SAMBA Project Documentation
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba

Table of Contents
1.1. Background
1.2. Terminology
1.3. Related Projects
1.4. SMB Methodology
1.5. Additional Resources
1.6. Epilogue
1.7. Miscellaneous

"If you understand what you're doing, you're not learning anything." +-- Anonymous

Samba is a file and print server for Windows-based clients using TCP/IP as the underlying +transport protocol. In fact, it can support any SMB/CIFS-enabled client. One of Samba's big +strengths is that you can use it to blend your mix of Windows and Linux machines together +without requiring a separate Windows NT/2000/2003 Server. Samba is actively being developed +by a global team of about 30 active programmers and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.

1.1. Background

Once long ago, there was a buzzword referred to as DCE/RPC. This stood for Distributed +Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Calls and conceptually was a good idea. It was +originally developed by Apollo/HP as NCA 1.0 (Network Computing Architecture) and only +ran over UDP. When there was a need to run it over TCP so that it would be compatible +with DECnet 3.0, it was redesigned, submitted to The Open Group, and officially became +known as DCE/RPC. Microsoft came along and decided, rather than pay $20 per seat to +license this technology, to reimplement DCE/RPC themselves as MSRPC. From this, the +concept continued in the form of SMB (Server Message Block, or the "what") using the +NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System, or the "how") compatibility layer. You can +run SMB (i.e., transport) over several different protocols; many different implementations +arose as a result, including NBIPX (NetBIOS over IPX, NwLnkNb, or NWNBLink) and NBT +(NetBIOS over TCP/IP, or NetBT). As the years passed, NBT became the most common form +of implementation until the advance of "Direct-Hosted TCP" -- the Microsoft marketing +term for eliminating NetBIOS entirely and running SMB by itself across TCP port 445 +only. As of yet, direct-hosted TCP has yet to catch on.

Perhaps the best summary of the origins of SMB are voiced in the 1997 article titled, CIFS: +Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny:

Several megabytes of NT-security archives, random whitepapers, RFCs, the CIFS spec, the Samba +stuff, a few MS knowledge-base articles, strings extracted from binaries, and packet dumps have +been dutifully waded through during the information-gathering stages of this project, and there +are *still* many missing pieces... While often tedious, at least the way has been generously +littered with occurrences of clapping hand to forehead and muttering 'crikey, what are they +thinking?

1.2. Terminology

SMB: Acronym for "Server Message Block". This is Microsoft's file and printer sharing protocol. +
CIFS: Acronym for "Common Internet File System". Around 1996, Microsoft apparently + decided that SMB needed the word "Internet" in it, so they changed it to CIFS. +
Direct-Hosted: A method of providing file/printer sharing services over port 445/tcp + only using DNS for name resolution instead of WINS. +
IPC: Acronym for "Inter-Process Communication". A method to communicate specific + information between programs. +
Marshalling: - A method of serializing (i.e., sequential ordering of) variable data + suitable for transmission via a network connection or storing in a file. The source + data can be re-created using a similar process called unmarshalling. +
NetBIOS: Acronym for "Network Basic Input/Output System". This is not a protocol; + it is a method of communication across an existing protocol. This is a standard which + was originally developed for IBM by Sytek in 1983. To exaggerate the analogy a bit, + it can help to think of this in comparison your computer's BIOS -- it controls the + essential functions of your input/output hardware -- whereas NetBIOS controls the + essential functions of your input/output traffic via the network. Again, this is a bit + of an exaggeration but it should help that paradigm shift. What is important to realize + is that NetBIOS is a transport standard, not a protocol. Unfortunately, even technically + brilliant people tend to interchange NetBIOS with terms like NetBEUI without a second + thought; this will cause no end (and no doubt) of confusion. +
NetBEUI: Acronym for the "NetBIOS Extended User Interface". Unlike NetBIOS, NetBEUI + is a protocol, not a standard. It is also not routable, so traffic on one side of a + router will be unable to communicate with the other side. Understanding NetBEUI is + not essential to deciphering SMB; however it helps to point out that it is not the + same as NetBIOS and to improve your score in trivia at parties. NetBEUI was originally + referred to by Microsoft as "NBF", or "The Windows NT NetBEUI Frame protocol driver". + It is not often heard from these days. +
NBT: Acronym for "NetBIOS over TCP"; also known as "NetBT". Allows the continued use + of NetBIOS traffic proxied over TCP/IP. As a result, NetBIOS names are made + to IP addresses and NetBIOS name types are conceptually equivalent to TCP/IP ports. + This is how file and printer sharing are accomplished in Windows 95/98/ME. They + traditionally rely on three ports: NetBIOS Name Service (nbname) via UDP port 137, + NetBIOS Datagram Service (nbdatagram) via UDP port 138, and NetBIOS Session Service + (nbsession) via TCP port 139. All name resolution is done via WINS, NetBIOS broadcasts, + and DNS. NetBIOS over TCP is documented in RFC 1001 (Concepts and methods) and RFC 1002 + (Detailed specifications). +
W2K: Acronym for Windows 2000 Professional or Server +
W3K: Acronym for Windows 2003 Server +

If you plan on getting help, make sure to subscribe to the Samba Mailing List (available at +http://www.samba.org). Optionally, you could just search mailing.unix.samba at http://groups.google.com

1.3. Related Projects

Currently, there are two projects that are directly related to Samba: SMBFS and CIFS network +client file systems for Linux, both available in the Linux kernel itself.

SMBFS (Server Message Block File System) allows you to mount SMB shares (the protocol + that Microsoft Windows and OS/2 Lan Manager use to share files and printers + over local networks) and access them just like any other Unix directory. This is useful + if you just want to mount such filesystems without being a SMBFS server. +
CIFS (Common Internet File System) is the successor to SMB, and is actively being worked + on in the upcoming version of the Linux kernel. The intent of this module is to + provide advanced network file system functionality including support for dfs (heirarchical + name space), secure per-user session establishment, safe distributed caching (oplock), + optional packet signing, Unicode and other internationalization improvements, and optional + Winbind (nsswitch) integration. +

Again, it's important to note that these are implementations for client filesystems, and have +nothing to do with acting as a file and print server for SMB/CIFS clients.

1.4. SMB Methodology

Traditionally, SMB uses UDP port 137 (NetBIOS name service, or netbios-ns), +UDP port 138 (NetBIOS datagram service, or netbios-dgm), and TCP port 139 (NetBIOS +session service, or netbios-ssn). Anyone looking at their network with a good +packet sniffer will be amazed at the amount of traffic generated by just opening +up a single file. In general, SMB sessions are established in the following order:

"TCP Connection" - establish 3-way handshake (connection) to port 139/tcp + or 445/tcp. +
"NetBIOS Session Request" - using the following "Calling Names": The local + machine's NetBIOS name plus the 16th character 0x00; The server's NetBIOS + name plus the 16th character 0x20 +
"SMB Negotiate Protocol" - determine the protocol dialect to use, which will + be one of the following: PC Network Program 1.0 (Core) - share level security + mode only; Microsoft Networks 1.03 (Core Plus) - share level security + mode only; Lanman1.0 (LAN Manager 1.0) - uses Challenge/Response + Authentication; Lanman2.1 (LAN Manager 2.1) - uses Challenge/Response + Authentication; NT LM 0.12 (NT LM 0.12) - uses Challenge/Response + Authentication +
SMB Session Startup. Passwords are encrypted (or not) according to one of + the following methods: Null (no encryption); Cleartext (no encryption); LM + and NTLM; NTLM; NTLMv2 +
SMB Tree Connect: Connect to a share name (e.g., \\servername\share); Connect + to a service type (e.g., IPC$ named pipe) +

A good way to examine this process in depth is to try out SecurityFriday's SWB program +at http://www.securityfriday.com/ToolDownload/SWB/swb_doc.html. It allows you to +walk through the establishment of a SMB/CIFS session step by step.

1.5. Additional Resources

CIFS: Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny by "Hobbit", + http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/cifs.txt +
Doing the Samba on Windows by Financial Review, + http://afr.com/it/2002/10/01/FFXDF43AP6D.html +
Implementing CIFS by Christopher R. Hertel, + http://ubiqx.org/cifs/ +
Just What Is SMB? by Richard Sharpe, + http://samba.anu.edu.au/cifs/docs/what-is-smb.html +
Opening Windows Everywhere by Mike Warfield, + http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-05/samba_01.html +
SMB HOWTO by David Wood, + http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html +
SMB/CIFS by The Root by "ledin", + http://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x0b.txt +
The Story of Samba by Christopher R. Hertel, + http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-09/samba_01.html +
The Unofficial Samba HOWTO by David Lechnyr, + http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/samba/ +
Understanding the Network Neighborhood by Christopher R. Hertel, + http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-05/smb_01.html +
Using Samba as a PDC by Andrew Bartlett, + http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-02/samba_01.html +

1.6. Epilogue

"What's fundamentally wrong is that nobody ever had any taste when they +did it. Microsoft has been very much into making the user interface look good, +but internally it's just a complete mess. And even people who program for Microsoft +and who have had years of experience, just don't know how it works internally. +Worse, nobody dares change it. Nobody dares to fix bugs because it's such a +mess that fixing one bug might just break a hundred programs that depend on +that bug. And Microsoft isn't interested in anyone fixing bugs -- they're interested +in making money. They don't have anybody who takes pride in Windows 95 as an +operating system.

People inside Microsoft know it's a bad operating system and they still +continue obviously working on it because they want to get the next version out +because they want to have all these new features to sell more copies of the +system.

The problem with that is that over time, when you have this kind of approach, +and because nobody understands it, because nobody REALLY fixes bugs (other than +when they're really obvious), the end result is really messy. You can't trust +it because under certain circumstances it just spontaneously reboots or just +halts in the middle of something that shouldn't be strange. Normally it works +fine and then once in a blue moon for some completely unknown reason, it's dead, +and nobody knows why. Not Microsoft, not the experienced user and certainly +not the completely clueless user who probably sits there shivering thinking +"What did I do wrong?" when they didn't do anything wrong at all.

That's what's really irritating to me."

-- Linus Torvalds, from an interview with BOOT Magazine, Sept 1998 +(http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/boot.txt)

1.7. Miscellaneous

This chapter was lovingly handcrafted on a Dell Latitude C400 laptop running Slackware Linux 9.0, +in case anyone asks.

This chapter is Copyright � 2003 David Lechnyr (david at lechnyr dot com). +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms +of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free +Software Foundation. A copy of the license is available at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt.

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