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-Contributor: lkcl - samba@samba.org
- Copyright 1997 Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
-Date: March 1997
-Status: Current
-Updated: 12jun97
-
-Subject: Definition of NetBIOS Protocol and Name Resolution Modes
-=============================================================================
-
-=======
-NETBIOS
-=======
-
-NetBIOS runs over the following tranports: TCP/IP; NetBEUI and IPX/SPX.
-Samba only uses NetBIOS over TCP/IP. For details on the TCP/IP NetBIOS
-Session Service NetBIOS Datagram Service, and NetBIOS Names, see
-rfc1001.txt and rfc1002.txt.
-
-NetBEUI is a raw NetBIOS frame protocol implementation that allows NetBIOS
-datagrams to be sent out over the 'wire' embedded within LLC frames.
-NetBEUI is not required when using NetBIOS over TCP/IP protocols and it
-is preferable NOT to install NetBEUI if it can be avoided.
-
-IPX/SPX is also not required when using NetBIOS over TCP/IP, and it is
-preferable NOT to install the IPX/SPX transport unless you are using Novell
-servers. At the very least, it is recommended that you do not install
-'NetBIOS over IPX/SPX'.
-
-[When installing Windows 95, you will find that NetBEUI and IPX/SPX are
-installed as the default protocols. This is because they are the simplest
-to manage: no Windows 95 user-configuration is required].
-
-
-NetBIOS applications (such as samba) offer their services (for example,
-SMB file and print sharing) on a NetBIOS name. They must claim this name
-on the network before doing so. The NetBIOS session service will then
-accept connections on the application's behalf (on the NetBIOS name
-claimed by the application). A NetBIOS session between the application
-and the client can then commence.
-
-NetBIOS names consist of 15 characters plus a 'type' character. This is
-similar, in concept, to an IP address and a TCP port number, respectively.
-A NetBIOS-aware application on a host will offer different services under
-different NetBIOS name types, just as a host will offer different TCP/IP
-services on different port numbers.
-
-NetBIOS names must be claimed on a network, and must be defended. The use
-of NetBIOS names is most suitable on a single subnet; a Local Area Network
-or a Wide Area Network.
-
-NetBIOS names are either UNIQUE or GROUP. Only one application can claim a
-UNIQUE NetBIOS name on a network.
-
-There are two kinds of NetBIOS Name resolution: Broadcast and Point-to-Point.
-
-
-=================
-BROADCAST NetBIOS
-=================
-
-Clients can claim names, and therefore offer services on successfully claimed
-names, on their broadcast-isolated subnet. One way to get NetBIOS services
-(such as browsing: see ftp.microsoft.com/drg/developr/CIFS/browdiff.txt; and
-SMB file/print sharing: see cifs4.txt) working on a LAN or WAN is to make
-your routers forward all broadcast packets from TCP/IP ports 137, 138 and 139.
-
-This, however, is not recommended. If you have a large LAN or WAN, you will
-find that some of your hosts spend 95 percent of their time dealing with
-broadcast traffic. [If you have IPX/SPX on your LAN or WAN, you will find
-that this is already happening: a packet analyzer will show, roughly
-every twelve minutes, great swathes of broadcast traffic!].
-
-
-============
-NBNS NetBIOS
-============
-
-rfc1001.txt describes, amongst other things, the implementation and use
-of, a 'NetBIOS Name Service'. NT/AS offers 'Windows Internet Name Service'
-which is fully rfc1001/2 compliant, but has had to take specific action
-with certain NetBIOS names in order to make it useful. (for example, it
-deals with the registration of <1c> <1d> <1e> names all in different ways.
-I recommend the reading of the Microsoft WINS Server Help files for full
-details).
-
-Samba also offers WINS server capabilities. Samba does not interact
-with NT/AS (WINS replication), so if you have a mixed NT server and
-Samba server environment, it is recommended that you use the NT server's
-WINS capabilities, instead of samba's WINS server capabilities.
-
-The use of a WINS server cuts down on broadcast network traffic for
-NetBIOS name resolution. It has the effect of pulling all the broadcast
-isolated subnets together into a single NetBIOS scope, across your LAN
-or WAN, while avoiding the use of TCP/IP broadcast packets.
-
-When you have a WINS server on your LAN, WINS clients will be able to
-contact the WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names. Note that only those
-WINS clients that have registered with the same WINS server will be
-visible. The WINS server _can_ have static NetBIOS entries added to its
-database (usually for security reasons you might want to consider putting
-your domain controllers or other important servers as static entries,
-but you should not rely on this as your sole means of security), but for
-the most part, NetBIOS names are registered dynamically.
-
-[It is important to mention that samba's browsing capabilities (as a WINS
-client) must have access to a WINS server. if you are using samba also
-as a WINS server, then it will have a direct short-cut into the WINS
-database.
-
-This provides some confusion for lots of people, and is worth mentioning
-here: a Browse Server is NOT a WINS Server, even if these services are
-implemented in the same application. A Browse Server _needs_ a WINS server
-because a Browse Server is a WINS client, which is _not_ the same thing].
-
-Clients can claim names, and therefore offer services on successfully claimed
-names, on their broadcast-isolated subnet. One way to get NetBIOS services
-(such as browsing: see ftp.microsoft.com/drg/developr/CIFS/browdiff.txt; and
-SMB file/print sharing: see cifs6.txt) working on a LAN or WAN is to make
-your routers forward all broadcast packets from TCP/IP ports 137, 138 and 139.
-You will find, however, if you do this on a large LAN or a WAN, that your
-network is completely swamped by NetBIOS and browsing packets, which is why
-WINS was developed to minimise the necessity of broadcast traffic.
-
-WINS Clients therefore claim names from the WINS server. If the WINS
-server allows them to register a name, the client's NetBIOS session service
-can then offer services on this name. Other WINS clients will then
-contact the WINS server to resolve a NetBIOS name.
-
-
-=======================
-Samba WINS Capabilities
-=======================
-
-To configure samba as a WINS server, you must add "wins support = yes" to
-the [global] section of your smb.conf file. This will enable WINS server
-capabilities in nmbd.
-
-To configure samba as a WINS client, you must add "wins server = x.x.x.x"
-to the [global] section of your smb.conf file, where x.x.x.x is the TCP/IP
-address of your WINS server. The browsing capabilities in nmbd will then
-register (and resolve) WAN-wide NetBIOS names with this WINS server.
-
-Note that if samba has "wins support = yes", then the browsing capabilities
-will _not_ use the "wins server" option to resolve NetBIOS names: it will
-go directly to the internal WINS database for NetBIOS name resolution. It
-is therefore invalid to have both "wins support = yes" and
-"wins server = x.x.x.x". Note, in particular, that if you configure the
-"wins server" parameter to be the ip address of your samba server itself
-(as might one intuitively think), that you will run into difficulties.
-Do not use both parameters!
-
-