manager'</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + Since I don't need to buy an NT Server CD now, how do I get + the 'User Manager for Domains', the 'Server Manager'? + </para> + + <para> + Microsoft distributes a version of these tools called nexus for + installation on Windows 95 systems. The tools set includes + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Server Manager</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>User Manager for Domains</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Event Viewer</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + Click here to download the archived file <ulink + url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE">ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE</ulink> + </para> + + <para> + The Windows NT 4.0 version of the 'User Manager for + Domains' and 'Server Manager' are available from Microsoft via ftp + from <ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE">ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE</ulink> + </para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +</sect1> + + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Getting Help + +*************************************************************** --> + + +<sect1> +<title>What other help can I get? </title> + +<para> +There are many sources of information available in the form +of mailing lists, RFC's and documentation. The docs that come +with the samba distribution contain very good explanations of +general SMB topics such as browsing.</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>What are some diagnostics tools I can use to debug the domain logon + process and where can I find them?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + One of the best diagnostic tools for debugging problems is Samba itself. + You can use the -d option for both smbd and nmbd to specify what + 'debug level' at which to run. See the man pages on smbd, nmbd and + smb.conf for more information on debugging options. The debug + level can range from 1 (the default) to 10 (100 for debugging passwords). + </para> + + <para> + Another helpful method of debugging is to compile samba using the + <command>gcc -g </command> flag. This will include debug + information in the binaries and allow you to attach gdb to the + running smbd / nmbd process. In order to attach gdb to an smbd + process for an NT workstation, first get the workstation to make the + connection. Pressing ctrl-alt-delete and going down to the domain box + is sufficient (at least, on the first time you join the domain) to + generate a 'LsaEnumTrustedDomains'. Thereafter, the workstation + maintains an open connection, and therefore there will be an smbd + process running (assuming that you haven't set a really short smbd + idle timeout) So, in between pressing ctrl alt delete, and actually + typing in your password, you can gdb attach and continue. + </para> + + <para> + Some useful samba commands worth investigating: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>testparam | more</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>smbclient -L //{netbios name of server}</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + An SMB enabled version of tcpdump is available from + <ulink url="http://www.tcpdump.org/">http://www.tcpdup.org/</ulink>. + Ethereal, another good packet sniffer for Unix and Win32 + hosts, can be downloaded from <ulink + url="http://www.ethereal.com/">http://www.ethereal.com</ulink>. + </para> + + <para> + For tracing things on the Microsoft Windows NT, Network Monitor + (aka. netmon) is available on the Microsoft Developer Network CD's, + the Windows NT Server install CD and the SMS CD's. The version of + netmon that ships with SMS allows for dumping packets between any two + computers (i.e. placing the network interface in promiscuous mode). + The version on the NT Server install CD will only allow monitoring + of network traffic directed to the local NT box and broadcasts on the + local subnet. Be aware that Ethereal can read and write netmon + formatted files. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>How do I install 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation + or a Windows 9x box?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + Installing netmon on an NT workstation requires a couple + of steps. The following are for installing Netmon V4.00.349, which comes + with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, on Microsoft Windows NT + Workstation 4.0. The process should be similar for other version of + Windows NT / Netmon. You will need both the Microsoft Windows + NT Server 4.0 Install CD and the Workstation 4.0 Install CD. + </para> + + <para> + Initially you will need to install 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' + on the NT Server. To do this + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - + Network - Services - Add </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Select the 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' and + click on 'OK'.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Insert the Windows NT Server 4.0 install CD + when prompted.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + At this point the Netmon files should exist in + <filename>%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</filename>. + Two subdirectories exist as well, <filename>parsers\</filename> + which contains the necessary DLL's for parsing the netmon packet + dump, and <filename>captures\</filename>. + </para> + + <para> + In order to install the Netmon tools on an NT Workstation, you will + first need to install the 'Network Monitor Agent' from the Workstation + install CD. + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - + Network - Services - Add</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Select the 'Network Monitor Agent' and click + on 'OK'.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Insert the Windows NT Workstation 4.0 install + CD when prompted.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + + <para> + Now copy the files from the NT Server in %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* + to %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* on the Workstation and set + permissions as you deem appropriate for your site. You will need + administrative rights on the NT box to run netmon. + </para> + + <para> + To install Netmon on a Windows 9x box install the network monitor agent + from the Windows 9x CD (\admin\nettools\netmon). There is a readme + file located with the netmon driver files on the CD if you need + information on how to do this. Copy the files from a working + Netmon installation. + </para> +</listitem> + + + + +<listitem> + <para> + The following is a list if helpful URLs and other links: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + + <listitem><para>Home of Samba site <ulink url="http://samba.org"> + http://samba.org</ulink>. We have a mirror near you !</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> The <emphasis>Development</emphasis> document + on the Samba mirrors might mention your problem. If so, + it might mean that the developers are working on it.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>See how Scott Merrill simulates a BDC behavior at + <ulink url="http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html"> + http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html</>. </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Although 2.0.7 has almost had its day as a PDC, David Bannon will + keep the 2.0.7 PDC pages at <ulink url="http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba"> + http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba</ulink> going for a while yet.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Misc links to CIFS information + <ulink url="http://samba.org/cifs/">http://samba.org/cifs/</ulink></para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>NT Domains for Unix <ulink url="http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/"> + http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/</ulink></para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>FTP site for older SMB specs: + <ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/"> + ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/</ulink></para></listitem> + + </itemizedlist> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>How do I get help from the mailing lists?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + There are a number of Samba related mailing lists. Go to <ulink + url="http://samba.org">http://samba.org</ulink>, click on your nearest mirror + and then click on <command>Support</> and then click on <command> + Samba related mailing lists</>. + </para> + + <para> + For questions relating to Samba TNG go to + <ulink url="http://www.samba-tng.org/">http://www.samba-tng.org/</ulink> + It has been requested that you don't post questions about Samba-TNG to the + main stream Samba lists.</para> + + <para> + If you post a message to one of the lists please observe the following guide lines : + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + + <listitem><para> Always remember that the developers are volunteers, they are + not paid and they never guarantee to produce a particular feature at + a particular time. Any time lines are 'best guess' and nothing more. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> Always mention what version of samba you are using and what + operating system its running under. You should probably list the + relevant sections of your smb.conf file, at least the options + in [global] that affect PDC support.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>In addition to the version, if you obtained Samba via + CVS mention the date when you last checked it out.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> Try and make your question clear and brief, lots of long, + convoluted questions get deleted before they are completely read ! + Don't post html encoded messages (if you can select colour or font + size its html).</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> If you run one of those nifty 'I'm on holidays' things when + you are away, make sure its configured to not answer mailing lists. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> Don't cross post. Work out which is the best list to post to + and see what happens, i.e. don't post to both samba-ntdom and samba-technical. + Many people active on the lists subscribe to more + than one list and get annoyed to see the same message two or more times. + Often someone will see a message and thinking it would be better dealt + with on another, will forward it on for you.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>You might include <emphasis>partial</emphasis> + log files written at a debug level set to as much as 20. + Please don't send the entire log but enough to give the context of the + error messages.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>(Possibly) If you have a complete netmon trace ( from the opening of + the pipe to the error ) you can send the *.CAP file as well.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Please think carefully before attaching a document to an email. + Consider pasting the relevant parts into the body of the message. The samba + mailing lists go to a huge number of people, do they all need a copy of your + smb.conf in their attach directory?</para></listitem> + + </itemizedlist> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>How do I get off the mailing lists?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para>To have your name removed from a samba mailing list, go to the + same place you went to to get on it. Go to <ulink + url="http://lists.samba.org/">http://lists.samba.org</ulink>, + click on your nearest mirror and then click on <command>Support</> and + then click on <command> Samba related mailing lists</>. Or perhaps see + <ulink url="http://lists.samba.org/mailman/roster/samba-ntdom">here</ulink> + </para> + + <para> + Please don't post messages to the list asking to be removed, you will just + be referred to the above address (unless that process failed in some way...) + </para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +</sect1> + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Windows 9x domain control + +*************************************************************** --> +<sect1> +<title>Domain Control for Windows 9x/ME</title> + +<note> +<para> +The following section contains much of the original +DOMAIN.txt file previously included with Samba. Much of +the material is based on what went into the book <emphasis>Special +Edition, Using Samba</emphasis>, by Richard Sharpe. +</para> +</note> + +<para> +A domain and a workgroup are exactly the same thing in terms of network +browsing. The difference is that a distributable authentication +database is associated with a domain, for secure login access to a +network. Also, different access rights can be granted to users if they +successfully authenticate against a domain logon server (NT server and +other systems based on NT server support this, as does at least Samba TNG now). +</para> + +<para> +The SMB client logging on to a domain has an expectation that every other +server in the domain should accept the same authentication information. +Network browsing functionality of domains and workgroups is +identical and is explained in BROWSING.txt. It should be noted, that browsing +is totally orthogonal to logon support. +</para> + +<para> +Issues related to the single-logon network model are discussed in this +section. Samba supports domain logons, network logon scripts, and user +profiles for MS Windows for workgroups and MS Windows 9X/ME clients +which will be the focus of this section. +</para> + + +<para> +When an SMB client in a domain wishes to logon it broadcast requests for a +logon server. The first one to reply gets the job, and validates its +password using whatever mechanism the Samba administrator has installed. +It is possible (but very stupid) to create a domain where the user +database is not shared between servers, i.e. they are effectively workgroup +servers advertising themselves as participating in a domain. This +demonstrates how authentication is quite different from but closely +involved with domains. +</para> + + +<para> +Using these features you can make your clients verify their logon via +the Samba server; make clients run a batch file when they logon to +the network and download their preferences, desktop and start menu. +</para> + +<para> +Before launching into the configuration instructions, it is +worthwhile lookingat how a Windows 9x/ME client performs a logon: +</para> + +<orderedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + The client broadcasts (to the IP broadcast address of the subnet it is in) + a NetLogon request. This is sent to the NetBIOS name DOMAIN<1c> at the + NetBIOS layer. The client chooses the first response it receives, which + contains the NetBIOS name of the logon server to use in the format of + \\SERVER. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + The client then connects to that server, logs on (does an SMBsessetupX) and + then connects to the IPC$ share (using an SMBtconX). + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + The client then does a NetWkstaUserLogon request, which retrieves the name + of the user's logon script. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + The client then connects to the NetLogon share and searches for this + and if it is found and can be read, is retrieved and executed by the client. + After this, the client disconnects from the NetLogon share. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + The client then sends a NetUserGetInfo request to the server, to retrieve + the user's home share, which is used to search for profiles. Since the + response to the NetUserGetInfo request does not contain much more + the user's home share, profiles for Win9X clients MUST reside in the user + home directory. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + The client then connects to the user's home share and searches for the + user's profile. As it turns out, you can specify the user's home share as + a sharename and path. For example, \\server\fred\.profile. + If the profiles are found, they are implemented. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + The client then disconnects from the user's home share, and reconnects to + the NetLogon share and looks for CONFIG.POL, the policies file. If this is + found, it is read and implemented. + </para> +</listitem> +</orderedlist> + + +<sect2> +<title>Configuration Instructions: Network Logons</title> + +<para> +The main difference between a PDC and a Windows 9x logon +server configuration is that +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + +<listitem><para> +Password encryption is not required for a Windows 9x logon server. +</para></listitem> + +<listitem><para> +Windows 9x/ME clients do not possess machine trust accounts. +</para></listitem> + +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Therefore, a Samba PDC will also act as a Windows 9x logon +server. +</para> + + +<warning> +<title>security mode and master browsers</title> + +<para> +There are a few comments to make in order to tie up some +loose ends. There has been much debate over the issue of whether +or not it is ok to configure Samba as a Domain Controller in security +modes other than <constant>USER</constant>. The only security mode +which will not work due to technical reasons is <constant>SHARE</constant> +mode security. <constant>DOMAIN</constant> and <constant>SERVER</constant> +mode security is really just a variation on SMB user level security. +</para> + +<para> +Actually, this issue is also closely tied to the debate on whether +or not Samba must be the domain master browser for its workgroup +when operating as a DC. While it may technically be possible +to configure a server as such (after all, browsing and domain logons +are two distinctly different functions), it is not a good idea to +so. You should remember that the DC must register the DOMAIN#1b NetBIOS +name. This is the name used by Windows clients to locate the DC. +Windows clients do not distinguish between the DC and the DMB. +For this reason, it is very wise to configure the Samba DC as the DMB. +</para> + +<para> +Now back to the issue of configuring a Samba DC to use a mode other +than "security = user". If a Samba host is configured to use +another SMB server or DC in order to validate user connection +requests, then it is a fact that some other machine on the network +(the "password server") knows more about user than the Samba host. +99% of the time, this other host is a domain controller. Now +in order to operate in domain mode security, the "workgroup" parameter +must be set to the name of the Windows NT domain (which already +has a domain controller, right?) +</para> + +<para> +Therefore configuring a Samba box as a DC for a domain that +already by definition has a PDC is asking for trouble. +Therefore, you should always configure the Samba DC to be the DMB +for its domain. +</para> +</warning> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Configuration Instructions: Setting up Roaming User Profiles</title> + +<warning> +<para> +<emphasis>NOTE!</emphasis> Roaming profiles support is different +for Win9X and WinNT. +</para> +</warning> + +<para> +Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how +Win9X and WinNT clients implement these features. +</para> + +<para> +Win9X clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's +profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate +profiles location field, only the user's home share. This means that Win9X +profiles are restricted to being in the user's home directory. +</para> + + +<para> +WinNT clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields, +including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles. +This means that support for profiles is different for Win9X and WinNT. +</para> + + + +<sect3> +<title>Windows NT Configuration</title> + +<para> +To support WinNT clients, in the [global] section of smb.conf set the +following (for example): +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The default for this option is \\%N\%U\profile, namely +\\sambaserver\username\profile. The \\N%\%U service is created +automatically by the [homes] service. +If you are using a samba server for the profiles, you _must_ make the +share specified in the logon path browseable. +</para> + +<note> +<para> +[lkcl 26aug96 - we have discovered a problem where Windows clients can +maintain a connection to the [homes] share in between logins. The +[homes] share must NOT therefore be used in a profile path.] +</para> +</note> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Windows 9X Configuration</title> + +<para> +To support Win9X clients, you must use the "logon home" parameter. Samba has +now been fixed so that "net use/home" now works as well, and it, too, relies +on the "logon home" parameter. +</para> + +<para> +By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Win9X +profiles in the user's home directory. But wait! There is a trick you +can use. If you set the following in the [global] section of your +smb.conf file: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +then your Win9X clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory +of your home directory called .profiles (thus making them hidden). +</para> + +<para> +Not only that, but 'net use/home' will also work, because of a feature in +Win9X. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area +and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you +specified \\%L\%U for "logon home". +</para> + + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Win9X and WinNT Configuration</title> + +<para> +You can support profiles for both Win9X and WinNT clients by setting both the +"logon home" and "logon path" parameters. For example: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles +logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U +</programlisting></para> + +<note> +<para> +I have not checked what 'net use /home' does on NT when "logon home" is +set as above. +</para> +</note> +</sect3> + + + +<sect3> +<title>Windows 9X Profile Setup</title> + +<para> +When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created, +as are folders "Start Menu", "Desktop", "Programs" and "Nethood". +These directories and their contents will be merged with the local +versions stored in c:\windows\profiles\username on subsequent logins, +taking the most recent from each. You will need to use the [global] +options "preserve case = yes", "short preserve case = yes" and +"case sensitive = no" in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts +in any of the profile folders. +</para> + + +<para> +The user.DAT file contains all the user's preferences. If you wish to +enforce a set of preferences, rename their user.DAT file to user.MAN, +and deny them write access to this file. +</para> + +<orderedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + On the Windows 95 machine, go to Control Panel | Passwords and + select the User Profiles tab. Select the required level of + roaming preferences. Press OK, but do _not_ allow the computer + to reboot. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + On the Windows 95 machine, go to Control Panel | Network | + Client for Microsoft Networks | Preferences. Select 'Log on to + NT Domain'. Then, ensure that the Primary Logon is 'Client for + Microsoft Networks'. Press OK, and this time allow the computer + to reboot. + </para> +</listitem> + +</orderedlist> + +<para> +Under Windows 95, Profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon. +If you have the Primary Logon as 'Client for Novell Networks', then +the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from your Novell +Server. If you have the Primary Logon as 'Windows Logon', then the +profiles will be loaded from the local machine - a bit against the +concept of roaming profiles, if you ask me. +</para> + +<para> +You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains +[user, password, domain] instead of just [user, password]. Type in +the samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist, +but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this +domain and profiles downloaded from it, if that domain logon server +supports it), user name and user's password. +</para> + +<para> +Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 95 machine +will inform you that 'The user has not logged on before' and asks you +if you wish to save the user's preferences? Select 'yes'. +</para> + +<para> +Once the Windows 95 client comes up with the desktop, you should be able +to examine the contents of the directory specified in the "logon path" +on the samba server and verify that the "Desktop", "Start Menu", +"Programs" and "Nethood" folders have been created. +</para> + +<para> +These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when +the user logs off (if you haven't made them read-only by then :-). +You will find that if the user creates further folders or short-cuts, +that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the +contents of the profile directory already on the local client, taking +the newest folders and short-cuts from each set. +</para> + +<para> +If you have made the folders / files read-only on the samba server, +then you will get errors from the w95 machine on logon and logout, as +it attempts to merge the local and the remote profile. Basically, if +you have any errors reported by the w95 machine, check the Unix file +permissions and ownership rights on the profile directory contents, +on the samba server. +</para> + +<para> +If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's +local desktop cache, as shown below. When this user then next logs in, +they will be told that they are logging in "for the first time". +</para> + +<orderedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog, + press escape. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + run the regedit.exe program, and look in: + </para> + + <para> + HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList + </para> + + <para> + you will find an entry, for each user, of ProfilePath. Note the + contents of this key (likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username), + then delete the key ProfilePath for the required user. + </para> + + <para> + [Exit the registry editor]. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>WARNING</emphasis> - before deleting the contents of the + directory listed in + the ProfilePath (this is likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username), + ask them if they have any important files stored on their desktop + or in their start menu. delete the contents of the directory + ProfilePath (making a backup if any of the files are needed). + </para> + + <para> + This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden + system file) user.DAT in their profile directory, as well as the + local "desktop", "nethood", "start menu" and "programs" folders. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + search for the user's .PWL password-caching file in the c:\windows + directory, and delete it. + </para> +</listitem> + + +<listitem> + <para> + log off the windows 95 client. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + check the contents of the profile path (see "logon path" described + above), and delete the user.DAT or user.MAN file for the user, + making a backup if required. + </para> +</listitem> + +</orderedlist> + +<para> +If all else fails, increase samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10, +and / or run a packet trace program such as tcpdump or netmon.exe, and +look for any error reports. +</para> + +<para> +If you have access to an NT server, then first set up roaming profiles +and / or netlogons on the NT server. Make a packet trace, or examine +the example packet traces provided with NT server, and see what the +differences are with the equivalent samba trace. +</para> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Windows NT Workstation 4.0</title> + +<para> +When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile +NTuser.DAT is created. The profile location can be now specified +through the "logon path" parameter. +</para> + +<note> +<para> +[lkcl 10aug97 - i tried setting the path to +\\samba-server\homes\profile, and discovered that this fails because +a background process maintains the connection to the [homes] share +which does _not_ close down in between user logins. you have to +have \\samba-server\%L\profile, where user is the username created +from the [homes] share]. +</para> +</note> + +<para> +There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles: +"logon drive". This should be set to "h:" or any other drive, and +should be used in conjunction with the new "logon home" parameter. +</para> + +<para> +The entry for the NT 4.0 profile is a _directory_ not a file. The NT +help on profiles mentions that a directory is also created with a .PDS +extension. The user, while logging in, must have write permission to +create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension) +[lkcl 10aug97 - i found that the creation of the .PDS directory failed, +and had to create these manually for each user, with a shell script. +also, i presume, but have not tested, that the full profile path must +be browseable just as it is for w95, due to the manner in which they +attempt to create the full profile path: test existence of each path +component; create path component]. +</para> + +<para> +In the profile directory, NT creates more folders than 95. It creates +"Application Data" and others, as well as "Desktop", "Nethood", +"Start Menu" and "Programs". The profile itself is stored in a file +NTuser.DAT. Nothing appears to be stored in the .PDS directory, and +its purpose is currently unknown. +</para> + +<para> +You can use the System Control Panel to copy a local profile onto +a samba server (see NT Help on profiles: it is also capable of firing +up the correct location in the System Control Panel for you). The +NT Help file also mentions that renaming NTuser.DAT to NTuser.MAN +turns a profile into a mandatory one. +</para> + +<note> +<para> +[lkcl 10aug97 - i notice that NT Workstation tells me that it is +downloading a profile from a slow link. whether this is actually the +case, or whether there is some configuration issue, as yet unknown, +that makes NT Workstation _think_ that the link is a slow one is a +matter to be resolved]. +</para> + +<para> +[lkcl 20aug97 - after samba digest correspondence, one user found, and +another confirmed, that profiles cannot be loaded from a samba server +unless "security = user" and "encrypt passwords = yes" (see the file +ENCRYPTION.txt) or "security = server" and "password server = ip.address. +of.yourNTserver" are used. Either of these options will allow the NT +workstation to access the samba server using LAN manager encrypted +passwords, without the user intervention normally required by NT +workstation for clear-text passwords]. +</para> + +<para> +[lkcl 25aug97 - more comments received about NT profiles: the case of +the profile _matters_. the file _must_ be called NTuser.DAT or, for +a mandatory profile, NTuser.MAN]. +</para> +</note> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Windows NT Server</title> + +<para> +There is nothing to stop you specifying any path that you like for the +location of users' profiles. Therefore, you could specify that the +profile be stored on a samba server, or any other SMB server, as long as +that SMB server supports encrypted passwords. +</para> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Sharing Profiles between W95 and NT Workstation 4.0</title> + +<warning> +<title>Potentially outdated or incorrect material follows</title> +<para> +I think this is all bogus, but have not deleted it. (Richard Sharpe) +</para> +</warning> + +<para> +The default logon path is \\%N\U%. NT Workstation will attempt to create +a directory "\\samba-server\username.PDS" if you specify the logon path +as "\\samba-server\username" with the NT User Manager. Therefore, you +will need to specify (for example) "\\samba-server\username\profile". +NT 4.0 will attempt to create "\\samba-server\username\profile.PDS", which +is more likely to succeed. +</para> + +<para> +If you then want to share the same Start Menu / Desktop with W95, you will +need to specify "logon path = \\samba-server\username\profile" [lkcl 10aug97 +this has its drawbacks: i created a shortcut to telnet.exe, which attempts +to run from the c:\winnt\system32 directory. this directory is obviously +unlikely to exist on a Win95-only host]. +</para> + +<para> + +If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate user.DAT and +NTuser.DAT files in the same profile directory. +</para> + +<note> +<para> +[lkcl 25aug97 - there are some issues to resolve with downloading of +NT profiles, probably to do with time/date stamps. i have found that +NTuser.DAT is never updated on the workstation after the first time that +it is copied to the local workstation profile directory. this is in +contrast to w95, where it _does_ transfer / update profiles correctly]. +</para> +</note> + +</sect3> + +</sect2> +</sect1> + + +<!-- ********************************************************** + + Appendix - DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt + +*************************************************************** --> + +<sect1> +<title> +DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control & Samba +</title> + +<warning> + <title>Possibly Outdated Material</title> + + <para> + This appendix was originally authored by John H Terpstra of + the Samba Team and is included here for posterity. + </para> +</warning> + + +<para> +<emphasis>NOTE :</emphasis> +The term "Domain Controller" and those related to it refer to one specific +method of authentication that can underly an SMB domain. Domain Controllers +prior to Windows NT Server 3.1 were sold by various companies and based on +private extensions to the LAN Manager 2.1 protocol. Windows NT introduced +Microsoft-specific ways of distributing the user authentication database. +See DOMAIN.txt for examples of how Samba can participate in or create +SMB domains based on shared authentication database schemes other than the +Windows NT SAM. +</para> + +<para> +Windows NT Server can be installed as either a plain file and print server +(WORKGROUP workstation or server) or as a server that participates in Domain +Control (DOMAIN member, Primary Domain controller or Backup Domain controller). +The same is true for OS/2 Warp Server, Digital Pathworks and other similar +products, all of which can participate in Domain Control along with Windows NT. +</para> + +<para> +To many people these terms can be confusing, so let's try to clear the air. +</para> + +<para> +Every Windows NT system (workstation or server) has a registry database. +The registry contains entries that describe the initialization information +for all services (the equivalent of Unix Daemons) that run within the Windows +NT environment. The registry also contains entries that tell application +software where to find dynamically loadable libraries that they depend upon. +In fact, the registry contains entries that describes everything that anything +may need to know to interact with the rest of the system. +</para> + +<para> +The registry files can be located on any Windows NT machine by opening a +command prompt and typing: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>C:\WINNT\></prompt> dir %SystemRoot%\System32\config +</para> + +<para> +The environment variable %SystemRoot% value can be obtained by typing: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>C:\WINNT></prompt>echo %SystemRoot% +</para> + +<para> +The active parts of the registry that you may want to be familiar with are +the files called: default, system, software, sam and security. +</para> + +<para> +In a domain environment, Microsoft Windows NT domain controllers participate +in replication of the SAM and SECURITY files so that all controllers within +the domain have an exactly identical copy of each. +</para> + +<para> +The Microsoft Windows NT system is structured within a security model that +says that all applications and services must authenticate themselves before +they can obtain permission from the security manager to do what they set out +to do. +</para> + +<para> +The Windows NT User database also resides within the registry. This part of +the registry contains the user's security identifier, home directory, group +memberships, desktop profile, and so on. +</para> + +<para> +Every Windows NT system (workstation as well as server) will have its own +registry. Windows NT Servers that participate in Domain Security control +have a database that they share in common - thus they do NOT own an +independent full registry database of their own, as do Workstations and +plain Servers. +</para> + +<para> +The User database is called the SAM (Security Access Manager) database and +is used for all user authentication as well as for authentication of inter- +process authentication (i.e. to ensure that the service action a user has +requested is permitted within the limits of that user's privileges). +</para> + +<para> +The Samba team have produced a utility that can dump the Windows NT SAM into +smbpasswd format: see ENCRYPTION.txt for information on smbpasswd and +/pub/samba/pwdump on your nearest Samba mirror for the utility. This +facility is useful but cannot be easily used to implement SAM replication +to Samba systems. +</para> + +<para> +Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstations and Servers +can participate in a Domain security system that is controlled by Windows NT +servers that have been correctly configured. Almost every domain will have +ONE Primary Domain Controller (PDC). It is desirable that each domain will +have at least one Backup Domain Controller (BDC). +</para> + +<para> +The PDC and BDCs then participate in replication of the SAM database so that +each Domain Controlling participant will have an up to date SAM component +within its registry. +</para> + +</sect1> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/UNIX_INSTALL.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/UNIX_INSTALL.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..90d4843577 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/UNIX_INSTALL.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ +<chapter id="install"> + +<title>How to Install and Test SAMBA</title> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 0: Read the man pages</title> + + <para>The man pages distributed with SAMBA contain + lots of useful info that will help to get you started. + If you don't know how to read man pages then try + something like:</para> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>nroff -man smbd.8 | more + </userinput></para> + + <para>Other sources of information are pointed to + by the Samba web site,<ulink url="http://www.samba.org/"> + http://www.samba.org</ulink></para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 1: Building the Binaries</title> + + <para>To do this, first run the program <command>./configure + </command> in the source directory. This should automatically + configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual + needs then you may wish to run</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>./configure --help + </userinput></para> + + <para>first to see what special options you can enable. + Then executing</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>make</userinput></para> + + <para>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully + compiled you can use </para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>make install</userinput></para> + + <para>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can + separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>make installbin + </userinput></para> + + <para>and</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>make installman + </userinput></para> + + <para>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version + of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of + the binaries will be renamed with a ".old" extension. You + can go back to the previous version with</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>make revert + </userinput></para> + + <para>if you find this version a disaster!</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 2: The all important step</title> + + <para>At this stage you must fetch yourself a + coffee or other drink you find stimulating. Getting the rest + of the install right can sometimes be tricky, so you will + probably need it.</para> + + <para>If you have installed samba before then you can skip + this step.</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file. </title> + + <para>There are sample configuration files in the examples + subdirectory in the distribution. I suggest you read them + carefully so you can see how the options go together in + practice. See the man page for all the options.</para> + + <para>The simplest useful configuration file would be + something like this:</para> + + <para><programlisting> + [global] + workgroup = MYGROUP + + [homes] + guest ok = no + read only = no + </programlisting</para> + + <para>which would allow connections by anyone with an + account on the server, using either their login name or + "homes" as the service name. (Note that I also set the + workgroup that Samba is part of. See BROWSING.txt for details)</para> + + <para>Note that <command>make install</command> will not install + a <filename>smb.conf</filename> file. You need to create it + yourself. </para> + + <para>Make sure you put the smb.conf file in the same place + you specified in the<filename>Makefile</filename> (the default is to + look for it in <filename>/usr/local/samba/lib/</filename>).</para> + + <para>For more information about security settings for the + [homes] share please refer to the document UNIX_SECURITY.txt.</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 4: Test your config file with + <command>testparm</command></title> + + <para>It's important that you test the validity of your + <filename>smb.conf</filename> file using the testparm program. + If testparm runs OK then it will list the loaded services. If + not it will give an error message.</para> + + <para>Make sure it runs OK and that the services look + reasonable before proceeding. </para> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</title> + + <para>You must choose to start smbd and nmbd either + as daemons or from <command>inetd</command>. Don't try + to do both! Either you can put them in <filename> + inetd.conf</filename> and have them started on demand + by <command>inetd</command>, or you can start them as + daemons either from the command line or in <filename> + /etc/rc.local</filename>. See the man pages for details + on the command line options. Take particular care to read + the bit about what user you need to be in order to start + Samba. In many cases you must be root.</para> + + <para>The main advantage of starting <command>smbd</command> + and <command>nmbd</command> using the recommended daemon method + is that they will respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection + request.</para> + + <sect2> + <title>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</title> + + <para>NOTE; The following will be different if + you use NIS or NIS+ to distributed services maps.</para> + + <para>Look at your <filename>/etc/services</filename>. + What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined + then add a line like this:</para> + + <para><userinput>netbios-ssn 139/tcp</userinput></para> + + <para>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</para> + + <para><userinput>netbios-ns 137/udp</userinput></para> + + <para>Next edit your <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> + and add two lines something like this:</para> + + <para><programlisting> + netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd + netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd + </programlisting></para> + + <para>The exact syntax of <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> + varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf + for a guide.</para> + + <para>NOTE: Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns + (note the underscore) in <filename>/etc/services</filename>. + You must either edit <filename>/etc/services</filename> or + <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> to make them consistent.</para> + + <para>NOTE: On many systems you may need to use the + "interfaces" option in smb.conf to specify the IP address + and netmask of your interfaces. Run <command>ifconfig</command> + as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your + net. <command>nmbd</command> tries to determine it at run + time, but fails on some unixes. See the section on "testing nmbd" + for a method of finding if you need to do this.</para> + + <para>!!!WARNING!!! Many unixes only accept around 5 + parameters on the command line in <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. + This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and + arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script + from <command>inetd</command>.</para> + + <para>Restart <command>inetd</command>, perhaps just send + it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <command> + nmbd</command> then you may need to kill nmbd as well.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</title> + + <para>To start the server as a daemon you should create + a script something like this one, perhaps calling + it <filename>startsmb</filename>.</para> + + <para><programlisting> + #!/bin/sh + /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D + /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D + </programlisting></para> + + <para>then make it executable with <command>chmod + +x startsmb</command></para> + + <para>You can then run <command>startsmb</command> by + hand or execute it from <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename> + </para> + + <para>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes + <command>nmbd</command> and <command>smbd</command>.</para> + + <para>NOTE: If you use the SVR4 style init system then + you may like to look at the <filename>examples/svr4-startup</filename> + script to make Samba fit into that system.</para> + </sect2> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your + server</title> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>smbclient -L + <replaceable>yourhostname</replaceable></userinput></para> + + <para>Your should get back a list of shares available on + your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup. + Note that this method can also be used to see what shares + are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</para> + + <para>If you choose user level security then you may find + that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares. + See the <command>smbclient</command> man page for details. (you + can force it to list the shares without a password by + adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work + with non-Samba servers)</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</title> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>smbclient <replaceable> + //yourhostname/aservice</replaceable></userinput></para> + + <para>Typically the <replaceable>yourhostname</replaceable> + would be the name of the host where you installed <command> + smbd</command>. The <replaceable>aservice</replaceable> is + any service you have defined in the <filename>smb.conf</filename> + file. Try your user name if you just have a [homes] section + in <filename>smb.conf</filename>.</para> + + <para>For example if your unix host is bambi and your login + name is fred you would type:</para> + + <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>smbclient //bambi/fred + </userinput></para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, + Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</title> + + <para>Try mounting disks. eg:</para> + + <para><prompt>C:\WINDOWS\> </prompt><userinput>net use d: \\servername\service + </userinput></para> + + <para>Try printing. eg:</para> + + <para><prompt>C:\WINDOWS\> </prompt><userinput>net use lpt1: + \\servername\spoolservice</userinput></para> + + <para><prompt>C:\WINDOWS\> </prompt><userinput>print filename + </userinput></para> + + <para>Celebrate, or send me a bug report!</para> +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>What If Things Don't Work?</title> + + <para>If nothing works and you start to think "who wrote + this pile of trash" then I suggest you do step 2 again (and + again) till you calm down.</para> + + <para>Then you might read the file DIAGNOSIS.txt and the + FAQ. If you are still stuck then try the mailing list or + newsgroup (look in the README for details). Samba has been + successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide, so maybe + someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. You could + also use the WWW site to scan back issues of the samba-digest.</para> + + <para>When you fix the problem PLEASE send me some updates to the + documentation (or source code) so that the next person will find it + easier. </para> + + <sect2> + <title>Diagnosing Problems</title> + + <para>If you have installation problems then go to + <filename>DIAGNOSIS.txt</filename> to try to find the + problem.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Scope IDs</title> + + <para>By default Samba uses a blank scope ID. This means + all your windows boxes must also have a blank scope ID. + If you really want to use a non-blank scope ID then you will + need to use the -i <scope> option to nmbd, smbd, and + smbclient. All your PCs will need to have the same setting for + this to work. I do not recommend scope IDs.</para> + </sect2> + + + <sect2> + <title>Choosing the Protocol Level</title> + + <para>The SMB protocol has many dialects. Currently + Samba supports 5, called CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1, + LANMAN2 and NT1.</para> + + <para>You can choose what maximum protocol to support + in the <filename>smb.conf</filename> file. The default is + NT1 and that is the best for the vast majority of sites.</para> + + <para>In older versions of Samba you may have found it + necessary to use COREPLUS. The limitations that led to + this have mostly been fixed. It is now less likely that you + will want to use less than LANMAN1. The only remaining advantage + of COREPLUS is that for some obscure reason WfWg preserves + the case of passwords in this protocol, whereas under LANMAN1, + LANMAN2 or NT1 it uppercases all passwords before sending them, + forcing you to use the "password level=" option in some cases.</para> + + <para>The main advantage of LANMAN2 and NT1 is support for + long filenames with some clients (eg: smbclient, Windows NT + or Win95). </para> + + <para>See the smb.conf(5) manual page for more details.</para> + + <para>Note: To support print queue reporting you may find + that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under + WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default + it may break the print queue reporting on some systems. + It is presumably a WfWg bug.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</title> + + <para>To use a printer that is available via a smb-based + server from a unix host you will need to compile the + smbclient program. You then need to install the script + "smbprint". Read the instruction in smbprint for more details. + </para> + + <para>There is also a SYSV style script that does much + the same thing called smbprint.sysv. It contains instructions.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Locking</title> + + <para>One area which sometimes causes trouble is locking.</para> + + <para>There are two types of locking which need to be + performed by a SMB server. The first is "record locking" + which allows a client to lock a range of bytes in a open file. + The second is the "deny modes" that are specified when a file + is open.</para> + + <para>Record locking semantics under Unix is very + different from record locking under Windows. Versions + of Samba before 2.2 have tried to use the native + fcntl() unix system call to implement proper record + locking between different Samba clients. This can not + be fully correct due to several reasons. The simplest + is the fact that a Windows client is allowed to lock a + byte range up to 2^32 or 2^64, depending on the client + OS. The unix locking only supports byte ranges up to + 2^31. So it is not possible to correctly satisfy a + lock request above 2^31. There are many more + differences, too many to be listed here.</para> + + <para>Samba 2.2 and above implements record locking + completely independent of the underlying unix + system. If a byte range lock that the client requests + happens to fall into the range 0-2^31, Samba hands + this request down to the Unix system. All other locks + can not be seen by unix anyway.</para> + + <para>Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before + every read and write call on a file. Unfortunately with the + way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress the + rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients + are supposed to independently make locking calls before reads + and writes anyway if locking is important to them. By default + Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked + to by a client, but if you set "strict locking = yes" then it will + make lock checking calls on every read and write. </para> + + <para>You can also disable by range locking completely + using "locking = no". This is useful for those shares that + don't support locking or don't need it (such as cdroms). In + this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to + tell clients that everything is OK.</para> + + <para>The second class of locking is the "deny modes". These + are set by an application when it opens a file to determine + what types of access should be allowed simultaneously with + its open. A client may ask for DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, DENY_WRITE + or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatibility modes called + DENY_FCB and DENY_DOS.</para> + + <para>You can disable share modes using "share modes = no". + This may be useful on a heavily loaded server as the share + modes code is very slow. See also the FAST_SHARE_MODES + option in the Makefile for a way to do full share modes + very fast using shared memory (if your OS supports it).</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Mapping Usernames</title> + + <para>If you have different usernames on the PCs and + the unix server then take a look at the "username map" option. + See the smb.conf man page for details.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Other Character Sets</title> + + <para>If you have problems using filenames with accented + characters in them (like the German, French or Scandinavian + character sets) then I recommend you look at the "valid chars" + option in smb.conf and also take a look at the validchars + package in the examples directory.</para> + </sect2> + +</sect1> +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/msdfs_setup.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/msdfs_setup.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35c9d40840 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/msdfs_setup.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +<chapter id="msdfs"> + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Shirish</firstname><surname>Kalele</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team & Veritas Software</orgname> + <address> + <email>samba@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate>12 Jul 200</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + + +<title>Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</title> + +<sect1> + + <title>Instructions</title> + + <para>The Distributed File System (or Dfs) provides a means of + separating the logical view of files and directories that users + see from the actual physical locations of these resources on the + network. It allows for higher availability, smoother storage expansion, + load balancing etc. For more information about Dfs, refer to <ulink + url="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp"> + Microsoft documentation</ulink>. </para> + + <para>This document explains how to host a Dfs tree on a Unix + machine (for Dfs-aware clients to browse) using Samba.</para> + + <para>To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the + <parameter>--with-msdfs</parameter> option. Once built, a + Samba server can be made a Dfs server by setting the global + boolean <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS"><parameter> + host msdfs</parameter></ulink> parameter in the <filename>smb.conf + </filename> file. You designate a share as a Dfs root using the share + level boolean <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT"><parameter> + msdfs root</parameter></ulink> parameter. A Dfs root directory on + Samba hosts Dfs links in the form of symbolic links that point + to other servers. For example, a symbolic link + <filename>junction->msdfs:storage1\share1</filename> in + the share directory acts as the Dfs junction. When Dfs-aware + clients attempt to access the junction link, they are redirected + to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).</para> + + <para>Dfs trees on Samba work with all Dfs-aware clients ranging + from Windows 95 to 2000.</para> + + <para>Here's an example of setting up a Dfs tree on a Samba + server.</para> + + <para><programlisting> +# The smb.conf file: +[global] + netbios name = SAMBA + host msdfs = yes + +[dfs] + path = /export/dfsroot + msdfs root = yes + </programlisting></para> + + + <para>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to + other servers on the network.</para> + + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>cd /export/dfsroot</userinput></para> + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>chown root /export/dfsroot</userinput></para> + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</userinput></para> + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</userinput></para> + <para><prompt>root# </prompt><userinput>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</userinput></para> + + + <para>You should set up the permissions and ownership of + the directory acting as the Dfs root such that only designated + users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note + that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists + to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at + the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the + network shares you want, and start Samba.</para> + + <para>Users on Dfs-aware clients can now browse the Dfs tree + on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing + links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client) + takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</para> + + <sect2> + <title>Notes</title> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Windows clients need to be rebooted + if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs + root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a + new share and make it the dfs root.</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs + symlink names should all be lowercase.</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>For security purposes, the directory + acting as the root of the Dfs tree should have ownership + and permissions set so that only designated users can + modify the symbolic links in the directory.</para> + </listitem> + </itemizedlist> + </sect2> +</sect1> + + + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/printer_driver2.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/printer_driver2.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84a24bcdef --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/printer_driver2.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,689 @@ +<chapter id="printing"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Gerald (Jerry)</firstname><surname>Carter</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address> + <email>jerry@samba.org</email> + </address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate> (3 May 2001) </pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</title> + +<sect1> +<title>Introduction</title> + +<para>Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba supports +the native Windows NT printing mechanisms implemented via +MS-RPC (i.e. the SPOOLSS named pipe). Previous versions of +Samba only supported LanMan printing calls.</para> + +<para>The additional functionality provided by the new +SPOOLSS support includes:</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Support for downloading printer driver + files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Uploading of printer drivers via the + Windows NT Add Printer Wizard (APW) or the + Imprints tool set (refer to <ulink + url="http://imprints.sourceforge.net">http://imprints.sourceforge.net</ulink>). + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Support for the native MS-RPC printing + calls such as StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), etc... (See + the MSDN documentation at <ulink + url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/">http://msdn.microsoft.com/</ulink> + for more information on the Win32 printing API) + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL) + on printer objects</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Improved support for printer queue manipulation + through the use of an internal databases for spooled job + information</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +There has been some initial confusion about what all this means +and whether or not it is a requirement for printer drivers to be +installed on a Samba host in order to support printing from Windows +clients. A bug existed in Samba 2.2.0 which made Windows NT/2000 clients +require that the Samba server possess a valid driver for the printer. +This is fixed in Samba 2.2.1 and once again, Windows NT/2000 clients +can use the local APW for installing drivers to be used with a Samba +served printer. This is the same behavior exhibited by Windows 9x clients. +As a side note, Samba does not use these drivers in any way to process +spooled files. They are utilized entirely by the clients. +</para> + +<para> +The following MS KB article, may be of some help if you are dealing with +Windows 2000 clients: <emphasis>How to Add Printers with No User +Interaction in Windows 2000</emphasis> +</para> + +<para> +<ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q189/1/05.ASP">http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q189/1/05.ASP</ulink> +</para> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title>Configuration</title> + +<warning> +<title>[print$] vs. [printer$]</title> + +<para> +Previous versions of Samba recommended using a share named [printer$]. +This name was taken from the printer$ service created by Windows 9x +clients when a printer was shared. Windows 9x printer servers always have +a printer$ service which provides read-only access via no +password in order to support printer driver downloads. +</para> + +<para> +However, the initial implementation allowed for a +parameter named <parameter>printer driver location</parameter> +to be used on a per share basis to specify the location of +the driver files associated with that printer. Another +parameter named <parameter>printer driver</parameter> provided +a means of defining the printer driver name to be sent to +the client. +</para> + +<para> +These parameters, including <parameter>printer driver +file</parameter> parameter, are being depreciated and should not +be used in new installations. For more information on this change, +you should refer to the <link linkend="MIGRATION">Migration section</link> +of this document. +</para> +</warning> + +<sect2> +<title>Creating [print$]</title> + +<para> +In order to support the uploading of printer driver +files, you must first configure a file share named [print$]. +The name of this share is hard coded in Samba's internals so +the name is very important (print$ is the service used by +Windows NT print servers to provide support for printer driver +download). +</para> + +<para>You should modify the server's smb.conf file to add the global +parameters and to create the +following file share (of course, some of the parameter values, +such as 'path' are arbitrary and should be replaced with +appropriate values for your site):</para> + +<para><programlisting> +[global] + ; members of the ntadmin group should be able + ; to add drivers and set printer properties + ; root is implicitly a 'printer admin' + printer admin = @ntadmin + +[print$] + path = /usr/local/samba/printers + guest ok = yes + browseable = yes + read only = yes + ; since this share is configured as read only, then we need + ; a 'write list'. Check the file system permissions to make + ; sure this account can copy files to the share. If this + ; is setup to a non-root account, then it should also exist + ; as a 'printer admin' + write list = @ntadmin,root +</programlisting></para> + +<para>The <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST"><parameter> +write list</parameter></ulink> is used to allow administrative +level user accounts to have write access in order to update files +on the share. See the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html">smb.conf(5) +man page</ulink> for more information on configuring file shares.</para> + +<para>The requirement for <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#GUESTOK"><command>guest +ok = yes</command></ulink> depends upon how your +site is configured. If users will be guaranteed to have +an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.</para> + +<note> +<title>Author's Note</title> + +<para> +The non-issue is that if all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to be +authenticated by the Samba server (such as a domain member server and the NT +user has already been validated by the Domain Controller in +order to logon to the Windows NT console), then guest access +is not necessary. Of course, in a workgroup environment where +you just want to be able to print without worrying about +silly accounts and security, then configure the share for +guest access. You'll probably want to add <ulink +url="smb.conf.5.html#MAPTOGUEST"><command>map to guest = Bad User +</command></ulink> in the [global] section as well. Make sure +you understand what this parameter does before using it +though. --jerry +</para> +</note> + +<para>In order for a Windows NT print server to support +the downloading of driver files by multiple client architectures, +it must create subdirectories within the [print$] service +which correspond to each of the supported client architectures. +Samba follows this model as well.</para> + +<para>Next create the directory tree below the [print$] share +for each architecture you wish to support.</para> + +<para><programlisting> +[print$]----- + |-W32X86 ; "Windows NT x86" + |-WIN40 ; "Windows 95/98" + |-W32ALPHA ; "Windows NT Alpha_AXP" + |-W32MIPS ; "Windows NT R4000" + |-W32PPC ; "Windows NT PowerPC" +</programlisting></para> + +<warning> +<title>ATTENTION! REQUIRED PERMISSIONS</title> + +<para> +In order to currently add a new driver to you Samba host, +one of two conditions must hold true: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>The account used to connect to the Samba host + must have a uid of 0 (i.e. a root account)</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>The account used to connect to the Samba host + must be a member of the <ulink + url="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTERADMIN"><parameter>printer + admin</parameter></ulink> list.</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Of course, the connected account must still possess access +to add files to the subdirectories beneath [print$]. Remember +that all file shares are set to 'read only' by default. +</para> +</warning> + + +<para> +Once you have created the required [print$] service and +associated subdirectories, simply log onto the Samba server using +a root (or <parameter>printer admin</parameter>) account +from a Windows NT 4.0/2k client. Open "Network Neighbourhood" or +"My Network Places" and browse for the Samba host. Once you have located +the server, navigate to the "Printers..." folder. +You should see an initial listing of printers +that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host. +</para> +</sect2> + +<sect2> +<title>Setting Drivers for Existing Printers</title> + +<para>The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's +Printers folder will have no real printer driver assigned +to them. By default, in Samba 2.2.0 this driver name was set to +<emphasis>NO PRINTER DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER</emphasis>. +Later versions changed this to a NULL string to allow the use +tof the local Add Printer Wizard on NT/2000 clients. +Attempting to view the printer properties for a printer +which has this default driver assigned will result in +the error message:</para> + +<para> +<emphasis>Device settings cannot be displayed. The driver +for the specified printer is not installed, only spooler +properties will be displayed. Do you want to install the +driver now?</emphasis> +</para> + +<para> +Click "No" in the error dialog and you will be presented with +the printer properties window. The way assign a driver to a +printer is to either +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Use the "New Driver..." button to install + a new printer driver, or</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Select a driver from the popup list of + installed drivers. Initially this list will be empty.</para> + </listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para>If you wish to install printer drivers for client +operating systems other than "Windows NT x86", you will need +to use the "Sharing" tab of the printer properties dialog.</para> + +<para>Assuming you have connected with a root account, you +will also be able modify other printer properties such as +ACLs and device settings using this dialog box.</para> + +<para>A few closing comments for this section, it is possible +on a Windows NT print server to have printers +listed in the Printers folder which are not shared. Samba does +not make this distinction. By definition, the only printers of +which Samba is aware are those which are specified as shares in +<filename>smb.conf</filename>.</para> + +<para>Another interesting side note is that Windows NT clients do +not use the SMB printer share, but rather can print directly +to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC. This +of course assumes that the printing client has the necessary +privileges on the remote host serving the printer. The default +permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the "Print" +permissions to the "Everyone" well-known group. +</para> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Support a large number of printers</title> + +<para>One issue that has arisen during the development +phase of Samba 2.2 is the need to support driver downloads for +100's of printers. Using the Windows NT APW is somewhat +awkward to say the list. If more than one printer are using the +same driver, the <ulink url="rpcclient.1.html"><command>rpcclient's +setdriver command</command></ulink> can be used to set the driver +associated with an installed driver. The following is example +of how this could be accomplished:</para> + +<para><programlisting> +<prompt>$ </prompt>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumdrivers" +Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3] + +[Windows NT x86] +Printer Driver Info 1: + Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS] + +Printer Driver Info 1: + Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 2100 Series PS] + +Printer Driver Info 1: + Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS] + +<prompt>$ </prompt>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumprinters" +Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3] + flags:[0x800000] + name:[\\POGO\hp-print] + description:[POGO\\POGO\hp-print,NO DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER,] + comment:[] + +<prompt>$ </prompt>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret \ +<prompt>> </prompt> -c "setdriver hp-print \"HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS\"" +Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3] +Successfully set hp-print to driver HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS. +</programlisting></para> +</sect2> + + + +<sect2> +<title>Adding New Printers via the Windows NT APW</title> + +<para> +By default, Samba offers all printer shares defined in <filename>smb.conf</filename> +in the "Printers..." folder. Also existing in this folder is the Windows NT +Add Printer Wizard icon. The APW will be show only if +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>The connected user is able to successfully + execute an OpenPrinterEx(\\server) with administrative + privileges (i.e. root or <parameter>printer admin</parameter>). + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#SHOWADDPRINTERWIZARD"><parameter>show + add printer wizard = yes</parameter></ulink> (the default). + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +In order to be able to use the APW to successfully add a printer to a Samba +server, the <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#ADDPRINTERCOMMAND"><parameter>add +printer command</parameter></ulink> must have a defined value. The program +hook must successfully add the printer to the system (i.e. +<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> or appropriate files) and +<filename>smb.conf</filename> if necessary. +</para> + +<para> +When using the APW from a client, if the named printer share does +not exist, <command>smbd</command> will execute the <parameter>add printer +command</parameter> and reparse to the <filename>smb.conf</filename> +to attempt to locate the new printer share. If the share is still not defined, +an error of "Access Denied" is returned to the client. Note that the +<parameter>add printer program</parameter> is executed under the context +of the connected user, not necessarily a root account. +</para> + +<para> +There is a complementing <ulink url="smb.conf.5.html#DELETEPRINTERCOMMAND"><parameter>delete +printer command</parameter></ulink> for removing entries from the "Printers..." +folder. +</para> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Samba and Printer Ports</title> + +<para> +Windows NT/2000 print servers associate a port with each printer. These normally +take the form of LPT1:, COM1:, FILE:, etc... Samba must also support the +concept of ports associated with a printer. By default, only one printer port, +named "Samba Printer Port", exists on a system. Samba does not really a port in +order to print, rather it is a requirement of Windows clients. +</para> + +<para> +Note that Samba does not support the concept of "Printer Pooling" internally +either. This is when a logical printer is assigned to multiple ports as +a form of load balancing or fail over. +</para> + +<para> +If you require that multiple ports be defined for some reason, +<filename>smb.conf</filename> possesses a <ulink +url="smb.conf.5.html#ENUMPORTSCOMMAND"><parameter>enumports +command</parameter></ulink> which can be used to define an external program +that generates a listing of ports on a system. +</para> + +</sect2> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>The Imprints Toolset</title> + + <para>The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the + Windows NT Add Printer Wizard. For complete information, please + refer to the Imprints web site at <ulink url="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/"> + http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</ulink> as well as the documentation + included with the imprints source distribution. This section will + only provide a brief introduction to the features of Imprints.</para> + + + <sect2> + <title>What is Imprints?</title> + + <para>Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting the goals + of</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Providing a central repository information + regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>Providing the tools necessary for creating + the Imprints printer driver packages.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Providing an installation client which + will obtain and install printer drivers on remote Samba + and Windows NT 4 print servers.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + </sect2> + + + <sect2> + <title>Creating Printer Driver Packages</title> + + <para>The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond + the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt also included + with the Samba distribution for more information). In short, + an Imprints driver package is a gzipped tarball containing the + driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the + installation client.</para> + </sect2> + + + <sect2> + <title>The Imprints server</title> + + <para>The Imprints server is really a database server that + may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms. Each printer + entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual + downloading of the package. Each package is digitally signed + via GnuPG which can be used to verify that package downloaded + is actually the one referred in the Imprints database. It is + <emphasis>not</emphasis> recommended that this security check + be disabled.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>The Installation Client</title> + + <para>More information regarding the Imprints installation client + is available in the <filename>Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</filename> + file included with the imprints source package.</para> + + <para>The Imprints installation client comes in two forms.</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>a set of command line Perl scripts</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>a GTK+ based graphical interface to + the command line perl scripts</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para>The installation client (in both forms) provides a means + of querying the Imprints database server for a matching + list of known printer model names as well as a means to + download and install the drivers on remote Samba and Windows + NT print servers.</para> + + <para>The basic installation process is in four steps and + perl code is wrapped around <command>smbclient</command> + and <command>rpcclient</command>.</para> + +<para><programlisting> +foreach (supported architecture for a given driver) +{ + 1. rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory + on the remote server + 2. smbclient: Upload the driver files + 3. rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC +} + +4. rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually + create the printer +</programlisting></para> + + <para>One of the problems encountered when implementing + the Imprints tool set was the name space issues between + various supported client architectures. For example, Windows + NT includes a driver named "Apple LaserWriter II NTX v51.8" + and Windows 95 calls its version of this driver "Apple + LaserWriter II NTX"</para> + + <para>The problem is how to know what client drivers have + been uploaded for a printer. As astute reader will remember + that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes + space for one printer driver name. A quick look in the + Windows NT 4.0 system registry at</para> + + <para><filename>HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment + </filename></para> + + <para>will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver + name. This is ok as Windows NT always requires that at least + the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present. + However, Samba does not have the requirement internally. + Therefore, how can you use the NT driver name if is has not + already been installed?</para> + + <para>The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require + that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel + Windows NT and 95/98 printer drivers and that NT driver is + installed first.</para> + </sect2> + +</sect1> + + +<sect1> +<title><anchor id="MIGRATION">Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to 2.2.x</title> + +<para> +Given that printer driver management has changed (we hope improved) in +2.2 over prior releases, migration from an existing setup to 2.2 can +follow several paths. Here are the possible scenarios for +migration: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>If you do not desire the new Windows NT + print driver support, nothing needs to be done. + All existing parameters work the same.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>If you want to take advantage of NT printer + driver support but do not want to migrate the + 9x drivers to the new setup, the leave the existing + <filename>printers.def</filename> file. When smbd attempts + to locate a + 9x driver for the printer in the TDB and fails it + will drop down to using the printers.def (and all + associated parameters). The <command>make_printerdef</command> + tool will also remain for backwards compatibility but will + be removed in the next major release.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>If you install a Windows 9x driver for a printer + on your Samba host (in the printing TDB), this information will + take precedence and the three old printing parameters + will be ignored (including print driver location).</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>If you want to migrate an existing <filename>printers.def</filename> + file into the new setup, the current only solution is to use the Windows + NT APW to install the NT drivers and the 9x drivers. This can be scripted + using <command>smbclient</command> and <command>rpcclient</command>. See the + Imprints installation client at <ulink + url="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/">http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</ulink> + for an example. + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> + + +<warning> +<title>Achtung!</title> + +<para> +The following <filename>smb.conf</filename> parameters are considered to +be deprecated and will be removed soon. Do not use them in new +installations +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem><para><parameter>printer driver file (G)</parameter> + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><parameter>printer driver (S)</parameter> + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para><parameter>printer driver location (S)</parameter> + </para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +</warning> + + +<para> +The have been two new parameters add in Samba 2.2.2 to for +better support of Samba 2.0.x backwards capability (<parameter>disable +spoolss</parameter>) and for using local printers drivers on Windows +NT/2000 clients (<parameter>use client driver</parameter>). Both of +these options are described in the smb.coinf(5) man page and are +disabled by default. +</para> + + +</sect1> + + +<!-- + + This comment from rpc_server/srv_spoolss_nt.c:_spoolss_open_printer_ex() + needs to be added into a section probably. This is to remind me it needs + to be done. -jerry + + /* + * If the openprinterex rpc call contains a devmode, + * it's a per-user one. This per-user devmode is derivated + * from the global devmode. Openprinterex() contains a per-user + * devmode for when you do EMF printing and spooling. + * In the EMF case, the NT workstation is only doing half the job + * of rendering the page. The other half is done by running the printer + * driver on the server. + * The EMF file doesn't contain the page description (paper size, orientation, ...). + * The EMF file only contains what is to be printed on the page. + * So in order for the server to know how to print, the NT client sends + * a devicemode attached to the openprinterex call. + * But this devicemode is short lived, it's only valid for the current print job. + * + * If Samba would have supported EMF spooling, this devicemode would + * have been attached to the handle, to sent it to the driver to correctly + * rasterize the EMF file. + * + * As Samba only supports RAW spooling, we only receive a ready-to-print file, + * we just act as a pass-thru between windows and the printer. + * + * In order to know that Samba supports only RAW spooling, NT has to call + * getprinter() at level 2 (attribute field) or NT has to call startdoc() + * and until NT sends a RAW job, we refuse it. + * + * But to call getprinter() or startdoc(), you first need a valid handle, + * and to get an handle you have to call openprintex(). Hence why you have + * a devicemode in the openprinterex() call. + * + * + * Differences between NT4 and NT 2000. + * NT4: + * + * On NT4, you only have a global devicemode. This global devicemode can be changed + * by the administrator (or by a user with enough privs). Every time a user + * wants to print, the devicemode is reset to the default. In Word, every time + * you print, the printer's characteristics are always reset to the global devicemode. + * + * NT 2000: + * + * In W2K, there is the notion of per-user devicemode. The first time you use + * a printer, a per-user devicemode is build from the global devicemode. + * If you change your per-user devicemode, it is saved in the registry, under the + * H_KEY_CURRENT_KEY sub_tree. So that every time you print, you have your default + * printer preferences available. + * + * To change the per-user devicemode: it's the "Printing Preferences ..." button + * on the General Tab of the printer properties windows. + * + * To change the global devicemode: it's the "Printing Defaults..." button + * on the Advanced Tab of the printer properties window. +--> + +</chapter> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/samba-doc.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/samba-doc.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28baa7f609 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/samba-doc.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN" [ +<!ENTITY UNIX-INSTALL SYSTEM "UNIX_INSTALL.sgml"> +<!ENTITY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM "ENCRYPTION.sgml"> +<!ENTITY MS-Dfs-Setup SYSTEM "msdfs_setup.sgml"> +<!ENTITY PRINTER-DRIVER2 SYSTEM "printer_driver2.sgml"> +<!ENTITY DOMAIN-MEMBER SYSTEM "DOMAIN_MEMBER.sgml"> +<!ENTITY WINBIND SYSTEM "winbind.sgml"> +<!ENTITY NT-Security SYSTEM "NT_Security.sgml"> +<!ENTITY OS2-Client SYSTEM "OS2-Client-HOWTO.sgml"> +<!ENTITY Samba-PDC-HOWTO SYSTEM "Samba-PDC-HOWTO.sgml"> +<!ENTITY Samba-BDC-HOWTO SYSTEM "Samba-BDC-HOWTO.sgml"> +<!ENTITY CVS-Access SYSTEM "CVS-Access.sgml"> +<!ENTITY IntegratingWithWindows SYSTEM "Integrating-with-Windows.sgml"> +<!ENTITY Samba-PAM SYSTEM "PAM-Authentication-And-Samba.sgml"> +<!ENTITY Samba-LDAP SYSTEM "Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.sgml"> +<!ENTITY INDEX-FILE SYSTEM "index.sgml"> +]> + +<book id="Samba-Project-Documentation"> + +<title>SAMBA Project Documentation</title> + +<bookinfo> + <author> + <surname>SAMBA Team</surname> + </author> + <address><email>samba@samba.org</email></address> +</bookinfo> + +<dedication> +<title>Abstract</title> + +<para> +<emphasis>Last Update</emphasis> : Mon Apr 1 08:47:26 CST 2002 +</para> + +<para> +This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years. +I try to ensure that all are current, but sometimes the is a larger job +than one person can maintain. The most recent version of this document +can be found at <ulink url="http://www.samba.org/">http://www.samba.org/</ulink> +on the "Documentation" page. Please send updates to <ulink +url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>. +</para> + +<para> +This documentation is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) +version 2. A copy of the license is included with the Samba source +distribution. A copy can be found on-line at <ulink +url="http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt">http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt</ulink> +</para> + +<para> +Cheers, jerry +</para> + +</dedication> + +<!-- Chapters --> +&UNIX-INSTALL; +&IntegratingWithWindows; +&Samba-PAM; +&MS-Dfs-Setup; +&NT-Security; +&PRINTER-DRIVER2; +&DOMAIN-MEMBER; +&Samba-PDC-HOWTO; +&Samba-BDC-HOWTO; +&Samba-LDAP; +&WINBIND; +&OS2-Client; +&CVS-Access; + +<!-- Autogenerated Index --> +&INDEX-FILE; + +</book> diff --git a/docs/docbook/projdoc/winbind.sgml b/docs/docbook/projdoc/winbind.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc8d8d52a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/docbook/projdoc/winbind.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,919 @@ +<chapter id="winbind"> + + +<chapterinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Tim</firstname><surname>Potter</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address><email>tpot@linuxcare.com.au</email></address> + </affiliation> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Andrew</firstname><surname>Trigdell</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Samba Team</orgname> + <address><email>tridge@linuxcare.com.au</email></address> + </affiliation> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>John</firstname><surname>Trostel</surname> + <affiliation> + <orgname>Snapserver</orgname> + <address><email>jtrostel@snapserver.com</email></address> + </affiliation> + </author> + + + <pubdate>16 Oct 2000</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>Unified Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</title> + +<sect1> + <title>Abstract</title> + + <para>Integration of UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT through + a unified logon has been considered a "holy grail" in heterogeneous + computing environments for a long time. We present + <emphasis>winbind</emphasis>, a component of the Samba suite + of programs as a solution to the unified logon problem. Winbind + uses a UNIX implementation + of Microsoft RPC calls, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and the Name + Service Switch to allow Windows NT domain users to appear and operate + as UNIX users on a UNIX machine. This paper describes the winbind + system, explaining the functionality it provides, how it is configured, + and how it works internally.</para> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>Introduction</title> + + <para>It is well known that UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT have + different models for representing user and group information and + use different technologies for implementing them. This fact has + made it difficult to integrate the two systems in a satisfactory + manner.</para> + + <para>One common solution in use today has been to create + identically named user accounts on both the UNIX and Windows systems + and use the Samba suite of programs to provide file and print services + between the two. This solution is far from perfect however, as + adding and deleting users on both sets of machines becomes a chore + and two sets of passwords are required both of which + can lead to synchronization problems between the UNIX and Windows + systems and confusion for users.</para> + + <para>We divide the unified logon problem for UNIX machines into + three smaller problems:</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Obtaining Windows NT user and group information + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Authenticating Windows NT users + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Password changing for Windows NT users + </para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + + <para>Ideally, a prospective solution to the unified logon problem + would satisfy all the above components without duplication of + information on the UNIX machines and without creating additional + tasks for the system administrator when maintaining users and + groups on either system. The winbind system provides a simple + and elegant solution to all three components of the unified logon + problem.</para> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>What Winbind Provides</title> + + <para>Winbind unifies UNIX and Windows NT account management by + allowing a UNIX box to become a full member of a NT domain. Once + this is done the UNIX box will see NT users and groups as if + they were native UNIX users and groups, allowing the NT domain + to be used in much the same manner that NIS+ is used within + UNIX-only environments.</para> + + <para>The end result is that whenever any + program on the UNIX machine asks the operating system to lookup + a user or group name, the query will be resolved by asking the + NT domain controller for the specified domain to do the lookup. + Because Winbind hooks into the operating system at a low level + (via the NSS name resolution modules in the C library) this + redirection to the NT domain controller is completely + transparent.</para> + + <para>Users on the UNIX machine can then use NT user and group + names as they would use "native" UNIX names. They can chown files + so that they are owned by NT domain users or even login to the + UNIX machine and run a UNIX X-Window session as a domain user.</para> + + <para>The only obvious indication that Winbind is being used is + that user and group names take the form DOMAIN\user and + DOMAIN\group. This is necessary as it allows Winbind to determine + that redirection to a domain controller is wanted for a particular + lookup and which trusted domain is being referenced.</para> + + <para>Additionally, Winbind provides an authentication service + that hooks into the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) system + to provide authentication via a NT domain to any PAM enabled + applications. This capability solves the problem of synchronizing + passwords between systems since all passwords are stored in a single + location (on the domain controller).</para> + + <sect2> + <title>Target Uses</title> + + <para>Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an + existing NT based domain infrastructure into which they wish + to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these + organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to + maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly + simplifies the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX + workstations into a NT based organization.</para> + + <para>Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to + be used is as a central part of UNIX based appliances. Appliances + that provide file and print services to Microsoft based networks + will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of + the appliance into the domain.</para> + </sect2> +</sect1> + + + +<sect1> + <title>How Winbind Works</title> + + <para>The winbind system is designed around a client/server + architecture. A long running <command>winbindd</command> daemon + listens on a UNIX domain socket waiting for requests + to arrive. These requests are generated by the NSS and PAM + clients and processed sequentially.</para> + + <para>The technologies used to implement winbind are described + in detail below.</para> + + <sect2> + <title>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</title> + + <para>Over the last two years, efforts have been underway + by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of + the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This + system is used for most network related operations between + Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication + and print spooling. Although initially this work was done + to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) + functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code which + can be used for other purposes.</para> + + <para>Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users + and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual + users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate + NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying + a Windows PDC for user and group information, winbind maps the + NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Name Service Switch</title> + + <para>The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is + present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system + information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information + to be resolved from different sources. For example, a standalone + UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of + flat files stored on the local filesystem. A networked workstation + may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, + and then consult a NIS database for user information or a DNS server + for hostname information.</para> + + <para>The NSS application programming interface allows winbind + to present itself as a source of system information when + resolving UNIX usernames and groups. Winbind uses this interface, + and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC + calls to provide a new source of account enumeration. Using standard + UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on + a UNIX machine running winbind and see all users and groups in + a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local + users and groups.</para> + + <para>The primary control file for NSS is + <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>. + When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup + the C library looks in <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> + for a line which matches the service type being requested, for + example the "passwd" service type is used when user or group names + are looked up. This config line species which implementations + of that service should be tried and in what order. If the passwd + config line is:</para> + + <para><command>passwd: files example</command></para> + + <para>then the C library will first load a module called + <filename>/lib/libnss_files.so</filename> followed by + the module <filename>/lib/libnss_example.so</filename>. The + C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn + and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve + the request. Once the request is resolved the C library returns the + result to the application.</para> + + <para>This NSS interface provides a very easy way for Winbind + to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done + is to put <filename>libnss_winbind.so</filename> in <filename>/lib/</filename> + then add "winbind" into <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> at + the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to + resolve user and group names.</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Pluggable Authentication Modules</title> + + <para>Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, + is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization + technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different + authentication methods for different system applications without + having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful + for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, + a system administrator may only allow console logins from users + stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from + a NIS database to log in over the network.</para> + + <para>Winbind uses the authentication management and password + management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a + UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX + machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain + Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have + this change take effect directly on the Primary Domain Controller. + </para> + + <para>PAM is configured by providing control files in the directory + <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename> for each of the services that + require authentication. When an authentication request is made + by an application the PAM code in the C library looks up this + control file to determine what modules to load to do the + authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding + a new authentication service for Winbind very easy, all that needs + to be done is that the <filename>pam_winbind.so</filename> module + is copied to <filename>/lib/security/</filename> and the PAM + control files for relevant services are updated to allow + authentication via winbind. See the PAM documentation + for more details.</para> + </sect2> + + + <sect2> + <title>User and Group ID Allocation</title> + + <para>When a user or group is created under Windows NT + is it allocated a numerical relative identifier (RID). This is + slightly different to UNIX which has a range of numbers that are + used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify + groups. It is winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX id numbers and + vice versa. When winbind is configured it is given part of the UNIX + user id space and a part of the UNIX group id space in which to + store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is + resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX id from + the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over + time, winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups + to UNIX user ids and group ids.</para> + + <para>The results of this mapping are stored persistently in + an ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that + RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.</para> + </sect2> + + + <sect2> + <title>Result Caching</title> + + <para>An active system can generate a lot of user and group + name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups winbind + uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied + by NT domain controllers. User or group information returned + by a PDC is cached by winbind along with a sequence number also + returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by + Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modified. If + a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from + the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. + If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information + is discarded and up to date information is requested directly + from the PDC.</para> + </sect2> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>Installation and Configuration</title> + +<para> +Many thanks to John Trostel <ulink +url="mailto:jtrostel@snapserver.com">jtrostel@snapserver.com</ulink> +for providing the HOWTO for this section. +</para> + +<para> +This HOWTO describes how to get winbind services up and running +to control access and authenticate users on your Linux box using +the winbind services which come with SAMBA 2.2.2. +</para> + + +<sect2> +<title>Introduction</title> + +<para> +This HOWTO describes the procedures used to get winbind up and +running on my RedHat 7.1 system. Winbind is capable of providing access +and authentication control for Windows Domain users through an NT +or Win2K PDC for 'regular' services, such as telnet a nd ftp, as +well for SAMBA services. +</para> + +<para> +This HOWTO has been written from a 'RedHat-centric' perspective, so if +you are using another distribution, you may have to modify the instructions +somewhat to fit the way your distribution works. +</para> + + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>Why should I to this?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para>This allows the SAMBA administrator to rely on the + authentication mechanisms on the NT/Win2K PDC for the authentication + of domain members. NT/Win2K users no longer need to have separate + accounts on the SAMBA server. + </para> +</listitem> + +<listitem> + <para> + <emphasis>Who should be reading this document?</emphasis> + </para> + + <para> + This HOWTO is designed for system administrators. If you are + implementing SAMBA on a file server and wish to (fairly easily) + integrate existing NT/Win2K users from your PDC onto the + SAMBA server, this HOWTO is for you. That said, I am no NT or PAM + expert, so you may find a better or easier way to accomplish + these tasks. + </para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Requirements</title> + +<para> +If you have a samba configuration file that you are currently +using... <emphasis>BACK IT UP!</emphasis> If your system already uses PAM, +<emphasis>back up the <filename>/etc/pam.d</filename> directory +contents!</emphasis> If you haven't already made a boot disk, +<emphasis>MAKE ONE NOW!</emphasis> +</para> + +<para> +Messing with the pam configuration files can make it nearly impossible +to log in to yourmachine. That's why you want to be able to boot back +into your machine in single user mode and restore your +<filename>/etc/pam.d</filename> back to the original state they were in if +you get frustrated with the way things are going. ;-) +</para> + +<para> +The latest version of SAMBA (version 2.2.2 as of this writing), now +includes a functioning winbindd daemon. Please refer to the +<ulink url="http://samba.org/">main SAMBA web page</ulink> or, +better yet, your closest SAMBA mirror site for instructions on +downloading the source code. +</para> + +<para> +To allow Domain users the ability to access SAMBA shares and +files, as well as potentially other services provided by your +SAMBA machine, PAM (pluggable authentication modules) must +be setup properly on your machine. In order to compile the +winbind modules, you should have at least the pam libraries resident +on your system. For recent RedHat systems (7.1, for instance), that +means <filename>pam-0.74-22</filename>. For best results, it is helpful to also +install the development packages in <filename>pam-devel-0.74-22</filename>. +</para> + +</sect2> + + +<sect2> +<title>Testing Things Out</title> + +<para> +Before starting, it is probably best to kill off all the SAMBA +related daemons running on your server. Kill off all <command>smbd</command>, +<command>nmbd</command>, and <command>winbindd</command> processes that may +be running. To use PAM, you will want to make sure that you have the +standard PAM package (for RedHat) which supplies the <filename>/etc/pam.d</filename> +directory structure, including the pam modules are used by pam-aware +services, several pam libraries, and the <filename>/usr/doc</filename> +and <filename>/usr/man</filename> entries for pam. Winbind built better +in SAMBA if the pam-devel package was also installed. This package includes +the header files needed to compile pam-aware applications. For instance, +my RedHat system has both <filename>pam-0.74-22</filename> and +<filename>pam-devel-0.74-22</filename> RPMs installed. +</para> + +<sect3> +<title>Configure and compile SAMBA</title> + +<para> +The configuration and compilation of SAMBA is pretty straightforward. +The first three steps may not be necessary depending upon +whether or not you have previously built the Samba binaries. +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>autoconf</command> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>make clean</command> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>rm config.cache</command> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>./configure --with-winbind</command> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>make</command> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>make install</command> +</programlisting></para> + + +<para> +This will, by default, install SAMBA in <filename>/usr/local/samba</filename>. +See the main SAMBA documentation if you want to install SAMBA somewhere else. +It will also build the winbindd executable and libraries. +</para> + +</sect3> + +<sect3> +<title>Configure <filename>nsswitch.conf</filename> and the +winbind libraries</title> + +<para> +The libraries needed to run the <command>winbindd</command> daemon +through nsswitch need to be copied to their proper locations, so +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>cp ../samba/source/nsswitch/libnss_winbind.so /lib</command> +</para> + +<para> +I also found it necessary to make the following symbolic link: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>ln -s /lib/libnss_winbind.so /lib/libnss_winbind.so.2</command> +</para> + +<para> +Now, as root you need to edit <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> to +allow user and group entries to be visible from the <command>winbindd</command> +daemon. My <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file look like +this after editing: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> + passwd: files winbind + shadow: files + group: files winbind +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The libraries needed by the winbind daemon will be automatically +entered into the <command>ldconfig</command> cache the next time +your system reboots, but it +is faster (and you don't need to reboot) if you do it manually: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>/sbin/ldconfig -v | grep winbind</command> +</para> + +<para> +This makes <filename>libnss_winbind</filename> available to winbindd +and echos back a check to you. +</para> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Configure smb.conf</title> + +<para> +Several parameters are needed in the smb.conf file to control +the behavior of <command>winbindd</command>. Configure +<filename>smb.conf</filename> These are described in more detail in +the <ulink url="winbindd.8.html">winbindd(8)</ulink> man page. My +<filename>smb.conf</filename> file was modified to +include the following entries in the [global] section: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +[global] + <...> + # separate domain and username with '+', like DOMAIN+username + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDSEPARATOR">winbind separator</ulink> = + + # use uids from 10000 to 20000 for domain users + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDUID">winbind uid</ulink> = 10000-20000 + # use gids from 10000 to 20000 for domain groups + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDGID">winbind gid</ulink> = 10000-20000 + # allow enumeration of winbind users and groups + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDENUMUSERS">winbind enum users</ulink> = yes + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDENUMGROUP">winbind enum groups</ulink> = yes + # give winbind users a real shell (only needed if they have telnet access) + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#TEMPLATEHOMEDIR">template homedir</ulink> = /home/winnt/%D/%U + <ulink url="winbindd.8.html#TEMPLATESHELL">template shell</ulink> = /bin/bash +</programlisting></para> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Join the SAMBA server to the PDC domain</title> + +<para> +Enter the following command to make the SAMBA server join the +PDC domain, where <replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable> is the name of +your Windows domain and <replaceable>Administrator</replaceable> is +a domain user who has administrative privileges in the domain. +</para> + + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>/usr/local/samba/bin/net rpc join -s PDC -U Administrator</command> +</para> + + +<para> +The proper response to the command should be: "Joined the domain +<replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable>" where <replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable> +is your DOMAIN name. +</para> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Start up the winbindd daemon and test it!</title> + +<para> +Eventually, you will want to modify your smb startup script to +automatically invoke the winbindd daemon when the other parts of +SAMBA start, but it is possible to test out just the winbind +portion first. To start up winbind services, enter the following +command as root: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd</command> +</para> + +<para> +I'm always paranoid and like to make sure the daemon +is really running... +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>ps -ae | grep winbindd</command> +</para> +<para> +This command should produce output like this, if the daemon is running +</para> +<para> +3025 ? 00:00:00 winbindd +</para> + +<para> +Now... for the real test, try to get some information about the +users on your PDC +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -u</command> +</para> + +<para> +This should echo back a list of users on your Windows users on +your PDC. For example, I get the following response: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +CEO+Administrator +CEO+burdell +CEO+Guest +CEO+jt-ad +CEO+krbtgt +CEO+TsInternetUser +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +Obviously, I have named my domain 'CEO' and my <parameter>winbind +separator</parameter> is '+'. +</para> + +<para> +You can do the same sort of thing to get group information from +the PDC: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -g</command> +CEO+Domain Admins +CEO+Domain Users +CEO+Domain Guests +CEO+Domain Computers +CEO+Domain Controllers +CEO+Cert Publishers +CEO+Schema Admins +CEO+Enterprise Admins +CEO+Group Policy Creator Owners +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The function 'getent' can now be used to get unified +lists of both local and PDC users and groups. +Try the following command: +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>getent passwd</command> +</para> + +<para> +You should get a list that looks like your <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> +list followed by the domain users with their new uids, gids, home +directories and default shells. +</para> + +<para> +The same thing can be done for groups with the command +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>getent group</command> +</para> + +</sect3> + + +<sect3> +<title>Fix the <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/smb</filename> startup files</title> + +<para> +The <command>winbindd</command> daemon needs to start up after the +<command>smbd</command> and <command>nmbd</command> daemons are running. +To accomplish this task, you need to modify the <filename>/etc/init.d/smb</filename> +script to add commands to invoke this daemon in the proper sequence. My +<filename>/etc/init.d/smb</filename> file starts up <command>smbd</command>, +<command>nmbd</command>, and <command>winbindd</command> from the +<filename>/usr/local/samba/bin</filename> directory directly. The 'start' +function in the script looks like this: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +start() { + KIND="SMB" + echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: " + daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd $SMBDOPTIONS + RETVAL=$? + echo + KIND="NMB" + echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: " + daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd $NMBDOPTIONS + RETVAL2=$? + echo + KIND="Winbind" + echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: " + daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd + RETVAL3=$? + echo + [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/smb || \ + RETVAL=1 + return $RETVAL +} +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The 'stop' function has a corresponding entry to shut down the +services and look s like this: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +stop() { + KIND="SMB" + echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: " + killproc smbd + RETVAL=$? + echo + KIND="NMB" + echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: " + killproc nmbd + RETVAL2=$? + echo + KIND="Winbind" + echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: " + killproc winbindd + RETVAL3=$? + [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/smb + echo "" + return $RETVAL +} +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +If you restart the <command>smbd</command>, <command>nmbd</command>, +and <command>winbindd</command> daemons at this point, you +should be able to connect to the samba server as a domain member just as +if you were a local user. +</para> + +</sect3> + + + +<sect3> +<title>Configure Winbind and PAM</title> + +<para> +If you have made it this far, you know that winbindd and samba are working +together. If you want to use winbind to provide authentication for other +services, keep reading. The pam configuration files need to be altered in +this step. (Did you remember to make backups of your original +<filename>/etc/pam.d</filename> files? If not, do it now.) +</para> + +<para> +You will need a pam module to use winbindd with these other services. This +module will be compiled in the <filename>../source/nsswitch</filename> directory +by invoking the command +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>make nsswitch/pam_winbind.so</command> +</para> + +<para> +from the <filename>../source</filename> directory. The +<filename>pam_winbind.so</filename> file should be copied to the location of +your other pam security modules. On my RedHat system, this was the +<filename>/lib/security</filename> directory. +</para> + +<para> +<prompt>root#</prompt> <command>cp ../samba/source/nsswitch/pam_winbind.so /lib/security</command> +</para> + +<para> +The <filename>/etc/pam.d/samba</filename> file does not need to be changed. I +just left this fileas it was: +</para> + + +<para><programlisting> +auth required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +account required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The other services that I modified to allow the use of winbind +as an authentication service were the normal login on the console (or a terminal +session), telnet logins, and ftp service. In order to enable these +services, you may first need to change the entries in +<filename>/etc/xinetd.d</filename> (or <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>). +RedHat 7.1 uses the new xinetd.d structure, in this case you need +to change the lines in <filename>/etc/xinetd.d/telnet</filename> +and <filename>/etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftp</filename> from +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +enable = no +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +to +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +enable = yes +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +For ftp services to work properly, you will also need to either +have individual directories for the domain users already present on +the server, or change the home directory template to a general +directory for all domain users. These can be easily set using +the <filename>smb.conf</filename> global entry +<command>template homedir</command>. +</para> + +<para> +The <filename>/etc/pam.d/ftp</filename> file can be changed +to allow winbind ftp access in a manner similar to the +samba file. My <filename>/etc/pam.d/ftp</filename> file was +changed to look like this: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +auth required /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/ftpusers onerr=succeed +auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so +auth required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +auth required /lib/security/pam_shells.so +account sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so +account required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +session required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +The <filename>/etc/pam.d/login</filename> file can be changed nearly the +same way. It now looks like this: +</para> + +<para><programlisting> +auth required /lib/security/pam_securetty.so +auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so +auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass +auth required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +auth required /lib/security/pam_nologin.so +account sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so +account required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +password required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +session required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth +session optional /lib/security/pam_console.so +</programlisting></para> + +<para> +In this case, I added the <command>auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so</command> +lines as before, but also added the <command>required pam_securetty.so</command> +above it, to disallow root logins over the network. I also added a +<command>sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass</command> +line after the <command>winbind.so</command> line to get rid of annoying +double prompts for passwords. +</para> + + +</sect3> + +</sect2> + +</sect1> + +<sect1> + <title>Limitations</title> + + <para>Winbind has a number of limitations in its current + released version that we hope to overcome in future + releases:</para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Winbind is currently only available for + the Linux operating system, although ports to other operating + systems are certainly possible. For such ports to be feasible, + we require the C library of the target operating system to + support the Name Service Switch and Pluggable Authentication + Modules systems. This is becoming more common as NSS and + PAM gain support among UNIX vendors.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>The mappings of Windows NT RIDs to UNIX ids + is not made algorithmically and depends on the order in which + unmapped users or groups are seen by winbind. It may be difficult + to recover the mappings of rid to UNIX id mapping if the file + containing this information is corrupted or destroyed.</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>Currently the winbind PAM module does not take + into account possible workstation and logon time restrictions + that may be been set for Windows NT users.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> +</sect1> + + +<sect1> + <title>Conclusion</title> + + <para>The winbind system, through the use of the Name Service + Switch, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and appropriate + Microsoft RPC calls have allowed us to provide seamless + integration of Microsoft Windows NT domain users on a + UNIX system. The result is a great reduction in the administrative + cost of running a mixed UNIX and NT network.</para> + +</sect1> + +</chapter> |