Appendixes

Jeremy Allison

Samba Team

<jra@samba.org>

May 10, 2003

Table of Contents

File System Access Controls

MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems
Managing Directories
File and Directory Access Control

Share Definition Access Controls

User and Group Based Controls
File and Directory Permissions Based Controls
Miscellaneous Controls

Access Controls on Shares

Share Permissions Management

MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability

Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs
Viewing File Security on a Samba Share
Viewing file ownership
Viewing File or Directory Permissions
Modifying file or directory permissions
Interaction with the standard Samba create mask + parameters
Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute + mapping

Users can not write to a public share
I have set force user and Samba still makes root the owner of all the files + I touch!

+Advanced MS Windows users are frequently perplexed when file, directory and share manipulation of +resources shared via Samba do not behave in the manner they might expect. MS Windows network +administrators are often confused regarding network access controls and what is the best way to +provide users with the type of access they need while protecting resources from the consequences +of untoward access capabilities. +

+Unix administrators frequently are not familiar with the MS Windows environment and in particular +have difficulty in visualizing what the MS Windows user wishes to achieve in attempts to set file +and directory access permissions. +

+The problem lies in the differences in how file and directory permissions and controls work +between the two environments. This difference is one that Samba can not completely hide, even +though it does try to make the chasm transparent. +

+POSIX Access Control List technology has been available (along with Extended Attributes) +for Unix for many years, yet there is little evidence today of any significant use. This +explains to some extent the slow adoption of ACLs into commercial Linux products. MS Windows +administrators are astounded at this given that ACLs were a foundational capability of the now +decade old MS Windows NT operating system. +

+The purpose of this chapter is to present each of the points of control that are possible with +Samba-3 in the hope that this will help the network administrator to find the optimum method +for delivering the best environment for MS Windows desktop users. +

+This is an opportune point to mention that it should be borne in mind that Samba was created to +provide a means of interoperability and interchange of data between two operating environments +that are quite different. It was never the intent to make Unix/Linux like MS Windows NT. Instead +the purpose was an is to provide a sufficient level of exchange of data between the two environments. +What is available today extends well beyond early plans and expectations, yet the gap continues to +shrink. +

Features and Benefits

+ Samba offers a lot of flexibility in file system access management. These are the key access control + facilities present in Samba today: +

Samba Access Control Facilities

+ Unix File and Directory Permissions +
+ Samba honours and implements Unix file system access controls. Users + who access a Samba server will do so as a particular MS Windows user. + This information is passed to the Samba server as part of the logon or + connection setup process. Samba uses this user identity to validate + whether or not the user should be given access to file system resources + (files and directories). This chapter provides an overview for those + to whom the Unix permissions and controls are a little strange or unknown. +
+ Samba Share Definitions +
+ In configuring share settings and controls in the smb.conf file + the network administrator can exercise over-rides to native file + system permissions and behaviours. This can be handy and convenient + to affect behaviour that is more like what MS Windows NT users expect + but it is seldom the best way to achieve this. + The basic options and techniques are described herein. +
+ Samba Share ACLs +
+ Just like it is possible in MS Windows NT to set ACLs on shares + themselves, so it is possible to do this in Samba. + Very few people make use of this facility, yet it remains on of the + easiest ways to affect access controls (restrictions) and can often + do so with minimum invasiveness compared with other methods. +
+ MS Windows ACLs through Unix POSIX ACLs +
+ The use of POSIX ACLs on Unix/Linux is possible ONLY if the underlying + operating system supports them. If not, then this option will not be + available to you. Current Unix technology platforms have native support + for POSIX ACLs. There are patches for the Linux kernel that provide + this also. Sadly, few Linux platforms ship today with native ACLs and + Extended Attributes enabled. This chapter has pertinent information + for users of platforms that support them. +

File System Access Controls

+Perhaps the most important recognition to be made is the simple fact that MS Windows NT4 / 200x / XP +implement a totally divergent file system technology from what is provided in the Unix operating system +environment. Firstly we should consider what the most significant differences are, then we shall look +at how Samba helps to bridge the differences. +

MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems

+ Samba operates on top of the Unix file system. This means it is subject to Unix file system conventions + and permissions. It also means that if the MS Windows networking environment requires file system + behaviour that differs from unix file system behaviour then somehow Samba is responsible for emulating + that in a transparent and consistent manner. +

+ It is good news that Samba does this to a very large extent and on top of that provides a high degree + of optional configuration to over-ride the default behaviour. We will look at some of these over-rides, + but for the greater part we will stay within the bounds of default behaviour. Those wishing to explore + to depths of control ability should review the smb.conf man page. +

File System Feature Comparison

Name Space

+ MS Windows NT4 / 200x/ XP files names may be up to 254 characters long, Unix file names + may be 1023 characters long. In MS Windows file extensions indicate particular file types, + in Unix this is not so rigorously observed as all names are considered arbitrary. +

+ What MS Windows calls a Folder, Unix calls a directory, +

Case Sensitivity

+ MS Windows file names are generally Upper Case if made up of 8.3 (ie: 8 character file name + and 3 character extension. If longer than 8.3 file names are Case Preserving, and Case + Insensitive. +

+ Unix file and directory names are Case Sensitive and Case Preserving. Samba implements the + MS Windows file name behaviour, but it does so as a user application. The Unix file system + provides no mechanism to perform case insensitive file name lookups. MS Windows does this + by default. This means that Samba has to carry the processing overhead to provide features + that are NOT native to the Unix operating system environment. +

+ Consider the following, all are unique Unix names but one single MS Windows file name: + + MYFILE.TXT + MyFile.txt + myfile.txt + + So clearly, In an MS Windows file name space these three files CAN NOT co-exist! But in Unix + they can. So what should Samba do if all three are present? Answer, the one that is lexically + first will be accessible to MS Windows users, the others are invisible and unaccessible - any + other solution would be suicidal. +

Directory Separators

+ MS Windows and DOS uses the back-slash '\' as a directory delimiter, Unix uses the forward-slash '/' + as it's directory delimiter. This is transparently handled by Samba. +

Drive Identification

+ MS Windows products support a notion of drive letters, like C: to represent + disk partitions. Unix has NO concept if separate identifiers for file partitions since each + such file system is mounted to become part of the over-all directory tree. + The Unix directory tree begins at '/', just like the root of a DOS drive is specified like + C:\. +

File Naming Conventions

+ MS Windows generally never experiences file names that begin with a '.', while in Unix these + are commonly found in a user's home directory. Files that begin with a '.' are typically + either start up files for various Unix applications, or they may be files that contain + start-up configuration data. +

Links and Short-Cuts

+ MS Windows make use of "links and Short-Cuts" that are actually special types of files that will + redirect an attempt to execute the file to the real location of the file. Unix knows of file and directory + links, but they are entirely different from what MS Windows users are used to. +

+ Symbolic links are files in Unix that contain the actual location of the data (file OR directory). An + operation (like read or write) will operate directly on the file referenced. Symbolic links are also + referred to as 'soft links'. A hard link is something that MS Windows is NOT familiar with. It allows + one physical file to be known simultaneously by more than one file name. +

+ There are many other subtle differences that may cause the MS Windows administrator some temporary discomfort + in the process of becoming familiar with Unix/Linux. These are best left for a text that is dedicated to the + purpose of Unix/Linux training/education. +

Managing Directories

+ There are three basic operations for managing directories, create, delete, rename. +

Table 13.1. Managing directories with unix and windows

Action	MS Windows Command	Unix Command
create	md folder	mkdir folder
delete	rd folder	rmdir folder
rename	rename oldname newname	mv oldname newname

File and Directory Access Control

+ The network administrator is strongly advised to read foundational training manuals and reference materials + regarding file and directory permissions maintenance. Much can be achieved with the basic Unix permissions + without having to resort to more complex facilities like POSIX Access Control Lists (ACLs) or Extended + Attributes (EAs). +

+ Unix/Linux file and directory access permissions involves setting three (3) primary sets of data and one (1) control set. + A Unix file listing looks as follows:- + +

+	jht@frodo:~/stuff> ls -la
+	total 632
+	drwxr-xr-x   13 jht   users      816 2003-05-12 22:56 .
+	drwxr-xr-x   37 jht   users     3800 2003-05-12 22:29 ..
+	d---------    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado00
+	d--x--x--x    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado01
+	dr-xr-xr-x    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado02
+	drwxrwxrwx    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado03
+	drw-rw-rw-    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado04
+	d-w--w--w-    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado05
+	dr--r--r--    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado06
+	drwxrwxrwt    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado07
+	drwsrwsrwx    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado08
+	----------    1 jht   users     1242 2003-05-12 22:31 mydata00.lst
+	---x--x--x    1 jht   users     1674 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata01.lst
+	--w--w--w-    1 jht   users     7754 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata02.lst
+	--wx-wx-wx    1 jht   users   260179 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata03.lst
+	-r--r--r--    1 jht   users    21017 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata04.lst
+	-r-xr-xr-x    1 jht   users   206339 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata05.lst
+	-rw-rw-rw-    1 jht   users    41105 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata06.lst
+	-rwxrwxrwx    1 jht   users    19312 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata07.lst
+	jht@frodo:~/stuff>
+

+ The columns above represent (from left to right): permissions, no blocks used, owner, group, size (bytes), access date, access time, file name. +

+ The permissions field is made up of: + +

+	 JRV: Put this into a diagram of some sort
+	[ type  ] [ users ] [ group ] [ others ]   [File, Directory Permissions]
+	[ d | l ] [ r w x ] [ r w x ] [ r w x  ]
+	  |   |     | | |     | | |     | | |
+	  |   |     | | |     | | |     | | |-----> Can Execute, List files
+	  |   |     | | |     | | |     | |-------> Can Write,   Create files
+	  |   |     | | |     | | |     |---------> Can Read,    Read files
+	  |   |     | | |     | | |---------------> Can Execute, List files
+	  |   |     | | |     | |-----------------> Can Write,   Create files
+	  |   |     | | |     |-------------------> Can Read,    Read files
+	  |   |     | | |-------------------------> Can Execute, List files
+	  |   |     | |---------------------------> Can Write,   Create files
+	  |   |     |-----------------------------> Can Read,    Read files
+	  |   |-----------------------------------> Is a symbolic Link
+	  |---------------------------------------> Is a directory
+

+ Any bit flag may be unset. An unset bit flag is the equivalent of 'Can NOT' and is represented as a '-' character. + +

Example 13.1. Example File

+		-rwxr-x---   Means: The owner (user) can read, write, execute
+		                    the group can read and execute
+		                    everyone else can NOT do anything with it
+

+ +

+ Additional possibilities in the [type] field are: c = character device, b = block device, p = pipe device, s = Unix Domain Socket. +

+ The letters `rwxXst' set permissions for the user, group and others as: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), + execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), + sticky (t). +

+ When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may be unlinked (deleted) or renamed only by root or their owner. + Without the sticky bit, anyone able to write to the directory can delete or rename files. The sticky bit is commonly found on + directories, such as /tmp, that are world-writable. +

+ When the set user or group ID bit (s) is set on a directory, then all files created within it will be owned by the user and/or + group whose 'set user or group' bit is set. This can be very helpful in setting up directories that for which it is desired that + all users who are in a group should be able to write to and read from a file, particularly when it is undesirable for that file + to be exclusively owned by a user who's primary group is not the group that all such users belong to. +

+ When a directory is set drw-r----- this means that the owner can read and create (write) files in it, but because + the (x) execute flags are not set files can not be listed (seen) in the directory by anyone. The group can read files in the + directory but can NOT create new files. NOTE: If files in the directory are set to be readable and writable for the group, then + group members will be able to write to (or delete) them. +

Share Definition Access Controls

+The following parameters in the smb.conf file sections that define a share control or affect access controls. +Before using any of the following options please refer to the man page for smb.conf. +

User and Group Based Controls

+ User and group based controls can prove very useful. In some situations it is distinctly desirable to affect all + file system operations as if a single user is doing this, the use of the force user and + force group behaviour will achieve this. In other situations it may be necessary to affect a + paranoia level of control to ensure that only particular authorised persons will be able to access a share or + it's contents, here the use of the valid users or the invalid users may + be most useful. +

+ As always, it is highly advisable to use the least difficult to maintain and the least ambiguous method for + controlling access. Remember, that when you leave the scene someone else will need to provide assistance and + if that person finds too great a mess, or if they do not understand what you have done then there is risk of + Samba being removed and an alternative solution being adopted. +

Table 13.2. User and Group Based Controls

Control Parameter	Description - Action - Notes
admin users	+ List of users who will be granted administrative privileges on the share. + They will do all file operations as the super-user (root). + Any user in this list will be able to do anything they like on the share, + irrespective of file permissions. +
force group	+ Specifies a UNIX group name that will be assigned as the default primary group + for all users connecting to this service. +
force user	+ Specifies a UNIX user name that will be assigned as the default user for all users connecting to this service. + This is useful for sharing files. Incorrect use can cause security problems. +
guest ok	+ If this parameter is set for a service, then no password is required to connect to the service. Privileges will be + those of the guest account. +
invalid users	+ List of users that should not be allowed to login to this service. +
only user	+ Controls whether connections with usernames not in the user list will be allowed. +
read list	+ List of users that are given read-only access to a service. Users in this list + will not be given write access, no matter what the read only option is set to. +
username	+ Refer to the `smb.conf` man page for more information - this is a complex and potentially misused parameter. +
valid users	+ List of users that should be allowed to login to this service. +
write list	+ List of users that are given read-write access to a service. +

File and Directory Permissions Based Controls

+ The following file and directory permission based controls, if misused, can result in considerable difficulty to + diagnose the cause of mis-configuration. Use them sparingly and carefully. By gradually introducing each one by one + undesirable side-effects may be detected. In the event of a problem, always comment all of them out and then gradually + re-introduce them in a controlled fashion. +

Table 13.3. File and Directory Permission Based Controls

Control Parameter	Description - Action - Notes
create mask	+ Refer to the `smb.conf` man page. +
directory mask	+ The octal modes used when converting DOS modes to UNIX modes when creating UNIX directories. + See also: directory security mask. +
dos filemode	+ Enabling this parameter allows a user who has write access to the file to modify the permissions on it. +
force create mode	+ This parameter specifies a set of UNIX mode bit permissions that will always be set on a file created by Samba. +
force directory mode	+ This parameter specifies a set of UNIX mode bit permissions that will always be set on a directory created by Samba. +
force directory security mode	+ Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client is manipulating UNIX permissions on a directory +
force security mode	+ Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client manipulates UNIX permissions. +
hide unreadable	+ Prevents clients from seeing the existence of files that cannot be read. +
hide unwriteable files	+ Prevents clients from seeing the existence of files that cannot be written to. Unwriteable directories are shown as usual. +
nt acl support	+ This parameter controls whether smbd will attempt to map UNIX permissions into Windows NT access control lists. +
security mask	+ Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client is manipulating the UNIX permissions on a file. +

Miscellaneous Controls

+ The following are documented because of the prevalence of administrators creating inadvertant barriers to file + access by not understanding the full implications of smb.conf file settings. +

Table 13.4. Other Controls

Control Parameter	Description - Action - Notes
case sensitive, default case, short preserve case	+ This means that all file name lookup will be done in a case sensitive manner. + Files will be created with the precise filename Samba received from the MS Windows client. +
csc policy	+ Client Side Caching Policy - parallels MS Windows client side file caching capabilities. +
dont descend	+ Allows to specify a comma-delimited list of directories that the server should always show as empty. +
dos filetime resolution	+ This option is mainly used as a compatibility option for Visual C++ when used against Samba shares. +
dos filetimes	+ DOS and Windows allows users to change file time stamps if they can write to the file. POSIX semantics prevent this. + This options allows DOS and Windows behaviour. +
fake oplocks	+ Oplocks are the way that SMB clients get permission from a server to locally cache file operations. If a server grants an + oplock then the client is free to assume that it is the only one accessing the file and it will aggressively cache file data. +
hide dot files, hide files, veto files	+ Note: MS Windows Explorer allows over-ride of files marked as hidden so they will still be visible. +
read only	+ If this parameter is yes, then users of a service may not create or modify files in the service's directory. +
veto files	+ List of files and directories that are neither visible nor accessible. +

Access Controls on Shares

+ This section deals with how to configure Samba per share access control restrictions. + By default, Samba sets no restrictions on the share itself. Restrictions on the share itself + can be set on MS Windows NT4/200x/XP shares. This can be a very effective way to limit who can + connect to a share. In the absence of specific restrictions the default setting is to allow + the global user Everyone Full Control (ie: Full control, Change and Read). +

+ At this time Samba does NOT provide a tool for configuring access control setting on the Share + itself. Samba does have the capacity to store and act on access control settings, but the only + way to create those settings is to use either the NT4 Server Manager or the Windows 200x MMC for + Computer Management. +

+ Samba stores the per share access control settings in a file called share_info.tdb. + The location of this file on your system will depend on how samba was compiled. The default location + for Samba's tdb files is under /usr/local/samba/var. If the tdbdump + utility has been compiled and installed on your system, then you can examine the contents of this file + by: tdbdump share_info.tdb. +

Share Permissions Management

+ The best tool for the task is platform dependant. Choose the best tool for your environment. +

Windows NT4 Workstation/Server

+ The tool you need to use to manage share permissions on a Samba server is the NT Server Manager. + Server Manager is shipped with Windows NT4 Server products but not with Windows NT4 Workstation. + You can obtain the NT Server Manager for MS Windows NT4 Workstation from Microsoft - see details below. +

Procedure 13.1. Instructions

+ Launch the NT4 Server Manager, click on the Samba server you want to administer, then from the menu + select Computer, then click on the Shared Directories entry. +
+ Now click on the share that you wish to manage, then click on the Properties tab, next click on + the Permissions tab. Now you can add or change access control settings as you wish. +

Windows 200x/XP

+ On MS Windows NT4/200x/XP system access control lists on the share itself are set using native + tools, usually from filemanager. For example, in Windows 200x: right click on the shared folder, + then select Sharing, then click on Permissions. The default + Windows NT4/200x permission allows Everyone Full Control on the Share. +

+ MS Windows 200x and later all comes with a tool called the Computer Management snap-in for the + Microsoft Management Console (MMC). This tool is located by clicking on Control Panel -> + Administrative Tools -> Computer Management. +

Procedure 13.2. Instructions

+ After launching the MMC with the Computer Management snap-in, click on the menu item Action, + select Connect to another computer. If you are not logged onto a domain you will be prompted + to enter a domain login user identifier and a password. This will authenticate you to the domain. + If you where already logged in with administrative privilege this step is not offered. +
+ If the Samba server is not shown in the Select Computer box, then type in the name of the target + Samba server in the field Name:. Now click on the [+] next to + System Tools, then on the [+] next to Shared Folders in the + left panel. +
+ Now in the right panel, double-click on the share you wish to set access control permissions on. + Then click on the tab Share Permissions. It is now possible to add access control entities + to the shared folder. Do NOT forget to set what type of access (full control, change, read) you + wish to assign for each entry. +

Warning

+ Be careful. If you take away all permissions from the Everyone user without removing this user + then effectively no user will be able to access the share. This is a result of what is known as + ACL precedence. ie: Everyone with no access means that MaryK who is part of the group + Everyone will have no access even if this user is given explicit full control access. +

MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability

Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs

Windows NT clients can use their native security settings + dialog box to view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.

Note that this ability is careful not to compromise + the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and + still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba + administrator can set.

Note

+ All access to Unix/Linux system file via Samba is controlled at + the operating system file access control level. When trying to + figure out file access problems it is vitally important to identify + the identity of the Windows user as it is presented by Samba at + the point of file access. This can best be determined from the + Samba log files. +

Viewing File Security on a Samba Share

From an NT4/2000/XP client, single-click with the right + mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted + drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click + on the Properties entry at the bottom of + the menu. This brings up the file properties dialog + box. Click on the tab Security and you + will see three buttons, Permissions, + Auditing, and Ownership. + The Auditing button will cause either + an error message A requested privilege is not held + by the client to appear if the user is not the + NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an + Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the + user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is + non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only + useful button, the Add button will not currently + allow a list of users to be seen.

Viewing file ownership

Clicking on the Ownership button + brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The + owner name will be of the form :

"SERVER\user (Long name)"

Where SERVER is the NetBIOS name of + the Samba server, user is the user name of + the UNIX user who owns the file, and (Long name) + is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the + GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the + Close button to remove this dialog.

If the parameter nt acl support + is set to false then the file owner will + be shown as the NT user "Everyone".

The Take Ownership button will not allow + you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on + it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are + currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason + for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privileged + operation in UNIX, available only to the root + user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change + the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT + client this will not work with Samba at this time.

There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba + and allow a user with Administrator privilege connected + to a Samba server as root to change the ownership of + files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS + or Samba drive. This is available as part of the Seclib + NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of + the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.

Viewing File or Directory Permissions

The third button is the Permissions + button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both + the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. + The owner is displayed in the form :

"SERVER\ + user + (Long name)"

If the parameter nt acl support + is set to false then the file owner will + be shown as the NT user "Everyone" and the + permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".

The permissions field is displayed differently for files + and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions + are displayed first.

File Permissions

The standard UNIX user/group/world triplet and + the corresponding "read", "write", "execute" permissions + triplets are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL + with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding + NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into + the global NT group Everyone, followed + by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX + owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT + user icon and an NT local + group icon respectively followed by the list + of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.

As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common + NT names such as read, + "change" or full control then + usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words + "Special Access" in the NT display list.

But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed + for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order + to allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba + overloads the NT "Take Ownership" ACL attribute + (which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with + no permissions as having the NT "O" bit set. + This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning + zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will + be given below.

Directory Permissions

Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two + different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions + is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed + in the first set of parentheses in the normal "RW" + NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in + exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described + above, and is displayed in the same way.

The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning + in the UNIX permissions world and represents the + inherited permissions that any file created within + this directory would inherit.

Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by + returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file + created by Samba on this share would receive.

Modifying file or directory permissions

Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple + as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and + clicking the OK button. However, there are + limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions + with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS + attributes that need to also be taken into account.

If the parameter nt acl support + is set to false then any attempt to set + security permissions will fail with an "Access Denied" + message.

The first thing to note is that the "Add" + button will not return a list of users in Samba (it will give + an error message of The remote procedure call failed + and did not execute). This means that you can only + manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in + the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the + only permissions that UNIX actually has.

If a permission triplet (either user, group, or world) + is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, + then when the OK button is pressed it will + be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then + view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear + as the NT "O" flag, as described above. This + allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once + you have removed them from a triplet component.

As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of + an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete + access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on + the Samba server.

When setting permissions on a directory the second + set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is + by default applied to all files within that directory. If this + is not what you want you must uncheck the Replace + permissions on existing files checkbox in the NT + dialog before clicking OK.

If you wish to remove all permissions from a + user/group/world component then you may either highlight the + component and click the Remove button, + or set the component to only have the special Take + Ownership permission (displayed as "O" + ) highlighted.

Interaction with the standard Samba create mask + parameters

There are four parameters + to control interaction with the standard Samba create mask parameters. + These are : + +

security mask

force security mode

directory security mask

force directory security mode

+ +

Once a user clicks OK to apply the + permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world + r/w/x triplet set, and then will check the changed permissions for a + file against the bits set in the + security mask parameter. Any bits that + were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone + in the file permissions.

Essentially, zero bits in the security mask + mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is not + allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change. +

If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as + the create mask + parameter. To allow a user to modify all the + user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter + to 0777.

Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against + the bits set in the + force security mode parameter. Any bits + that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter + are forced to be set.

Essentially, bits set in the force security mode + parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when + modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.

If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value + as the force + create mode parameter. + To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file + with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.

The security mask and force + security mode parameters are applied to the change + request in that order.

For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as + described above for a file except using the parameter + directory security mask instead of security + mask, and force directory security mode + parameter instead of force security mode +.

The directory security mask parameter + by default is set to the same value as the directory mask + parameter and the force directory security + mode parameter by default is set to the same value as + the force directory mode parameter.

In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that + an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users + to modify the permission bits within that restriction.

If you want to set up a share that allows users full control + in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and + doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following + parameters in the smb.conf file in that share specific section : +

security mask = 0777

force security mode = 0

directory security mask = 0777

force directory security mode = 0

Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute + mapping

Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read + only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can + be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security + dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping. +

One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access + for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard + file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is + the same one that contains the security info in another tab.

What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions + to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks + OK to get back to the standard attributes tab + dialog, and then clicks OK on that dialog, then + NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what + the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting + permissions and clicking OK to get back to the + attributes dialog you should always hit Cancel + rather than OK to ensure that your changes + are not overridden.

Common Errors

+File, Directory and Share access problems are very common on the mailing list. The following +are examples taken from the mailing list in recent times. +

Users can not write to a public share

+ “ + We are facing some troubles with file / directory permissions. I can log on the domain as admin user(root), + and there's a public share, on which everyone needs to have permission to create / modify files, but only + root can change the file, no one else can. We need to constantly go to server to + chgrp -R users * and chown -R nobody * to allow others users to change the file. + ” +

+ There are many ways to solve this problem, here are a few hints: +

Procedure 13.3. Example Solution:

+ Go to the top of the directory that is shared +
+ Set the ownership to what ever public owner and group you want +
```
+			find 'directory_name' -type d -exec chown user.group {}\;
+			find 'directory_name' -type d -exec chmod 6775 'directory_name'
+			find 'directory_name' -type f -exec chmod 0775 {} \;
+			find 'directory_name' -type f -exec chown user.group {}\;
+			
```
+
Note
+ The above will set the 'sticky bit' on all directories. Read your + Unix/Linux man page on what that does. It causes the OS to assign + to all files created in the directories the ownership of the + directory. +

+ + Directory is: /foodbar +

+				$ chown jack.engr /foodbar
+

Note

This is the same as doing:

+					$ chown jack /foodbar
+					$ chgrp engr /foodbar
+

Now do: + +

+				$ chmod 6775 /foodbar
+				$ ls -al /foodbar/..
+

+ +

You should see: +

+				drwsrwsr-x  2 jack  engr    48 2003-02-04 09:55 foodbar
+

Now do: +

+				$ su - jill
+				$ cd /foodbar
+				$ touch Afile
+				$ ls -al
+

+ You should see that the file Afile created by Jill will have ownership + and permissions of Jack, as follows: +

+		-rw-r--r--  1 jack  engr     0 2003-02-04 09:57 Afile
+

+ Now in your smb.conf for the share add: +
```
+		force create mode = 0775
+		force directory mode = 6775
+		
```
+
Note
+ The above are only needed if your users are not members of the group + you have used. ie: Within the OS do not have write permission on the directory. +
+ An alternative is to set in the smb.conf entry for the share: +
```
+		force user = jack
+		force group = engr
+		
```
+

I have set force user and Samba still makes root the owner of all the files + I touch!

+ When you have a user in 'admin users', Samba will always do file operations for + this user as root, even if force user has been set. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 12. Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups	Home	Chapter 14. File and Record Locking

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/AdvancedNetworkManagement.html b/docs/htmldocs/AdvancedNetworkManagement.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..296c684e24 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/AdvancedNetworkManagement.html @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +Chapter 22. Advanced Network Management

Chapter 22. Advanced Network Management
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 22. Advanced Network Management

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

April 3 2003

Table of Contents

Remote Server Administration

Remote Desktop Management

Remote Management from NoMachines.Com

Network Logon Script Magic

Adding printers without user intervention

http://www.craigelachie.org/rhacer/ntlogon

+This section documents peripheral issues that are of great importance to network +administrators who want to improve network resource access control, to automate the user +environment, and to make their lives a little easier. +

Features and Benefits

+Often the difference between a working network environment and a well appreciated one can +best be measured by the little things that makes everything work more +harmoniously. A key part of every network environment solution is the ability to remotely +manage MS Windows workstations, to remotely access the Samba server, to provide customised +logon scripts, as well as other house keeping activities that help to sustain more reliable +network operations. +

+This chapter presents information on each of these area. They are placed here, and not in +other chapters, for ease of reference. +

Remote Server Administration

+How do I get 'User Manager' and 'Server Manager'? +

+ Since I don't need to buy an NT4 Server, how do I get the 'User Manager for Domains', +the 'Server Manager'? +

+Microsoft distributes a version of these tools called nexus for installation +on Windows 9x / Me systems. The tools set includes: +

Server Manager

User Manager for Domains

Event Viewer

+Click here to download the archived file ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE +

+The Windows NT 4.0 version of the 'User Manager for +Domains' and 'Server Manager' are available from Microsoft via ftp +from ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE +

Remote Desktop Management

+There are a number of possible remote desktop management solutions that range from free +through costly. Do not let that put you off. Sometimes the most costly solutions is the +most cost effective. In any case, you will need to draw your own conclusions as to which +is the best tool in your network environment. +

Remote Management from NoMachines.Com

+ The following information was posted to the Samba mailing list at Apr 3 23:33:50 GMT 2003. + It is presented in slightly edited form (with author details omitted for privacy reasons). + The entire answer is reproduced below with some comments removed. +

+> I have a wonderful linux/samba server running as PDC for a network.
+> Now I would like to add remote desktop capabilities so that
+> users outside could login to the system and get their desktop up from
+> home or another country..
+>
+> Is there a way to accomplish this? Do I need a windows terminal server?
+> Do I need to configure it so that it is a member of the domain or a
+> BDC,PDC? Are there any hacks for MS Windows XP to enable remote login
+> even if the computer is in a domain?
+>
+> Any ideas/experience would be appreciated :)
+

+ Answer provided: Check out the new offer from NoMachine, "NX" software: + http://www.nomachine.com/. +

+ It implements a very easy-to-use interface to the remote X protocol as + well as incorporating VNC/RFB and rdesktop/RDP into it, but at a speed + performance much better than anything you may have ever seen... +

+ Remote X is not new at all -- but what they did achieve successfully is + a new way of compression and caching technologies which makes the thing + fast enough to run even over slow modem/ISDN connections. +

+ I could test drive their (public) RedHat machine in Italy, over a loaded + internet connection, with enabled thumbnail previews in KDE konqueror + which popped up immediately on "mouse-over". From inside that (remote X) + session I started a rdesktop session on another, a Windows XP machine. + To test the performance, I played Pinball. I am proud to announce here + that my score was 631750 points at first try... +

+ NX performs better on my local LAN than any of the other "pure" + connection methods I am using from time to time: TightVNC, rdesktop or + remote X. It is even faster than a direct crosslink connection between + two nodes. +

+ I even got sound playing from the remote X app to my local boxes, and + had a working "copy'n'paste" from an NX window (running a KDE session + in Italy) to my Mozilla mailing agent... These guys are certainly doing + something right! +

+ I recommend to test drive NX to anybody with a only a remote interest + in remote computing + http://www.nomachine.com/testdrive.php. +

+ Just download the free of charge client software (available for RedHat, + SuSE, Debian and Windows) and be up and running within 5 minutes (they + need to send you your account data, though, because you are assigned + a real Unix account on their testdrive.nomachine.com box... +

+ They plan to get to the point were you can have NX application servers + running as a cluster of nodes, and users simply start an NX session locally, + and can select applications to run transparently (apps may even run on + another NX node, but pretend to be on the same as used for initial login, + because it displays in the same window.... well, you also can run it + fullscreen, and after a short time you forget that it is a remote session + at all). +

+ Now the best thing at the end: all the core compression and caching + technologies are released under the GPL and available as source code + to anybody who wants to build on it! These technologies are working, + albeit started from the command line only (and very inconvenient to + use in order to get a fully running remote X session up and running....) +

+ To answer your questions: +

+ You don't need to install a terminal server; XP has RDP support built in. +
+ NX is much cheaper than Citrix -- and comparable in performance, probably faster +
+ You don't need to hack XP -- it just works +
+ You log into the XP box from remote transparently (and I think there is no + need to change anything to get a connection, even if authentication is against a domain) +
+ The NX core technologies are all Open Source and released under the GPL -- + you can today use a (very inconvenient) commandline to use it at no cost, + but you can buy a comfortable (proprietary) NX GUI frontend for money +
+ NoMachine are encouraging and offering help to OSS/Free Software implementations + for such a frontend too, even if it means competition to them (they have written + to this effect even to the LTSP, KDE and GNOME developer mailing lists) +

Network Logon Script Magic

+This section needs work. Volunteer contributions most welcome. Please send your patches or updates +to John Terpstra. +

+There are several opportunities for creating a custom network startup configuration environment. +

No Logon Script

Simple universal Logon Script that applies to all users

Use of a conditional Logon Script that applies per user or per group attributes

Use of Samba's Preexec and Postexec functions on access to the NETLOGON share to create + a custom Logon Script and then execute it.

User of a tool such as KixStart

+The Samba source code tree includes two logon script generation/execution tools. +See examples directory genlogon and +ntlogon subdirectories. +

+The following listings are from the genlogon directory. +

+This is the genlogon.pl file: + +

+	#!/usr/bin/perl
+	#
+	# genlogon.pl
+	#
+	# Perl script to generate user logon scripts on the fly, when users
+	# connect from a Windows client.  This script should be called from smb.conf
+	# with the %U, %G and %L parameters. I.e:
+	#
+	#       root preexec = genlogon.pl %U %G %L
+	#
+	# The script generated will perform
+	# the following:
+	#
+	# 1. Log the user connection to /var/log/samba/netlogon.log
+	# 2. Set the PC's time to the Linux server time (which is maintained
+	#    daily to the National Institute of Standard's Atomic clock on the
+	#    internet.
+	# 3. Connect the user's home drive to H: (H for Home).
+	# 4. Connect common drives that everyone uses.
+	# 5. Connect group-specific drives for certain user groups.
+	# 6. Connect user-specific drives for certain users.
+	# 7. Connect network printers.
+
+	# Log client connection
+	#($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
+	($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
+	open LOG, ">>/var/log/samba/netlogon.log";
+	print LOG "$mon/$mday/$year $hour:$min:$sec - User $ARGV[0] logged into $ARGV[1]\n";
+	close LOG;
+
+	# Start generating logon script
+	open LOGON, ">/shared/netlogon/$ARGV[0].bat";
+	print LOGON "\@ECHO OFF\r\n";
+
+	# Connect shares just use by Software Development group
+	if ($ARGV[1] eq "SOFTDEV" || $ARGV[0] eq "softdev")
+	{
+		print LOGON "NET USE M: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\SOURCE\r\n";
+	}
+
+	# Connect shares just use by Technical Support staff
+	if ($ARGV[1] eq "SUPPORT" || $ARGV[0] eq "support")
+	{
+		print LOGON "NET USE S: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\SUPPORT\r\n";
+	}
+
+	# Connect shares just used by Administration staff
+	If ($ARGV[1] eq "ADMIN" || $ARGV[0] eq "admin")
+	{
+		print LOGON "NET USE L: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\ADMIN\r\n";
+		print LOGON "NET USE K: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\MKTING\r\n";
+	}
+
+	# Now connect Printers.  We handle just two or three users a little
+	# differently, because they are the exceptions that have desktop
+	# printers on LPT1: - all other user's go to the LaserJet on the
+	# server.
+	if ($ARGV[0] eq 'jim'
+	    || $ARGV[0] eq 'yvonne')
+	{
+		print LOGON "NET USE LPT2: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\LJET3\r\n";
+		print LOGON "NET USE LPT3: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\FAXQ\r\n";
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		print LOGON "NET USE LPT1: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\LJET3\r\n";
+		print LOGON "NET USE LPT3: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\FAXQ\r\n";
+	}
+
+	# All done! Close the output file.
+	close LOGON;
+

+Those wishing to use more elaborate or capable logon processing system should check out the following sites: +

http://www.kixtart.org

http://support.microsoft.com/default.asp?scid=kb;en-us;189105

Adding printers without user intervention

+Printers may be added automatically during logon script processing through the use of: + +

+	rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /?
+

+ +See the documentation in the Microsoft knowledgebase article no: 189105. +

Common Errors

+The information provided in this chapter has been reproduced from postings on the samba@samba.org +mailing list. No implied endorsement or recommendation is offered. Administrators should conduct +their own evaluation of alternatives and are encouraged to draw their own conclusions. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind	Home	Chapter 23. System and Account Policies

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/Appendixes.html b/docs/htmldocs/Appendixes.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..854437acde --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/Appendixes.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Part VI. Appendixes

Part VI. Appendixes
Prev		Next

Appendixes

Table of Contents

36. How to compile SAMBA

Access Samba source code via CVS

Introduction
CVS Access to samba.org

Accessing the samba sources via rsync and ftp

Verifying Samba's PGP signature

Building the Binaries

Compiling samba with Active Directory support

Starting the smbd and nmbd

Starting from inetd.conf
Alternative: starting it as a daemon

37. Portability

RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II

AIX

Sequential Read Ahead

Solaris

Locking improvements
Winbind on Solaris 9

38. Samba and other CIFS clients

Macintosh clients?

OS2 Client

How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?
How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?
How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?

Windows for Workgroups

Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft
Delete .pwl files after password change
Configure WfW password handling
Case handling of passwords
Use TCP/IP as default protocol
Speed improvement

Windows '95/'98

Speed improvement

Windows 2000 Service Pack 2

Windows NT 3.1

39. Samba Performance Tuning

Comparisons
Socket options
Read size
Max xmit
Log level
Read raw
Write raw
Slow Logins
Client tuning
Samba performance problem due changing kernel
Corrupt tdb Files

40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide

Note

41. Further Resources

Websites
Related updates from Microsoft
Books

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 35. Reporting Bugs	Home	Chapter 36. How to compile SAMBA

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/Backup.html b/docs/htmldocs/Backup.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9fac452023 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/Backup.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques

Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Note
Features and Benefits

Note

+This chapter did not make it into this release. +It is planned for the published release of this document. +If you have something to contribute for this section please email it to +jht@samba.org/ +

Features and Benefits

+We need feedback from people who are backing up samba servers. +We would like to know what software tools you are using to backup +your samba server/s. +

+In particular, if you have any success and / or failure stories you could +share with other users this would be appreciated. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 27. Unicode/Charsets	Home	Chapter 29. High Availability Options

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/CUPS-printing.html b/docs/htmldocs/CUPS-printing.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..46ca8e15f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/CUPS-printing.html @@ -0,0 +1,3733 @@ +Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0

Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0

Kurt Pfeifle

Danka Deutschland GmbH

<kpfeifle@danka.de>

Ciprian Vizitiu

drawings

<CVizitiu@gbif.org>

(3 June 2003)

Table of Contents

Basic Configuration of CUPS support

Features and Benefits
Overview

Linking of smbd with libcups.so
Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS
More complex smb.conf Settings for +CUPS

Advanced Configuration

Central spooling vs. "Peer-to-Peer" printing
CUPS/Samba as a "spooling-only" Print Server; "raw" printing +with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients
Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients
Explicitly enable "raw" printing for +application/octet-stream!
Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one

Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing +with PostScript Driver Download

GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix
Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF
Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics
PostScript and Ghostscript
Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers
PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification
CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs
CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers

The CUPS Filtering Architecture

MIME types and CUPS Filters
MIME type Conversion Rules
Filter Requirements
Prefilters
pstops
pstoraster
imagetops and imagetoraster
rasterto [printers specific]
CUPS Backends
cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?
The Complete Picture
mime.convs
"Raw" printing
"application/octet-stream" printing
PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers
Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and +native CUPS printing
Examples for filtering Chains
Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs
Printing with Interface Scripts

Network printing (purely Windows)

From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server
Driver Execution on the Client
Driver Execution on the Server

Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print +Servers)

From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server
Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS

Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use +PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs

PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX
PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows

Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients

Printer Drivers running in "Kernel Mode" cause many +Problems
Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations
CUPS: a "Magical Stone"?
PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel +Mode

Setting up CUPS for driver Download

cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility
Prepare your smb.conf for +cupsaddsmb
CUPS Package of "PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP"
Recognize the different Driver Files
Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files
ESP Print Pro Package of "PostScript Driver for +WinNT/2k/XP"
Caveats to be considered
What are the Benefits of using the "CUPS PostScript Driver for +Windows NT/2k/XP" as compared to the Adobe Driver?
Run "cupsaddsmb" (quiet Mode)
Run "cupsaddsmb" with verbose Output
Understanding cupsaddsmb
How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully
cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC
cupsaddsmb Flowchart
Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client
Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the +Client

Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using +rpcclient)

A Check of the rpcclient man Page
Understanding the rpcclient man Page
Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box
What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed
Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps
Troubleshooting revisited

The printing *.tdb Files

Trivial DataBase Files
Binary Format
Losing *.tdb Files
Using tdbbackup

CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org

foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained
foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation

Page Accounting with CUPS

Setting up Quotas
Correct and incorrect Accounting
Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients
The page_log File Syntax
Possible Shortcomings
Future Developments
Other Accounting Tools

Additional Material

Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files

CUPS Configuration Settings explained
Pre-conditions
Manual Configuration

When not to use Samba to print to +CUPS

In Case of Trouble.....

Where to find Documentation
How to ask for Help
Where to find Help

Appendix

Printing from CUPS to Windows attached +Printers
More CUPS filtering Chains
Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing +Problems
An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes

Introduction

Features and Benefits

+ The Common Unix Print System (CUPS) has become very popular. All + big Linux distributions now ship it as their default printing + system. But to many it is still a very mystical tool. Normally it + "just works" (TM). People tend to regard it as a sort of "black box", + which they don't want to look into, as long as it works OK. But once + there is a little problem, they are in trouble to find out where to + start debugging it. Also, even the most recent and otherwise excellent + printed Samba documentation has only limited attention paid to CUPS + printing, leaving out important pieces or even writing plain wrong + things about it. This demands rectification. But before you dive into + this chapter, make sure that you don't forget to refer to the + "Classical Printing" chapter also. It contains a lot of information + that is relevant for CUPS too. +

+ CUPS sports quite a few unique and powerful features. While their + basic functions may be grasped quite easily, they are also + new. Because they are different from other, more traditional printing + systems, it is best to try and not apply any prior knowledge about + printing upon this new system. Rather try to start understand CUPS + from the beginning. This documentation will lead you here to a + complete understanding of CUPS, if you study all of the material + contained. But lets start with the most basic things first. Maybe this + is all you need for now. Then you can skip most of the other + paragraphs. +

Overview

+ CUPS is more than just a print spooling system. It is a complete + printer management system that complies with the new IPP + (Internet Printing Protocol). IPP is an industry + and IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) + standard for network printing. Many of its functions can be managed + remotely (or locally) via a web browser (giving you a + platform-independent access to the CUPS print server). In addition it + has the traditional commandline and several more modern GUI interfaces + (GUI interfaces developed by 3rd parties, like KDE's + overwhelming KDEPrint). +

+ CUPS allows creation of "raw" printers (ie: NO print file + format translation) as well as "smart" printers (i.e. CUPS does + file format conversion as required for the printer). In many ways + this gives CUPS similar capabilities to the MS Windows print + monitoring system. Of course, if you are a CUPS advocate, you would + argue that CUPS is better! In any case, let us now move on to + explore how one may configure CUPS for interfacing with MS Windows + print clients via Samba. +

Basic Configuration of CUPS support

+ Printing with CUPS in the most basic smb.conf + setup in Samba 3.0 (as was true for 2.2.x) only needs two + settings: printing = cups and printcap + = cups. CUPS itself doesn't need a printcap file + anymore. However, the cupsd.conf configuration + file knows two related directives: they control if such a file should + be automatically created and maintained by CUPS for the convenience of + third party applications (example: Printcap + /etc/printcap and PrintcapFormat + BSD). These legacy programs often require the existence of + printcap file containing printernames or they will refuse to + print. Make sure CUPS is set to generate and maintain a printcap! For + details see man cupsd.conf and other CUPS-related + documentation, like the wealth of documents on your CUPS server + itself: http://localhost:631/documentation.html. +

Linking of smbd with libcups.so

+ Samba has a very special relationship to CUPS. The reason is: Samba + can be compiled with CUPS library support. Most recent installations + have this support enabled, and per default CUPS linking is compiled + into smbd and other Samba binaries. Of course, you can use CUPS even + if Samba is not linked against libcups.so -- but + there are some differences in required or supported configuration + then. +

+ If SAMBA is compiled against libcups, then printcap = + cups uses the CUPS API to list printers, submit jobs, + query queues, etc. Otherwise it maps to the System V commands with an + additional -oraw option for printing. On a Linux + system, you can use the ldd utility to find out + details (ldd may not be present on other OS platforms, or its function + may be embodied by a different command): +

+				transmeta:/home/kurt # ldd `which smbd`
+				libssl.so.0.9.6 => /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.6 (0x4002d000)
+				libcrypto.so.0.9.6 => /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.6 (0x4005a000)
+				libcups.so.2 => /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)
+				[....]
+

+ The line libcups.so.2 => /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 + (0x40123000) shows there is CUPS support compiled + into this version of Samba. If this is the case, and printing = cups + is set, then any otherwise manually set print command in + smb.conf is ignored. This is an + important point to remember! +

Tip

Should you require -- for any reason -- to set your own + print commands, you can still do this by setting printing = + sysv. However, you'll loose all the benefits from the + close CUPS/Samba integration. You are on your own then to manually + configure the rest of the printing system commands (most important: + print command; other commands are + lppause command, lpresume command, lpq command, lprm + command, queuepause command and queue resume + command).

Simple `smb.conf` Settings for CUPS

+ To summarize, here is the simplest printing-related setup + for smb.conf to enable basic CUPS support: +

+
+				[global]
+				load printers = yes
+				printing = cups
+				printcap name = cups
+
+				[printers]
+				comment = All Printers
+				path = /var/spool/samba
+				browseable = no
+				public = yes
+				guest ok = yes
+				writable = no
+				printable = yes
+				printer admin = root, @ntadmins
+
+

+ This is all you need for basic printing setup for CUPS. It will print + all Graphic, Text, PDF and PostScript file submitted from Windows + clients. However, most of your Windows users would not know how to + send these kind of files to print without opening a GUI + application. Windows clients tend to have local printer drivers + installed. And the GUI application's print buttons start a printer + driver. Your users also very rarely send files from the command + line. Unlike UNIX clients, they hardly submit graphic, text or PDF + formatted files directly to the spooler. They nearly exclusively print + from GUI applications, with a "printer driver" hooked in between the + applications native format and the print data stream. If the backend + printer is not a PostScript device, the print data stream is "binary", + sensible only for the target printer. Read on to learn which problem + this may cause and how to avoid it. +

More complex `smb.conf` Settings for +CUPS

+Here is a slightly more complex printing-related setup +for smb.conf. It enables general CUPS printing +support for all printers, but defines one printer share which is set +up differently. +

+
+ [global]
+         printing = cups
+         printcap name = cups
+         load printers = yes
+
+ [printers]
+         comment = All Printers
+         path = /var/spool/samba
+         public = yes
+         guest ok = yes
+         writable = no
+         printable = yes
+         printer admin = root, @ntadmins
+ 
+ [special_printer]
+         comment = A special printer with his own settings
+         path = /var/spool/samba-special
+         printing = sysv
+         printcap = lpstat
+         print command = echo "NEW: `date`: printfile %f" >> /tmp/smbprn.log ;\
+                         echo "     `date`: p-%p s-%s f-%f" >> /tmp/smbprn.log ;\
+                         echo "     `date`: j-%j J-%J z-%z c-%c" >> /tmp/smbprn.log :\
+                         rm %f
+         public = no
+         guest ok = no
+         writeable = no
+         printable = yes
+         printer admin = kurt
+         hosts deny = 0.0.0.0
+         hosts allow = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60
+
+

+This special share is only there for my testing purposes. It doesn't +even write the print job to a file. It just logs the job parameters +known to Samba into the /tmp/smbprn.log file and +deletes the jobfile. Moreover, the printer +admin of this share is "kurt" (not the "@ntadmins" group); +guest access is not allowed; the share isn't announced in Network +Neighbourhood (so you need to know it is there), and it is only +allowing access from three hosts. To prevent CUPS kicking in and +taking over the print jobs for that share, we need to set +printing = sysv and printcap = +lpstat. +

Advanced Configuration

+Before we dive into all the configuration options, let's clarify a few +points. Network printing needs to be organized and setup +correctly. Often this is not done correctly. Legacy systems +or small LANs in business environments often lack a clear design and +good housekeeping. +

Central spooling vs. "Peer-to-Peer" printing

+Many small office or home networks, as well as badly organized larger +environments, allow each client a direct access to available network +printers. Generally, this is a bad idea. It often blocks one client's +access to the printer when another client's job is printing. It also +might freeze the first client's application while it is waiting to get +rid of the job. Also, there are frequent complaints about various jobs +being printed with their pages mixed with each other. A better concept +is the usage of a "print server": it routes all jobs through one +central system, which responds immediately, takes jobs from multiple +concurrent clients at the same time and in turn transfers them to the +printer(s) in the correct order. +

CUPS/Samba as a "spooling-only" Print Server; "raw" printing +with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients

+Most traditionally configured Unix print servers acting on behalf of +Samba's Windows clients represented a really simple setup. Their only +task was to manage the "raw" spooling of all jobs handed to them by +Samba. This approach meant that the Windows clients were expected to +prepare the print job file in such a way that it became fit to be fed to +the printing device. Here a native (vendor-supplied) Windows printer +driver for the target device needed to be installed on each and every +client. +

+Of course you can setup CUPS, Samba and your Windows clients in the +same, traditional and simple way. When CUPS printers are configured +for RAW print-through mode operation it is the responsibility of the +Samba client to fully render the print job (file). The file must be +sent in a format that is suitable for direct delivery to the +printer. Clients need to run the vendor-provided drivers to do +this. In this case CUPS will NOT do any print file format conversion +work. +

Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients

+The printer drivers on the Windows clients may be installed +in two functionally different ways: +

manually install the drivers locally on each client, +one by one; this yields the old LanMan style +printing; it uses a \\sambaserver\printershare +type of connection.
deposit and prepare the drivers (for later download) on +the print server (Samba); this enables the clients to use +"Point'n'Print" to get drivers semi-automatically installed the +first time they access the printer; with this method NT/2K/XP +clients use the SPOOLSS/MS-RPC +type printing calls.

+The second method is recommended for use over the first. +

Explicitly enable "raw" printing for +application/octet-stream!

+If you use the first option (drivers are installed on the client +side), there is one setting to take care of: CUPS needs to be told +that it should allow "raw" printing of deliberate (binary) file +formats. The CUPS files that need to be correctly set for RAW mode +printers to work are: +

/etc/cups/mime.types +
/etc/cups/mime.convs

+Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must +be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation. +In/etc/cups/mime.types make sure this line is +present: +

+
+ application/octet-stream
+
+

+In /etc/cups/mime.convs, +have this line: +

+
+ application/octet-stream   application/vnd.cups-raw   0   - 
+
+

+If these two files are not set up correctly for raw Windows client +printing, you may encounter the dreaded Unable to +convert file 0 in your CUPS error_log file. +

Note

editing the mime.convs and the +mime.types file does not +enforce "raw" printing, it only +allows it. +

Background. +CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones +does not by default allow a user to send deliberate (possibly binary) +data to printing devices. This could be easily abused to launch a +"Denial of Service" attack on your printer(s), causing at the least +the loss of a lot of paper and ink. "Unknown" data are tagged by CUPS +as MIME type: application/octet-stream and not +allowed to go to the printer. By default, you can only send other +(known) MIME types "raw". Sending data "raw" means that CUPS does not +try to convert them and passes them to the printer untouched (see next +chapter for even more background explanations). +

+This is all you need to know to get the CUPS/Samba combo printing +"raw" files prepared by Windows clients, which have vendor drivers +locally installed. If you are not interested in background information about +more advanced CUPS/Samba printing, simply skip the remaining sections +of this chapter. +

Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one

+If you want to use the MS-RPC type printing, you must upload the +drivers onto the Samba server first ([print$] +share). For a discussion on how to deposit printer drivers on the +Samba host (so that the Windows clients can download and use them via +"Point'n'Print") please also refer to the previous chapter of this +HOWTO Collection. There you will find a description or reference to +three methods of preparing the client drivers on the Samba server: +

the GUI, "Add Printer Wizard" +upload-from-a-Windows-client +method;
the commandline, "smbclient/rpcclient" +upload-from-a-UNIX-workstation +method;
the Imprints Toolset +method.

+These 3 methods apply to CUPS all the same. A new and more +convenient way to load the Windows drivers into Samba is provided +provided if you use CUPS: +

the cupsaddsmb +utility.

+cupsaddsmb is discussed in much detail further below. But we will +first explore the CUPS filtering system and compare the Windows and +UNIX printing architectures. +

Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing +with PostScript Driver Download

+Still reading on? Good. Let's go into more detail then. We now know +how to set up a "dump" printserver, that is, a server which is spooling +printjobs "raw", leaving the print data untouched. +

+Possibly you need to setup CUPS in a more smart way. The reasons could +be manifold: +

Maybe your boss wants to get monthly statistics: Which +printer did how many pages? What was the average data size of a job? +What was the average print run per day? What are the typical hourly +peaks in printing? Which departments prints how +much?
Maybe you are asked to setup a print quota system: +users should not be able to print more jobs, once they have surpassed +a given limit per period?
Maybe your previous network printing setup is a mess +and shall be re-organized from a clean beginning?
Maybe you have experiencing too many "Blue Screens", +originating from poorly debugged printer drivers running in NT "kernel +mode"?

+These goals cannot be achieved by a raw print server. To build a +server meeting these requirements, you'll first need to learn about +how CUPS works and how you can enable its features. +

+What follows is the comparison of some fundamental concepts for +Windows and Unix printing; then is the time for a description of the +CUPS filtering system, how it works and how you can tweak it. +

GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix

+Network printing is one of the most complicated and error-prone +day-to-day tasks any user or an administrator may encounter. This is +true for all OS platforms. And there are reasons for this. +

+You can't expect for most file formats to just throw them towards +printers and they get printed. There needs to be a file format +conversion in between. The problem is: there is no common standard for +print file formats across all manufacturers and printer types. While +PostScript (trademark held by Adobe), and, to an +extent, PCL (trademark held by HP), have developed +into semi-official "standards", by being the most widely used PDLs +(Page Description Languages), there are still +many manufacturers who "roll their own" (their reasons may be +unacceptable license fees for using printer-embedded PostScript +interpreters, etc.). +

Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF

+In Windows OS, the format conversion job is done by the printer +drivers. On MS Windows OS platforms all application programmers have +at their disposal a built-in API, the GDI (Graphical Device +Interface), as part and parcel of the OS itself, to base +themselves on. This GDI core is used as one common unified ground, for +all Windows programs, to draw pictures, fonts and documents +on screen as well as on +paper (=print). Therefore printer driver developers can +standardize on a well-defined GDI output for their own driver +input. Achieving WYSIWYG ("What You See Is What You Get") is +relatively easy, because the on-screen graphic primitives, as well as +the on-paper drawn objects, come from one common source. This source, +the GDI, produces often a file format called EMF (Enhanced +MetaFile). The EMF is processed by the printer driver and +converted to the printer-specific file format. +

Note

+To the GDI foundation in MS Windows, Apple has chosen to +put paper and screen output on a common foundation for their +(BSD-Unix-based, did you know??) Mac OS X and Darwin Operating +Systems.Their Core Graphic Engine uses a +PDF derivate for all display work. +

+ +

Figure 19.1. Windows Printing to a local Printer

Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics

+In Unix and Linux, there is no comparable layer built into the OS +kernel(s) or the X (screen display) server. Every application is +responsible for itself to create its print output. Fortunately, most +use PostScript. That gives at least some common ground. Unfortunately, +there are many different levels of quality for this PostScript. And +worse: there is a huge difference (and no common root) in the way how +the same document is displayed on screen and how it is presented on +paper. WYSIWYG is more difficult to achieve. This goes back to the +time decades ago, when the predecessors of X.org, +designing the UNIX foundations and protocols for Graphical User +Interfaces refused to take over responsibility for "paper output" +also, as some had demanded at the time, and restricted itself to +"on-screen only". (For some years now, the "Xprint" project has been +under development, attempting to build printing support into the X +framework, including a PostScript and a PCL driver, but it is not yet +ready for prime time.) You can see this unfavorable inheritance up to +the present day by looking into the various "font" directories on your +system; there are separate ones for fonts used for X display and fonts +to be used on paper. +

Background. +The PostScript programming language is an "invention" by Adobe Inc., +but its specifications have been published to the full. Its strength +lies in its powerful abilities to describe graphical objects (fonts, +shapes, patterns, lines, curves, dots...), their attributes (color, +linewidth...) and the way to manipulate (scale, distort, rotate, +shift...) them. Because of its open specification, anybody with the +skill can start writing his own implementation of a PostScript +interpreter and use it to display PostScript files on screen or on +paper. Most graphical output devices are based on the concept of +"raster images" or "pixels" (one notable exception are pen +plotters). Of course, you can look at a PostScript file in its textual +form and you will be reading its PostScript code, the language +instructions which need to be interpreted by a rasterizer. Rasterizers +produce pixel images, which may be displayed on screen by a viewer +program or on paper by a printer. +

PostScript and Ghostscript

+So, Unix is lacking a common ground for printing on paper and +displaying on screen. Despite this unfavorable legacy for Unix, basic +printing is fairly easy: if you have PostScript printers at your +disposal! The reason is: these devices have a built-in PostScript +language "interpreter", also called a Raster Image +Processor (RIP), (which makes them more expensive than +other types of printers); throw PostScript towards them, and they will +spit out your printed pages. Their RIP is doing all the hard work of +converting the PostScript drawing commands into a bitmap picture as +you see it on paper, in a resolution as done by your printer. This is +no different to PostScript printing of a file from a Windows origin. +

Note

Traditional Unix programs and printing systems -- while +using PostScript -- are largely not PPD-aware. PPDs are "PostScript +Printer Description" files. They enable you to specify and control all +options a printer supports: duplexing, stapling, punching... Therefore +Unix users for a long time couldn't choose many of the supported +device and job options, unlike Windows or Apple users. But now there +is CUPS.... ;-) +

Figure 19.2. Printing to a Postscript Printer

+However, there are other types of printers out there. These don't know +how to print PostScript. They use their own Page Description +Language (PDL, often proprietary). To print to them is much +more demanding. Since your Unix applications mostly produce +PostScript, and since these devices don't understand PostScript, you +need to convert the printfiles to a format suitable for your printer +on the host, before you can send it away. +

Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers

+Here is where Ghostscript kicks in. Ghostscript is +the traditional (and quite powerful) PostScript interpreter used on +Unix platforms. It is a RIP in software, capable to do a +lot of file format conversions, for a very broad +spectrum of hardware devices as well as software file formats. +Ghostscript technology and drivers is what enables PostScript printing +to non-PostScript hardware. +

Figure 19.3. Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers

Tip

+Use the "gs -h" command to check for all built-in "devices" of your +Ghostscript version. If you specify e.g. a parameter of +-sDEVICE=png256 on your Ghostscript command +line, you are asking Ghostscript to convert the input into a PNG +file. Naming a "device" on the commandline is the most important +single parameter to tell Ghostscript how exactly it should render the +input. New Ghostscript versions are released at fairly regular +intervals, now by artofcode LLC. They are initially put under the +"AFPL" license, but re-released under the GNU GPL as soon as the next +AFPL version appears. GNU Ghostscript is probably the version +installed on most Samba systems. But it has got some +deficiencies. Therefore ESP Ghostscript was developed as an +enhancement over GNU Ghostscript, with lots of bug-fixes, additional +devices and improvements. It is jointly maintained by developers from +CUPS, Gimp-Print, MandrakeSoft, SuSE, RedHat and Debian. It includes +the "cups" device (essential to print to non-PS printers from CUPS). +

PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification

+While PostScript in essence is a Page Description +Language (PDL) to represent the page layout in a +device independent way, real world print jobs are +always ending up to be output on a hardware with device-specific +features. To take care of all the differences in hardware, and to +allow for innovations, Adobe has specified a syntax and file format +for PostScript Printer Description (PPD) +files. Every PostScript printer ships with one of these files. +

+PPDs contain all information about general and special features of the +given printer model: Which different resolutions can it handle? Does +it have a Duplexing Unit? How many paper trays are there? What media +types and sizes does it take? For each item it also names the special +command string to be sent to the printer (mostly inside the PostScript +file) in order to enable it. +

+Information from these PPDs is meant to be taken into account by the +printer drivers. Therefore, installed as part of the Windows +PostScript driver for a given printer is the printer's PPD. Where it +makes sense, the PPD features are presented in the drivers' UI dialogs +to display to the user as choice of print options. In the end, the +user selections are somehow written (in the form of special +PostScript, PJL, JCL or vendor-dependent commands) into the PostScript +file created by the driver. +

Warning

+A PostScript file that was created to contain device-specific commands +for achieving a certain print job output (e.g. duplexed, stapled and +punched) on a specific target machine, may not print as expected, or +may not be printable at all on other models; it also may not be fit +for further processing by software (e.g. by a PDF distilling program). +

CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs

+CUPS can handle all spec-compliant PPDs as supplied by the +manufacturers for their PostScript models. Even if a +Unix/Linux-illiterate vendor might not have mentioned our favorite +OS in his manuals and brochures -- you can safely trust this: +if you get hold of the Windows NT version of the PPD, you +can use it unchanged in CUPS and thus access the full +power of your printer just like a Windows NT user could! +

Tip

+To check the spec compliance of any PPD online, go to http://www.cups.org/testppd.php +and upload your PPD. You will see the results displayed +immediately. CUPS in all versions after 1.1.19 has a much more strict +internal PPD parsing and checking code enabled; in case of printing +trouble this online resource should be one of your first pitstops. +

Warning

+For real PostScript printers don't use the +Foomatic or cupsomatic +PPDs from Linuxprinting.org. With these devices the original +vendor-provided PPDs are always the first choice! +

Tip

+If you are looking for an original vendor-provided PPD of a specific +device, and you know that an NT4 box (or any other Windows box) on +your LAN has the PostScript driver installed, just use +smbclient //NT4-box/print\$ -U username to +access the Windows directory where all printer driver files are +stored. First look in the W32X86/2 subdir for +the PPD you are seeking. +

CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers

+CUPS also uses specially crafted PPDs to handle non-PostScript +printers. These PPDs are usually not available from the vendors (and +no, you can't just take the PPD of a Postscript printer with the same +model name and hope it works for the non-PostScript version too). To +understand how these PPDs work for non-PS printers we first need to +dive deeply into the CUPS filtering and file format conversion +architecture. Stay tuned. +

The CUPS Filtering Architecture

+The core of the CUPS filtering system is based on +Ghostscript. In addition to Ghostscript, CUPS +uses some other filters of its own. You (or your OS vendor) may have +plugged in even more filters. CUPS handles all data file formats under +the label of various MIME types. Every incoming +printfile is subjected to an initial +auto-typing. The auto-typing determines its given +MIME type. A given MIME type implies zero or more possible filtering +chains relevant to the selected target printer. This section discusses +how MIME types recognition and conversion rules interact. They are +used by CUPS to automatically setup a working filtering chain for any +given input data format. +

+If CUPS rasterizes a PostScript file natively to +a bitmap, this is done in 2 stages: +

the first stage uses a Ghostscript device named "cups" +(this is since version 1.1.15) and produces a generic raster format +called "CUPS raster". +
the second stage uses a "raster driver" which converts +the generic CUPS raster to a device specific raster.

+Make sure your Ghostscript version has the "cups" device compiled in +(check with gs -h | grep cups). Otherwise you +may encounter the dreaded Unable to convert file +0 in your CUPS error_log file. To have "cups" as a +device in your Ghostscript, you either need to patch GNU +Ghostscript and re-compile or use ESP Ghostscript. The +superior alternative is ESP Ghostscript: it supports not just CUPS, +but 300 other devices too (while GNU Ghostscript supports only about +180). Because of this broad output device support, ESP Ghostscript is +the first choice for non-CUPS spoolers too. It is now recommended by +Linuxprinting.org for all spoolers. +

+CUPS printers may be setup to use external +rendering paths. One of the most common ones is provided by the +Foomatic/cupsomatic concept, from Linuxprinting.org. This +uses the classical Ghostscript approach, doing everything in one +step. It doesn't use the "cups" device, but one of the many +others. However, even for Foomatic/cupsomatic usage, best results and +broadest printer model support is provided by ESP Ghostscript (more +about cupsomatic/Foomatic, particularly the new version called now +foomatic-rip, follows below). +

MIME types and CUPS Filters

+CUPS reads the file /etc/cups/mime.types +(and all other files carrying a *.types suffix +in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain the MIME +type recognition rules which are applied when CUPS runs its +auto-typing routines. The rule syntax is explained in the man page +for mime.types and in the comments section of the +mime.types file itself. A simple rule reads +like this: +

+
+ application/pdf         pdf string(0,%PDF)
+
+

+This means: if a filename has either a +.pdf suffix, or if the magic +string %PDF is right at the +beginning of the file itself (offset 0 from the start), then it is +a PDF file (application/pdf). +Another rule is this: +

+
+ application/postscript  ai eps ps string(0,%!) string(0,<04>%!)
+
+

+Its meaning: if the filename has one of the suffixes +.ai, .eps, +.ps or if the file itself starts with one of the +strings %! or <04>%!, it +is a generic PostScript file +(application/postscript). +

Note

+There is a very important difference between two similar MIME type in +CUPS: one is application/postscript, the other is +application/vnd.cups-postscript. While +application/postscript is meant to be device +independent (job options for the file are still outside the PS file +content, embedded in commandline or environment variables by CUPS), +application/vnd.cups-postscript may have the job +options inserted into the PostScript data itself (were +applicable). The transformation of the generic PostScript +(application/postscript) to the device-specific version +(application/vnd.cups-postscript) is the responsibility of the +CUPS pstops filter. pstops uses information +contained in the PPD to do the transformation. +

Warning

+Don't confuse the other mime.types file your system might be using +with the one in the /etc/cups/ directory. +

+CUPS can handle ASCII text, HP-GL, PDF, PostScript, DVI and a +lot of image formats (GIF. PNG, TIFF, JPEG, Photo-CD, SUN-Raster, +PNM, PBM, SGI-RGB and some more) and their associated MIME types +with its filters. +

MIME type Conversion Rules

+CUPS reads the file /etc/cups/mime.convs +(and all other files named with a *.convs +suffix in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain +lines naming an input MIME type, an output MIME type, a format +conversion filter which can produce the output from the input type +and virtual costs associated with this conversion. One example line +reads like this: +

+
+ application/pdf         application/postscript   33   pdftops
+
+

+This means that the pdftops filter will take +application/pdf as input and produce +application/postscript as output, the virtual +cost of this operation is 33 CUPS-$. The next filter is more +expensive, costing 66 CUPS-$: +

+
+ application/vnd.hp-HPGL application/postscript   66   hpgltops
+
+

+This is the hpgltops, which processes HP-GL +plotter files to PostScript. +

+
+ application/octet-stream
+
+

+Here are two more examples: +

+
+ application/x-shell     application/postscript   33    texttops
+ text/plain              application/postscript   33    texttops
+
+

+The last two examples name the texttops filter +to work on "text/plain" as well as on "application/x-shell". (Hint: +this differentiation is needed for the syntax highlighting feature of +"texttops"). +

Filter Requirements

+There are many more combinations named in mime.convs. However, you +are not limited to use the ones pre-defined there. You can plug in any +filter you like into the CUPS framework. It must meet, or must be made +to meet some minimal requirements. If you find (or write) a cool +conversion filter of some kind, make sure it complies to what CUPS +needs, and put in the right lines in mime.types +and mime.convs, then it will work seamlessly +inside CUPS! +

Tip

+The mentioned "CUPS requirements" for filters are simple. Take +filenames or stdin as input and write to +stdout. They should take these 5 or 6 arguments: +printer job user title copies options [filename] +

Printer: The name of the printer queue (normally this is the +name of the filter being run)
job: The numeric job ID for the job being +printed
Printer: The string from the originating-user-name +attribute
Printer: The string from the job-name attribute
Printer: The numeric value from the number-copies +attribute
Printer: The job options
Printer: (Optionally) The print request file (if missing, +filters expected data fed through stdin). In most +cases it is very easy to write a simple wrapper script around existing +filters to make them work with CUPS.

Prefilters

+As was said, PostScript is the central file format to any Unix based +printing system. From PostScript, CUPS generates raster data to feed +non-PostScript printers. +

+But what is happening if you send one of the supported non-PS formats +to print? Then CUPS runs "pre-filters" on these input formats to +generate PostScript first. There are pre-filters to create PS from +ASCII text, PDF, DVI or HP-GL. The outcome of these filters is always +of MIME type application/postscript (meaning that +any device-specific print options are not yet embedded into the +PostScript by CUPS, and that the next filter to be called is +pstops). Another pre-filter is running on all supported image formats, +the imagetops filter. Its outcome is always of +MIME type application/vnd.cups-postscript +(not application/postscript), meaning it has the +print options already embedded into the file. +

Figure 19.4. Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript

pstops

+pstopsis the filter to convert +application/postscript to +application/vnd.cups-postscript. It was said +above that this filter inserts all device-specific print options +(commands to the printer to ask for the duplexing of output, or +stapling an punching it, etc.) into the PostScript file. +

Figure 19.5. Adding Device-specific Print Options

+This is not all: other tasks performed by it are: +

+selecting the range of pages to be printed (if you choose to +print only pages "3, 6, 8-11, 16, 19-21", or only the odd numbered +ones) +
+putting 2 or more logical pages on one sheet of paper (the +so-called "number-up" function) +
counting the pages of the job to insert the accounting +information into the /var/log/cups/page_log +

pstoraster

+pstoraster is at the core of the CUPS filtering +system. It is responsible for the first stage of the rasterization +process. Its input is of MIME type application/vnd.cups-postscript; +its output is application/vnd.cups-raster. This output format is not +yet meant to be printable. Its aim is to serve as a general purpose +input format for more specialized raster drivers, +that are able to generate device-specific printer data. +

Figure 19.6. Postscript to intermediate Raster format

+CUPS raster is a generic raster format with powerful features. It is +able to include per-page information, color profiles and more to be +used by the following downstream raster drivers. Its MIME type is +registered with IANA and its specification is of course completely +open. It is designed to make it very easy and inexpensive for +manufacturers to develop Linux and Unix raster drivers for their +printer models, should they choose to do so. CUPS always takes care +for the first stage of rasterization so these vendors don't need to care +about Ghostscript complications (in fact, there is currently more +than one vendor financing the development of CUPS raster drivers). +

Figure 19.7. CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript

+CUPS versions before version 1.1.15 were shipping a binary (or source +code) standalone filter, named "pstoraster". pstoraster was derived +from GNU Ghostscript 5.50, and could be installed besides and in +addition to any GNU or AFPL Ghostscript package without conflicting. +

+From version 1.1.15, this has changed. The functions for this has been +integrated back into Ghostscript (now based on GNU Ghostscript version +7.05). The "pstoraster" filter is now a simple shell script calling +gs with the -sDEVICE=cups +parameter. If your Ghostscript doesn't show a success on asking for +gs -h |grep cups, you might not be able to +print. Update your Ghostscript then! +

imagetops and imagetoraster

+Above in the section about prefilters, we mentioned the prefilter +that generates PostScript from image formats. The imagetoraster +filter is used to convert directly from image to raster, without the +intermediate PostScript stage. It is used more often than the above +mentioned prefilters. Here is a summarizing flowchart of image file +filtering: +

Figure 19.8. Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion

rasterto [printers specific]

+CUPS ships with quite some different raster drivers processing CUPS +raster. On my system I find in /usr/lib/cups/filter/ these: +rastertoalps, rastertobj, rastertoepson, rastertoescp, +rastertopcl, rastertoturboprint, rastertoapdk, rastertodymo, +rastertoescp, rastertohp and +rastertoprinter. Don't worry if you have less +than this; some of these are installed by commercial add-ons to CUPS +(like rastertoturboprint), others (like +rastertoprinter) by 3rd party driver +development projects (such as Gimp-Print) wanting to cooperate as +closely as possible with CUPS. +

Figure 19.9. Raster to Printer Specific formats

CUPS Backends

+The last part of any CUPS filtering chain is a "backend". Backends +are special programs that send the print-ready file to the final +device. There is a separate backend program for any transfer +"protocol" of sending printjobs over the network, or for every local +interface. Every CUPS printqueue needs to have a CUPS "device-URI" +associated with it. The device URI is the way to encode the backend +used to send the job to its destination. Network device-URIs are using +two slashes in their syntax, local device URIs only one, as you can +see from the following list. Keep in mind that local interface names +may vary much from my examples, if your OS is not Linux: +

usb: +This backend sends printfiles to USB-connected printers. An +example for the CUPS device-URI to use is: +usb:/dev/usb/lp0 +
serial: +This backend sends printfiles to serially connected printers. +An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is: +serial:/dev/ttyS0?baud=11500 +
parallel: +This backend sends printfiles to printers connected to the +parallel port. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is: +parallel:/dev/lp0 +
scsi: +This backend sends printfiles to printers attached to the +SCSI interface. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is: +scsi:/dev/sr1 +
lpd: +This backend sends printfiles to LPR/LPD connected network +printers. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is: +lpd://remote_host_name/remote_queue_name +
AppSocket/HP JetDirect: +This backend sends printfiles to AppSocket (a.k.a. "HP +JetDirect") connected network printers. An example for the CUPS +device-URI to use is: +socket://10.11.12.13:9100 +
ipp: +This backend sends printfiles to IPP connected network +printers (or to other CUPS servers). Examples for CUPS device-URIs +to use are: +ipp:://192.193.194.195/ipp +(for many HP printers) or +ipp://remote_cups_server/printers/remote_printer_name +
http: +This backend sends printfiles to HTTP connected printers. +(The http:// CUPS backend is only a symlink to the ipp:// backend.) +Examples for the CUPS device-URIs to use are: +http:://192.193.194.195:631/ipp +(for many HP printers) or +http://remote_cups_server:631/printers/remote_printer_name +
smb: +This backend sends printfiles to printers shared by a Windows +host. An example for CUPS device-URIs to use are: +smb://workgroup/server/printersharename +Or +Smb://server/printersharename +or +smb://username:password@workgroup/server/printersharename +or +smb://username:password@server/printersharename. +The smb:// backend is a symlink to the Samba utility +smbspool (doesn't ship with CUPS). If the +symlink is not present in your CUPS backend directory, have your +root user create it: ln -s `which smbspool` +/usr/lib/cups/backend/smb. +

+It is easy to write your own backends as Shell or Perl scripts, if you +need any modification or extension to the CUPS print system. One +reason could be that you want to create "special" printers which send +the printjobs as email (through a "mailto:/" backend), convert them to +PDF (through a "pdfgen:/" backend) or dump them to "/dev/null" (In +fact I have the system-wide default printer set up to be connected to +a "devnull:/" backend: there are just too many people sending jobs +without specifying a printer, or scripts and programs which don't name +a printer. The system-wide default deletes the job and sends a polite +mail back to the $USER asking him to always specify a correct +printername). +

+Not all of the mentioned backends may be present on your system or +usable (depending on your hardware configuration). One test for all +available CUPS backends is provided by the lpinfo +utility. Used with the -v parameter, it lists +all available backends: +

+
+ lpinfo -v
+
+

cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?

+"cupsomatic" filters may be the most widely used on CUPS +installations. You must be clear about the fact that these were not +developed by the CUPS people. They are a "Third Party" add-on to +CUPS. They utilize the traditional Ghostscript devices to render jobs +for CUPS. When troubleshooting, you should know about the +difference. Here the whole rendering process is done in one stage, +inside Ghostscript, using an appropriate "device" for the target +printer. cupsomatic uses PPDs which are generated from the "Foomatic" +Printer & Driver Database at Linuxprinting.org. +

+You can recognize these PPDs from the line calling the +cupsomatic filter: +

+
+ *cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript  0  cupsomatic"
+
+

+This line you may find amongst the first 40 or so lines of the PPD +file. If you have such a PPD installed, the printer shows up in the +CUPS web interface with a foomatic namepart for +the driver description. cupsomatic is a Perl script that runs +Ghostscript, with all the complicated commandline options +auto-constructed from the selected PPD and commandline options give to +the printjob. +

+However, cupsomatic is now deprecated. Its PPDs (especially the first +generation of them, still in heavy use out there) are not meeting the +Adobe specifications. You might also suffer difficulties when you try +to download them with "Point'n'Print" to Windows clients. A better, +and more powerful successor is now in a very stable Beta-version +available: it is called foomatic-rip. To use +foomatic-rip as a filter with CUPS, you need the new-type PPDs. These +have a similar, but different line: +

+
+ *cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript  0  foomatic-rip"
+
+

+The PPD generating engine at Linuxprinting.org has been revamped. +The new PPDs comply to the Adobe spec. On top, they also provide a +new way to specify different quality levels (hi-res photo, normal +color, grayscale, draft...) with a single click (whereas before you +could have required 5 or more different selections (media type, +resolution, inktype, dithering algorithm...). There is support for +custom-size media built in. There is support to switch +print-options from page to page, in the middle of a job. And the +best thing is: the new foomatic-rip now works seamlessly with all +legacy spoolers too (like LPRng, BSD-LPD, PDQ, PPR etc.), providing +for them access to use PPDs for their printing! +

The Complete Picture

+If you want to see an overview over all the filters and how they +relate to each other, the complete picture of the puzzle is at the end +of this document. +

`mime.convs`

+CUPS auto-constructs all possible filtering chain paths for any given +MIME type, and every printer installed. But how does it decide in +favor or against a specific alternative? (There may often be cases, +where there is a choice of two or more possible filtering chains for +the same target printer). Simple: you may have noticed the figures in +the 3rd column of the mime.convs file. They represent virtual costs +assigned to this filter. Every possible filtering chain will sum up to +a total "filter cost". CUPS decides for the most "inexpensive" route. +

Tip

+The setting of FilterLimit 1000 in +cupsd.conf will not allow more filters to +run concurrently than will consume a total of 1000 virtual filter +cost. This is a very efficient way to limit the load of any CUPS +server by setting an appropriate "FilterLimit" value. A FilterLimit of +200 allows roughly 1 job at a time, while a FilterLimit of 1000 allows +approximately 5 jobs maximum at a time. +

"Raw" printing

+You can tell CUPS to print (nearly) any file "raw". "Raw" means it +will not be filtered. CUPS will send the file to the printer "as is" +without bothering if the printer is able to digest it. Users need to +take care themselves that they send sensible data formats only. Raw +printing can happen on any queue if the "-o raw" option is specified +on the command line. You can also set up raw-only queues by simply not +associating any PPD with it. This command: +

+
+ lpadmin -P rawprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -E
+
+

+sets up a queue named "rawprinter", connected via the "socket" +protocol (a.k.a. "HP JetDirect") to the device at IP address +11.12.1.3.14, using port 9100. (If you had added a PPD with +-P /path/to/PPD to this command line, you would +have installed a "normal" printqueue. +

+CUPS will automatically treat each job sent to a queue as a "raw" one, +if it can't find a PPD associated with the queue. However, CUPS will +only send known MIME types (as defined in its own mime.types file) and +refuse others. +

"application/octet-stream" printing

+Any MIME type with no rule in the +/etc/cups/mime.types file is regarded as unknown +or application/octet-stream and will not be +sent. Because CUPS refuses to print unknown MIME types per default, +you will probably have experienced the fact that printjobs originating +from Windows clients were not printed. You may have found an error +message in your CUPS logs like: +

+
+ Unable to convert file 0 to printable format for job
+
+

+To enable the printing of "application/octet-stream" files, edit +these two files: +

/etc/cups/mime.convs
/etc/cups/mime.types

+Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must +be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation for +application/octet-stream. In /etc/cups/mime.types +make sure this line is present: +

+
+ application/octet-stream
+
+

+This line (with no specific auto-typing rule set) makes all files +not otherwise auto-typed a member of application/octet-stream. In +/etc/cups/mime.convs, have this +line: +

+
+ application/octet-stream   application/vnd.cups-raw   0   -
+
+

+This line tells CUPS to use the Null Filter +(denoted as "-", doing... nothing at all) on +application/octet-stream, and tag the result as +application/vnd.cups-raw. This last one is +always a green light to the CUPS scheduler to now hand the file over +to the "backend" connecting to the printer and sending it over. +

Note

Editing the mime.convs and the +mime.types file does not +enforce "raw" printing, it only +allows it. +

Background. +CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones +does not by default allow one to send deliberate (possibly binary) +data to printing devices. (This could be easily abused to launch a +Denial of Service attack on your printer(s), causing at least the loss +of a lot of paper and ink...) "Unknown" data are regarded by CUPS +as MIME type +application/octet-stream. While you +can send data "raw", the MIME type for these must +be one that is known to CUPS and an allowed one. The file +/etc/cups/mime.types defines the "rules" how CUPS +recognizes MIME types. The file +/etc/cups/mime.convs decides which file +conversion filter(s) may be applied to which MIME types. +

PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers

+Originally PPDs were meant to be used for PostScript printers +only. Here, they help to send device-specific commands and settings +to the RIP which processes the jobfile. CUPS has extended this +scope for PPDs to cover non-PostScript printers too. This was not +very difficult, because it is a standardized file format. In a way +it was logical too: CUPS handles PostScript and uses a PostScript +RIP (=Ghostscript) to process the jobfiles. The only difference is: +a PostScript printer has the RIP built-in, for other types of +printers the Ghostscript RIP runs on the host computer. +

+PPDs for a non-PS printer have a few lines that are unique to +CUPS. The most important one looks similar to this: +

+
+ *cupsFilter: application/vnd.cups-raster  66   rastertoprinter
+
+

+It is the last piece in the CUPS filtering puzzle. This line tells the +CUPS daemon to use as a last filter "rastertoprinter". This filter +should be served as input an "application/vnd.cups-raster" MIME type +file. Therefore CUPS should auto-construct a filtering chain, which +delivers as its last output the specified MIME type. This is then +taken as input to the specified "rastertoprinter" filter. After this +the last filter has done its work ("rastertoprinter" is a Gimp-Print +filter), the file should go to the backend, which sends it to the +output device. +

+CUPS by default ships only a few generic PPDs, but they are good for +several hundred printer models. You may not be able to control +different paper trays, or you may get larger margins than your +specific model supports): +

deskjet.ppd: older HP inkjet printers and compatible +
deskjet2.ppd: newer HP inkjet printers and compatible +
dymo.ppd: label printers +
epson9.ppd: Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible +
epson24.ppd: Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible +
okidata9.ppd: Okidata 9pin impact printers and compatible +
okidat24.ppd: Okidata 24pin impact printers and compatible +
stcolor.ppd: older Epson Stylus Color printers +
stcolor2.ppd: newer Epson Stylus Color printers +
stphoto.ppd: older Epson Stylus Photo printers +
stphoto2.ppd: newer Epson Stylus Photo printers +
laserjet.ppd: all PCL printers. Further below is a discussion +of several other driver/PPD-packages suitable fur use with CUPS. +

Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and +native CUPS printing

+Native CUPS rasterization works in two steps. +

+First is the "pstoraster" step. It uses the special "cups" +device from ESP Ghostscript 7.05.x as its tool +
+Second comes the "rasterdriver" step. It uses various +device-specific filters; there are several vendors who provide good +quality filters for this step, some are Free Software, some are +Shareware/Non-Free, some are proprietary.

+Often this produces better quality (and has several more +advantages) than other methods. +

Figure 19.10. cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS

+One other method is the cupsomatic/foomatic-rip +way. Note that cupsomatic is not made by the CUPS +developers. It is an independent contribution to printing development, +made by people from Linuxprinting.org (see also http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html). +cupsomatic is no longer developed and maintained and is no longer +supported. It has now been replaced by +foomatic-rip. foomatic-rip is a complete re-write +of the old cupsomatic idea, but very much improved and generalized to +other (non-CUPS) spoolers. An upgrade to foomatic-rip is strongly +advised, especially if you are upgrading to a recent version of CUPS +too. +

+Both the cupsomatic (old) and the foomatic-rip (new) methods from +Linuxprinting.org use the traditional Ghostscript print file +processing, doing everything in a single step. It therefore relies on +all the other devices built-in into Ghostscript. The quality is as +good (or bad) as Ghostscript rendering is in other spoolers. The +advantage is that this method supports many printer models not +supported (yet) by the more modern CUPS method. +

+Of course, you can use both methods side by side on one system (and +even for one printer, if you set up different queues), and find out +which works best for you. +

+cupsomatic "kidnaps" the printfile after the +application/vnd.cups-postscript stage and +deviates it through the CUPS-external, system wide Ghostscript +installation: Therefore the printfile bypasses the "pstoraster" filter +(and thus also bypasses the CUPS-raster-drivers +"rastertosomething"). After Ghostscript finished its rasterization, +cupsomatic hands the rendered file directly to the CUPS backend. The +flowchart above illustrates the difference between native CUPS +rendering and the Foomatic/cupsomatic method. +

Examples for filtering Chains

+Here are a few examples of commonly occurring filtering chains to +illustrate the workings of CUPS. +

+Assume you want to print a PDF file to a HP JetDirect-connected +PostScript printer, but you want to print the pages 3-5, 7, 11-13 +only, and you want to print them "2-up" and "duplex": +

your print options (page selection as required, 2-up, +duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline;
the (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as +application/pdf;
the file therefore first must pass the +pdftops pre-filter, which produces PostScript +MIME type application/postscript (a preview here +would still show all pages of the original PDF);
the file then passes the pstops +filter which applies the commandline options: it selects the pages +2-5, 7 and 11-13, creates and imposed layout "2 pages on 1 sheet" and +inserts the correct "duplex" command (as is defined in the printer's +PPD) into the new PostScript file; the file now is of PostScript MIME +type +application/vnd.cups-postscript;
the file goes to the socket +backend, which transfers the job to the printers.

+The resulting filter chain therefore is: +

+pdftops --> pstops --> socket
+

+Assume your want to print the same filter to an USB-connected +Epson Stylus Photo printer, installed with the CUPS +stphoto2.ppd. The first few filtering stages +are nearly the same: +

your print options (page selection as required, 2-up, +duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline;
the (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as +application/pdf;
the file therefore first must pass the +pdftops pre-filter, which produces PostScript +MIME type application/postscript (a preview here +would still show all pages of the original PDF);
the file then passes the "pstops" filter which applies +the commandline options: it selects the pages 2-5, 7 and 11-13, +creates and imposed layout "2 pages on 1 sheet" and inserts the +correct "duplex" command... (OOoops -- this printer and his PPD +don't support duplex printing at all -- this option will be ignored +then) into the new PostScript file; the file now is of PostScript +MIME type +application/vnd.cups-postscript;
the file then passes the +pstoraster stage and becomes MIME type +application/cups-raster;
finally, the rastertoepson filter +does its work (as is indicated in the printer's PPD), creating the +printer-specific raster data and embedding any user-selected +print-options into the print data stream;
the file goes to the usb backend, +which transfers the job to the printers.

+The resulting filter chain therefore is: +

+pdftops --> pstops --> pstoraster --> rastertoepson --> usb
+

Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs

+On the internet you can find now many thousand CUPS-PPD files +(with their companion filters), in many national languages, +supporting more than 1000 non-PostScript models. +

ESP +PrintPro (http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/) (commercial, +non-Free) is packaged with more than 3000 PPDs, ready for +successful use "out of the box" on Linux, Mac OS X, IBM-AIX, +HP-UX, Sun-Solaris, SGI-IRIX, Compaq Tru64, Digital Unix and some +more commercial Unices (it is written by the CUPS developers +themselves and its sales help finance the further development of +CUPS, as they feed their creators).
the Gimp-Print-Project +(http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/) (GPL, Free Software) +provides around 140 PPDs (supporting nearly 400 printers, many driven +to photo quality output), to be used alongside the Gimp-Print CUPS +filters;
TurboPrint +(http://www.turboprint.com/) (Shareware, non-Free) supports +roughly the same amount of printers in excellent +quality;
OMNI +(http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/) +(LPGL, Free) is a package made by IBM, now containing support for more +than 400 printers, stemming from the inheritance of IBM OS/2 Know-How +ported over to Linux (CUPS support is in a Beta-stage at +present);
HPIJS +(http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/) (BSD-style licenses, Free) +supports around 150 of HP's own printers and is also providing +excellent print quality now (currently available only via the Foomatic +path);
Foomatic/cupsomatic +(http://www.linuxprinting.org/) (LPGL, Free) from +Linuxprinting.org are providing PPDs for practically every Ghostscript +filter known to the world (including Omni, Gimp-Print and +HPIJS).

Note

+The cupsomatic/Foomatic trick from Linuxprinting.org works +differently from the other drivers. This is explained elsewhere in this +document. +

Printing with Interface Scripts

+CUPS also supports the usage of "interface scripts" as known from +System V AT&T printing systems. These are often used for PCL +printers, from applications that generate PCL print jobs. Interface +scripts are specific to printer models. They have a similar role as +PPDs for PostScript printers. Interface scripts may inject the Escape +sequences as required into the print data stream, if the user has +chosen to select a certain paper tray, or print landscape, or use A3 +paper, etc. Interfaces scripts are practically unknown in the Linux +realm. On HP-UX platforms they are more often used. You can use any +working interface script on CUPS too. Just install the printer with +the -i option: +

+
+ lpadmin -p pclprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -i /path/to/interface-script
+
+

+Interface scripts might be the "unknown animal" to many. However, +with CUPS they provide the most easy way to plug in your own +custom-written filtering script or program into one specific print +queue (some information about the traditional usage of interface scripts is +to be found at http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html). +

Network printing (purely Windows)

+Network printing covers a lot of ground. To understand what exactly +goes on with Samba when it is printing on behalf of its Windows +clients, let's first look at a "purely Windows" setup: Windows clients +with a Windows NT print server. +

From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server

+Windows clients printing to an NT-based print server have two +options. They may +

execute the driver locally and render the GDI output +(EMF) into the printer specific format on their own, +or
send the GDI output (EMF) to the server, where the +driver is executed to render the printer specific +output.

+Both print paths are shown in the flowcharts below. +

Driver Execution on the Client

+In the first case the print server must spool the file as "raw", +meaning it shouldn't touch the jobfile and try to convert it in any +way. This is what traditional Unix-based print server can do too; and +at a better performance and more reliably than NT print server. This +is what most Samba administrators probably are familiar with. One +advantage of this setup is that this "spooling-only" print server may +be used even if no driver(s) for Unix are available it is sufficient +to have the Windows client drivers available and installed on the +clients. +

Figure 19.11. Print Driver execution on the Client

Driver Execution on the Server

+The other path executes the printer driver on the server. The clients +transfers print files in EMF format to the server. The server uses the +PostScript, PCL, ESC/P or other driver to convert the EMF file into +the printer-specific language. It is not possible for Unix to do the +same. Currently there is no program or method to convert a Windows +client's GDI output on a Unix server into something a printer could +understand. +

Figure 19.12. Print Driver execution on the Server

+However, there is something similar possible with CUPS. Read on... +

Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print +Servers)

+Since UNIX print servers cannot execute the Win32 +program code on their platform, the picture is somewhat +different. However, this doesn't limit your options all that +much. In the contrary, you may have a way here to implement printing +features which are not possible otherwise. +

From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server

+Here is a simple recipe showing how you can take advantage of CUPS +powerful features for the benefit of your Windows network printing +clients: +

Let the Windows clients send PostScript to the CUPS +server.
Let the CUPS server render the PostScript into device +specific raster format.

+This requires the clients to use a PostScript driver (even if the +printer is a non-PostScript model. It also requires that you have a +"driver" on the CUPS server. +

+Firstly, to enable CUPS based printing through Samba the +following options should be set in your smb.conf file [globals] +section: +

printing = CUPS
printcap = CUPS

+When these parameters are specified, all manually set print directives +(like print command =..., or lppause +command =...) in smb.conf (as well as +in samba itself) will be ignored. Instead, Samba will directly +interface with CUPS through it's application program interface (API) - +as long as Samba has been compiled with CUPS library (libcups) +support. If Samba has NOT been compiled with CUPS support, and if no +other print commands are set up, then printing will use the +System V AT&T command set, with the -oraw +option automatically passing through (if you want your own defined +print commands to work with a Samba that has CUPS support compiled in, +simply use printing = sysv). +

Figure 19.13. Printing via CUPS/samba server

Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS

+Samba must use its own spool directory (it is set +by a line similar to path = /var/spool/samba, +in the [printers] or +[printername] section of +smb.conf). Samba receives the job in its own +spool space and passes it into the spool directory of CUPS (the CUPS +spooling directory is set by the RequestRoot +directive, in a line that defaults to RequestRoot +/var/spool/cups). CUPS checks the access rights of its +spool dir and resets it to healthy values with every re-start. We have +seen quite some people who had used a common spooling space for Samba +and CUPS, and were struggling for weeks with this "problem". +

+A Windows user authenticates only to Samba (by whatever means is +configured). If Samba runs on the same host as CUPS, you only need to +allow "localhost" to print. If they run on different machines, you +need to make sure the Samba host gets access to printing on CUPS. +

Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use +PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs

+PPDs can control all print device options. They are usually provided +by the manufacturer; if you own a PostScript printer, that is. PPD +files (PostScript Printer Descriptions) are always a component of +PostScript printer drivers on MS Windows or Apple Mac OS systems. They +are ASCII files containing user-selectable print options, mapped to +appropriate PostScript, PCL or PJL commands for the target +printer. Printer driver GUI dialogs translate these options +"on-the-fly" into buttons and drop-down lists for the user to select. +

+CUPS can load, without any conversions, the PPD file from any Windows +(NT is recommended) PostScript driver and handle the options. There is +a web browser interface to the print options (select http://localhost:631/printers/ +and click on one Configure Printer button to see +it), or a commandline interface (see man lpoptions +or see if you have lphelp on your system). There are also some +different GUI frontends on Linux/UNIX, which can present PPD options +to users. PPD options are normally meant to be evaluated by the +PostScript RIP on the real PostScript printer. +

PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX

+CUPS doesn't limit itself to "real" PostScript printers in its usage +of PPDs. The CUPS developers have extended the scope of the PPD +concept, to also describe available device and driver options for +non-PostScript printers through CUPS-PPDs. +

+This is logical, as CUPS includes a fully featured PostScript +interpreter (RIP). This RIP is based on Ghostscript. It can process +all received PostScript (and additionally many other file formats) +from clients. All CUPS-PPDs geared to non-PostScript printers contain +an additional line, starting with the keyword +*cupsFilter . This line tells the CUPS print +system which printer-specific filter to use for the interpretation of +the supplied PostScript. Thus CUPS lets all its printers appear as +PostScript devices to its clients, because it can act as a PostScript +RIP for those printers, processing the received PostScript code into a +proper raster print format. +

PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows

+CUPS-PPDs can also be used on Windows-Clients, on top of a +"core" PostScript driver (now recommended is the "CUPS PostScript +Driver for WindowsNT/2K/XP"; you can also use the Adobe one, with +limitations). This feature enables CUPS to do a few tricks no other +spooler can do: +

act as a networked PostScript RIP (Raster Image +Processor), handling printfiles from all client platforms in a uniform +way;
act as a central accounting and billing server, since +all files are passed through the pstops filter and are therefore +logged in the CUPS page_log file. +NOTE: this can not happen with "raw" print jobs, +which always remain unfiltered per definition;
enable clients to consolidate on a single PostScript +driver, even for many different target printers.

+Using CUPS PPDs on Windows clients enables these to control +all print job settings just as a UNIX client can do too. +

Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients

+This setup may be of special interest to people experiencing major +problems in WTS environments. WTS need often a multitude of +non-PostScript drivers installed to run their clients' variety of +different printer models. This often imposes the price of much +increased instability. +

Printer Drivers running in "Kernel Mode" cause many +Problems

+The reason is that in Win NT printer drivers run in "Kernel +Mode", this introduces a high risk for the stability of the system +if the driver is not really stable and well-tested. And there are a +lot of bad drivers out there! Especially notorious is the example +of the PCL printer driver that had an additional sound module +running, to notify users via soundcard of their finished jobs. Do I +need to say that this one was also reliably causing "Blue Screens +of Death" on a regular basis? +

+PostScript drivers generally are very well tested. They are not known +to cause any problems, even though they run in Kernel Mode too. This +might be because there have so far only been 2 different PostScript +drivers the ones from Adobe and the one from Microsoft. Both are +very well tested and are as stable as you ever can imagine on +Windows. The CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. +

Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations

+In many cases, in an attempt to work around this problem, site +administrators have resorted to restrict the allowed drivers installed +on their WTS to one generic PCL- and one PostScript driver. This +however restricts the clients in the amount of printer options +available for them; often they can't get out more than simplex +prints from one standard paper tray, while their devices could do much +better, if driven by a different driver! ) +

CUPS: a "Magical Stone"?

+Using a PostScript driver, enabled with a CUPS-PPD, seems to be a very +elegant way to overcome all these shortcomings. There are, depending +on the version of Windows OS you use, up to 3 different PostScript +drivers available: Adobe, Microsoft and CUPS PostScript drivers. None +of them is known to cause major stability problems on WTS (even if +used with many different PPDs). The clients will be able to (again) +chose paper trays, duplex printing and other settings. However, there +is a certain price for this too: a CUPS server acting as a PostScript +RIP for its clients requires more CPU and RAM than when just acting as +a "raw spooling" device. Plus, this setup is not yet widely tested, +although the first feedbacks look very promising. +

PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel +Mode

+More recent printer drivers on W2K and XP don't run in Kernel mode +(unlike Win NT) any more. However, both operating systems can still +use the NT drivers, running in Kernel mode (you can roughly tell which +is which as the drivers in subdirectory "2" of "W32X86" are "old" +ones). As was said before, the Adobe as well as the Microsoft +PostScript drivers are not known to cause any stability problems. The +CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. There is a simple +reason for this: The MS DDK (Device Development Kit) for Win NT (which +used to be available at no cost to licensees of Visual Studio) +includes the source code of the Microsoft driver, and licensees of +Visual Studio are allowed to use and modify it for their own driver +development efforts. This is what the CUPS people have done. The +license doesn't allow them to publish the whole of the source code. +However, they have released the "diff" under the GPL, and if you are +owner of an "MS DDK for Win NT", you can check the driver yourself. +

Setting up CUPS for driver Download

+As we have said before: all previously known methods to prepare client +printer drivers on the Samba server for download and "Point'n'Print" +convenience of Windows workstations are working with CUPS too. These +methods were described in the previous chapter. In reality, this is a +pure Samba business, and only relates to the Samba/Win client +relationship. +

cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility

+The cupsaddsmb utility (shipped with all current CUPS versions) is an +alternative method to transfer printer drivers into the Samba +[print$] share. Remember, this share is where +clients expect drivers deposited and setup for download and +installation. It makes the sharing of any (or all) installed CUPS +printers very easy. cupsaddsmb can use the Adobe PostScript driver as +well as the newly developed CUPS PostScript Driver for +WinNT/2K/XP. Note, that cupsaddsmb does +not work with arbitrary vendor printer drivers, +but only with the exact driver files that are +named in its man page. +

+The CUPS printer driver is available from the CUPS download site. Its +package name is cups-samba-[version].tar.gz . It +is preferred over the Adobe drivers since it has a number of +advantages: +

it supports a much more accurate page +accounting;
it supports banner pages, and page labels on all +printers;
it supports the setting of a number of job IPP +attributes (such as job-priority, page-label and +job-billing)

+However, currently only Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by the +CUPS drivers. You will need to get the respective part of Adobe driver +too if you need to support Windows 95, 98, and ME clients. +

Prepare your `smb.conf` for +cupsaddsmb

+Prior to running cupsaddsmb, you need the following settings in +smb.conf: +

+
+ [global]
+         load printers = yes
+         printing = cups
+         printcap name = cups
+
+ [printers]
+         comment = All Printers
+         path = /var/spool/samba
+         browseable = no
+         public = yes
+         guest ok = yes           # setting depends on your requirements
+         writable = no
+         printable = yes
+         printer admin = root
+
+ [print$]
+         comment = Printer Drivers
+         path = /etc/samba/drivers
+         browseable = yes
+         guest ok = no
+         read only = yes
+         write list = root  
+
+

CUPS Package of "PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP"

+CUPS users may get the exactly same packages fromhttp://www.cups.org/software.html. +It is a separate package from the CUPS base software files, tagged as +CUPS 1.1.x Windows NT/2k/XP Printer Driver for SAMBA +(tar.gz, 192k). The filename to download is +cups-samba-1.1.x.tar.gz. Upon untar-/unzip-ing, +it will reveal these files: +

+
+# tar xvzf cups-samba-1.1.19.tar.gz 
+
+   cups-samba.install
+   cups-samba.license
+   cups-samba.readme
+   cups-samba.remove
+   cups-samba.ss
+
+

+These have been packaged with the ESP meta packager software +"EPM". The *.install and +*.remove files are simple shell scripts, which +untars the *.ss (the *.ss is +nothing else but a tar-archive, which can be untar-ed by "tar" +too). Then it puts the content into +/usr/share/cups/drivers/. This content includes 3 +files: +

+
+# tar tv cups-samba.ss
+
+    cupsdrvr.dll
+    cupsui.dll
+    cups.hlp  
+
+

+The cups-samba.install shell scripts is easy to +handle: +

+
+# ./cups-samba.install
+
+   [....]
+   Installing software...
+   Updating file permissions...
+   Running post-install commands...
+   Installation is complete.        
+
+

+The script should automatically put the driver files into the +/usr/share/cups/drivers/ directory. +

Warning

+Due to a bug, one recent CUPS release puts the +cups.hlp driver file +into/usr/share/drivers/ instead of +/usr/share/cups/drivers/. To work around this, +copy/move the file (after running the +./cups-samba.install script) manually to the +right place. +

+
+   cp /usr/share/drivers/cups.hlp /usr/share/cups/drivers/
+
+

+This new CUPS PostScript driver is currently binary-only, but free of +charge. No complete source code is provided (yet). The reason is this: +it has been developed with the help of the Microsoft Driver +Developer Kit (DDK) and compiled with Microsoft Visual +Studio 6. Driver developers are not allowed to distribute the whole of +the source code as Free Software. However, CUPS developers released +the "diff" in source code under the GPL, so anybody with a license of +Visual Studio and a DDK will be able to compile for him/herself. +

Recognize the different Driver Files

+The CUPS drivers don't support the "older" Windows 95/98/ME, but only +the Windows NT/2000/XP client: +

+
+ [Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:]
+         cups.hlp
+         cupsdrvr.dll
+         cupsui.dll
+
+

+Adobe drivers are available for the older Windows 95/98/ME as well as +the Windows NT/2000/XP clients. The set of files is different for the +different platforms. +

+
+ [Windows 95, 98, and Me are supported by:]
+         ADFONTS.MFM
+         ADOBEPS4.DRV
+         ADOBEPS4.HLP
+         DEFPRTR2.PPD
+         ICONLIB.DLL
+         PSMON.DLL
+
+ [Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:]
+         ADOBEPS5.DLL
+         ADOBEPSU.DLL
+         ADOBEPSU.HLP
+
+

Note

+If both, the Adobe driver files and the CUPS driver files for the +support of WinNT/2k/XP are present in , the Adobe ones will be ignored +and the CUPS ones will be used. If you prefer -- for whatever reason +-- to use Adobe-only drivers, move away the 3 CUPS driver files. The +Win95/98/ME clients use the Adobe drivers in any case. +

Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files

+Acquiring the Adobe driver files seems to be unexpectedly difficult +for many users. They are not available on the Adobe website as single +files and the self-extracting and/or self-installing Windows-exe is +not easy to locate either. Probably you need to use the included +native installer and run the installation process on one client +once. This will install the drivers (and one Generic PostScript +printer) locally on the client. When they are installed, share the +Generic PostScript printer. After this, the client's +[print$] share holds the Adobe files, from +where you can get them with smbclient from the CUPS host. A more +detailed description about this is in the next (the CUPS printing) +chapter. +

ESP Print Pro Package of "PostScript Driver for +WinNT/2k/XP"

+Users of the ESP Print Pro software are able to install their "Samba +Drivers" package for this purpose with no problem. Retrieve the driver +files from the normal download area of the ESP Print Pro software +athttp://www.easysw.com/software.html. +You need to locate the link labelled "SAMBA" amongst the +Download Printer Drivers for ESP Print Pro 4.x +area and download the package. Once installed, you can prepare any +driver by simply highlighting the printer in the Printer Manager GUI +and select Export Driver... from the menu. Of +course you need to have prepared Samba beforehand too to handle the +driver files; i.e. mainly setup the [print$] +share, etc. The ESP Print Pro package includes the CUPS driver files +as well as a (licensed) set of Adobe drivers for the Windows 95/98/ME +client family. +

Caveats to be considered

+Once you have run the install script (and possibly manually +moved the cups.hlp file to +/usr/share/cups/drivers/), the driver is +ready to be put into Samba's [print$] share (which often maps to +/etc/samba/drivers/ and contains a subdir +tree with WIN40 and +W32X86 branches): You do this by running +"cupsaddsmb" (see also man cupsaddsmb for +CUPS since release 1.1.16). +

Tip

+You may need to put root into the smbpasswd file by running +smbpasswd; this is especially important if you +should run this whole procedure for the first time, and are not +working in an environment where everything is configured for +Single Sign On to a Windows Domain Controller. +

+Once the driver files are in the [print$] share +and are initialized, they are ready to be downloaded and installed by +the Win NT/2k/XP clients. +

Note

+Win 9x/ME clients won't work with the CUPS PostScript driver. For +these you'd still need to use the ADOBE*.* +drivers as previously. +
+It is not harmful if you still have the +ADOBE*.* driver files from previous +installations in the /usr/share/cups/drivers/ +directory. The new cupsaddsmb (from 1.1.16) will +automatically prefer "its own" drivers if it finds both. +
+Should your Win clients have had the old ADOBE*.* +files for the Adobe PostScript driver installed, the download and +installation of the new CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/2k/XP +will fail at first. You need to wipe the old driver from the clients +first. It is not enough to "delete" the printer, as the driver files +will still be kept by the clients and re-used if you try to re-install +the printer. To really get rid of the Adobe driver files on the +clients, open the "Printers" folder (possibly via Start +--> Settings --> Control Panel --> Printers), +right-click onto the folder background and select Server +Properties. When the new dialog opens, select the +Drivers tab. On the list select the driver you +want to delete and click on the Delete +button. This will only work if there is not one single printer left +which uses that particular driver. You need to "delete" all printers +using this driver in the "Printers" folder first. You will need +Administrator privileges to do this. +
+Once you have successfully downloaded the CUPS PostScript driver to a +client, you can easily switch all printers to this one by proceeding +as described elsewhere in the "Samba HOWTO Collection": either change +a driver for an existing printer by running the "Printer Properties" +dialog, or use rpcclient with the +setdriver sub-command. +

What are the Benefits of using the "CUPS PostScript Driver for +Windows NT/2k/XP" as compared to the Adobe Driver?

+You are interested in a comparison between the CUPS and the Adobe +PostScript drivers? For our purposes these are the most important +items which weigh in favor of the CUPS ones: +

no hassle with the Adobe EULA
no hassle with the question “Where do I +get the ADOBE*.* driver files from?”
the Adobe drivers (on request of the printer PPD +associated with them) often put a PJL header in front of the main +PostScript part of the print file. Thus the printfile starts with +<1B >%-12345X or +<escape>%-12345X instead +of %!PS). This leads to the +CUPS daemon auto-typing the incoming file as a print-ready file, +not initiating a pass through the "pstops" filter (to speak more +technically, it is not regarded as the generic MIME type +application/postscript, but as +the more special MIME type +application/cups.vnd-postscript), +which therefore also leads to the page accounting in +/var/log/cups/page_log not +receiving the exact number of pages; instead the dummy page number +of "1" is logged in a standard setup)
the Adobe driver has more options to "mis-configure" the +PostScript generated by it (like setting it inadvertently to +Optimize for Speed, instead of +Optimize for Portability, which +could lead to CUPS being unable to process it)
the CUPS PostScript driver output sent by Windows +clients to the CUPS server will be guaranteed to be auto-typed always +as generic MIME type application/postscript, +thusly passing through the CUPS "pstops" filter and logging the +correct number of pages in the page_log for +accounting and quota purposes
the CUPS PostScript driver supports the sending of +additional standard (IPP) print options by Win NT/2k/XP clients. Such +additional print options are: naming the CUPS standard +banner pages (or the custom ones, should they be +installed at the time of driver download), using the CUPS +page-label option, setting a +job-priority and setting the scheduled +time of printing (with the option to support additional +useful IPP job attributes in the future).
the CUPS PostScript driver supports the inclusion of +the new *cupsJobTicket comments at the +beginning of the PostScript file (which could be used in the future +for all sort of beneficial extensions on the CUPS side, but which will +not disturb any other applications as they will regard it as a comment +and simply ignore it).
the CUPS PostScript driver will be the heart of the +fully fledged CUPS IPP client for Windows NT/2K/XP to be released soon +(probably alongside the first Beta release for CUPS +1.2).

Run "cupsaddsmb" (quiet Mode)

+The cupsaddsmb command copies the needed files into your +[print$] share. Additionally, the PPD +associated with this printer is copied from +/etc/cups/ppd/ to +[print$]. There the files wait for convenient +Windows client installations via Point'n'Print. Before we can run the +command successfully, we need to be sure that we can authenticate +towards Samba. If you have a small network you are probably using user +level security (security = user). Probably your +root has already a Samba account. Otherwise, create it now, using +smbpasswd: +

+
+ #  smbpasswd -a root 
+ New SMB password: [type in password 'secret']
+ Retype new SMB password: [type in password 'secret']
+
+

+Here is an example of a successfully run cupsaddsmb command. +

+
+ #  cupsaddsmb -U root infotec_IS2027
+ Password for root required to access localhost via SAMBA: [type in password 'secret']
+
+

+To share all printers and drivers, use the +-a parameter instead of a printer name. Since +cupsaddsmb "exports" the printer drivers to Samba, it should be +obvious that it only works for queues with a CUPS driver associated. +

Run "cupsaddsmb" with verbose Output

+Probably you want to see what's going on. Use the +-v parameter to get a more verbose output. The +output below was edited for better readability: all "\" at the end of +a line indicate that I inserted an artificial line break plus some +indentation here: +

Warning

+You will see the root password for the Samba account printed on +screen. If you use remote access, the password will go over the wire +unencrypted! +

+
+  # cupsaddsmb -U root -v infotec_2105
+  Password for root required to access localhost via SAMBA:
+  Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' -c 'mkdir W32X86;put   \
+                   /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd;put           \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll;put            \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll W32X86/cupsui.dll;put                \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp W32X86/cups.hlp'
+  added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
+  Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
+  NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \W32X86
+  putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd (2328.8 kb/s) \
+               (average 2328.8 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll as \W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll (9374.3 kb/s)  \
+               (average 5206.6 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll as \W32X86/cupsui.dll (8107.2 kb/s)      \
+               (average 5984.1 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp as \W32X86/cups.hlp (3475.0 kb/s)          \
+               (average 5884.7 kb/s)
+  
+  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86"   \
+                   "infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:   \
+                   RAW:NULL"'
+  cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" "infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll: \
+                   cups.hlp:NULL:RAW:NULL"
+  Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
+  
+  Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' -c 'mkdir WIN40;put    \
+                   /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD; put           \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM;put               \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV;put             \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP;put             \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD;put             \
+                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL
+  WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL WIN40/PSMON.DLL;'
+  added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
+  Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
+  NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \WIN40
+  putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD (2328.8 kb/s)  \
+               (average 2328.8 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM as \WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM (9368.0 kb/s)     \
+               (average 6469.6 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV (9958.2 kb/s)   \
+               (average 8404.3 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP (8341.5 kb/s)   \
+               (average 8398.6 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD as \WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD (2195.9 kb/s)   \
+               (average 8254.3 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL as \WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL (8239.9 kb/s)     \
+               (average 8253.6 kb/s)
+  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL as \WIN40/PSMON.DLL (6222.2 kb/s)         \
+               (average 8188.5 kb/s)
+  
+  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'adddriver "Windows 4.0"      \
+                   "infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP:          \
+                   PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL,     \
+                   ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL"'
+  cmd = adddriver "Windows 4.0" "infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:          \
+                   ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,  \
+                   PSMON.DLL,ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL"
+  Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
+  
+  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret'                                  \
+                             -c 'setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105'
+  cmd = setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105
+  Successfully set infotec_2105 to driver infotec_2105.
+
+

+If you look closely, you'll discover your root password was transfered +unencrypted over the wire, so beware! Also, if you look further her, +you'll discover error messages like NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION in +between. They occur, because the directories WIN40 and W32X86 already +existed in the [print$] driver download share +(from a previous driver installation). They are harmless here. +

Understanding cupsaddsmb

+What has happened? What did cupsaddsmb do? There are five stages of +the procedure +

call the CUPS server via IPP and request the +driver files and the PPD file for the named printer;
store the files temporarily in the local +TEMPDIR (as defined in +cupsd.conf);
connect via smbclient to the Samba server's + [print$] share and put the files into the + share's WIN40 (for Win95/98/ME) and W32X86/ (for WinNT/2k/XP) sub + directories;
connect via rpcclient to the Samba server and +execute the "adddriver" command with the correct +parameters;
connect via rpcclient to the Samba server a second +time and execute the "setdriver" command.

+Note, that you can run the cupsaddsmb utility with parameters to +specify one remote host as Samba host and a second remote host as CUPS +host. Especially if you want to get a deeper understanding, it is a +good idea try it and see more clearly what is going on (though in real +life most people will have their CUPS and Samba servers run on the +same host): +

+
+ # cupsaddsmb -H sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername
+
+

How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully

+You must always check if the utility completed +successfully in all fields. You need as a minimum these 3 messages +amongst the output: +

Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully +installed. # (for the W32X86 == WinNT/2K/XP +architecture...)
Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully +installed. # (for the WIN40 == Win9x/ME +architecture...)
Successfully set [printerXPZ] to driver +[printerXYZ].

+These messages probably not easily recognized in the general +output. If you run cupsaddsmb with the -a +parameter (which tries to prepare all active CUPS +printer drivers for download), you might miss if individual printers +drivers had problems to install properly. Here a redirection of the +output will help you analyze the results in retrospective. +

Note

+It is impossible to see any diagnostic output if you don't run +cupsaddsmb in verbose mode. Therefore we strongly recommend to not +use the default quiet mode. It will hide any problems from you which +might occur. +

cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC

+You can't get the standard cupsaddsmb command to run on a Samba PDC? +You are asked for the password credential all over again and again and +the command just will not take off at all? Try one of these +variations: +

+
+ # cupsaddsmb -U DOMAINNAME\\root -v printername
+ # cupsaddsmb -H SAMBA-PDC -U DOMAINNAME\\root -v printername
+ # cupsaddsmb -H SAMBA-PDC -U DOMAINNAME\\root -h cups-server -v printername
+
+

+(Note the two backslashes: the first one is required to +"escape" the second one). +

cupsaddsmb Flowchart

+Here is a chart about the procedures, commandflows and +dataflows of the "cupaddsmb" command. Note again: cupsaddsmb is +not intended to, and does not work with, "raw" queues! +

Figure 19.14. cupsaddsmb flowchart

Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client

+After cupsaddsmb completed, your driver is prepared for the clients to +use. Here are the steps you must perform to download and install it +via "Point'n'Print". From a Windows client, browse to the CUPS/Samba +server; +

open the Printers +share of Samba in Network Neighbourhood;
right-click on the printer in +question;
from the opening context-menu select +Install... or +Connect... (depending on the Windows version you +use).

+After a few seconds, there should be a new printer in your +client's local "Printers" folder: On Windows +XP it will follow a naming convention of PrinterName on +SambaServer. (In my current case it is "infotec_2105 on +kde-bitshop"). If you want to test it and send your first job from +an application like Winword, the new printer will appears in a +\\SambaServer\PrinterName entry in the +dropdown list of available printers. +

Note

+cupsaddsmb will only reliably work with CUPS version 1.1.15 or higher +and Samba from 2.2.4. If it doesn't work, or if the automatic printer +driver download to the clients doesn't succeed, you can still manually +install the CUPS printer PPD on top of the Adobe PostScript driver on +clients. Then point the client's printer queue to the Samba printer +share for a UNC type of connection: +

+
+  net use lpt1: \\sambaserver\printershare /user:ntadmin
+
+

+should you desire to use the CUPS networked PostScript RIP +functions. (Note that user "ntadmin" needs to be a valid Samba user +with the required privileges to access the printershare) This would +set up the printer connection in the traditional +LanMan way (not using MS-RPC). +

Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the +Client

+Soooo: printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print +well, some don't print at all. Some jobs have problems with fonts, +which don't look very good. Some jobs print fast, and some are +dead-slow. Many of these problems can be greatly reduced or even +completely eliminated if you follow a few guidelines. Remember, if +your print device is not PostScript-enabled, you are treating your +Ghostscript installation on your CUPS host with the output your client +driver settings produce. Treat it well: +

Avoid the PostScript Output Option: Optimize +for Speed setting. Rather use the Optimize for +Portability instead (Adobe PostScript +driver).
Don't use the Page Independence: +NO setting. Instead use Page Independence +YES (CUPS PostScript Driver)
Recommended is the True Type Font +Downloading Option: Native True Type over +Automatic and Outline; you +should by all means avoid Bitmap (Adobe +PostScript Driver)
Choose True Type Font: Download as Softfont +into Printer over the default Replace by Device +Font (for exotic fonts you may need to change it back to +get a printout at all) (Adobe)
Sometimes you can choose PostScript Language +Level: in case of problems try 2 +instead of 3 (the latest ESP Ghostscript package +handles Level 3 PostScript very well) (Adobe).
Say Yes to PostScript +Error Handler (Adobe)

Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using +rpcclient)

+Of course you can run all the commands which are embedded into the +cupsaddsmb convenience utility yourself, one by one, and hereby upload +and prepare the driver files for future client downloads. +

prepare Samba (a CUPS printqueue with the name of the +printer should be there. We are providing the driver +now);
copy all files to +[print$]:
run rpcclient adddriver +(for each client architecture you want to support):
run rpcclient +setdriver.

+We are going to do this now. First, read the man page on "rpcclient" +to get a first idea. Look at all the printing related +sub-commands. enumprinters, +enumdrivers, enumports, +adddriver, setdriver are amongst +the most interesting ones. rpcclient implements an important part of +the MS-RPC protocol. You can use it to query (and command) a Win NT +(or 2K/XP) PC too. MS-RPC is used by Windows clients, amongst other +things, to benefit from the "Point'n'Print" features. Samba can now +mimic this too. +

A Check of the rpcclient man Page

+First let's have a little check of the rpcclient man page. Here are +two relevant passages: +

+adddriver <arch> <config> Execute an +AddPrinterDriver() RPC to install the printer driver information on +the server. Note that the driver files should already exist in the +directory returned by getdriverdir. Possible +values for arch are the same as those for the +getdriverdir command. The +config parameter is defined as follows: +

+Long Printer Name:\
+Driver File Name:\
+Data File Name:\
+Config File Name:\
+Help File Name:\
+Language Monitor Name:\
+Default Data Type:\
+Comma Separated list of Files
+

Any empty fields should be enter as the string "NULL".

Samba does not need to support the concept of Print Monitors +since these only apply to local printers whose driver can make use of +a bi-directional link for communication. This field should be "NULL". +On a remote NT print server, the Print Monitor for a driver must +already be installed prior to adding the driver or else the RPC will +fail +

+setdriver <printername> <drivername> +Execute a SetPrinter() command to update the +printer driver associated with an installed printer. The printer +driver must already be correctly installed on the print server. +

See also the enumprinters and enumdrivers commands for +obtaining a list of installed printers and drivers. +

Understanding the rpcclient man Page

+The exact format isn't made too clear by the man +page, since you have to deal with some parameters containing +spaces. Here is a better description for it. We have line-broken the +command and indicated the breaks with "\". Usually you would type the +command in one line without the linebreaks: +

+
+ adddriver "Architecture" \
+           "LongPrinterName:DriverFile:DataFile:ConfigFile:HelpFile:\
+           LanguageMonitorFile:DataType:ListOfFiles,Comma-separated"
+
+

+What the man pages denotes as a simple <config> +keyword, does in reality consist of 8 colon-separated fields. The +last field may take multiple (in some, very insane, cases, even +20 different additional files. This might sound confusing at first. +Note, that what the man pages names the "LongPrinterName" in +reality should rather be called the "Driver Name". You can name it +anything you want, as long as you use this name later in the +rpcclient ... setdriver command. For +practical reasons, many name the driver the same as the +printer. +

+True: it isn't simple at all. I hear you asking: +How do I know which files are "Driver +File", "Data File", "Config File", "Help File" and "Language +Monitor File" in each case? -- For an answer you may +want to have a look at how a Windows NT box with a shared printer +presents the files to us. Remember, that this whole procedure has +to be developed by the Samba Team by overhearing the traffic caused +by Windows computers on the wire. We may as well turn to a Windows +box now, and access it from a UNIX workstation. We will query it +with rpcclient to see what it tells us and +try to understand the man page more clearly which we've read just +now. +

Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box

+We could run rpcclient with a +getdriver or a getprinter +subcommand (in level 3 verbosity) against it. Just sit down at UNIX or +Linux workstation with the Samba utilities installed. Then type the +following command: +

+
+ rpcclient -U'USERNAME%PASSWORD' NT-SERVER-NAME -c 'getdriver printername 3'
+
+

+From the result it should become clear which is which. Here is an +example from my installation: +

+
+# rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' W2KSERVER -c'getdriver "DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer" 3'
+ cmd = getdriver "DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer" 3
+
+ [Windows NT x86]
+ Printer Driver Info 3:
+         Version: [2]
+         Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]
+         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
+         Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.DLL]
+         Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\INFOSTRM.PPD]
+         Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRPTUI.DLL]
+         Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.HLP]
+ 
+         Dependentfiles: []
+         Dependentfiles: []
+         Dependentfiles: []
+         Dependentfiles: []
+         Dependentfiles: []
+         Dependentfiles: []
+         Dependentfiles: []
+ 
+         Monitorname: []
+         Defaultdatatype: []
+
+

+Some printer drivers list additional files under the label +"Dependentfiles": these would go into the last field +ListOfFiles,Comma-separated. For the CUPS +PostScript drivers we don't need any (nor would we for the Adobe +PostScript driver): therefore the field will get a "NULL" entry. +

What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed

+From the manpage (and from the quoted output +of cupsaddsmb, above) it becomes clear that you +need to have certain conditions in order to make the manual uploading +and initializing of the driver files succeed. The two rpcclient +subcommands (adddriver and +setdriver) need to encounter the following +pre-conditions to complete successfully: +

you are connected as "printer admin", or root (note, +that this is not the "Printer Operators" group in +NT, but the printer admin group, as defined in +the [global] section of +smb.conf);
copy all required driver files to +\\sambaserver\print$\w32x86 and +\\sambaserver\print$\win40 as appropriate. They +will end up in the "0" respective "2" subdirectories later -- for now +don't put them there, they'll be automatically +used by the adddriver subcommand.! (if you use +"smbclient" to put the driver files into the share, note that you need +to escape the "$": smbclient //sambaserver/print\$ -U +root);
the user you're connecting as must be able to write to +the [print$] share and create +subdirectories;
the printer you are going to setup for the Windows +clients, needs to be installed in CUPS already;
the CUPS printer must be known to Samba, otherwise the +setdriver subcommand fails with an +NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL error. To check if the printer is known by +Samba you may use the enumprinters subcommand to +rpcclient. A long-standing bug prevented a proper update of the +printer list until every smbd process had received a SIGHUP or was +restarted. Remember this in case you've created the CUPS printer just +shortly ago and encounter problems: try restarting +Samba.

Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps

+We are going to install a printer driver now by manually executing all +required commands. As this may seem a rather complicated process at +first, we go through the procedure step by step, explaining every +single action item as it comes up. +

First Step: Install the Printer on CUPS

+
+# lpadmin -p mysmbtstprn -v socket://10.160.51.131:9100 -E -P /home/kurt/canonIR85.ppd
+
+

+This installs printer with the name mysmbtstprn +to the CUPS system. The printer is accessed via a socket +(a.k.a. JetDirect or Direct TCP/IP) connection. You need to be root +for this step +

Second Step (optional): Check if the Printer is recognized by +Samba

+
+ # rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost | grep -C2 mysmbtstprn
+
+        flags:[0x800000]
+        name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+        description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,,mysmbtstprn]
+        comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+
+

+This should show the printer in the list. If not, stop and re-start +the Samba daemon (smbd), or send a HUP signal: kill -HUP +`pidof smbd`. Check again. Troubleshoot and repeat until +success. Note the "empty" field between the two commas in the +"description" line. Here would the driver name appear if there was one +already. You need to know root's Samba password (as set by the +smbpasswd command) for this step and most of the +following steps. Alternatively you can authenticate as one of the +users from the "write list" as defined in smb.conf for +[print$]. +

Third Step (optional): Check if Samba knows a Driver for the +Printer

+
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep driver
+         drivername:[]
+ 
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep -C4 driv
+        servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
+        printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+        sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
+        portname:[Samba Printer Port]
+        drivername:[]
+        comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+        location:[]
+        sepfile:[]
+        printprocessor:[winprint]
+ 
+#  rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost
+ result was WERR_UNKNOWN_PRINTER_DRIVER
+
+

+Neither method of the three commands shown above should show a driver. +This step was done for the purpose of demonstrating this condition. An +attempt to connect to the printer at this stage will prompt the +message along the lines: "The server has not the required printer +driver installed". +

Fourth Step: Put all required Driver Files into Samba's +[print$]

+
+#  smbclient //localhost/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx'                        \ 
+                              -c 'cd W32X86;                                             \
+                                  put /etc/cups/ppd/mysmbtstprn.ppd mysmbtstprn.PPD;     \
+                                  put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll cupsui.dll;     \
+                                  put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll cupsdrvr.dll; \
+                                  put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp cups.hlp'
+
+

+(Note that this command should be entered in one long single +line. Line-breaks and the line-end indicating "\" has been inserted +for readability reasons.) This step is required +for the next one to succeed. It makes the driver files physically +present in the [print$] share. However, clients +would still not be able to install them, because Samba does not yet +treat them as driver files. A client asking for the driver would still +be presented with a "not installed here" message. +

Fifth Step: Verify where the Driver Files are now

+
+#  ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/
+ total 669
+ drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       532 May 25 23:08 2
+ drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       670 May 16 03:15 3
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin     14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    278380 May 25 23:21 cupsdrvr.dll
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    215848 May 25 23:21 cupsui.dll
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD
+
+

+The driver files now are in the W32X86 architecture "root" of +[print$]. +

Sixth Step: Tell Samba that these are +Driver Files +(adddriver)

+
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c `adddriver "Windows NT x86" "mydrivername: \
+                                          cupsdrvr.dll:mysmbtstprn.PPD:                  \
+                                          cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:RAW[:]NULL"             \
+                                          localhost
+
+ Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed.
+
+

+Note that your cannot repeat this step if it fails. It could fail even +as a result of a simple typo. It will most likely have moved a part of +the driver files into the "2" subdirectory. If this step fails, you +need to go back to the fourth step and repeat it, before you can try +this one again. In this step you need to choose a name for your +driver. It is normally a good idea to use the same name as is used for +the printername; however, in big installations you may use this driver +for a number of printers which have obviously different names. So the +name of the driver is not fixed. +

Seventh Step: Verify where the Driver Files are now

+
+#  ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/
+ total 1
+ drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       532 May 25 23:22 2
+ drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       670 May 16 03:15 3
+
+ 
+#  ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/2
+ total 5039
+ [....]
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin     14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    278380 May 13 13:53 cupsdrvr.dll
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    215848 May 13 13:53 cupsui.dll
+ -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD
+
+

+Notice how step 6 did also move the driver files to the appropriate +subdirectory. Compare with the situation after step 5. +

Eighth Step (optional): Verify if Samba now recognizes the +Driver

+
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumdrivers 3' localhost | grep -B2 -A5 mydrivername
+
+ Printer Driver Info 3:
+        Version: [2]
+        Driver Name: [mydrivername]
+        Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
+        Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
+        Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
+        Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
+        Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
+
+

+Remember, this command greps for the name you did choose for the +driver in step Six. This command must succeed before you can proceed. +

Ninth Step: Tell Samba which Printer should use these Driver +Files (setdriver)

+
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'setdriver mysmbtstprn mydrivername' localhost
+ 
+ Successfully set mysmbtstprn to driver mydrivername
+
+

+Since you can bind any printername (=printqueue) to any driver, this +is a very convenient way to setup many queues which use the same +driver. You don't need to repeat all the previous steps for the +setdriver command to succeed. The only pre-conditions are: +enumdrivers must find the driver and +enumprinters must find the printer. +

Tenth Step (optional): Verify if Samba has this Association +recognized

+
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep driver
+       drivername:[mydrivername]
+ 
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep -C4 driv
+       servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
+       printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+       sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
+       portname:[Done]
+       drivername:[mydrivername]
+       comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+       location:[]
+       sepfile:[]
+       printprocessor:[winprint]
+ 
+#  rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost
+ [Windows NT x86]
+ Printer Driver Info 3:
+       Version: [2]
+       Driver Name: [mydrivername]
+       Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
+       Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
+       Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
+       Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
+       Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
+       Monitorname: []
+       Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
+       Monitorname: []
+       Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
+ 
+#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost | grep mysmbtstprn
+       name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
+       description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,mydrivername,mysmbtstprn]
+       comment:[mysmbtstprn]
+
+

+Compare these results with the ones from steps 2 and 3. Note that +every single of these commands show the driver is installed. Even +the enumprinters command now lists the driver +on the "description" line. +

Eleventh Step (optional): Tickle the Driver into a correct +Device Mode

+You certainly know how to install the driver on the client. In case +you are not particularly familiar with Windows, here is a short +recipe: browse the Network Neighbourhood, go to the Samba server, look +for the shares. You should see all shared Samba printers. +Double-click on the one in question. The driver should get +installed, and the network connection set up. An alternative way is to +open the "Printers (and Faxes)" folder, right-click on the printer in +question and select "Connect" or "Install". As a result, a new printer +should have appeared in your client's local "Printers (and Faxes)" +folder, named something like "printersharename on Sambahostname". +

+It is important that you execute this step as a Samba printer admin +(as defined in smb.conf). Here is another method +to do this on Windows XP. It uses a commandline, which you may type +into the "DOS box" (type root's smbpassword when prompted): +

+
+ C:\> runas /netonly /user:root "rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n \\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn"
+
+

+Change any printer setting once (like "portrait" +--> "landscape"), click "Apply"; change the setting +back. +

Twelfth Step: Install the Printer on a Client +("Point'n'Print")

+
+ C:\> rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n "\\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn"
+
+

+If it doesn't work it could be a permission problem with the +[print$] share. +

Thirteenth Step (optional): Print a Test Page

+
+ C:\> rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /n "\\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn"
+
+

+Then hit [TAB] 5 times, [ENTER] twice, [TAB] once and [ENTER] again +and march to the printer. +

Fourteenth Step (recommended): Study the Test Page

+Hmmm.... just kidding! By now you know everything about printer +installations and you don't need to read a word. Just put it in a +frame and bolt it to the wall with the heading "MY FIRST +RPCCLIENT-INSTALLED PRINTER" - why not just throw it away! +

Fifteenth Step (obligatory): Enjoy. Jump. Celebrate your +Success

+
+# echo "Cheeeeerioooooo! Success..." >> /var/log/samba/log.smbd     
+
+

Troubleshooting revisited

+The setdriver command will fail, if in Samba's mind the queue is not +already there. You had promising messages about the: +

+
+ Printer Driver ABC successfully installed.
+
+

+after the "adddriver" parts of the procedure? But you are also seeing +a disappointing message like this one beneath? +

+
+ result was NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL
+
+

+It is not good enough that you +can see the queue in CUPS, using +the lpstat -p ir85wm command. A +bug in most recent versions of Samba prevents the proper update of +the queuelist. The recognition of newly installed CUPS printers +fails unless you re-start Samba or send a HUP to all smbd +processes. To verify if this is the reason why Samba doesn't +execute the setdriver command successfully, check if Samba "sees" +the printer: +

+
+# rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'enumprinters 0'| grep  ir85wm
+        printername:[ir85wm]
+
+

+An alternative command could be this: +

+
+# rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'getprinter ir85wm' 
+        cmd = getprinter ir85wm
+        flags:[0x800000]
+        name:[\\transmeta\ir85wm]
+        description:[\\transmeta\ir85wm,ir85wm,DPD]
+        comment:[CUPS PostScript-Treiber for WinNT/2K/XP]
+
+

+BTW, you can use these commands, plus a few more, of course, +to install drivers on remote Windows NT print servers too! +

The printing `*.tdb` Files

+Some mystery is associated with the series of files with a +tdb-suffix appearing in every Samba installation. They are +connections.tdb, +printing.tdb, +share_info.tdb , +ntdrivers.tdb, +unexpected.tdb, +brlock.tdb , +locking.tdb, +ntforms.tdb, +messages.tdb , +ntprinters.tdb, +sessionid.tdb and +secrets.tdb. What is their purpose? +

Trivial DataBase Files

+A Windows NT (Print) Server keeps track of all information needed to serve +its duty toward its clients by storing entries in the Windows +"Registry". Client queries are answered by reading from the registry, +Administrator or user configuration settings are saved by writing into +the Registry. Samba and Unix obviously don't have such a kind of +Registry. Samba instead keeps track of all client related information in a +series of *.tdb files. (TDB = Trivial Data +Base). These are often located in /var/lib/samba/ +or /var/lock/samba/ . The printing related files +are ntprinters.tdb, +printing.tdb,ntforms.tdb and +ntdrivers.tdb. +

Binary Format

+*.tdb files are not human readable. They are +written in a binary format. "Why not ASCII?", you may ask. "After all, +ASCII configuration files are a good and proofed tradition on UNIX." +-- The reason for this design decision by the Samba Team is mainly +performance. Samba needs to be fast; it runs a separate +smbd process for each client connection, in some +environments many thousand of them. Some of these smbds might need to +write-access the same *.tdb file at the +same time. The file format of Samba's +*.tdb files allows for this provision. Many smbd +processes may write to the same *.tdb file at the +same time. This wouldn't be possible with pure ASCII files. +

Losing `*.tdb` Files

+It is very important that all *.tdb files remain +consistent over all write and read accesses. However, it may happen +that these files do get corrupted. (A +kill -9 `pidof smbd` while a write access is in +progress could do the damage as well as a power interruption, +etc.). In cases of trouble, a deletion of the old printing-related +*.tdb files may be the only option. You need to +re-create all print related setup after that. Or you have made a +backup of the *.tdb files in time. +

Using tdbbackup

+Samba ships with a little utility which helps the root user of your +system to back up your *.tdb files. If you run it +with no argument, it prints a little usage message: +

+
+# tdbbackup
+ Usage: tdbbackup [options] <fname...>
+ 
+ Version:3.0a
+   -h            this help message
+   -s suffix     set the backup suffix
+   -v            verify mode (restore if corrupt)
+
+

+Here is how I backed up my printing.tdb file: +

+
+# ls 
+ .           browse.dat       locking.tdb     ntdrivers.tdb   printing.tdb    share_info.tdb
+ ..          connections.tdb  messages.tdb    ntforms.tdb     printing.tdbkp  unexpected.tdb
+ brlock.tdb  gmon.out         namelist.debug  ntprinters.tdb  sessionid.tdb
+ 
+ kde-bitshop:/var/lock/samba # tdbbackup -s .bak printing.tdb
+ printing.tdb : 135 records
+ 
+ kde-bitshop:/var/lock/samba # ls -l printing.tdb*
+ -rw-------    1 root     root        40960 May  2 03:44 printing.tdb
+ -rw-------    1 root     root        40960 May  2 03:44 printing.tdb.bak
+
+

CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org

+CUPS ships with good support for HP LaserJet type printers. You can +install the generic driver as follows: +

+
+lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -m laserjet.ppd
+
+

+The -m switch will retrieve the +laserjet.ppd from the standard repository for +not-yet-installed-PPDs, which CUPS typically stores in +/usr/share/cups/model. Alternatively, you may use +-P /path/to/your.ppd. +

+The generic laserjet.ppd however does not support every special option +for every LaserJet-compatible model. It constitutes a sort of "least +denominator" of all the models. If for some reason it is ruled out to +you to pay for the commercially available ESP Print Pro drivers, your +first move should be to consult the database on http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi. +Linuxprinting.org has excellent recommendations about which driver is +best used for each printer. Its database is kept current by the +tireless work of Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft, who is also the +principal author of the foomatic-rip utility. +

Note

+The former "cupsomatic" concept is now be replaced by the new, much +more powerful "foomatic-rip". foomatic-rip is the successor of +cupsomatic. cupsomatic is no longer maintained. Here is the new URL +to the Foomatic-3.0 database:http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi. +If you upgrade to foomatic-rip, don't forget to also upgrade to the +new-style PPDs for your foomatic-driven printers. foomatic-rip will +not work with PPDs generated for the old cupsomatic. The new-style +PPDs are 100% compliant to the Adobe PPD specification. They are +intended to be used by Samba and the cupsaddsmb utility also, to +provide the driver files for the Windows clients also! +

foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained

+Nowadays most Linux distros rely on the utilities of Linuxprinting.org +to create their printing related software (which, BTW, works on all +UNIXes and on Mac OS X or Darwin too). It is not known as well as it +should be, that it also has a very end-user friendly interface which +allows for an easy update of drivers and PPDs, for all supported +models, all spoolers, all operating systems and all package formats +(because there is none). Its history goes back a few years. +

+Recently Foomatic has achieved the astonishing milestone of 1000 +listed printer models. Linuxprinting.org keeps all the +important facts about printer drivers, supported models and which +options are available for the various driver/printer combinations in +its Foomatic +database. Currently there are 245 drivers +in the database: many drivers support various models, and many models +may be driven by different drivers; it's your choice! +

690 "perfect" Printers

+At present there are 690 devices dubbed as working "perfectly", 181 +"mostly", 96 "partially" and 46 are "Paperweights". Keeping in mind +that most of these are non-PostScript models (PostScript printers are +automatically supported supported by CUPS to perfection, by using +their own manufacturer-provided Windows-PPD...), and that a +multifunctional device never qualifies as working "perfectly" if it +doesn't also scan and copy and fax under GNU/Linux: then this is a +truly astonishing achievement. Three years ago the number was not +more than 500, and Linux or UNIX "printing" at the time wasn't +anywhere near the quality it is today! +

How the "Printing HOWTO" started it all

+A few years ago Grant Taylor +started it all. The roots of today's Linuxprinting.org are in the +first Linux Printing +HOWTO which he authored. As a side-project to this document, +which served many Linux users and admins to guide their first steps in +this complicated and delicate setup (to a scientist, printing is +"applying a structured deposition of distinct patterns of ink or toner +particles on paper substrates" ;-), he started to +build in a little Postgres database with information about the +hardware and driver zoo that made up Linux printing of the time. This +database became the core component of today's Foomatic collection of +tools and data. In the meantime it has moved to an XML representation +of the data. +

Foomatic's strange Name

+"Why the funny name?", you ask. When it really took off, around spring +2000, CUPS was far less popular than today, and most systems used LPD, +LPRng or even PDQ to print. CUPS shipped with a few generic "drivers" +(good for a few hundred different printer models). These didn't +support many device-specific options. CUPS also shipped with its own +built-in rasterization filter ("pstoraster", derived from +Ghostscript). On the other hand, CUPS provided brilliant support for +controlling all printer options through +standardized and well-defined "PPD files" (PostScript Printers +Description files). Plus, CUPS was designed to be easily extensible. +

+Grant already had in his database a respectable compilation +of facts about a many more printers, and the Ghostscript "drivers" +they run with. His idea, to generate PPDs from the database info +and use them to make standard Ghostscript filters work within CUPS, +proved to work very well. It also "killed several birds with one +stone": +

It made all current and future Ghostscript filter +developments available for CUPS;
It made available a lot of additional printer models +to CUPS users (because often the "traditional" Ghostscript way of +printing was the only one available);
It gave all the advanced CUPS options (web interface, +GUI driver configurations) to users wanting (or needing) to use +Ghostscript filters.

cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic

+CUPS worked through a quickly-hacked up filter script named cupsomatic. +cupsomatic ran the printfile through Ghostscript, constructing +automatically the rather complicated command line needed. It just +required to be copied into the CUPS system to make it work. To +"configure" the way cupsomatic controls the Ghostscript rendering +process, it needs a CUPS-PPD. This PPD is generated directly from the +contents of the database. For CUPS and the respective printer/filter +combo another Perl script named "CUPS-O-Matic" did the PPD +generation. After that was working, Grant implemented within a few +days a similar thing for two other spoolers. Names chosen for the +config-generator scripts were PDQ-O-Matic +(for PDQ) and LPD-O-Matic +(for - you guessed it - LPD); the configuration here didn't use PPDs +but other spooler-specific files. +

+From late summer of that year, Till Kamppeter +started to put work into the database. Till had been newly employed by +MandrakeSoft to +convert their printing system over to CUPS, after they had seen his +FLTK-based XPP (a GUI frontend to +the CUPS lp-command). He added a huge amount of new information and new +printers. He also developed the support for other spoolers, like +PPR (via ppromatic), +GNUlpr and +LPRng (both via an extended +lpdomatic) and "spoolerless" printing (directomatic).... +

+So, to answer your question: "Foomatic" is the general name for all +the overlapping code and data behind the "*omatic" scripts.... -- +Foomatic up to versions 2.0.x required (ugly) Perl data structures +attached the Linuxprinting.org PPDs for CUPS. It had a different +"*omatic" script for every spooler, as well as different printer +configuration files.. +

7.13.1.5.The Grand Unification +achieved...

+This all has changed in Foomatic versions 2.9 (Beta) and released as +"stable" 3.0. This has now achieved the convergence of all *omatic +scripts: it is called the foomatic-rip. +This single script is the unification of the previously different +spooler-specific *omatic scripts. foomatic-rip is used by all the +different spoolers alike. Because foomatic-rip can read PPDs (both the +original PostScript printer PPDs and the Linuxprinting.org-generated +ones), all of a sudden all supported spoolers can have the power of +PPDs at their disposal; users only need to plug "foomatic-rip" into +their system.... For users there is improved media type and source +support; paper sizes and trays are easier to configure. +

+Also, the New Generation of Linuxprinting.org PPDs doesn't contain +Perl data structures any more. If you are a distro maintainer and have +used the previous version of Foomatic, you may want to give the new +one a spin: but don't forget to generate a new-version set of PPDs, +via the new foomatic-db-engine! +Individual users just need to generate a single new PPD specific to +their model by following +the steps outlined in the Foomatic tutorial or further +below. This new development is truly amazing. +

+foomatic-rip is a very clever wrapper around the need to run +Ghostscript with a different syntax, different options, different +device selections and/or different filters for each different printer +or different spooler. At the same time it can read the PPD associated +with a print queue and modify the print job according to the user +selections. Together with this comes the 100% compliance of the new +Foomatic PPDs with the Adobe spec. Some really innovative features of +the Foomatic concept will surprise users: it will support custom paper +sizes for many printers; and it will support printing on media drawn +from different paper trays within the same job (in both cases: even +where there is no support for this from Windows-based vendor printer +drivers). +

Driver Development outside

+Most driver development itself does not happen within +Linuxprinting.org. Drivers are written by independent maintainers. +Linuxprinting.org just pools all the information, and stores it in its +database. In addition, it also provides the Foomatic glue to integrate +the many drivers into any modern (or legacy) printing system known to +the world. +

+Speaking of the different driver development groups: most of +the work is currently done in three projects. These are: +

Omni +-- a Free Software project by IBM which tries to convert their printer +driver knowledge from good-ol' OS/2 times into a modern, modular, +universal driver architecture for Linux/Unix (still Beta). This +currently supports 437 models.
HPIJS -- +a Free Software project by HP to provide the support for their own +range of models (very mature, printing in most cases is perfect and +provides true photo quality). This currently supports 369 +models.
Gimp-Print -- a Free software +effort, started by Michael Sweet (also lead developer for CUPS), now +directed by Robert Krawitz, which has achieved an amazing level of +photo print quality (many Epson users swear that its quality is +better than the vendor drivers provided by Epson for the Microsoft +platforms). This currently supports 522 models.

Forums, Downloads, Tutorials, Howtos -- also for Mac OS X and +commercial Unix

+Linuxprinting.org today is the one-stop "shop" to download printer +drivers. Look for printer information and tutorials +or solve printing problems in its popular forums. But +it's not just for GNU/Linux: users and admins of commercial UNIX +systems are also going there, and the relatively new Mac +OS X forum has turned out to be one of the most frequented +fora after only a few weeks. +

+Linuxprinting.org and the Foomatic driver wrappers around Ghostscript +are now a standard toolchain for printing on all the important +distros. Most of them also have CUPS underneath. While in recent years +most printer data had been added by Till (who works at Mandrake), many +additional contributions came from engineers with SuSE, RedHat, +Connectiva, Debian and others. Vendor-neutrality is an important goal +of the Foomatic project. +

Note

+Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft is doing an excellent job in his +spare time to maintain Linuxprinting.org and Foomatic. So if you use +it often, please send him a note showing your appreciation. +

Foomatic Database generated PPDs

+The Foomatic database is an amazing piece of ingenuity in itself. Not +only does it keep the printer and driver information, but it is +organized in a way that it can generate "PPD" files "on the fly" from +its internal XML-based datasets. While these PPDs are modelled to the +Adobe specification of "PostScript Printer Descriptions" (PPDs), the +Linuxprinting.org/Foomatic-PPDs don't normally drive PostScript +printers: they are used to describe all the bells and whistles you +could ring or blow on an Epson Stylus inkjet, or a HP Photosmart or +what-have-you. The main "trick" is one little additional line, not +envisaged by the PPD specification, starting with the "*cupsFilter" +keyword: it tells the CUPS daemon how to proceed with the PostScript +print file (old-style Foomatic-PPDs named the +cupsomatic filter script, while the new-style +PPDs now call foomatic-rip). This filter +script calls Ghostscript on the host system (the recommended variant +is ESP Ghostscript) to do the rendering work. foomatic-rip knows which +filter or internal device setting it should ask from Ghostscript to +convert the PostScript printjob into a raster format ready for the +target device. This usage of PPDs to describe the options of non-PS +printers was the invention of the CUPS developers. The rest is easy: +GUI tools (like KDE's marvellous "kprinter", +or the GNOME "gtklp", "xpp" and the CUPS +web interface) read the PPD too and use this information to present +the available settings to the user as an intuitive menu selection. +

foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation

+Here are the steps to install a foomatic-rip driven "LaserJet 4 Plus" +compatible printer in CUPS (note that recent distributions of SuSE, +UnitedLinux and Mandrake may ship with a complete package of +Foomatic-PPDs plus the foomatic-rip utility. going directly to +Linuxprinting.org ensures you to get the latest driver/PPD files): +

Surf to http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi +
Check the complete list of printers in the database: +http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone +
There select your model and click on the +link.
You'll arrive at a page listing all drivers working +with this model (for all printers, there will always be +one recommended driver. Try this one +first).
In our case ("HP LaserJet 4 Plus"), we'll arrive here: +http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus +
The recommended driver is "ljet4".
There are several links provided here. You should +visit them all, if you are not familiar with the Linuxprinting.org +database.
There is a link to the database page for the "ljet4": +http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4 +On the driver's page, you'll find important and detailed information +about how to use that driver within the various available +spoolers.
Another link may lead you to the homepage of the +driver author or the driver.
Important links are the ones which provide hints with +setup instructions for CUPS (http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html), +PDQ (http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html), +LPD, LPRng and GNUlpr (http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html) +as well as PPR (http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html) +or "spooler-less" printing (http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html +).
You can view the PPD in your browser through this +link: http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&show=1 +
You can also (most importantly) +generate and download the PPD: http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&show=0 +
The PPD contains all the information needed to use our +model and the driver; this is, once installed, working transparently +for the user. Later you'll only need to choose resolution, paper size +etc. from the web-based menu, or from the print dialog GUI, or from +the commandline.
Should you have ended up on the driver's page (http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4), +you can choose to use the "PPD-O-Matic" online PPD generator +program.
Select the exact model and check either "download" or +"display PPD file" and click on "Generate PPD file".
If you save the PPD file from the browser view, please +don't use "cut'n'past" (since it could possibly damage line endings +and tabs, which makes the PPD likely to fail its duty), but use "Save +as..." in your browser's menu. (Best is to use the "download" option +from the web page directly).
Another very interesting part on each driver page is +the Show execution details button. If you +select your printer model and click that button, you will get +displayed a complete Ghostscript command line, enumerating all options +available for that driver/printermodel combo. This is a great way to +"Learn Ghostscript By Doing". It is also an excellent "cheat sheet" +for all experienced users who need to re-construct a good command line +for that damn printing script, but can't remember the exact +syntax. ;-)
Some time during your visit to Linuxprinting.org, save +the PPD to a suitable place on your harddisk, say +/path/to/my-printer.ppd (if you prefer to install +your printers with the help of the CUPS web interface, save the PPD to +the /usr/share/cups/model/ path and re-start +cupsd).

Then install the printer with a suitable commandline, +e.g.: +

+
+lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -P path/to/my-printer.ppd
+
+

Note again this: for all the new-style "Foomatic-PPDs" +from Linuxprinting.org, you also need a special "CUPS filter" named +"foomatic-rip".Get the latest version of "foomatic-rip" from: http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&show=0 +
The foomatic-rip Perlscript itself also makes some +interesting reading (http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&show=1), +because it is very well documented by Till's inline comments (even +non-Perl hackers will learn quite a bit about printing by reading +it... ;-)
Save foomatic-rip either directly in +/usr/lib/cups/filter/foomatic-rip or somewhere in +your $PATH (and don't forget to make it world-executable). Again, +don't save by "copy'n'paste" but use the appropriate link, or the +"Save as..." menu item in your browser.
If you save foomatic-rip in your $PATH, create a symlink: +cd /usr/lib/cups/filter/ ; ln -s `which +foomatic-rip`. For CUPS to discover this new +available filter at startup, you need to re-start +cupsd.

+Once you print to a printqueue set up with the Foomatic-PPD, CUPS will +insert the appropriate commands and comments into the resulting +PostScript jobfile. foomatic-rip is able to read and act upon +these. foomatic-rip uses some specially encoded Foomatic comments, +embedded in the jobfile. These in turn are used to construct +(transparently for you, the user) the complicated ghostscript command +line telling for the printer driver how exactly the resulting raster +data should look like and which printer commands to embed into the +data stream. +

+You need: +

A "foomatic+something" PPD -- but it this not enough +to print with CUPS (it is only one important +component)
The "foomatic-rip" filter script (Perl) in +/usr/lib/cups/filters/
Perl to make foomatic-rip run
Ghostscript (because it is doing the main work, +controlled by the PPD/foomatic-rip combo) to produce the raster data +fit for your printermodel's consumption
Ghostscript must (depending on +the driver/model) contain support for a certain "device", representing +the selected "driver" for your model (as shown by "gs +-h")
foomatic-rip needs a new version of PPDs (PPD versions +produced for cupsomatic don't work with +foomatic-rip).

Page Accounting with CUPS

+Often there are questions regarding "print quotas" wherein Samba users +(that is, Windows clients) should not be able to print beyond a +certain amount of pages or data volume per day, week or month. This +feature is dependent on the real print subsystem you're using. +Samba's part is always to receive the job files from the clients +(filtered or unfiltered) and hand it over to this +printing subsystem. +

+Of course one could "hack" things with one's own scripts. But then +there is CUPS. CUPS supports "quotas" which can be based on sizes of +jobs or on the number of pages or both, and are spanning any time +period you want. +

Setting up Quotas

+This is an example command how root would set a print quota in CUPS, +assuming an existing printer named "quotaprinter": +

+
+  lpadmin -p quotaprinter -o job-quota-period=604800 -o job-k-limit=1024 -o job-page-limit=100
+
+

+This would limit every single user to print 100 pages or 1024 KB of +data (whichever comes first) within the last 604,800 seconds ( = 1 +week). +

Correct and incorrect Accounting

+For CUPS to count correctly, the printfile needs to pass the CUPS +"pstops" filter, otherwise it uses a "dummy" count of "1". Some +printfiles don't pass it (eg: image files) but then those are mostly 1 +page jobs anyway. This also means that proprietary drivers for the +target printer running on the client computers and CUPS/Samba, which +then spool these files as "raw" (i.e. leaving them untouched, not +filtering them), will be counted as "1-pagers" too! +

+You need to send PostScript from the clients (i.e. run a PostScript +driver there) to have the chance to get accounting done. If the +printer is a non-PostScript model, you need to let CUPS do the job to +convert the file to a print-ready format for the target printer. This +will be working for currently about 1,000 different printer models, +see http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi). +

Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients

+Before CUPS-1.1.16 your only option was to use the Adobe PostScript +Driver on the Windows clients. The output of this driver was not +always passed through the "pstops" filter on the CUPS/Samba side, and +therefore was not counted correctly (the reason is that it often, +depending on the "PPD" being used, wrote a "PJL"-header in front of +the real PostScript which caused CUPS to skip pstops and go directly +to the "pstoraster" stage). +

+From CUPS-1.1.16 onward you can use the "CUPS PostScript Driver for +Windows NT/2K/XP clients" (which is tagged in the download area of +http://www.cups.org/ as the "cups-samba-1.1.16.tar.gz" package). It does +not work for Win9x/ME clients. But it guarantees: +

to not write an PJL-header
to still read and support all PJL-options named in the +driver PPD with its own means
that the file will pass through the "pstops" filter +on the CUPS/Samba server
to page-count correctly the +printfile

+You can read more about the setup of this combination in the manpage +for "cupsaddsmb" (which is only present with CUPS installed, and only +current from CUPS 1.1.16). +

The page_log File Syntax

+These are the items CUPS logs in the "page_log" for every +single page of a job: +

Printer name
User name
Job ID
Time of printing
the page number
the number of copies
a billing information string +(optional)
the host which sent the job (included since version +1.1.19)

+Here is an extract of my CUPS server's page_log file to illustrate the +format and included items: +

+
+        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 1 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 2 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 3 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 4 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
+        DigiMaster9110 boss 402 [22/Apr/2003:10:33:22 +0100] 1 440 finance-dep 10.160.51.33
+
+

+This was job ID "401", printed on "infotec_IS2027" by user "kurt", a +64-page job printed in 3 copies and billed to "#marketing", sent +from IP address 10.160.50.13. The next job had ID "402", was sent by +user "boss" from IP address 10.160.51.33,printed from one page 440 +copies and is set to be billed to "finance-dep". +

Possible Shortcomings

+What flaws or shortcomings are there with this quota system? +

the ones named above (wrongly logged job in case of +printer hardware failure, etc.)
in reality, CUPS counts the job pages that are being +processed in software (that is, going through the +"RIP") rather than the physical sheets successfully leaving the +printing device. Thus if there is a jam while printing the 5th sheet out +of 1000 and the job is aborted by the printer, the "page count" will +still show the figure of 1000 for that job
all quotas are the same for all users (no flexibility +to give the boss a higher quota than the clerk) no support for +groups
no means to read out the current balance or the +"used-up" number of current quota
a user having used up 99 sheets of 100 quota will +still be able to send and print a 1,000 sheet job
a user being denied a job because of a filled-up quota +doesn't get a meaningful error message from CUPS other than +"client-error-not-possible".

Future Developments

+This is the best system currently available, and there are huge +improvements under development for CUPS 1.2: +

page counting will go into the "backends" (these talk +directly to the printer and will increase the count in sync with the +actual printing process: thus a jam at the 5th sheet will lead to a +stop in the counting)
quotas will be handled more flexibly
probably there will be support for users to inquire +their "accounts" in advance
probably there will be support for some other tools +around this topic

Other Accounting Tools

+PrintAnalyzer, pyKota, printbill, LogReport. +

Additional Material

+A printer queue with no PPD associated to it is a +"raw" printer and all files will go directly there as received by the +spooler. The exceptions are file types "application/octet-stream" +which need "passthrough feature" enabled. "Raw" queues don't do any +filtering at all, they hand the file directly to the CUPS backend. +This backend is responsible for the sending of the data to the device +(as in the "device URI" notation: lpd://, socket://, +smb://, ipp://, http://, parallel:/, serial:/, usb:/ etc.) +

+"cupsomatic"/Foomatic are not native CUPS drivers +and they don't ship with CUPS. They are a Third Party add-on, +developed at Linuxprinting.org. As such, they are a brilliant hack to +make all models (driven by Ghostscript drivers/filters in traditional +spoolers) also work via CUPS, with the same (good or bad!) quality as +in these other spoolers. "cupsomatic" is only a vehicle to execute a +ghostscript commandline at that stage in the CUPS filtering chain, +where "normally" the native CUPS "pstoraster" filter would kick +in. cupsomatic by-passes pstoraster, "kidnaps" the printfile from CUPS +away and re-directs it to go through Ghostscript. CUPS accepts this, +because the associated CUPS-O-Matic-/Foomatic-PPD specifies: +

+
+   *cupsFilter:  "application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic"
+
+

+This line persuades CUPS to hand the file to cupsomatic, once it has +successfully converted it to the MIME type +"application/vnd.cups-postscript". This conversion will not happen for +Jobs arriving from Windows which are auto-typed +"application/octet-stream", with the according changes in +/etc/cups/mime.types in place. +

+CUPS is widely configurable and flexible, even regarding its filtering +mechanism. Another workaround in some situations would be to have in +/etc/cups/mime.types entries as follows: +

+
+   application/postscript           application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
+   application/vnd.cups-postscript  application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
+
+

+This would prevent all Postscript files from being filtered (rather, +they will through the virtual nullfilter +denoted with "-"). This could only be useful for PS printers. If you +want to print PS code on non-PS printers (provided they support ASCII +text printing) an entry as follows could be useful: +

+
+   */*           application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
+
+

+and would effectively send all files to the +backend without further processing. +

+Lastly, you could have the following entry: +

+
+   application/vnd.cups-postscript  application/vnd.cups-raw  0  my_PJL_stripping_filter
+
+

+You will need to write a my_PJL_stripping_filter +(could be a shellscript) that parses the PostScript and removes the +unwanted PJL. This would need to conform to CUPS filter design +(mainly, receive and pass the parameters printername, job-id, +username, jobtitle, copies, print options and possibly the +filename). It would be installed as world executable into +/usr/lib/cups/filters/ and will be called by CUPS +if it encounters a MIME type "application/vnd.cups-postscript". +

+CUPS can handle -o job-hold-until=indefinite. +This keeps the job in the queue "on hold". It will only be printed +upon manual release by the printer operator. This is a requirement in +many "central reproduction departments", where a few operators manage +the jobs of hundreds of users on some big machine, where no user is +allowed to have direct access (such as when the operators often need +to load the proper paper type before running the 10,000 page job +requested by marketing for the mailing, etc.). +

Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files

+Samba print files pass through two "spool" directories. One is the +incoming directory managed by Samba, (set in the path = +/var/spool/samba directive in the +[printers] section of +smb.conf). The other is the spool directory of +your UNIX print subsystem. For CUPS it is normally +/var/spool/cups/, as set by the cupsd.conf +directive RequestRoot /var/spool/cups. +

CUPS Configuration Settings explained

+Some important parameter settings in the CUPS configuration file +cupsd.conf are: +

PreserveJobHistory Yes: +This keeps some details of jobs in cupsd's mind (well it keeps the +"c12345", "c12346" etc. files in the CUPS spool directory, which do a +similar job as the old-fashioned BSD-LPD control files). This is set +to "Yes" as a default. +
PreserveJobFiles Yes: +This keeps the job files themselves in cupsd's mind +(well it keeps the "d12345", "d12346" etc. files in the CUPS spool +directory...). This is set to "No" as the CUPS +default. +
"MaxJobs 500": +This directive controls the maximum number of jobs +that are kept in memory. Once the number of jobs reaches the limit, +the oldest completed job is automatically purged from the system to +make room for the new one. If all of the known jobs are still +pending or active then the new job will be rejected. Setting the +maximum to 0 disables this functionality. The default setting is +0. +

+(There are also additional settings for "MaxJobsPerUser" and +"MaxJobsPerPrinter"...) +

Pre-conditions

+For everything to work as announced, you need to have three +things: +

a Samba-smbd which is compiled against "libcups" (Check +on Linux by running "ldd `which smbd`")
a Samba-smb.conf setting of +"printing = cups"
another Samba-smb.conf setting of +"printcap = cups"

Note

+In this case all other manually set printing-related commands (like +"print command", "lpq command", "lprm command", "lppause command" or +"lpresume command") are ignored and they should normally have no +influence what-so-ever on your printing. +

Manual Configuration

+If you want to do things manually, replace the "printing = +cups" by "printing = bsd". Then your manually set commands may work +(haven't tested this), and a "print command = lp -d %P %s; rm %s" +may do what you need. +

When not to use Samba to print to +CUPS

+[TO BE DONE] +

In Case of Trouble.....

+If you have more problems, post the output of these commands +to the CUPS or Samba mailing lists (choose the one which seems more +relevant to your problem): +

+
+   grep -v ^# /etc/cups/cupsd.conf | grep -v ^$
+   grep -v ^# /etc/samba/smb.conf | grep -v ^$ | grep -v "^;"
+
+

+(adapt paths as needed). These commands leave out the empty +lines and lines with comments, providing the "naked settings" in a +compact way. Don't forget to name the CUPS and Samba versions you +are using! This saves bandwidth and makes for easier readability +for experts (and you are expecting experts to read them, right? +;-) +

Where to find Documentation

+[TO BE DONE] +

How to ask for Help

+[TO BE DONE] +

Where to find Help

+[TO BE DONE] +

Appendix

Printing from CUPS to Windows attached +Printers

+From time to time the question arises, how you can print +to a Windows attached printer +from Samba. Normally the local connection +"Windows host <--> printer" would be done by USB or parallel +cable, but this doesn't matter to Samba. From here only an SMB +connection needs to be opened to the Windows host. Of course, this +printer must be "shared" first. As you have learned by now, CUPS uses +backends to talk to printers and other +servers. To talk to Windows shared printers you need to use the +smb (surprise, surprise!) backend. Check if this +is in the CUPS backend directory. This resides usually in +/usr/lib/cups/backend/. You need to find a "smb" +file there. It should be a symlink to smbspool +which file must exist and be executable: +

+
+ # ls -l /usr/lib/cups/backend/   
+ total 253
+ drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root          720 Apr 30 19:04 .
+ drwxr-xr-x    6 root     root          125 Dec 19 17:13 ..
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        10692 Feb 16 21:29 canon
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        10692 Feb 16 21:29 epson
+ lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            3 Apr 17 22:50 http -> ipp
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        17316 Apr 17 22:50 ipp
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        15420 Apr 20 17:01 lpd
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         8656 Apr 20 17:01 parallel
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         2162 Mar 31 23:15 pdfdistiller
+ lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root           25 Apr 30 19:04 ptal -> /usr/local/sbin/ptal-cups
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         6284 Apr 20 17:01 scsi
+ lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root           17 Apr  2 03:11 smb -> /usr/bin/smbspool
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         7912 Apr 20 17:01 socket
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         9012 Apr 20 17:01 usb
+
+# ls -l `which smbspool`
+ -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root       563245 Dec 28 14:49 /usr/bin/smbspool
+
+

+If this symlink doesn't exist, create it: +

+
+# ln -s `which smbspool` /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb
+
+

+smbspool has been written by Mike Sweet from the CUPS folks. It is +included and ships with Samba. It may also be used with print +subsystems other than CUPS, to spool jobs to Windows printer shares. To +set up printer "winprinter" on CUPS, you need to have a "driver" for +it. Essentially this means to convert the print data on the CUPS/Samba +host to a format that the printer can digest (the Windows host is +unable to convert any files you may send). This also means you should +be able to print to the printer if it were hooked directly at your +Samba/CUPS host. For troubleshooting purposes, this is what you +should do, to determine if that part of the process chain is in +order. Then proceed to fix the network connection/authentication to +the Windows host, etc. +

+To install a printer with the smb backend on CUPS, use this command: +

+
+# lpadmin -p winprinter -v smb://WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename -P /path/to/PPD
+
+

+The PPD must be able to direct CUPS to generate +the print data for the target model. For PostScript printers just use +the PPD that would be used with the Windows NT PostScript driver. But +what can you do if the printer is only accessible with a password? Or +if the printer's host is part of another workgroup? This is provided +for: you can include the required parameters as part of the +smb:// device-URI. Like this: +

+
+ smb://WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename 
+ smb://username:password@WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename
+ smb://username:password@WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename
+
+

+Note that the device-URI will be visible in the process list of the +Samba server (e.g. when someone uses the ps -aux +command on Linux), even if the username and passwords are sanitized +before they get written into the log files. So this is an inherently +insecure option. However it is the only one. Don't use it if you want +to protect your passwords. Better share the printer in a way that +doesn't require a password! Printing will only work if you have a +working netbios name resolution up and running. Note that this is a +feature of CUPS and you don't necessarily need to have smbd running +(but who wants that? :-). +

More CUPS filtering Chains

+The following diagrams reveal how CUPS handles print jobs. +

+#########################################################################
+#
+# CUPS in and of itself has this (general) filter chain (CAPITAL
+# letters are FILE-FORMATS or MIME types, other are filters (this is
+# true for pre-1.1.15 of pre-4.3 versions of CUPS and ESP PrintPro):
+#
+# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     somethingtops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     pstops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     pstoraster   # as shipped with CUPS, independent from any Ghostscipt
+#      |           # installation on the system
+#      |  (= "postscipt interpreter")
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER
+#      |
+#      V
+#     rastertosomething  (e.g. Gimp-Print filters may be plugged in here)
+#      |   (= "raster driver")
+#      V
+# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC
+#      |
+#      V
+#     backend
+#
+#
+# ESP PrintPro has some enhanced "rastertosomething" filters as compared to
+# CUPS, and also a somewhat improved "pstoraster" filter.
+#
+# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+#
+#########################################################################
+

+#########################################################################
+#
+# This is how "cupsomatic" comes into play:
+# =========================================
+#
+# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
+#      |
+#      V
+#    somethingtops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#    pstops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT ----------------+
+#      |                                          V
+#      V                                         cupsomatic
+#    pstoraster                                  (constructs complicated
+#      |  (= "postscipt interpreter")            Ghostscript commandline
+#      |                                         to let the file be
+#      V                                         processed by a
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER                    "-sDEVICE=s.th."
+#      |                                         call...)
+#      V                                          |
+#    rastertosomething                            V
+#      |    (= "raster driver")     +-------------------------+
+#      |                            | Ghostscript at work.... |
+#      V                            |                         |
+# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC         *-------------------------+
+#      |                                          |
+#      V                                          |
+#    backend <------------------------------------+
+#      |
+#      V
+#    THE PRINTER
+#
+#
+# Note, that cupsomatic "kidnaps" the printfile after the
+# "APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRPT" stage and deviates it gh
+# the CUPS-external, systemwide Ghostscript installation, bypassing the
+# "pstoraster" filter (therefore also bypassing the CUPS-raster-drivers
+# "rastertosomething", and hands the rasterized file directly to the CUPS
+# backend...
+#
+# cupsomatic is not made by the CUPS developers. It is an independent
+# contribution to printing development, made by people from
+# Linuxprinting.org. (see also http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html)
+#
+# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+#
+#########################################################################
+

+#########################################################################
+#
+# And this is how it works for ESP PrintPro from 4.3:
+# ===================================================
+#
+# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     somethingtops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     pstops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     gsrip
+#      |  (= "postscipt interpreter")
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER
+#      |
+#      V
+#     rastertosomething  (e.g. Gimp-Print filters may be plugged in here)
+#      |   (= "raster driver")
+#      V
+# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC
+#      |
+#      V
+#     backend
+#
+# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+#
+#########################################################################
+

+#########################################################################
+#
+# This is how "cupsomatic" would come into play with ESP PrintPro:
+# ================================================================
+#
+#
+# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
+#      |
+#      V
+#    somethingtops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#    pstops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT ----------------+
+#      |                                          V
+#      V                                         cupsomatic
+#    gsrip                                       (constructs complicated
+#      |  (= "postscipt interpreter")            Ghostscript commandline
+#      |                                         to let the file be
+#      V                                         processed by a
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER                    "-sDEVICE=s.th."
+#      |                                         call...)
+#      V                                          |
+#    rastertosomething                            V
+#      |   (= "raster driver")      +-------------------------+
+#      |                            | Ghostscript at work.... |
+#      V                            |                         |
+# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC         *-------------------------+
+#      |                                          |
+#      V                                          |
+#    backend <------------------------------------+
+#      |
+#      V
+#    THE PRINTER
+#
+# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+#
+#########################################################################
+

+#########################################################################
+#
+# And this is how it works for CUPS from 1.1.15:
+# ==============================================
+#
+# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     somethingtops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     pstops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT-----+
+#                  +------------------v------------------------------+
+#                  | Ghostscript                                     |
+#                  | at work...                                      |
+#                  | (with                                           |
+#                  | "-sDEVICE=cups")                                |
+#                  |                                                 |
+#                  |         (= "postscipt interpreter")             |
+#                  |                                                 |
+#                  +------------------v------------------------------+
+#                                     |
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER >-------+
+#      |
+#      V
+#     rastertosomething
+#      |   (= "raster driver")
+#      V
+# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC
+#      |
+#      V
+#     backend
+#
+#
+# NOTE: since version 1.1.15 CUPS "outsourced" the pstoraster process to
+#       Ghostscript. GNU Ghostscript needs to be patched to handle the
+#       CUPS requirement; ESP Ghostscript has this builtin. In any case,
+#       "gs -h" needs to show up a "cups" device. pstoraster is now a
+#       calling an appropriate "gs -sDEVICE=cups..." commandline to do
+#       the job. It will output "application/vnd.cup-raster", which will
+#       be finally processed by a CUPS raster driver "rastertosomething"
+#       Note the difference to "cupsomatic", which will not output
+#       CUPS-raster, but a final version of the printfile, ready to be
+#       sent to the printer. cupsomatic also doesn't use the "cups"
+#       devicemode in Ghostscript, but one of the classical devicemodes....
+#
+# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+#
+#########################################################################
+

+#########################################################################
+#
+# And this is how it works for CUPS from 1.1.15, with cupsomatic included:
+# ========================================================================
+#
+# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     somethingtops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
+#      |
+#      V
+#     pstops
+#      |
+#      V
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT-----+
+#                  +------------------v------------------------------+
+#                  | Ghostscript        . Ghostscript at work....    |
+#                  | at work...         . (with "-sDEVICE=           |
+#                  | (with              .            s.th."          |
+#                  | "-sDEVICE=cups")   .                            |
+#                  |                    .                            |
+#                  | (CUPS standard)    .      (cupsomatic)          |
+#                  |                    .                            |
+#                  |          (= "postscript interpreter")           |
+#                  |                    .                            |
+#                  +------------------v--------------v---------------+
+#                                     |              |
+# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER >-------+              |
+#      |                                             |
+#      V                                             |
+#     rastertosomething                              |
+#      |   (= "raster driver")                       |
+#      V                                             |
+# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC >------------------------+
+#      |
+#      V
+#     backend
+#
+#
+# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
+#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
+#
+##########################################################################
+

Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing +Problems

+This is a short description of how to debug printing problems +with Samba. This describes how to debug problems with printing from +a SMB client to a Samba server, not the other way around. +

Win9x client can't install driver

For Win9x clients require the printer names to be 8 +chars (or "8 plus 3 chars suffix") max; otherwise the driver files +won't get transferred when you want to download them from +Samba.

testparm

Run testparm: It will tell you if +smb.conf parameters are in the wrong +section. Many people have had the "printer admin" parameter in the +[printers] section and experienced +problems. "testparm" will tell you if it sees +this.

"cupsaddsmb" keeps asking for a root password in a +neverending loop

Have you security = user? Have +you used smbpasswd to give root a Samba account? +You can do 2 things: open another terminal and execute +smbpasswd -a root to create the account, and +continue with entering the password into the first terminal. Or break +out of the loop by hitting ENTER twice (without trying to type a +password).

"cupsaddsmb" gives "No PPD file for printer..." +message (but I swear there is one!)

Have you enabled printer sharing on CUPS? This means: +do you have a <Location +/printers>....</Location> section in CUPS +server's cupsd.conf which doesn't deny access to +the host you run "cupsaddsmb" from? It could be +an issue if you use cupsaddsmb remotely, or if you use it with a +-h parameter: cupsaddsmb -H +sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername. +
Is your +"TempDir" directive in +cupsd.conf +set to a valid value and is it writeable? +

I can't connect client to Samba printer.

Use smbstatus to check which user +you are from Samba's point of view. Do you have the privileges to +write into the [print$] +share?

I can't reconnect to Samba under a new account +from Win2K/XP

Once you are connected as the "wrong" user (for +example as "nobody", which often occurs if you have map to +guest = bad user), Windows Explorer will not accept an +attempt to connect again as a different user. There won't be any byte +transfered on the wire to Samba, but still you'll see a stupid error +message which makes you think that Samba has denied access. Use +smbstatus to check for active connections. Kill the +PIDs. You still can't re-connect and get the dreaded +You can't connect with a second account from the same +machine message, as soon as you are trying? And you +don't see any single byte arriving at Samba (see logs; use "ethereal") +indicating a renewed connection attempt? Shut all Explorer Windows. +This makes Windows forget what it has cached in its memory as +established connections. Then re-connect as the right user. Best +method is to use a DOS terminal window and first +do net use z: \\SAMBAHOST\print$ /user:root. Check +with smbstatus that you are connected under a +different account. Now open the "Printers" folder (on the Samba server +in the Network Neighbourhood), right-click the +printer in question and select +Connect...

Avoid being connected to the Samba server as the +"wrong" user

You see per smbstatus that you are +connected as user "nobody"; while you wanted to be "root" or +"printeradmin"? This is probably due to map to guest = bad +user, which silently connects you under the guest account, +when you gave (maybe by accident) an incorrect username. Remove +map to guest, if you want to prevent +this.

Upgrading to CUPS drivers from Adobe drivers on +NT/2K/XP clients gives problems

First delete all "old" Adobe-using printers. Then +delete all "old" Adobe drivers. (On Win2K/XP, right-click in +background of "Printers" folder, select "Server Properties...", select +tab "Drivers" and delete here).

I can't use "cupsaddsmb"on a Samba server which is +a PDC

Do you use the "naked" root user name? Try to do it +this way: cupsaddsmb -U DOMAINNAME\\root -v +printername (note the two backslashes: the first one is +required to "escape" the second one).

I deleted a printer on Win2K; but I still see +its driver

Deleting a printer on the client won't delete the +driver too (to verify, right-click on the white background of the +"Printers" folder, select "Server Properties" and click on the +"Drivers" tab). These same old drivers will be re-used when you try to +install a printer with the same name. If you want to update to a new +driver, delete the old ones first. Deletion is only possible if no +other printer uses the same driver.

Win2K/XP "Local Security +Policies"

Local Security Policies may not +allow the installation of unsigned drivers. "Local Security Policies" +may not allow the installation of printer drivers at +all.

WinXP clients: "Administrator can not install +printers for all local users"

Windows XP handles SMB printers on a "per-user" basis. +This means every user needs to install the printer himself. To have a +printer available for everybody, you might want to use the built-in +IPP client capabilities of WinXP. Add a printer with the print path of +http://cupsserver:631/printers/printername. +Still looking into this one: maybe a "logon script" could +automatically install printers for all +users.

"Print Change Notify" functions on +NT-clients

For "print change notify" functions on NT++ clients, +these need to run the "Server" service first (re-named to +File & Print Sharing for MS Networks in +XP).

WinXP-SP1

WinXP-SP1 introduced a Point and Print +Restriction Policy (this restriction doesn't apply to +"Administrator" or "Power User" groups of users). In Group Policy +Object Editor: go to User Configuration --> +Administrative Templates --> Control Panel --> +Printers. The policy is automatically set to +Enabled and the Users can only Point +and Print to machines in their Forest . You probably need +to change it to Disabled or Users can +only Point and Print to these servers in order to make +driver downloads from Samba possible.

I can't set and save default print options for all +users on Win2K/XP

How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way (it is not +very easy to find out, though). There are 3 different ways to bring +you to a dialog that seems to set everything. All +three dialogs look the same. Only one of them +does what you intend. You need to be +Administrator or Print Administrator to do this for all users. Here +is how I do in on XP: +

The first "wrong" way: + +
1. Open the Printers +folder.
2. Right-click on the printer +(remoteprinter on cupshost) and +select in context menu Printing +Preferences...
3. Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks +like.
+
The second "wrong" way: + +
1. Open the Printers +folder.
2. Right-click on the printer (remoteprinter on +cupshost) and select in the context menu +Properties
3. Click on the General +tab
4. Click on the button Printing +Preferences...
5. A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back +to the parent dialog.
+
The third, the "correct" way: (should you do +this from the beginning, just carry out steps 1. and 2. from second +"way" above) + +
1. Click on the Advanced +tab. (Hmmm... if everything is "Grayed Out", then you are not logged +in as a user with enough privileges).
2. Click on the Printing +Defaults... button.
3. On any of the two new tabs, click on the +Advanced... +button.
4. A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other, +identical looking one from "B.5" or A.3".
+

+Do you see any difference? I don't either... However, only the last +one, which you arrived at with steps "C.1.-6." will save any settings +permanently and be the defaults for new users. If you want all clients +to get the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps as +Administrator (printer admin in +smb.conf) before a client +downloads the driver (the clients can later set their own +per-user defaults by following the +procedures A. or B. +above).

What are the most common blunders in driver +settings on Windows clients?

Don't use Optimize for +Speed: use Optimize for +Portability instead (Adobe PS Driver) Don't use +Page Independence: No: always +settle with Page Independence: +Yes (Microsoft PS Driver and CUPS PS Driver for +WinNT/2K/XP) If there are problems with fonts: use +Download as Softfont into +printer (Adobe PS Driver). For +TrueType Download Options +choose Outline. Use PostScript +Level 2, if you are having trouble with a non-PS printer, and if +there is a choice.

I can't make cupsaddsmb work +with newly installed printer

Symptom: the last command of +cupsaddsmb doesn't complete successfully: +cmd = setdriver printername printername result was +NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL then possibly the printer was not yet +"recognized" by Samba. Did it show up in Network +Neighbourhood? Did it show up in rpcclient +hostname -c 'enumprinters'? Restart smbd (or send a +kill -HUP to all processes listed by +smbstatus and try +again.

My permissions on +/var/spool/samba/ get reset after each +reboot

Have you by accident set the CUPS spool directory to +the same location? (RequestRoot +/var/spool/samba/ in cupsd.conf or +the other way round: /var/spool/cups/ is set as +path in the [printers] +section). These must be different. Set +RequestRoot /var/spool/cups/ in +cupsd.conf and path = +/var/spool/samba in the [printers] +section of smb.conf. Otherwise cupsd will +sanitize permissions to its spool directory with each restart, and +printing will not work reliably.

My printers work fine: just the printer named "lp" +intermittently swallows jobs and spits out completely different +ones

It is a very bad idea to name any printer "lp". This +is the traditional Unix name for the default printer. CUPS may be set +up to do an automatic creation of "Implicit Classes". This means, to +group all printers with the same name to a pool of devices, and +loadbalancing the jobs across them in a round-robin fashion. Chances +are high that someone else has an "lp" named printer too. You may +receive his jobs and send your own to his device unwittingly. To have +tight control over the printer names, set BrowseShortNames +No. It will present any printer as "printername@cupshost" +then, giving you a better control over what may happen in a large +networked environment.

How do I "watch" my Samba server?

You can use tail -f +/var/log/samba/log.smbd (you may need a different path) to +see a live scrolling of all log messages. smbcontrol smbd +debuglevel tells you which verbosity goes into the +logs. smbcontrol smbd debug 3 sets the verbosity to +a quite high level (you can choose from 0 to 10 or 100). This works +"on the fly", without the need to restart the smbd daemon. Don't use +more than 3 initially; or you'll drown in an ocean of +messages.

I can't use Samba from my WinXP Home box, while +access from WinXP Prof works flawlessly

You have our condolences! WinXP home has been +completely neutered by Microsoft as compared to WinXP Prof: you can +not log into a WinNT domain. It cannot join a Win NT domain as a +member server. While it is possible to access domain resources, users +don't have "single sign-on". They need to supply username and password +each time they connect to a resource. Logon scripts and roaming +profiles are not supported. It can serve file and print shares; but +only in "share-mode security" level. It can not use "user-mode +security" (what Windows 95/98/ME still can +do).

Where do I find the Adobe PostScript driver files +I need for "cupsaddsmb"?

Use smbclient to connect to any +Windows box with a shared PostScript printer: smbclient +//windowsbox/print\$ -U guest. You can navigate to the +W32X86/2 subdir to mget ADOBE* +and other files or to WIN40/0 to do the same. -- +Another option is to download the *.exe packaged +files from the Adobe website.

An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes

Figure 19.15. CUPS Printing Overview

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Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support	Home	Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/ClientConfig.html b/docs/htmldocs/ClientConfig.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..395be92345 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/ClientConfig.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide

Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide
Prev	Part II. Server Configuration Basics	Next

Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Note

Note

+This chapter did not make it into this release. +It is planned for the published release of this document. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 8. Stand-Alone Servers	Home	Part III. Advanced Configuration

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/DNSDHCP.html b/docs/htmldocs/DNSDHCP.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dadf6b989a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/DNSDHCP.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide

Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide
Prev	Part VI. Appendixes	Next

Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Note

Note

+This chapter did not make it into this release. +It is planned for the published release of this document. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 39. Samba Performance Tuning	Home	Chapter 41. Further Resources

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/FastStart.html b/docs/htmldocs/FastStart.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dbb85dea6e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/FastStart.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Chapter 3. Fast Start for the Impatient

Chapter 3. Fast Start for the Impatient
Prev	Part I. General Installation	Next

Chapter 3. Fast Start for the Impatient

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Note

Note

+This chapter did not make it into this release. +It is planned for the published release of this document. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 2. How to Install and Test SAMBA	Home	Part II. Server Configuration Basics

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/Further-Resources.html b/docs/htmldocs/Further-Resources.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8030190ed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/Further-Resources.html @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +Chapter 41. Further Resources

Chapter 41. Further Resources
Prev	Part VI. Appendixes	Next

Chapter 41. Further Resources

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

David Lechnyr

Unofficial HOWTO

<david@lechnyr.com>

May 1, 2003

Table of Contents

Websites
Related updates from Microsoft
Books

Websites

Related updates from Microsoft

Books

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide	Home	Index

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/InterdomainTrusts.html b/docs/htmldocs/InterdomainTrusts.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8938b84c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/InterdomainTrusts.html @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +Chapter 16. Interdomain Trust Relationships

Chapter 16. Interdomain Trust Relationships
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 16. Interdomain Trust Relationships

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Rafal Szczesniak

Samba Team

<mimir@samba.org>

April 3, 2003

Table of Contents

Trust Relationship Background

Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration

NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)
NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)

Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts

Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain
Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain

-- +Linus Torvalds, from an interview with BOOT Magazine, Sept 1998 +

Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba

+Samba-3 supports NT4 style domain trust relationships. This is feature that many sites +will want to use if they migrate to Samba-3 from and NT4 style domain and do NOT want to +adopt Active Directory or an LDAP based authentication back end. This section explains +some background information regarding trust relationships and how to create them. It is now +possible for Samba-3 to NT4 trust (and vice versa), as well as Samba3 to Samba3 trusts. +

Features and Benefits

+Samba-3 can participate in Samba-to-Samba as well as in Samba-to-MS Windows NT4 style +trust relationships. This imparts to Samba similar scalability as is possible with +MS Windows NT4. +

+Given that Samba-3 has the capability to function with a scalable backend authentication +database such as LDAP, and given it's ability to run in Primary as well as Backup Domain control +modes, the administrator would be well advised to consider alternatives to the use of +Interdomain trusts simply because by the very nature of how this works it is fragile. +That was, after all, a key reason for the development and adoption of Microsoft Active Directory. +

Trust Relationship Background

+MS Windows NT3.x/4.0 type security domains employ a non-hierarchical security structure. +The limitations of this architecture as it affects the scalability of MS Windows networking +in large organisations is well known. Additionally, the flat-name space that results from +this design significantly impacts the delegation of administrative responsibilities in +large and diverse organisations. +

+Microsoft developed Active Directory Service (ADS), based on Kerberos and LDAP, as a means +of circumventing the limitations of the older technologies. Not every organisation is ready +or willing to embrace ADS. For small companies the older NT4 style domain security paradigm +is quite adequate, there thus remains an entrenched user base for whom there is no direct +desire to go through a disruptive change to adopt ADS. +

+Microsoft introduced with MS Windows NT the ability to allow differing security domains +to affect a mechanism so that users from one domain may be given access rights and privileges +in another domain. The language that describes this capability is couched in terms of +Trusts. Specifically, one domain will trust the users +from another domain. The domain from which users are available to another security domain is +said to be a trusted domain. The domain in which those users have assigned rights and privileges +is the trusting domain. With NT3.x/4.0 all trust relationships are always in one direction only, +thus if users in both domains are to have privileges and rights in each others' domain, then it is +necessary to establish two (2) relationships, one in each direction. +

+In an NT4 style MS security domain, all trusts are non-transitive. This means that if there +are three (3) domains (let's call them RED, WHITE, and BLUE) where RED and WHITE have a trust +relationship, and WHITE and BLUE have a trust relationship, then it holds that there is no +implied trust between the RED and BLUE domains. ie: Relationships are explicit and not +transitive. +

+New to MS Windows 2000 ADS security contexts is the fact that trust relationships are two-way +by default. Also, all inter-ADS domain trusts are transitive. In the case of the RED, WHITE and BLUE +domains above, with Windows 2000 and ADS the RED and BLUE domains CAN trust each other. This is +an inherent feature of ADS domains. Samba-3 implements MS Windows NT4 +style Interdomain trusts and interoperates with MS Windows 200x ADS +security domains in similar manner to MS Windows NT4 style domains. +

Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration

+There are two steps to creating an interdomain trust relationship. +

NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)

+For MS Windows NT4, all domain trust relationships are configured using the +Domain User Manager. To affect a two way trust relationship it is +necessary for each domain administrator to make available (for use by an external domain) it's +security resources. This is done from the Domain User Manager Policies entry on the menu bar. +From the Policy menu, select Trust Relationships, then +next to the lower box that is labelled Permitted to Trust this Domain are two +buttons, Add and Remove. The Add +button will open a panel in which needs to be entered the remote domain that will be able to assign +user rights to your domain. In addition it is necessary to enter a password +that is specific to this trust relationship. The password needs to be +typed twice (for standard confirmation). +

NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)

+A trust relationship will work only when the other (trusting) domain makes the appropriate connections +with the trusted domain. To consummate the trust relationship the administrator will launch the +Domain User Manager, from the menu select Policies, then select Trust Relationships, then click on the +Add button that is next to the box that is labelled +Trusted Domains. A panel will open in which must be entered the name of the remote +domain as well as the password assigned to that trust. +

Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts

+This description is meant to be a fairly short introduction about how to set up a Samba server so +that it could participate in interdomain trust relationships. Trust relationship support in Samba +is in its early stage, so lot of things don't work yet. +

+Each of the procedures described below is treated as they were performed with Windows NT4 Server on +one end. The remote end could just as well be another Samba-3 domain. It can be clearly seen, after +reading this document, that combining Samba-specific parts of what's written below leads to trust +between domains in purely Samba environment. +

Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain

+In order to set the Samba PDC to be the trusted party of the relationship first you need +to create special account for the domain that will be the trusting party. To do that, +you can use the 'smbpasswd' utility. Creating the trusted domain account is very +similar to creating a trusted machine account. Suppose, your domain is +called SAMBA, and the remote domain is called RUMBA. The first step +will be to issue this command from your favourite shell: +

+root#  smbpasswd -a -i rumba
+	New SMB password: XXXXXXXX
+	Retype SMB password: XXXXXXXX
+	Added user rumba$
+

+ +where -a means to add a new account into the +passdb database and -i means: ''create this +account with the InterDomain trust flag'' +

+The account name will be 'rumba$' (the name of the remote domain) +

+After issuing this command you'll be asked to enter the password for +the account. You can use any password you want, but be aware that Windows NT will +not change this password until 7 days following account creation. +After the command returns successfully, you can look at the entry for the new account +(in the standard way depending on your configuration) and see that account's name is +really RUMBA$ and it has 'I' flag in the flags field. Now you're ready to confirm +the trust by establishing it from Windows NT Server. +

+Open User Manager for Domains and from menu +Policies select Trust Relationships.... +Right beside Trusted domains list box press the +Add... button. You will be prompted for +the trusted domain name and the relationship password. Type in SAMBA, as this is +your domain name, and the password used at the time of account creation. +Press OK and, if everything went without incident, you will see +Trusted domain relationship successfully +established message. +

Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain

+This time activities are somewhat reversed. Again, we'll assume that your domain +controlled by the Samba PDC is called SAMBA and NT-controlled domain is called RUMBA. +

+The very first thing requirement is to add an account for the SAMBA domain on RUMBA's PDC. +

+Launch the Domain User Manager, then from the menu select +Policies, Trust Relationships. +Now, next to Trusted Domains box press the Add +button, and type in the name of the trusted domain (SAMBA) and password securing +the relationship. +

+The password can be arbitrarily chosen. It is easy to change the password +from the Samba server whenever you want. After confirming the password your account is +ready for use. Now it's Samba's turn. +

+Using your favourite shell while being logged in as root, issue this command: +

+root# net rpc trustdom establish rumba +

+You will be prompted for the password you just typed on your Windows NT4 Server box. +Do not worry if you see an error message that mentions a returned code of +NT_STATUS_NOLOGON_INTERDOMAIN_TRUST_ACCOUNT. It means the +password you gave is correct and the NT4 Server says the account is +ready for interdomain connection and not for ordinary +connection. After that, be patient it can take a while (especially +in large networks), you should see the Success message. +Congratulations! Your trust relationship has just been established. +

Note

+Note that you have to run this command as root because you must have write access to +the secrets.tdb file. +

Common Errors

+Interdomain trust relationships should NOT be attempted on networks that are unstable +or that suffer regular outages. Network stability and integrity are key concerns with +distributed trusted domains. +

Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba

+ Like many, I administer multiple LANs connected together using NT trust + relationships. This was implemented about 4 years ago. I now have the + occasion to consider performing this same task again, but this time, I + would like to implement it solely through samba - no Microsoft PDCs + anywhere. +

+ I have read documentation on samba.org regarding NT-style trust + relationships and am now wondering, can I do what I want to? I already + have successfully implemented 2 samba servers, but they are not PDCs. + They merely act as file servers. I seem to remember, and it appears to + be true (according to samba.org) that trust relationships are a + challenge. +

+ Please provide any helpful feedback that you may have. +

+ These are almost complete in Samba 3.0 snapshots. The main catch + is getting winbindd to be able to allocate UID/GIDs for trusted + users/groups. See the updated Samba HOWTO collection for more + details. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 15. Securing Samba	Home	Chapter 17. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/IntroSMB.html b/docs/htmldocs/IntroSMB.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f9c2539112 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/IntroSMB.html @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba

Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba
Prev	Part I. General Installation	Next

Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba

David Lechnyr

Unofficial HOWTO

<david@lechnyr.com>

April 14, 2003

Table of Contents

Background
Terminology
Related Projects
SMB Methodology
Epilogue
Miscellaneous

“ +"If you understand what you're doing, you're not learning anything." +-- Anonymous +”

+Samba is a file and print server for Windows-based clients using TCP/IP as the underlying +transport protocol. In fact, it can support any SMB/CIFS-enabled client. One of Samba's big +strengths is that you can use it to blend your mix of Windows and Linux machines together +without requiring a separate Windows NT/2000/2003 Server. Samba is actively being developed +by a global team of about 30 active programmers and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell. +

Background

+Once long ago, there was a buzzword referred to as DCE/RPC. This stood for Distributed +Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Calls and conceptually was a good idea. It was +originally developed by Apollo/HP as NCA 1.0 (Network Computing Architecture) and only +ran over UDP. When there was a need to run it over TCP so that it would be compatible +with DECnet 3.0, it was redesigned, submitted to The Open Group, and officially became +known as DCE/RPC. Microsoft came along and decided, rather than pay $20 per seat to +license this technology, to reimplement DCE/RPC themselves as MSRPC. From this, the +concept continued in the form of SMB (Server Message Block, or the "what") using the +NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System, or the "how") compatibility layer. You can +run SMB (i.e., transport) over several different protocols; many different implementations +arose as a result, including NBIPX (NetBIOS over IPX, NwLnkNb, or NWNBLink) and NBT +(NetBIOS over TCP/IP, or NetBT). As the years passed, NBT became the most common form +of implementation until the advance of "Direct-Hosted TCP" -- the Microsoft marketing +term for eliminating NetBIOS entirely and running SMB by itself across TCP port 445 +only. As of yet, direct-hosted TCP has yet to catch on. +

+Perhaps the best summary of the origins of SMB are voiced in the 1997 article titled, CIFS: +Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny: +

+Several megabytes of NT-security archives, random whitepapers, RFCs, the CIFS spec, the Samba +stuff, a few MS knowledge-base articles, strings extracted from binaries, and packet dumps have +been dutifully waded through during the information-gathering stages of this project, and there +are *still* many missing pieces... While often tedious, at least the way has been generously +littered with occurrences of clapping hand to forehead and muttering 'crikey, what are they +thinking? +

Terminology

+ SMB: Acronym for "Server Message Block". This is Microsoft's file and printer sharing protocol. +
+ CIFS: Acronym for "Common Internet File System". Around 1996, Microsoft apparently + decided that SMB needed the word "Internet" in it, so they changed it to CIFS. +
+ Direct-Hosted: A method of providing file/printer sharing services over port 445/tcp + only using DNS for name resolution instead of WINS. +
+ IPC: Acronym for "Inter-Process Communication". A method to communicate specific + information between programs. +
+ Marshalling: - A method of serializing (i.e., sequential ordering of) variable data + suitable for transmission via a network connection or storing in a file. The source + data can be re-created using a similar process called unmarshalling. +
+ NetBIOS: Acronym for "Network Basic Input/Output System". This is not a protocol; + it is a method of communication across an existing protocol. This is a standard which + was originally developed for IBM by Sytek in 1983. To exaggerate the analogy a bit, + it can help to think of this in comparison your computer's BIOS -- it controls the + essential functions of your input/output hardware -- whereas NetBIOS controls the + essential functions of your input/output traffic via the network. Again, this is a bit + of an exaggeration but it should help that paradigm shift. What is important to realize + is that NetBIOS is a transport standard, not a protocol. Unfortunately, even technically + brilliant people tend to interchange NetBIOS with terms like NetBEUI without a second + thought; this will cause no end (and no doubt) of confusion. +
+ NetBEUI: Acronym for the "NetBIOS Extended User Interface". Unlike NetBIOS, NetBEUI + is a protocol, not a standard. It is also not routable, so traffic on one side of a + router will be unable to communicate with the other side. Understanding NetBEUI is + not essential to deciphering SMB; however it helps to point out that it is not the + same as NetBIOS and to improve your score in trivia at parties. NetBEUI was originally + referred to by Microsoft as "NBF", or "The Windows NT NetBEUI Frame protocol driver". + It is not often heard from these days. +
+ NBT: Acronym for "NetBIOS over TCP"; also known as "NetBT". Allows the continued use + of NetBIOS traffic proxied over TCP/IP. As a result, NetBIOS names are made + to IP addresses and NetBIOS name types are conceptually equivalent to TCP/IP ports. + This is how file and printer sharing are accomplished in Windows 95/98/ME. They + traditionally rely on three ports: NetBIOS Name Service (nbname) via UDP port 137, + NetBIOS Datagram Service (nbdatagram) via UDP port 138, and NetBIOS Session Service + (nbsession) via TCP port 139. All name resolution is done via WINS, NetBIOS broadcasts, + and DNS. NetBIOS over TCP is documented in RFC 1001 (Concepts and methods) and RFC 1002 + (Detailed specifications). +
+ W2K: Acronym for Windows 2000 Professional or Server +
+ W3K: Acronym for Windows 2003 Server +

If you plan on getting help, make sure to subscribe to the Samba Mailing List (available at +http://www.samba.org). +

Related Projects

+There are currently two network filesystem client projects for Linux that are directly +related to Samba: SMBFS and CIFS VFS. These are both available in the Linux kernel itself. +

+ SMBFS (Server Message Block File System) allows you to mount SMB shares (the protocol + that Microsoft Windows and OS/2 Lan Manager use to share files and printers + over local networks) and access them just like any other Unix directory. This is useful + if you just want to mount such filesystems without being a SMBFS server. +
+ CIFS VFS (Common Internet File System Virtual File System) is the successor to SMBFS, and + is being actively developed for the upcoming version of the Linux kernel. The intent of this module + is to provide advanced network file system functionality including support for dfs (hierarchical + name space), secure per-user session establishment, safe distributed caching (oplock), + optional packet signing, Unicode and other internationalization improvements, and optional + Winbind (nsswitch) integration. +

+Again, it's important to note that these are implementations for client filesystems, and have +nothing to do with acting as a file and print server for SMB/CIFS clients. +

+There are other Open Source CIFS client implementations, such as the +jCIFS project +which provides an SMB client toolkit written in Java. +

SMB Methodology

+Traditionally, SMB uses UDP port 137 (NetBIOS name service, or netbios-ns), +UDP port 138 (NetBIOS datagram service, or netbios-dgm), and TCP port 139 (NetBIOS +session service, or netbios-ssn). Anyone looking at their network with a good +packet sniffer will be amazed at the amount of traffic generated by just opening +up a single file. In general, SMB sessions are established in the following order: +

+ "TCP Connection" - establish 3-way handshake (connection) to port 139/tcp + or 445/tcp. +
+ "NetBIOS Session Request" - using the following "Calling Names": The local + machine's NetBIOS name plus the 16th character 0x00; The server's NetBIOS + name plus the 16th character 0x20 +
+ "SMB Negotiate Protocol" - determine the protocol dialect to use, which will + be one of the following: PC Network Program 1.0 (Core) - share level security + mode only; Microsoft Networks 1.03 (Core Plus) - share level security + mode only; Lanman1.0 (LAN Manager 1.0) - uses Challenge/Response + Authentication; Lanman2.1 (LAN Manager 2.1) - uses Challenge/Response + Authentication; NT LM 0.12 (NT LM 0.12) - uses Challenge/Response + Authentication +
+ SMB Session Startup. Passwords are encrypted (or not) according to one of + the following methods: Null (no encryption); Cleartext (no encryption); LM + and NTLM; NTLM; NTLMv2 +
+ SMB Tree Connect: Connect to a share name (e.g., \\servername\share); Connect + to a service type (e.g., IPC$ named pipe) +

+A good way to examine this process in depth is to try out +SecurityFriday's SWB program. +It allows you to walk through the establishment of a SMB/CIFS session step by step. +

Epilogue

“ +What's fundamentally wrong is that nobody ever had any taste when they +did it. Microsoft has been very much into making the user interface look good, +but internally it's just a complete mess. And even people who program for Microsoft +and who have had years of experience, just don't know how it works internally. +Worse, nobody dares change it. Nobody dares to fix bugs because it's such a +mess that fixing one bug might just break a hundred programs that depend on +that bug. And Microsoft isn't interested in anyone fixing bugs -- they're interested +in making money. They don't have anybody who takes pride in Windows 95 as an +operating system. +”

“ +People inside Microsoft know it's a bad operating system and they still +continue obviously working on it because they want to get the next version out +because they want to have all these new features to sell more copies of the +system. +”

“ +The problem with that is that over time, when you have this kind of approach, +and because nobody understands it, because nobody REALLY fixes bugs (other than +when they're really obvious), the end result is really messy. You can't trust +it because under certain circumstances it just spontaneously reboots or just +halts in the middle of something that shouldn't be strange. Normally it works +fine and then once in a blue moon for some completely unknown reason, it's dead, +and nobody knows why. Not Microsoft, not the experienced user and certainly +not the completely clueless user who probably sits there shivering thinking +"What did I do wrong?" when they didn't do anything wrong at all. +”

“ +That's what's really irritating to me." +”

Miscellaneous

+This chapter is Copyright 2003 David Lechnyr (david at lechnyr dot com). +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms +of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free +Software Foundation. A copy of the license is available at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt. +

Prev	Up	Next
Part I. General Installation	Home	Chapter 2. How to Install and Test SAMBA

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/NT4Migration.html b/docs/htmldocs/NT4Migration.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72c6269f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/NT4Migration.html @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC

Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC
Prev	Part IV. Migration and Updating	Next

Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Planning and Getting Started

April 3, 2003

Table of Contents

Objectives
Steps In Migration Process

Migration Options

Planning for Success
Samba Implementation Choices

+This is a rough guide to assist those wishing to migrate from NT4 domain control to +Samba-3 based domain control. +

Planning and Getting Started

+In the IT world there is often a saying that all problems are encountered because of +poor planning. The corollary to this saying is that not all problems can be anticipated +and planned for. Then again, good planning will anticipate most show stopper type situations. +

+Those wishing to migrate from MS Windows NT4 domain control to a Samba-3 domain control +environment would do well to develop a detailed migration plan. So here are a few pointers to +help migration get under way. +

Objectives

+The key objective for most organisations will be to make the migration from MS Windows NT4 +to Samba-3 domain control as painless as possible. One of the challenges you may experience +in your migration process may well be one of convincing management that the new environment +should remain in place. Many who have introduced open source technologies have experienced +pressure to return to a Microsoft based platform solution at the first sign of trouble. +

+It is strongly advised that before attempting a migration to a Samba-3 controlled network +that every possible effort be made to gain all-round commitment to the change. Firstly, you +should know precisely why the change is important for the organisation. +Possible motivations to make a change include: +

Improve network manageability

Obtain better user level functionality

Reduce network operating costs

Reduce exposure caused by Microsoft withdrawal of NT4 support

Avoid MS License 6 implications

Reduce organisation's dependency on Microsoft

+It is vital that it be well recognised that Samba-3 is NOT MS Windows NT4. Samba-3 offers +an alternative solution that is both different from MS Windows NT4 and that offers some +advantages compared with it. It should also be recognised that Samba-3 lacks many of the +features that Microsoft has promoted as core values in migration from MS Windows NT4 to +MS Windows 2000 and beyond (with or without Active Directory services). +

+What are the features that Samba-3 can NOT provide? +

Active Directory Server

Group Policy Objects (in Active Directory)

Machine Policy objects

Logon Scripts in Active Directory

Software Application and Access Controls in Active Directory

+The features that Samba-3 DOES provide and that may be of compelling interest to your site +includes: +

Lower Cost of Ownership

Global availability of support with no strings attached

Dynamic SMB Servers (ie:Can run more than one server per Unix/Linux system)

Creation of on-the-fly logon scripts

Creation of on-the-fly Policy Files

Greater Stability, Reliability, Performance and Availability

Manageability via an ssh connection

Flexible choices of back-end authentication technologies (tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam)

Ability to implement a full single-sign-on architecture

Ability to distribute authentication systems for absolute minimum wide area network bandwidth demand

+Before migrating a network from MS Windows NT4 to Samba-3 it is vital that all necessary factors are +considered. Users should be educated about changes they may experience so that the change will be a +welcome one and not become an obstacle to the work they need to do. The following are some of the +factors that will go into a successful migration: +

Domain Layout

+Samba-3 can be configured as a domain controller, a back-up domain controller (probably best called +a secondary controller), a domain member, or as a stand-alone server. The Windows network security +domain context should be sized and scoped before implementation. Particular attention needs to be +paid to the location of the primary domain controller (PDC) as well as backup controllers (BDCs). +It should be noted that one way in which Samba-3 differs from Microsoft technology is that if one +chooses to use an LDAP authentication backend then the same database can be used by several different +domains. This means that in a complex organisation there can be a single LDAP database, that itself +can be distributed, that can simultaneously serve multiple domains (that can also be widely distributed). +

+It is recommended that from a design perspective, the number of users per server, as well as the number +of servers, per domain should be scaled according to needs and should also consider server capacity +and network bandwidth. +

+A physical network segment may house several domains, each of which may span multiple network segments. +Where domains span routed network segments it is most advisable to consider and test the performance +implications of the design and layout of a network. A Centrally located domain controller that is being +designed to serve multiple routed network segments may result in severe performance problems if the +response time (eg: ping timing) between the remote segment and the PDC is more than 100 ms. In situations +where the delay is too long it is highly recommended to locate a backup controller (BDC) to serve as +the local authentication and access control server. +

Server Share and Directory Layout

+There are few cardinal rules to effective network design that can be broken with impunity. +The most important rule of effective network management is that simplicity is king in every +well controlled network. Every part of the infrastructure must be managed, the more complex +it is, the greater will be the demand of keeping systems secure and functional. +

+The nature of the data that must be stored needs to be born in mind when deciding how many +shares must be created. The physical disk space layout should also be taken into account +when designing where share points will be created. Keep in mind that all data needs to be +backed up, thus the simpler the disk layout the easier it will be to keep track of what must +be backed up to tape or other off-line storage medium. Always plan and implement for minimum +maintenance. Leave nothing to chance in your design, above all, do not leave backups to chance: +Backup and test, validate every backup, create a disaster recovery plan and prove that it works. +

+Users should be grouped according to data access control needs. File and directory access +is best controlled via group permissions and the use of the "sticky bit" on group controlled +directories may substantially avoid file access complaints from samba share users. +

+Many network administrators who are new to the game will attempt to use elaborate techniques +to set access controls, on files, directories, shares, as well as in share definitions. +There is the ever present danger that that administrator's successor will not understand the +complex mess that has been inherited. Remember, apparent job security through complex design +and implementation may ultimately cause loss of operations and downtime to users as the new +administrator learns to untangle your web. Keep access controls simple and effective and +make sure that users will never be interrupted by the stupidity of complexity. +

Logon Scripts

+Please refer to the section of this document on Advanced Network Administration for information +regarding the network logon script options for Samba-3. Logon scripts can help to ensure that +all users gain share and printer connections they need. +

+Logon scripts can be created on-the-fly so that all commands executed are specific to the +rights and privileges granted to the user. The preferred controls should be affected through +group membership so that group information can be used to custom create a logon script using +the root preexec parameters to the NETLOGON share. +

+Some sites prefer to use a tool such as kixstart to establish a controlled +user environment. In any case you may wish to do a google search for logon script process controls. +In particular, you may wish to explore the use of the Microsoft knowledgebase article KB189105 that +deals with how to add printers without user intervention via the logon script process. +

Profile Migration/Creation

+User and Group Profiles may be migrated using the tools described in the section titled Desktop Profile +Management. +

+Profiles may also be managed using the Samba-3 tool profiles. This tool allows +the MS Windows NT style security identifiers (SIDs) that are stored inside the profile NTuser.DAT file +to be changed to the SID of the Samba-3 domain. +

User and Group Accounts

+It is possible to migrate all account settings from an MS Windows NT4 domain to Samba-3. Before +attempting to migrate user and group accounts it is STRONGLY advised to create in Samba-3 the +groups that are present on the MS Windows NT4 domain AND to connect these to +suitable Unix/Linux groups. Following this simple advice will mean that all user and group attributes +should migrate painlessly. +

Steps In Migration Process

+The approximate migration process is described below. +

+You will have an NT4 PDC that has the users, groups, policies and profiles to be migrated +
+Samba-3 set up as a DC with netlogon share, profile share, etc. +

Procedure 31.1. The Account Migration Process

Create a BDC account for the samba server using NT Server Manager
1. Samba must NOT be running
rpcclient NT4PDC -U Administrator%passwd
1. lsaquery
2. Note the SID returned
net getsid -S NT4PDC -w DOMNAME -U Administrator%passwd
1. Note the SID
net getlocalsid
1. Note the SID, now check that all three SIDS reported are the same!
net rpc join -S NT4PDC -w DOMNAME -U Administrator%passwd
net rpc vampire -S NT4PDC -U administrator%passwd
pdbedit -L
1. Note - did the users migrate?
initGrps.sh DOMNAME
net groupmap list
1. Now check that all groups are recognised
net rpc vampire -S NT4PDC -U administrator%passwd
pdbedit -Lv
1. Note - check that all group membership has been migrated

+Now it is time to migrate all the profiles, then migrate all policy files. +More later. +

Migration Options

+Based on feedback from many sites as well as from actual installation and maintenance +experience sites that wish to migrate from MS Windows NT4 Domain Control to a Samba +based solution fit into three basic categories. +

Table 31.1. The 3 Major Site Types

Number of Users	Description
< 50	Want simple conversion with NO pain
50 - 250	Want new features, can manage some in-house complexity
> 250	Solution/Implementation MUST scale well, complex needs. Cross departmental decision process. Local expertise in most areas

Planning for Success

+There are three basic choices for sites that intend to migrate from MS Windows NT4 +to Samba-3. +

+ Simple Conversion (total replacement) +
+ Upgraded Conversion (could be one of integration) +
+ Complete Redesign (completely new solution) +

+No matter what choice you make, the following rules will minimise down-stream problems: +

+ Take sufficient time +
+ Avoid Panic +
+ Test ALL assumptions +
+ Test full roll-out program, including workstation deployment +

Table 31.2. Nature of the Conversion Choices

Simple	Upgraded	Redesign
Make use of minimal OS specific features	Translate NT4 features to new host OS features	Decide:
Suck all accounts from NT4 into Samba-3	Copy and improve:	Authentication Regime (database location and access)
Make least number of operational changes	Make progressive improvements	Desktop Management Methods
Take least amount of time to migrate	Minimise user impact	Better Control of Desktops / Users
Live versus Isolated Conversion	Maximise functionality	Identify Needs for: Manageability, Scalability, Security, Availability
Integrate Samba-3 then migrate while users are active, then Change of control (ie: swap out)	Take advantage of lower maintenance opportunity

Samba Implementation Choices

+Authentication database back end
+	Winbind (external Samba or NT4/200x server)
+	Can use pam_mkhomedir.so to auto-create home dirs
+	External server could use Active Directory or NT4 Domain
+
+Database type
+	smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam
+
+Access Control Points
+	On the Share itself (Use NT4 Server Manager)
+	On the file system
+	Unix permissions on files and directories
+	Enable Posix ACLs in file system?
+	Through Samba share parameters
+		Not recommended - except as only resort
+
+Policies (migrate or create new ones)
+	Group Policy Editor (NT4)
+	Watch out for Tattoo effect
+
+User and Group Profiles
+	Platform specific so use platform tool to change from a Local
+	to a Roaming profile Can use new profiles tool to change SIDs
+	(NTUser.DAT)
+
+Logon Scripts (Know how they work)
+
+User and Group mapping to Unix/Linux
+	username map facility may be needed
+	Use 'net groupmap' to connect NT4 groups to Unix groups
+	Use pdbedit to set/change user configuration
+NOTE:
+If migrating to LDAP back end it may be easier to dump initial LDAP database
+to LDIF, then edit, then reload into LDAP
+
+	OS specific scripts / programs may be needed
+		Add / delete Users
+			Note OS limits on size of name (Linux 8 chars)
+				NT4 up to 254 chars
+		Add / delete machines
+			Applied only to domain members (note up to 16 chars)
+		Add / delete Groups
+			Note OS limits on size and nature
+				Linux limit is 16 char,
+				no spaces and no upper case chars (groupadd)
+
+Migration Tools
+	Domain Control (NT4 Style)
+	Profiles, Policies, Access Controls, Security
+
+Migration Tools
+	Samba: net, rpcclient, smbpasswd, pdbedit, profiles
+	Windows: NT4 Domain User Manager, Server Manager (NEXUS)
+
+Authentication
+	New SAM back end (smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam)
+

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0	Home	Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/NetworkBrowsing.html b/docs/htmldocs/NetworkBrowsing.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb4d9858ca --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/NetworkBrowsing.html @@ -0,0 +1,957 @@ +Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide

Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

July 5, 1998

Updated: April 21, 2003

+This document contains detailed information as well as a fast track guide to +implementing browsing across subnets and / or across workgroups (or domains). +WINS is the best tool for resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses. WINS is +NOT involved in browse list handling except by way of name to address resolution. +

Note

+MS Windows 2000 and later can be configured to operate with NO NetBIOS +over TCP/IP. Samba-3 and later also supports this mode of operation. +When the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP has been disabled then the primary +means for resolution of MS Windows machine names is via DNS and Active Directory. +The following information assumes that your site is running NetBIOS over TCP/IP. +

Features and Benefits

+Someone once referred to the past in terms of: They were the worst of times, +they were the best of times. The more we look back, them more we long for what was and +hope it never returns!. +

+For many MS Windows network administrators, that statement sums up their feelings about +NetBIOS networking precisely. For those who mastered NetBIOS networking, its fickle +nature was just par for the course. For those who never quite managed to tame its +lusty features, NetBIOS is like Paterson's Curse. +

+For those not familiar with botanical problems in Australia: Paterson's curse, +Echium plantagineum, was introduced to Australia from Europe during the mid-nineteenth +century. Since then it has spread rapidly. The high seed production, with densities of +thousands of seeds per square metre, a seed longevity of more than seven years, and an +ability to germinate at any time of year, given the right conditions, are some of the +features which make it such a persistent weed. +

+In this chapter we explore vital aspects of SMB (Server Message Block) networking with +a particular focus on SMB as implemented through running NetBIOS (Network Basic +Input / Output System) over TCP/IP. Since Samba does NOT implement SMB or NetBIOS over +any other protocols we need to know how to configure our network environment and simply +remember to use nothing but TCP/IP on all our MS Windows network clients. +

+Samba provides the ability to implement a WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server) +and implements extensions to Microsoft's implementation of WINS. These extensions +help Samba to affect stable WINS operations beyond the normal scope of MS WINS. +

+Please note that WINS is exclusively a service that applies only to those systems +that run NetBIOS over TCP/IP. MS Windows 200x / XP have the capacity to turn off +support for NetBIOS, in which case WINS is of no relevance. Samba-3 supports this also. +

+For those networks on which NetBIOS has been disabled (ie: WINS is NOT required) +the use of DNS is necessary for host name resolution. +

What is Browsing?

+To most people browsing means that they can see the MS Windows and Samba servers +in the Network Neighborhood, and when the computer icon for a particular server is +clicked, it opens up and shows the shares and printers available on the target server. +

+What seems so simple is in fact a very complex interaction of different technologies. +The technologies (or methods) employed in making all of this work includes: +

MS Windows machines register their presence to the network

Machines announce themselves to other machines on the network

One or more machine on the network collates the local announcements

The client machine finds the machine that has the collated list of machines

The client machine is able to resolve the machine names to IP addresses

The client machine is able to connect to a target machine

+The Samba application that controls browse list management and name resolution is +called nmbd. The configuration parameters involved in nmbd's operation are: +

+		
+	Browsing options:
+	-----------------
+		* os level
+		  lm announce
+		  lm interval
+		* preferred master
+		* local master
+		* domain master
+		  browse list
+		  enhanced browsing
+
+	Name Resolution Method:
+	-----------------------
+		* name resolve order
+
+	WINS options:
+	-------------
+		  dns proxy
+		  wins proxy
+		* wins server
+		* wins support
+		  wins hook
+

+For Samba, the WINS Server and WINS Support are mutually exclusive options. Those marked with +an '*' are the only options that commonly MAY need to be modified. Even if not one of these +parameters is set nmbd will still do it's job. +

Discussion

+Firstly, all MS Windows networking uses SMB (Server Message Block) based messaging. +SMB messaging may be implemented with or without NetBIOS. MS Windows 200x supports +NetBIOS over TCP/IP for backwards compatibility. Microsoft is intent on phasing out NetBIOS +support. +

NetBIOS over TCP/IP

+Samba implements NetBIOS, as does MS Windows NT / 200x / XP, by encapsulating it over TCP/IP. +MS Windows products can do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to +affect browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP, this uses UDP based messaging. +UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast. +

+Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The +remote announce parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements +to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the +remote browse sync parameter of smb.conf +implements browse list collation using unicast UDP. +

+Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology, +wherever possible nmbd should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS +server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network +segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to +get cross segment browsing to work is by using the +remote announce and the remote browse sync +parameters to your smb.conf file. +

+If only one WINS server is used for an entire multi-segment network then +the use of the remote announce and the +remote browse sync parameters should NOT be necessary. +

+As of Samba 3 WINS replication is being worked on. The bulk of the code has +been committed, but it still needs maturation. This is NOT a supported feature +of the Samba-3.0.0 release. Hopefully, this will become a supported feature +of one of the Samba-3 release series. +

+Right now Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that +when setting up Samba as a WINS server there must only be one nmbd +configured as a WINS server on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS +servers for redundancy (one server per subnet) and then used +remote browse sync and remote announce +to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means clients +will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to resolve names +on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the servers they can see +on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is mentioned as a practical +consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario). +

+Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast +messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means +that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45 +minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments. +

TCP/IP - without NetBIOS

+All TCP/IP using systems use various forms of host name resolution. The primary +methods for TCP/IP hostname resolutions involves either a static file (/etc/hosts +) or DNS (the Domain Name System). DNS is the technology that makes +the Internet usable. DNS based host name resolution is supported by nearly all TCP/IP +enabled systems. Only a few embedded TCP/IP systems do not support DNS. +

+When an MS Windows 200x / XP system attempts to resolve a host name to an IP address +it follows a defined path: +

+ Checks the hosts file. It is located in + C:\WinNT\System32\Drivers\etc. +
+ Does a DNS lookup +
+ Checks the NetBIOS name cache +
+ Queries the WINS server +
+ Does a broadcast name lookup over UDP +
+ Looks up entries in LMHOSTS. It is located in + C:\WinNT\System32\Drivers\etc. +

+Windows 200x / XP can register it's host name with a Dynamic DNS server. You can +force register with a Dynamic DNS server in Windows 200x / XP using: +ipconfig /registerdns +

+With Active Directory (ADS), a correctly functioning DNS server is absolutely +essential. In the absence of a working DNS server that has been correctly configured, +MS Windows clients and servers will be totally unable to locate each other, +consequently network services will be severely impaired. +

+The use of Dynamic DNS is highly recommended with Active Directory, in which case +the use of BIND9 is preferred for it's ability to adequately support the SRV (service) +records that are needed for Active Directory. +

DNS and Active Directory

+Occasionally we hear from Unix network administrators who want to use a Unix based Dynamic +DNS server in place of the Microsoft DNS server. While this might be desirable to some, the +MS Windows 200x DNS server is auto-configured to work with Active Directory. It is possible +to use BIND version 8 or 9, but it will almost certainly be necessary to create service records +so that MS Active Directory clients can resolve host names to locate essential network services. +The following are some of the default service records that Active Directory requires: +

_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.Domain
+ This provides the address of the Windows NT PDC for the Domain. +
_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.DomainTree
+ Resolves the addresses of Global Catalog servers in the domain. +
_ldap._tcp.site.sites.writable.ms-dcs.Domain
+ Provides list of domain controllers based on sites. +
_ldap._tcp.writable.ms-dcs.Domain
+ Enumerates list of domain controllers that have the writable + copies of the Active Directory data store. +
_ldap._tcp.GUID.domains.ms-dcs.DomainTree
+ Entry used by MS Windows clients to locate machines using the + Global Unique Identifier. +
_ldap._tcp.Site.gc.ms-dcs.DomainTree
+ Used by MS Windows clients to locate site configuration dependent + Global Catalog server. +

How Browsing Functions

+MS Windows machines register their NetBIOS names +(ie: the machine name for each service type in operation) on start +up. The exact method by which this name registration +takes place is determined by whether or not the MS Windows client/server +has been given a WINS server address, whether or not LMHOSTS lookup +is enabled, or if DNS for NetBIOS name resolution is enabled, etc. +

+In the case where there is no WINS server, all name registrations as +well as name lookups are done by UDP broadcast. This isolates name +resolution to the local subnet, unless LMHOSTS is used to list all +names and IP addresses. In such situations Samba provides a means by +which the Samba server name may be forcibly injected into the browse +list of a remote MS Windows network (using the +remote announce parameter). +

+Where a WINS server is used, the MS Windows client will use UDP +unicast to register with the WINS server. Such packets can be routed +and thus WINS allows name resolution to function across routed networks. +

+During the startup process an election will take place to create a +local master browser if one does not already exist. On each NetBIOS network +one machine will be elected to function as the domain master browser. This +domain browsing has nothing to do with MS security domain control. +Instead, the domain master browser serves the role of contacting each local +master browser (found by asking WINS or from LMHOSTS) and exchanging browse +list contents. This way every master browser will eventually obtain a complete +list of all machines that are on the network. Every 11-15 minutes an election +is held to determine which machine will be the master browser. By the nature of +the election criteria used, the machine with the highest uptime, or the +most senior protocol version, or other criteria, will win the election +as domain master browser. +

+Clients wishing to browse the network make use of this list, but also depend +on the availability of correct name resolution to the respective IP +address/addresses. +

+Any configuration that breaks name resolution and/or browsing intrinsics +will annoy users because they will have to put up with protracted +inability to use the network services. +

+Samba supports a feature that allows forced synchronisation +of browse lists across routed networks using the remote +browse sync parameter in the smb.conf file. +This causes Samba to contact the local master browser on a remote network and +to request browse list synchronisation. This effectively bridges +two networks that are separated by routers. The two remote +networks may use either broadcast based name resolution or WINS +based name resolution, but it should be noted that the remote +browse sync parameter provides browse list synchronisation - and +that is distinct from name to address resolution, in other +words, for cross subnet browsing to function correctly it is +essential that a name to address resolution mechanism be provided. +This mechanism could be via DNS, /etc/hosts, +and so on. +

Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing

+To set up cross subnet browsing on a network containing machines +in up to be in a WORKGROUP, not an NT Domain you need to set up one +Samba server to be the Domain Master Browser (note that this is *NOT* +the same as a Primary Domain Controller, although in an NT Domain the +same machine plays both roles). The role of a Domain master browser is +to collate the browse lists from local master browsers on all the +subnets that have a machine participating in the workgroup. Without +one machine configured as a domain master browser each subnet would +be an isolated workgroup, unable to see any machines on any other +subnet. It is the presence of a domain master browser that makes +cross subnet browsing possible for a workgroup. +

+In an WORKGROUP environment the domain master browser must be a +Samba server, and there must only be one domain master browser per +workgroup name. To set up a Samba server as a domain master browser, +set the following option in the [global] section +of the smb.conf file : +

+	domain master = yes
+

+The domain master browser should also preferrably be the local master +browser for its own subnet. In order to achieve this set the following +options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file : +

+	domain master = yes
+	local master = yes
+	preferred master = yes
+	os level = 65
+

+The domain master browser may be the same machine as the WINS +server, if you require. +

+Next, you should ensure that each of the subnets contains a +machine that can act as a local master browser for the +workgroup. Any MS Windows NT/2K/XP/2003 machine should be +able to do this, as will Windows 9x machines (although these +tend to get rebooted more often, so it's not such a good idea +to use these). To make a Samba server a local master browser +set the following options in the [global] section of the +smb.conf file : +

+	domain master = no
+	local master = yes
+	preferred master = yes
+	os level = 65
+

+Do not do this for more than one Samba server on each subnet, +or they will war with each other over which is to be the local +master browser. +

+The local master parameter allows Samba to act as a +local master browser. The preferred master causes nmbd +to force a browser election on startup and the os level +parameter sets Samba high enough so that it should win any browser elections. +

+If you have an NT machine on the subnet that you wish to +be the local master browser then you can disable Samba from +becoming a local master browser by setting the following +options in the [global] section of the +smb.conf file : +

+	domain master = no
+	local master = no
+	preferred master = no
+	os level = 0
+

Setting up DOMAIN Browsing

+If you are adding Samba servers to a Windows NT Domain then +you must not set up a Samba server as a domain master browser. +By default, a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller for a domain +is also the Domain master browser for that domain, and many +things will break if a Samba server registers the Domain master +browser NetBIOS name (DOMAIN<1B>) +with WINS instead of the PDC. +

+For subnets other than the one containing the Windows NT PDC +you may set up Samba servers as local master browsers as +described. To make a Samba server a local master browser set +the following options in the [global] section +of the smb.conf file : +

+	domain master = no
+	local master = yes
+	preferred master = yes
+	os level = 65
+

+If you wish to have a Samba server fight the election with machines +on the same subnet you may set the os level parameter +to lower levels. By doing this you can tune the order of machines that +will become local master browsers if they are running. For +more details on this see the section +Forcing Samba to be the master browser +below. +

+If you have Windows NT machines that are members of the domain +on all subnets, and you are sure they will always be running then +you can disable Samba from taking part in browser elections and +ever becoming a local master browser by setting following options +in the [global] section of the smb.conf +file : +

+        domain master = no
+        local master = no
+        preferred master = no
+        os level = 0
+

Forcing Samba to be the master

+Who becomes the master browser is determined by an election +process using broadcasts. Each election packet contains a number of parameters +which determine what precedence (bias) a host should have in the +election. By default Samba uses a very low precedence and thus loses +elections to just about anyone else. +

+If you want Samba to win elections then just set the os level global +option in smb.conf to a higher number. It defaults to 0. Using 34 +would make it win all elections over every other system (except other +samba systems!) +

+A os level of 2 would make it beat WfWg and Win95, but not MS Windows +NT/2K Server. A MS Windows NT/2K Server domain controller uses level 32. +

The maximum os level is 255

+If you want Samba to force an election on startup, then set the +preferred master global option in smb.conf to yes. Samba will +then have a slight advantage over other potential master browsers +that are not preferred master browsers. Use this parameter with +care, as if you have two hosts (whether they are Windows 95 or NT or +Samba) on the same local subnet both set with preferred master to +yes, then periodically and continually they will force an election +in order to become the local master browser. +

+If you want Samba to be a domain master browser, then it is +recommended that you also set preferred master to yes, because +Samba will not become a domain master browser for the whole of your +LAN or WAN if it is not also a local master browser on its own +broadcast isolated subnet. +

+It is possible to configure two Samba servers to attempt to become +the domain master browser for a domain. The first server that comes +up will be the domain master browser. All other Samba servers will +attempt to become the domain master browser every 5 minutes. They +will find that another Samba server is already the domain master +browser and will fail. This provides automatic redundancy, should +the current domain master browser fail. +

Making Samba the domain master

+The domain master is responsible for collating the browse lists of +multiple subnets so that browsing can occur between subnets. You can +make Samba act as the domain master by setting domain master = yes +in smb.conf. By default it will not be a domain master. +

+Note that you should not set Samba to be the domain master for a +workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain. +

+When Samba is the domain master and the master browser, it will listen +for master announcements (made roughly every twelve minutes) from local +master browsers on other subnets and then contact them to synchronise +browse lists. +

+If you want Samba to be the domain master then I suggest you also set +the os level high enough to make sure it wins elections, and set +preferred master to yes, to get Samba to force an election on +startup. +

+Note that all your servers (including Samba) and clients should be +using a WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names. If your clients are only +using broadcasting to resolve NetBIOS names, then two things will occur: +

+ your local master browsers will be unable to find a domain master + browser, as it will only be looking on the local subnet. +
+ if a client happens to get hold of a domain-wide browse list, and + a user attempts to access a host in that list, it will be unable to + resolve the NetBIOS name of that host. +

+If, however, both Samba and your clients are using a WINS server, then: +

+ your local master browsers will contact the WINS server and, as long as + Samba has registered that it is a domain master browser with the WINS + server, your local master browser will receive Samba's IP address + as its domain master browser. +
+ when a client receives a domain-wide browse list, and a user attempts + to access a host in that list, it will contact the WINS server to + resolve the NetBIOS name of that host. as long as that host has + registered its NetBIOS name with the same WINS server, the user will + be able to see that host. +

Note about broadcast addresses

+If your network uses a "0" based broadcast address (for example if it +ends in a 0) then you will strike problems. Windows for Workgroups +does not seem to support a 0's broadcast and you will probably find +that browsing and name lookups won't work. +

Multiple interfaces

+Samba now supports machines with multiple network interfaces. If you +have multiple interfaces then you will need to use the interfaces +option in smb.conf to configure them. +

Use of the Remote Announce parameter

+The remote announce parameter of +smb.conf can be used to forcibly ensure +that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network. +The syntax of the remote announce parameter is: +

+	remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...
+

+or +

+	remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...
+

+ +where: +

a.b.c.d and +e.f.g.h: is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address +or the broadcast address of the remote network. +ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address +could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask +is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0). +When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast +address of the remote network, every host will receive +our announcements. This is noisy and therefore +undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know +the IP address of the remote LMB.
WORKGROUP: is optional and can be either our own workgroup +or that of the remote network. If you use the +workgroup name of the remote network then our +NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like +they belong to that workgroup, this may cause +name resolution problems and should be avoided. +

Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter

+The remote browse sync parameter of +smb.conf is used to announce to +another LMB that it must synchronise its NetBIOS name list with our +Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is +simultaneously the LMB on its network segment. +

+The syntax of the remote browse sync parameter is: + +

+remote browse sync = a.b.c.d
+

+ +where a.b.c.d is either the IP address of the +remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment. +

WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server

+Use of WINS (either Samba WINS or MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly +recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers its name together with a +name_type value for each of several types of service it has available. +eg: It registers its name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name. +It also registers its name if it is running the LanManager compatible +server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users) +by registering the server (the type 0x20) name. +

+All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable +is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any +name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th +character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the +name_type information). +

+WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client +that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list +of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves +broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast +name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of +information can only be provided via WINS or via statically configured +lmhosts files that must reside on all clients in the +absence of WINS. +

+WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all +LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master +browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this +will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser +has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The +later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the +master controller for browse list information only. +

+Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack +has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been +configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based +name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case, +machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address +lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access +errors. +

+To configure Samba as a WINS server just add +wins support = yes to the smb.conf +file [globals] section. +

+To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add +wins server = a.b.c.d to your smb.conf file [globals] section. +

Important

+Never use both wins support = yes together +with wins server = a.b.c.d +particularly not using it's own IP address. +Specifying both will cause nmbd to refuse to start! +

Setting up a WINS server

+Either a Samba machine or a Windows NT Server machine may be set up +as a WINS server. To set a Samba machine to be a WINS server you must +add the following option to the smb.conf file on the selected machine : +in the [globals] section add the line +

+	wins support = yes
+

+Versions of Samba prior to 1.9.17 had this parameter default to +yes. If you have any older versions of Samba on your network it is +strongly suggested you upgrade to a recent version, or at the very +least set the parameter to 'no' on all these machines. +

+Machines with wins support = yes will keep a list of +all NetBIOS names registered with them, acting as a DNS for NetBIOS names. +

+You should set up only ONE WINS server. Do NOT set the +wins support = yes option on more than one Samba +server. +

+To set up a Windows NT Server as a WINS server you need to set up +the WINS service - see your NT documentation for details. Note that +Windows NT WINS Servers can replicate to each other, allowing more +than one to be set up in a complex subnet environment. As Microsoft +refuses to document these replication protocols, Samba cannot currently +participate in these replications. It is possible in the future that +a Samba->Samba WINS replication protocol may be defined, in which +case more than one Samba machine could be set up as a WINS server +but currently only one Samba server should have the +wins support = yes parameter set. +

+After the WINS server has been configured you must ensure that all +machines participating on the network are configured with the address +of this WINS server. If your WINS server is a Samba machine, fill in +the Samba machine IP address in the Primary WINS Server field of +the Control Panel->Network->Protocols->TCP->WINS Server dialogs +in Windows 95 or Windows NT. To tell a Samba server the IP address +of the WINS server add the following line to the [global] section of +all smb.conf files : +

+	wins server = <name or IP address>
+

+where <name or IP address> is either the DNS name of the WINS server +machine or its IP address. +

+Note that this line MUST NOT BE SET in the smb.conf file of the Samba +server acting as the WINS server itself. If you set both the +wins support = yes option and the +wins server = <name> option then +nmbd will fail to start. +

+There are two possible scenarios for setting up cross subnet browsing. +The first details setting up cross subnet browsing on a network containing +Windows 95, Samba and Windows NT machines that are not configured as +part of a Windows NT Domain. The second details setting up cross subnet +browsing on networks that contain NT Domains. +

WINS Replication

+Samba-3 permits WINS replication through the use of the wrepld utility. +This tool is not currently capable of being used as it is still in active development. +As soon as this tool becomes moderately functional we will prepare man pages and enhance this +section of the documentation to provide usage and technical details. +

Static WINS Entries

+Adding static entries to your Samba-3 WINS server is actually fairly easy. +All you have to do is add a line to wins.dat, typically +located in /usr/local/samba/var/locks. +

+Entries in wins.dat take the form of + +

+"NAME#TYPE" TTL ADDRESS+ FLAGS
+

+ +where NAME is the NetBIOS name, TYPE is the NetBIOS type, TTL is the +time-to-live as an absolute time in seconds, ADDRESS+ is one or more +addresses corresponding to the registration and FLAGS are the NetBIOS +flags for the registration. +

+A typical dynamic entry looks like: +

+"MADMAN#03" 1055298378 192.168.1.2 66R
+

+ +To make it static, all that has to be done is set the TTL to 0: + +

+"MADMAN#03" 0 192.168.1.2 66R
+

+Though this method works with early Samba-3 versions, there's a +possibility that it may change in future versions if WINS replication +is added. +

Helpful Hints

+The following hints should be carefully considered as they are stumbling points +for many new network administrators. +

Windows Networking Protocols

Warning

+Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines +

+A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than +one protocol on an MS Windows machine. +

+Every NetBIOS machine takes part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB) +every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order +of precedence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or +Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably +win and thus retain it's role. +

+The election process is "fought out" so to speak over every NetBIOS network +interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX +installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be +decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is +the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS +interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows +9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function +as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will +fail. +

+Windows 95, 98, 98se, Me are referred to generically as Windows 9x. +The Windows NT4, 2000, XP and 2003 use common protocols. These are roughly +referred to as the WinNT family, but it should be recognised that 2000 and +XP/2003 introduce new protocol extensions that cause them to behave +differently from MS Windows NT4. Generally, where a server does NOT support +the newer or extended protocol, these will fall back to the NT4 protocols. +

+The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL! +

Name Resolution Order

+Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number +of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information +are: +

WINS: the best tool!

LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.

Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across remote segments.

+Alternative means of name resolution includes: +

/etc/hosts: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info

DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.

+Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name +resolution traffic. The name resolve order parameter is +of great help here. The syntax of the name resolve order +parameter is: +

+name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host
+

+or +

+name resolve order = wins lmhosts  	(eliminates bcast and host)
+

+The default is: +

+name resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast
+

+where "host" refers the the native methods used by the Unix system +to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally +controlled by /etc/host.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf and /etc/resolv.conf. +

Technical Overview of browsing

+SMB networking provides a mechanism by which clients can access a list +of machines in a network, a so-called browse list. This list +contains machines that are ready to offer file and/or print services +to other machines within the network. Thus it does not include +machines which aren't currently able to do server tasks. The browse +list is heavily used by all SMB clients. Configuration of SMB +browsing has been problematic for some Samba users, hence this +document. +

+MS Windows 2000 and later, as with Samba 3 and later, can be +configured to not use NetBIOS over TCP/IP. When configured this way, +it is imperative that name resolution (using DNS/LDAP/ADS) be correctly +configured and operative. Browsing will NOT work if name resolution +from SMB machine names to IP addresses does not function correctly. +

+Where NetBIOS over TCP/IP is enabled use of a WINS server is highly +recommended to aid the resolution of NetBIOS (SMB) names to IP addresses. +WINS allows remote segment clients to obtain NetBIOS name_type information +that can NOT be provided by any other means of name resolution. +

Browsing support in Samba

+Samba facilitates browsing. The browsing is supported by nmbd +and is also controlled by options in the smb.conf file. +Samba can act as a local browse master for a workgroup and the ability +to support domain logons and scripts is now available. +

+Samba can also act as a domain master browser for a workgroup. This +means that it will collate lists from local browse masters into a +wide area network server list. In order for browse clients to +resolve the names they may find in this list, it is recommended that +both Samba and your clients use a WINS server. +

+Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a +workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain: on each wide area +network, you must only ever have one domain master browser per workgroup, +regardless of whether it is NT, Samba or any other type of domain master +that is providing this service. +

Note

+Nmbd can be configured as a WINS server, but it is not +necessary to specifically use Samba as your WINS server. MS Windows +NT4, Server or Advanced Server 2000 or 2003 can be configured as +your WINS server. In a mixed NT/2000/2003 server and Samba environment on +a Wide Area Network, it is recommended that you use the Microsoft +WINS server capabilities. In a Samba-only environment, it is +recommended that you use one and only one Samba server as your WINS server. +

+To get browsing to work you need to run nmbd as usual, but will need +to use the workgroup option in smb.conf +to control what workgroup Samba becomes a part of. +

+Samba also has a useful option for a Samba server to offer itself for +browsing on another subnet. It is recommended that this option is only +used for 'unusual' purposes: announcements over the internet, for +example. See remote announce in the +smb.conf man page. +

Problem resolution

+If something doesn't work then hopefully the log.nmbd file will help +you track down the problem. Try a debug level of 2 or 3 for finding +problems. Also note that the current browse list usually gets stored +in text form in a file called browse.dat. +

+Note that if it doesn't work for you, then you should still be able to +type the server name as \\SERVER in filemanager then +hit enter and filemanager should display the list of available shares. +

+Some people find browsing fails because they don't have the global +guest account set to a valid account. Remember that the +IPC$ connection that lists the shares is done as guest, and thus you must +have a valid guest account. +

+MS Windows 2000 and upwards (as with Samba) can be configured to disallow +anonymous (ie: Guest account) access to the IPC$ share. In that case, the +MS Windows 2000/XP/2003 machine acting as an SMB/CIFS client will use the +name of the currently logged in user to query the IPC$ share. MS Windows +9X clients are not able to do this and thus will NOT be able to browse +server resources. +

+The other big problem people have is that their broadcast address, +netmask or IP address is wrong (specified with the "interfaces" option +in smb.conf) +

Browsing across subnets

+Since the release of Samba 1.9.17(alpha1), Samba has supported the +replication of browse lists across subnet boundaries. This section +describes how to set this feature up in different settings. +

+To see browse lists that span TCP/IP subnets (ie. networks separated +by routers that don't pass broadcast traffic), you must set up at least +one WINS server. The WINS server acts as a DNS for NetBIOS names, allowing +NetBIOS name to IP address translation to be done by doing a direct +query of the WINS server. This is done via a directed UDP packet on +port 137 to the WINS server machine. The reason for a WINS server is +that by default, all NetBIOS name to IP address translation is done +by broadcasts from the querying machine. This means that machines +on one subnet will not be able to resolve the names of machines on +another subnet without using a WINS server. +

+Remember, for browsing across subnets to work correctly, all machines, +be they Windows 95, Windows NT, or Samba servers must have the IP address +of a WINS server given to them by a DHCP server, or by manual configuration +(for Win95 and WinNT, this is in the TCP/IP Properties, under Network +settings) for Samba this is in the smb.conf file. +

How does cross subnet browsing work ?

+Cross subnet browsing is a complicated dance, containing multiple +moving parts. It has taken Microsoft several years to get the code +that achieves this correct, and Samba lags behind in some areas. +Samba is capable of cross subnet browsing when configured correctly. +

+Consider a network set up as follows : +

+ +

+                                   (DMB)
+             N1_A      N1_B        N1_C       N1_D        N1_E
+              |          |           |          |           |
+          -------------------------------------------------------
+            |          subnet 1                       |
+          +---+                                      +---+
+          |R1 | Router 1                  Router 2   |R2 |
+          +---+                                      +---+
+            |                                          |
+            |  subnet 2              subnet 3          |
+  --------------------------       ------------------------------------
+  |     |     |      |               |        |         |           |
+ N2_A  N2_B  N2_C   N2_D           N3_A     N3_B      N3_C        N3_D 
+                    (WINS)
+

+Consisting of 3 subnets (1, 2, 3) connected by two routers +(R1, R2) - these do not pass broadcasts. Subnet 1 has 5 machines +on it, subnet 2 has 4 machines, subnet 3 has 4 machines. Assume +for the moment that all these machines are configured to be in the +same workgroup (for simplicity's sake). Machine N1_C on subnet 1 +is configured as Domain Master Browser (ie. it will collate the +browse lists for the workgroup). Machine N2_D is configured as +WINS server and all the other machines are configured to register +their NetBIOS names with it. +

+As all these machines are booted up, elections for master browsers +will take place on each of the three subnets. Assume that machine +N1_C wins on subnet 1, N2_B wins on subnet 2, and N3_D wins on +subnet 3 - these machines are known as local master browsers for +their particular subnet. N1_C has an advantage in winning as the +local master browser on subnet 1 as it is set up as Domain Master +Browser. +

+On each of the three networks, machines that are configured to +offer sharing services will broadcast that they are offering +these services. The local master browser on each subnet will +receive these broadcasts and keep a record of the fact that +the machine is offering a service. This list of records is +the basis of the browse list. For this case, assume that +all the machines are configured to offer services so all machines +will be on the browse list. +

+For each network, the local master browser on that network is +considered 'authoritative' for all the names it receives via +local broadcast. This is because a machine seen by the local +master browser via a local broadcast must be on the same +network as the local master browser and thus is a 'trusted' +and 'verifiable' resource. Machines on other networks that +the local master browsers learn about when collating their +browse lists have not been directly seen - these records are +called 'non-authoritative'. +

+At this point the browse lists look as follows (these are +the machines you would see in your network neighborhood if +you looked in it on a particular network right now). +

Table 10.1. Browse subnet example 1

Subnet	Browse Master	List
Subnet1	N1_C	N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E
Subnet2	N2_B	N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
Subnet3	N3_D	N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D

+Note that at this point all the subnets are separate, no +machine is seen across any of the subnets. +

+Now examine subnet 2. As soon as N2_B has become the local +master browser it looks for a Domain master browser to synchronize +its browse list with. It does this by querying the WINS server +(N2_D) for the IP address associated with the NetBIOS name +WORKGROUP<1B>. This name was registered by the Domain master +browser (N1_C) with the WINS server as soon as it was booted. +

+Once N2_B knows the address of the Domain master browser it +tells it that is the local master browser for subnet 2 by +sending a MasterAnnouncement packet as a UDP port 138 packet. +It then synchronizes with it by doing a NetServerEnum2 call. This +tells the Domain Master Browser to send it all the server +names it knows about. Once the domain master browser receives +the MasterAnnouncement packet it schedules a synchronization +request to the sender of that packet. After both synchronizations +are done the browse lists look like : +

Table 10.2. Browse subnet example 2

Subnet	Browse Master	List
Subnet1	N1_C	N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(), N2_B(), N2_C(), N2_D()
Subnet2	N2_B	N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(), N1_B(), N1_C(), N1_D(), N1_E(*)
Subnet3	N3_D	N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D

+ +Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names. +

+At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on +subnets 1 or 2 will see all the servers on both, users on +subnet 3 will still only see the servers on their own subnet. +

+The same sequence of events that occured for N2_B now occurs +for the local master browser on subnet 3 (N3_D). When it +synchronizes browse lists with the domain master browser (N1_A) +it gets both the server entries on subnet 1, and those on +subnet 2. After N3_D has synchronized with N1_C and vica-versa +the browse lists look like. +

Table 10.3. Browse subnet example 3

Subnet	Browse Master	List
Subnet1	N1_C	N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(), N2_B(), N2_C(), N2_D(), N3_A(), N3_B(), N3_C(), N3_D()
Subnet2	N2_B	N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(), N1_B(), N1_C(), N1_D(), N1_E(*)
Subnet3	N3_D	N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(), N1_B(), N1_C(), N1_D(), N1_E(), N2_A(), N2_B(), N2_C(), N2_D(*)

+ +Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names. +

+At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on +subnets 1 or 3 will see all the servers on all subnets, users on +subnet 2 will still only see the servers on subnets 1 and 2, but not 3. +

+Finally, the local master browser for subnet 2 (N2_B) will sync again +with the domain master browser (N1_C) and will receive the missing +server entries. Finally - and as a steady state (if no machines +are removed or shut off) the browse lists will look like : +

Table 10.4. Browse subnet example 4

Subnet	Browse Master	List
Subnet1	N1_C	N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(), N2_B(), N2_C(), N2_D(), N3_A(), N3_B(), N3_C(), N3_D()
Subnet2	N2_B	N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(), N1_B(), N1_C(), N1_D(), N1_E(), N3_A(), N3_B(), N3_C(), N3_D(*)
Subnet3	N3_D	N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(), N1_B(), N1_C(), N1_D(), N1_E(), N2_A(), N2_B(), N2_C(), N2_D(*)

+ +Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names. +

+Synchronizations between the domain master browser and local +master browsers will continue to occur, but this should be a +steady state situation. +

+If either router R1 or R2 fails the following will occur: +

+ Names of computers on each side of the inaccessible network fragments + will be maintained for as long as 36 minutes, in the network neighbourhood + lists. +
+ Attempts to connect to these inaccessible computers will fail, but the + names will not be removed from the network neighbourhood lists. +
+ If one of the fragments is cut off from the WINS server, it will only + be able to access servers on its local subnet, by using subnet-isolated + broadcast NetBIOS name resolution. The effects are similar to that of + losing access to a DNS server. +

Common Errors

+Many questions are asked on the mailing lists regarding browsing. The majority of browsing +problems originate out of incorrect configuration of NetBIOS name resolution. Some are of +particular note. +

How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting Samba?

+Samba's nmbd process controls all browse list handling. Under normal circumstances it is +safe to restart nmbd. This will effectively flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache and cause it +to be rebuilt. Note that this does NOT make certain that a rogue machine name will not re-appear +in the browse list. When nmbd is taken out of service another machine on the network will +become the browse master. This new list may still have the rogue entry in it. If you really +want to clear a rogue machine from the list then every machine on the network will need to be +shut down and restarted at after all machines are down. Failing a complete restart, the only +other thing you can do is wait until the entry times out and is then flushed from the list. +This may take a long time on some networks (months). +

My client reports "This server is not configured to list shared resources"

+Your guest account is probably invalid for some reason. Samba uses the +guest account for browsing in smbd. Check that your guest account is +valid. +

See also guest account in the smb.conf man page.

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diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/Other-Clients.html b/docs/htmldocs/Other-Clients.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5e7740cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/Other-Clients.html @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients

Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients
Prev	Part VI. Appendixes	Next

Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients

Jim McDonough

IBM

<jmcd@us.ibm.com>

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

Windows for Workgroups

5 Mar 2001

Table of Contents

Macintosh clients?

OS2 Client

How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?
How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?
How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?

Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft
Delete .pwl files after password change
Configure WfW password handling
Case handling of passwords
Use TCP/IP as default protocol
Speed improvement

Windows '95/'98

Speed improvement

Windows 2000 Service Pack 2

Windows NT 3.1

This chapter contains client-specific information.

Macintosh clients?

+Yes. Thursby now has a CIFS Client / Server called DAVE +

+They test it against Windows 95, Windows NT and samba for +compatibility issues. At the time of writing, DAVE was at version +1.0.1. The 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 update is available as a free download from +the Thursby web site (the speed of finder copies has been greatly +enhanced, and there are bug-fixes included). +

+Alternatives - There are two free implementations of AppleTalk for +several kinds of UNIX machines, and several more commercial ones. +These products allow you to run file services and print services +natively to Macintosh users, with no additional support required on +the Macintosh. The two free implementations are +Netatalk, and +CAP. +What Samba offers MS +Windows users, these packages offer to Macs. For more info on these +packages, Samba, and Linux (and other UNIX-based systems) see +http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html +

OS2 Client

How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?

A more complete answer to this question can be + found on + http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html.

Basically, you need three components:

The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer')

TCP/IP ('Internet support')

The "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver ('TCPBEUI')

Installing the first two together with the base operating + system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp + has already been installed, but you now want to install the + networking support, use the "Selective Install for Networking" + object in the "System Setup" folder.

Adding the "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver is not described + in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start + MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on "Configure LAPS" and click + on "IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP" in 'Protocols'. This line + is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line, + click on "Change number" and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this + configuration.

If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you + can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers + to the "Names List", or specify a WINS server ('NetBIOS + Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you + may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on + the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.

How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?

You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client + for OS/2 from + + ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/. + See + http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html for + more information on how to install and use this client. In + a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of + the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:

+		20=setup.exe
+		20=netwksta.sys
+		20=netvdd.sys
+

before you install the client. Also, don't use the + included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000 + or NS2000 driver from + + ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/ instead. +

How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?

First, create a share called [PRINTDRV] that is + world-readable. Copy your OS/2 driver files there. Note + that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need + to use the original install files, and not copy an installed + driver from an OS/2 system.

Install the NT driver first for that printer. Then, + add to your smb.conf a parameter, os2 driver map = + filename. Then, in the file + specified by filename, map the + name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as + follows:

nt driver name = os2 driver name.device name, e.g.:

+ HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L

You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.

If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the + device name, the first attempt to download the driver will + actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell + you the driver is not available. On the second attempt, it + will work. This is fixed simply by adding the device name + to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt. +

Windows for Workgroups

Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft

Use the latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft if you use Windows +for Workgroups. +

The early TCP/IP stacks had lots of bugs.

+Microsoft has released an incremental upgrade to their TCP/IP 32-Bit +VxD drivers. The latest release can be found on their ftp site at +ftp.microsoft.com, located in /peropsys/windows/public/tcpip/wfwt32.exe. +There is an update.txt file there that describes the problems that were +fixed. New files include WINSOCK.DLL, +TELNET.EXE, +WSOCK.386, +VNBT.386, +WSTCP.386, +TRACERT.EXE, +NETSTAT.EXE, and +NBTSTAT.EXE. +

Delete .pwl files after password change

+WfWg does a lousy job with passwords. I find that if I change my +password on either the unix box or the PC the safest thing to do is to +delete the .pwl files in the windows directory. The PC will complain about not finding the files, but will soon get over it, allowing you to enter the new password. +

+If you don't do this you may find that WfWg remembers and uses the old +password, even if you told it a new one. +

+Often WfWg will totally ignore a password you give it in a dialog box. +

Configure WfW password handling

+There is a program call admincfg.exe +on the last disk (disk 8) of the WFW 3.11 disk set. To install it +type EXPAND A:\ADMINCFG.EX_ C:\WINDOWS\ADMINCFG.EXE. +Then add an icon +for it via the Program Manager New Menu. +This program allows you to control how WFW handles passwords. ie disable Password Caching etc +for use with security = user +

Case handling of passwords

Windows for Workgroups uppercases the password before sending it to the server. Unix passwords can be case-sensitive though. Check the smb.conf(5) information on password level to specify what characters samba should try to uppercase when checking.

Use TCP/IP as default protocol

To support print queue reporting you may find +that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under +WfWg. For some reason if you leave NetBEUI as the default +it may break the print queue reporting on some systems. +It is presumably a WfWg bug.

Speed improvement

+Note that some people have found that setting DefaultRcvWindow in +the [MSTCP] section of the +SYSTEM.INI file under WfWg to 3072 gives a +big improvement. I don't know why. +

+My own experience with DefaultRcvWindow is that I get much better +performance with a large value (16384 or larger). Other people have +reported that anything over 3072 slows things down enormously. One +person even reported a speed drop of a factor of 30 when he went from +3072 to 8192. I don't know why. +

Windows '95/'98

+When using Windows 95 OEM SR2 the following updates are recommended where Samba +is being used. Please NOTE that the above change will affect you once these +updates have been installed. +

+There are more updates than the ones mentioned here. You are referred to the +Microsoft Web site for all currently available updates to your specific version +of Windows 95. +

Kernel Update: KRNLUPD.EXE

Ping Fix: PINGUPD.EXE

RPC Update: RPCRTUPD.EXE

TCP/IP Update: VIPUPD.EXE

Redirector Update: VRDRUPD.EXE

+Also, if using MS Outlook it is desirable to +install the OLEUPD.EXE fix. This +fix may stop your machine from hanging for an extended period when exiting +Outlook and you may also notice a significant speedup when accessing network +neighborhood services. +

Speed improvement

+Configure the win95 TCPIP registry settings to give better +performance. I use a program called MTUSPEED.exe which I got off the +net. There are various other utilities of this type freely available. +

Windows 2000 Service Pack 2

+There are several annoyances with Windows 2000 SP2. One of which +only appears when using a Samba server to host user profiles +to Windows 2000 SP2 clients in a Windows domain. This assumes +that Samba is a member of the domain, but the problem will +likely occur if it is not. +

+In order to serve profiles successfully to Windows 2000 SP2 +clients (when not operating as a PDC), Samba must have +nt acl support = no +added to the file share which houses the roaming profiles. +If this is not done, then the Windows 2000 SP2 client will +complain about not being able to access the profile (Access +Denied) and create multiple copies of it on disk (DOMAIN.user.001, +DOMAIN.user.002, etc...). See the +smb.conf(5) man page +for more details on this option. Also note that the +nt acl support parameter was formally a global parameter in +releases prior to Samba 2.2.2. +

+The following is a minimal profile share: +

+	[profile]
+		path = /export/profile
+		create mask = 0600
+		directory mask = 0700
+		nt acl support = no
+		read only = no
+

+The reason for this bug is that the Win2k SP2 client copies +the security descriptor for the profile which contains +the Samba server's SID, and not the domain SID. The client +compares the SID for SAMBA\user and realizes it is +different that the one assigned to DOMAIN\user. Hence the reason +for the access denied message. +

+By disabling the nt acl support parameter, Samba will send +the Win2k client a response to the QuerySecurityDescriptor +trans2 call which causes the client to set a default ACL +for the profile. This default ACL includes +

DOMAIN\user "Full Control">

Note

This bug does not occur when using winbind to +create accounts on the Samba host for Domain users.

Windows NT 3.1

If you have problems communicating across routers with Windows +NT 3.1 workstations, read this Microsoft Knowledge Base article. + +

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Chapter 37. Portability	Home	Chapter 39. Samba Performance Tuning

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/PolicyMgmt.html b/docs/htmldocs/PolicyMgmt.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..775cd6cc16 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/PolicyMgmt.html @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +Chapter 23. System and Account Policies

Chapter 23. System and Account Policies
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 23. System and Account Policies

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

April 3 2003

Table of Contents

Creating and Managing System Policies

Windows 9x/Me Policies
Windows NT4 Style Policy Files
MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies

Managing Account/User Policies

Samba Editreg Toolset
Windows NT4/200x
Samba PDC

System Startup and Logon Processing Overview

Policy Does Not Work

+This chapter summarises the current state of knowledge derived from personal +practice and knowledge from samba mailing list subscribers. Before reproduction +of posted information effort has been made to validate the information provided. +Where additional information was uncovered through this validation it is provided +also. +

Features and Benefits

+When MS Windows NT3.5 was introduced the hot new topic was the ability to implement +Group Policies for users and group. Then along came MS Windows NT4 and a few sites +started to adopt this capability. How do we know that? By way of the number of "booboos" +(or mistakes) administrators made and then requested help to resolve. +

+By the time that MS Windows 2000 and Active Directory was released, administrators +got the message: Group Policies are a good thing! They can help reduce administrative +costs and actually can help to create happier users. But adoption of the true +potential of MS Windows 200x Active Directory and Group Policy Objects (GPOs) for users +and machines were picked up on rather slowly. This was very obvious from the samba +mailing list as in 2000 and 2001 there were very few postings regarding GPOs and +how to replicate them in a Samba environment. +

+Judging by the traffic volume since mid 2002, GPOs have become a standard part of +the deployment in many sites. This chapter reviews techniques and methods that can +be used to exploit opportunities for automation of control over user desktops and +network client workstations. +

+A tool new to Samba-3 may become an important part of the future Samba Administrators' +arsenal. The editreg tool is described in this document. +

Creating and Managing System Policies

+Under MS Windows platforms, particularly those following the release of MS Windows +NT4 and MS Windows 95) it is possible to create a type of file that would be placed +in the NETLOGON share of a domain controller. As the client logs onto the network +this file is read and the contents initiate changes to the registry of the client +machine. This file allows changes to be made to those parts of the registry that +affect users, groups of users, or machines. +

+For MS Windows 9x/Me this file must be called Config.POL and may +be generated using a tool called poledit.exe, better known as the +Policy Editor. The policy editor was provided on the Windows 98 installation CD, but +disappeared again with the introduction of MS Windows Me (Millennium Edition). From +comments from MS Windows network administrators it would appear that this tool became +a part of the MS Windows Me Resource Kit. +

+MS Windows NT4 Server products include the System Policy Editor +under the Start -> Programs -> Administrative Tools menu item. +For MS Windows NT4 and later clients this file must be called NTConfig.POL. +

+New with the introduction of MS Windows 2000 was the Microsoft Management Console +or MMC. This tool is the new wave in the ever changing landscape of Microsoft +methods for management of network access and security. Every new Microsoft product +or technology seems to obsolete the old rules and to introduce newer and more +complex tools and methods. To Microsoft's credit though, the MMC does appear to +be a step forward, but improved functionality comes at a great price. +

+Before embarking on the configuration of network and system policies it is highly +advisable to read the documentation available from Microsoft's web site regarding + +Implementing Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0 from http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp available from Microsoft. +There are a large number of documents in addition to this old one that should also +be read and understood. Try searching on the Microsoft web site for "Group Policies". +

+What follows is a very brief discussion with some helpful notes. The information provided +here is incomplete - you are warned. +

Windows 9x/Me Policies

+ You need the Win98 Group Policy Editor to set Group Profiles up under Windows 9x/Me. + It can be found on the Original full product Win98 installation CD under + tools/reskit/netadmin/poledit. Install this using the + Add/Remove Programs facility and then click on the 'Have Disk' tab. +

+ Use the Group Policy Editor to create a policy file that specifies the location of + user profiles and/or the My Documents etc. Then save these + settings in a file called Config.POL that needs to be placed in the + root of the [NETLOGON] share. If Win98 is configured to log onto + the Samba Domain, it will automatically read this file and update the Win9x/Me registry + of the machine as it logs on. +

+ Further details are covered in the Win98 Resource Kit documentation. +

+ If you do not take the right steps, then every so often Win9x/Me will check the + integrity of the registry and will restore it's settings from the back-up + copy of the registry it stores on each Win9x/Me machine. Hence, you will + occasionally notice things changing back to the original settings. +

+ Install the group policy handler for Win9x to pick up group policies. Look on the + Win98 CD in \tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit. + Install group policies on a Win9x client by double-clicking + grouppol.inf. Log off and on again a couple of times and see + if Win98 picks up group policies. Unfortunately this needs to be done on every + Win9x/Me machine that uses group policies. +

Windows NT4 Style Policy Files

+ To create or edit ntconfig.pol you must use the NT Server + Policy Editor, poledit.exe which is included with NT4 Server + but not NT Workstation. There is a Policy Editor on a NT4 + Workstation but it is not suitable for creating Domain Policies. + Further, although the Windows 95 Policy Editor can be installed on an NT4 + Workstation/Server, it will not work with NT clients. However, the files from + the NT Server will run happily enough on an NT4 Workstation. +

+ You need poledit.exe, common.adm and winnt.adm. + It is convenient to put the two *.adm files in the c:\winnt\inf + directory which is where the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. Note also that that + directory is normally 'hidden'. +

+ The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the Service Pack 3 (and + later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using servicepackname /x, + i.e. that's Nt4sp6ai.exe /x for service pack 6a. The policy editor, + poledit.exe and the associated template files (*.adm) should + be extracted as well. It is also possible to downloaded the policy template + files for Office97 and get a copy of the policy editor. Another possible + location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft. +

Registry Spoiling

+ With NT4 style registry based policy changes, a large number of settings are not + automatically reversed as the user logs off. Since the settings that were in the + NTConfig.POL file were applied to the client machine registry and that apply to the + hive key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE are permanent until explicitly reversed. This is known + as tattooing. It can have serious consequences down-stream and the administrator must + be extremely careful not to lock out the ability to manage the machine at a later date. +

MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies

+ Windows NT4 System policies allows setting of registry parameters specific to + users, groups and computers (client workstations) that are members of the NT4 + style domain. Such policy file will work with MS Windows 2000 / XP clients also. +

+ New to MS Windows 2000 Microsoft introduced a new style of group policy that confers + a superset of capabilities compared with NT4 style policies. Obviously, the tool used + to create them is different, and the mechanism for implementing them is much changed. +

+ The older NT4 style registry based policies are known as Administrative Templates + in MS Windows 2000/XP Group Policy Objects (GPOs). The later includes ability to set various security + configurations, enforce Internet Explorer browser settings, change and redirect aspects of the + users' desktop (including: the location of My Documents files (directory), as + well as intrinsics of where menu items will appear in the Start menu). An additional new + feature is the ability to make available particular software Windows applications to particular + users and/or groups. +

+ Remember: NT4 policy files are named NTConfig.POL and are stored in the root + of the NETLOGON share on the domain controllers. A Windows NT4 user enters a username, a password + and selects the domain name to which the logon will attempt to take place. During the logon + process the client machine reads the NTConfig.POL file from the NETLOGON share on the authenticating + server, modifies the local registry values according to the settings in this file. +

+ Windows 2K GPOs are very feature rich. They are NOT stored in the NETLOGON share, rather part of + a Windows 200x policy file is stored in the Active Directory itself and the other part is stored + in a shared (and replicated) volume called the SYSVOL folder. This folder is present on all Active + Directory domain controllers. The part that is stored in the Active Directory itself is called the + group policy container (GPC), and the part that is stored in the replicated share called SYSVOL is + known as the group policy template (GPT). +

+ With NT4 clients the policy file is read and executed upon only as each user logs onto the network. + MS Windows 200x policies are much more complex - GPOs are processed and applied at client machine + startup (machine specific part) and when the user logs onto the network the user specific part + is applied. In MS Windows 200x style policy management each machine and/or user may be subject + to any number of concurrently applicable (and applied) policy sets (GPOs). Active Directory allows + the administrator to also set filters over the policy settings. No such equivalent capability + exists with NT4 style policy files. +

Administration of Win2K / XP Policies

+ Instead of using the tool called The System Policy Editor, commonly called Poledit (from the + executable name poledit.exe), GPOs are created and managed using a + Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in as follows:

+ Go to the Windows 200x / XP menu Start->Programs->Administrative Tools + and select the MMC snap-in called Active Directory Users and Computers +
+ Select the domain or organizational unit (OU) that you wish to manage, then right click + to open the context menu for that object, select the properties item. +
+ Now left click on the Group Policy tab, then left click on the New tab. Type a name + for the new policy you will create. +
+ Now left click on the Edit tab to commence the steps needed to create the GPO. +

+ All policy configuration options are controlled through the use of policy administrative + templates. These files have a .adm extension, both in NT4 as well as in Windows 200x / XP. + Beware however, since the .adm files are NOT interchangeable across NT4 and Windows 200x. + The later introduces many new features as well as extended definition capabilities. It is + well beyond the scope of this documentation to explain how to program .adm files, for that + the administrator is referred to the Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for your particular + version of MS Windows. +

Note

+ The MS Windows 2000 Resource Kit contains a tool called gpolmig.exe. This tool can be used + to migrate an NT4 NTConfig.POL file into a Windows 200x style GPO. Be VERY careful how you + use this powerful tool. Please refer to the resource kit manuals for specific usage information. +

Managing Account/User Policies

+Policies can define a specific user's settings or the settings for a group of users. The resulting +policy file contains the registry settings for all users, groups, and computers that will be using +the policy file. Separate policy files for each user, group, or computer are not not necessary. +

+If you create a policy that will be automatically downloaded from validating domain controllers, +you should name the file NTconfig.POL. As system administrator, you have the option of renaming the +policy file and, by modifying the Windows NT-based workstation, directing the computer to update +the policy from a manual path. You can do this by either manually changing the registry or by using +the System Policy Editor. This path can even be a local path such that each machine has its own policy file, +but if a change is necessary to all machines, this change must be made individually to each workstation. +

+When a Windows NT4/200x/XP machine logs onto the network the NETLOGON share on the authenticating domain +controller for the presence of the NTConfig.POL file. If one exists it is downloaded, parsed and then +applied to the user's part of the registry. +

+MS Windows 200x/XP clients that log onto an MS Windows Active Directory security domain may additionally, +acquire policy settings through Group Policy Objects (GPOs) that are defined and stored in Active Directory +itself. The key benefit of using AS GPOs is that they impose no registry spoiling effect. +This has considerable advantage compared with the use of NTConfig.POL (NT4) style policy updates. +

+In addition to user access controls that may be imposed or applied via system and/or group policies +in a manner that works in conjunction with user profiles, the user management environment under +MS Windows NT4/200x/XP allows per domain as well as per user account restrictions to be applied. +Common restrictions that are frequently used includes: +

Logon Hours

Password Aging

Permitted Logon from certain machines only

Account type (Local or Global)

User Rights

Samba Editreg Toolset

+ Describe in detail the benefits of editreg and how to use it. +

Windows NT4/200x

+ The tools that may be used to configure these types of controls from the MS Windows environment are: + The NT4 User Manager for domains, the NT4 System and Group Policy Editor, the registry editor (regedt32.exe). + Under MS Windows 200x/XP this is done using the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) with appropriate + "snap-ins", the registry editor, and potentially also the NT4 System and Group Policy Editor. +

Samba PDC

+ With a Samba Domain Controller, the new tools for managing of user account and policy information includes: + smbpasswd, pdbedit, net, rpcclient. + The administrator should read the + man pages for these tools and become familiar with their use. +

System Startup and Logon Processing Overview

+The following attempts to document the order of processing of system and user policies following a system +reboot and as part of the user logon: +

+ Network starts, then Remote Procedure Call System Service (RPCSS) and Multiple Universal Naming + Convention Provider (MUP) start +
+ Where Active Directory is involved, an ordered list of Group Policy Objects (GPOs) is downloaded + and applied. The list may include GPOs that: +
Apply to the location of machines in a Directory
Apply only when settings have changed
Depend on configuration of scope of applicability: local, site, domain, organizational unit, etc.
+ No desktop user interface is presented until the above have been processed. +
+ Execution of start-up scripts (hidden and synchronous by default). +
+ A keyboard action to affect start of logon (Ctrl-Alt-Del). +
+ User credentials are validated, User profile is loaded (depends on policy settings). +

+ An ordered list of User GPOs is obtained. The list contents depends on what is configured in respect of: + +

Is user a domain member, thus subject to particular policies

Loopback enablement, and the state of the loopback policy (Merge or Replace)

Location of the Active Directory itself

Has the list of GPOs changed. No processing is needed if not changed.

+ User Policies are applied from Active Directory. Note: There are several types. +
+ Logon scripts are run. New to Win2K and Active Directory, logon scripts may be obtained based on Group + Policy objects (hidden and executed synchronously). NT4 style logon scripts are then run in a normal + window. +
+ The User Interface as determined from the GPOs is presented. Note: In a Samba domain (like and NT4 + Domain) machine (system) policies are applied at start-up, User policies are applied at logon. +

Common Errors

+Policy related problems can be very difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to rectify. The following +collection demonstrates only basic issues. +

Policy Does Not Work

+Question: We have created the config.pol file and put it in the NETLOGON share. +It has made no difference to our Win XP Pro machines, they just don't see it. IT worked fine with Win 98 but does not +work any longer since we upgraded to Win XP Pro. Any hints? +

+ANSWER: Policy files are NOT portable between Windows 9x / Me and MS Windows NT4 / 200x / XP based +platforms. You need to use the NT4 Group Policy Editor to create a file called NTConfig.POL so that +it is in the correct format for your MS Windows XP Pro clients. +

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Chapter 22. Advanced Network Management	Home	Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/Portability.html b/docs/htmldocs/Portability.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb2c20ac9f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/Portability.html @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +Chapter 37. Portability

Chapter 37. Portability
Prev	Part VI. Appendixes	Next

Chapter 37. Portability

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II

Table of Contents

HPUX

SCO Unix

DNIX

AIX

Sequential Read Ahead

Solaris

Locking improvements
Winbind on Solaris 9

Samba works on a wide range of platforms but the interface all the +platforms provide is not always compatible. This chapter contains +platform-specific information about compiling and using samba.

HPUX

+HP's implementation of supplementary groups is, er, non-standard (for +hysterical reasons). There are two group files, /etc/group and +/etc/logingroup; the system maps UIDs to numbers using the former, but +initgroups() reads the latter. Most system admins who know the ropes +symlink /etc/group to /etc/logingroup +(hard link doesn't work for reasons too stupid to go into here). initgroups() will complain if one of the +groups you're in in /etc/logingroup has what it considers to be an invalid +ID, which means outside the range [0..UID_MAX], where UID_MAX is (I think) +60000 currently on HP-UX. This precludes -2 and 65534, the usual nobody +GIDs. +

+If you encounter this problem, make sure that the programs that are failing +to initgroups() be run as users not in any groups with GIDs outside the +allowed range. +

This is documented in the HP manual pages under setgroups(2) and passwd(4). +

+On HPUX you must use gcc or the HP ANSI compiler. The free compiler +that comes with HP-UX is not ANSI compliant and cannot compile +Samba. +

SCO Unix

+If you run an old version of SCO Unix then you may need to get important +TCP/IP patches for Samba to work correctly. Without the patch, you may +encounter corrupt data transfers using samba. +

+The patch you need is UOD385 Connection Drivers SLS. It is available from +SCO (ftp.sco.com, directory SLS, +files uod385a.Z and uod385a.ltr.Z). +

DNIX

+DNIX has a problem with seteuid() and setegid(). These routines are +needed for Samba to work correctly, but they were left out of the DNIX +C library for some reason. +

+For this reason Samba by default defines the macro NO_EID in the DNIX +section of includes.h. This works around the problem in a limited way, +but it is far from ideal, some things still won't work right. +

+To fix the problem properly you need to assemble the following two +functions and then either add them to your C library or link them into +Samba. +

+put this in the file setegid.s: +

+        .globl  _setegid
+_setegid:
+        moveq   #47,d0
+        movl    #100,a0
+        moveq   #1,d1
+        movl    4(sp),a1
+        trap    #9
+        bccs    1$
+        jmp     cerror
+1$:
+        clrl    d0
+        rts
+

+put this in the file seteuid.s: +

+        .globl  _seteuid
+_seteuid:
+        moveq   #47,d0
+        movl    #100,a0
+        moveq   #0,d1
+        movl    4(sp),a1
+        trap    #9
+        bccs    1$
+        jmp     cerror
+1$:
+        clrl    d0
+        rts
+

+after creating the above files you then assemble them using +

+	$ as seteuid.s
+	$ as setegid.s
+

+that should produce the files seteuid.o and +setegid.o +

+then you need to add these to the LIBSM line in the DNIX section of +the Samba Makefile. Your LIBSM line will then look something like this: +

+LIBSM = setegid.o seteuid.o -ln
+

+You should then remove the line: +

+#define NO_EID
+

from the DNIX section of includes.h

RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II

+By default RedHat Rembrandt-II during installation adds an +entry to /etc/hosts as follows: +

+	127.0.0.1 loopback "hostname"."domainname"
+

+This causes Samba to loop back onto the loopback interface. +The result is that Samba fails to communicate correctly with +the world and therefor may fail to correctly negotiate who +is the master browse list holder and who is the master browser. +

+Corrective Action: Delete the entry after the word loopback + in the line starting 127.0.0.1 +

AIX

Sequential Read Ahead

+Disabling Sequential Read Ahead using vmtune -r 0 improves +Samba performance significantly. +

Solaris

Locking improvements

Some people have been experiencing problems with F_SETLKW64/fcntl +when running Samba on Solaris. The built in file locking mechanism was +not scalable. Performance would degrade to the point where processes would +get into loops of trying to lock a file. It would try a lock, then fail, +then try again. The lock attempt was failing before the grant was +occurring. So the visible manifestation of this would be a handful of +processes stealing all of the CPU, and when they were trussed they would +be stuck if F_SETLKW64 loops. +

+Sun released patches for Solaris 2.6, 8, and 9. The patch for Solaris 7 +has not been released yet. +

+The patch revision for 2.6 is 105181-34 +for 8 is 108528-19 and for 9 is 112233-04 +

+After the install of these patches it is recommended to reconfigure +and rebuild samba. +

Thanks to Joe Meslovich for reporting

Winbind on Solaris 9

+Nsswitch on Solaris 9 refuses to use the winbind nss module. This behavior +is fixed by Sun in patch 113476-05 which as of March 2003 is not in any +roll-up packages. +

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Chapter 36. How to compile SAMBA	Home	Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/ProfileMgmt.html b/docs/htmldocs/ProfileMgmt.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b9a40df62 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/ProfileMgmt.html @@ -0,0 +1,680 @@ +Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management

Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

April 3 2003

Table of Contents

Creating/Managing Group Profiles

Roaming Profiles

Samba Configuration for Profile Handling
Windows Client Profile Configuration Information
Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations
Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba

Mandatory profiles

Default Profile for Windows Users

MS Windows 9x/Me
MS Windows NT4 Workstation
MS Windows 200x/XP

How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?
Can NOT use Roaming Profiles
Changing the default profile

Features and Benefits

+Roaming Profiles are feared by some, hated by a few, loved by many, and a Godsend for +some administrators. +

+Roaming Profiles allow an administrator to make available a consistent user desktop +as the user moves from one machine to another. This chapter provides much information +regarding how to configure and manage Roaming Profiles. +

+While Roaming Profiles might sound like nirvana to some, they are a real and tangible +problem to others. In particular, users of mobile computing tools, where often there may not +be a sustained network connection, are often better served by purely Local Profiles. +This chapter provides information to help the Samba administrator to deal with those +situations also. +

Roaming Profiles

Warning

+Roaming profiles support is different for Win9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x. +

+Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how +Windows 9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x clients implement these features. +

+Windows 9x / Me clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's +profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate +profiles location field, only the user's home share. This means that Win9X/Me +profiles are restricted to being stored in the user's home directory. +

+Windows NT4/200x clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields, +including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles. +

Samba Configuration for Profile Handling

+This section documents how to configure Samba for MS Windows client profile support. +

NT4/200x User Profiles

+To support Windows NT4/200x clients, in the [global] section of smb.conf set the +following (for example): +

+	logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath
+

+ + This is typically implemented like: + +

+		logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u
+

+where %L translates to the name of the Samba server and %u translates to the user name +

+The default for this option is \\%N\%U\profile, +namely \\sambaserver\username\profile. +The \\N%\%U service is created automatically by the [homes] service. If you are using +a samba server for the profiles, you _must_ make the share specified in the logon path +browseable. Please refer to the man page for smb.conf in respect of the different +semantics of %L and %N, as well as %U and %u. +

Note

+MS Windows NT/2K clients at times do not disconnect a connection to a server +between logons. It is recommended to NOT use the homes +meta-service name as part of the profile share path. +

Windows 9x / Me User Profiles

+ To support Windows 9x / Me clients, you must use the logon home parameter. Samba has +now been fixed so that net use /home now works as well, and it, too, relies +on the logon home parameter. +

+By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Win9x / Me +profiles in the user's home directory. But wait! There is a trick you +can use. If you set the following in the [global] section of your smb.conf file: +

+	logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles
+

+then your Windows 9x / Me clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory +of your home directory called .profiles (thus making them hidden). +

+Not only that, but net use /home will also work, because of a feature in +Windows 9x / Me. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area +and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you +specified \\%L\%U for logon home. +

Mixed Windows 9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x User Profiles

+You can support profiles for both Win9X and WinNT clients by setting both the +logon home and logon path parameters. For example: +

+	logon home = \\%L\%u\.profiles
+	logon path = \\%L\profiles\%u
+

Disabling Roaming Profile Support

+ A question often asked is “How may I enforce use of local profiles?” or + “How do I disable Roaming Profiles?” +

+There are three ways of doing this: +

In smb.conf

+ Affect the following settings and ALL clients + will be forced to use a local profile: +

+			logon home =
+			logon path =
+

MS Windows Registry:

+ By using the Microsoft Management Console gpedit.msc to instruct your MS Windows XP machine to use only a local profile. This of course modifies registry settings. The full path to the option is: + +

+	Local Computer Policy\
+		Computer Configuration\
+			Administrative Templates\
+				System\
+					User Profiles\
+
+	Disable:	Only Allow Local User Profiles
+	Disable:	Prevent Roaming Profile Change from Propagating to the Server
+

Change of Profile Type:

+ From the start menu right click on the + My Computer icon, select Properties, click on the User Profiles + tab, select the profile you wish to change from Roaming type to Local, click Change Type. +

+Consult the MS Windows registry guide for your particular MS Windows version for more +information about which registry keys to change to enforce use of only local user +profiles. +

Note

+The specifics of how to convert a local profile to a roaming profile, or a roaming profile +to a local one vary according to the version of MS Windows you are running. Consult the +Microsoft MS Windows Resource Kit for your version of Windows for specific information. +

Windows Client Profile Configuration Information

Windows 9x / Me Profile Setup

+When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created, +as are folders Start Menu, Desktop, +Programs and Nethood. +These directories and their contents will be merged with the local +versions stored in c:\windows\profiles\username on subsequent logins, +taking the most recent from each. You will need to use the [global] +options preserve case = yes, short preserve case = yes and +case sensitive = no in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts +in any of the profile folders. +

+The user.DAT file contains all the user's preferences. If you wish to +enforce a set of preferences, rename their user.DAT file to user.MAN, +and deny them write access to this file. +

+ On the Windows 9x / Me machine, go to Control Panel -> Passwords and + select the User Profiles tab. Select the required level of + roaming preferences. Press OK, but do _not_ allow the computer + to reboot. +
+ On the Windows 9x / Me machine, go to Control Panel -> Network -> + Client for Microsoft Networks -> Preferences. Select Log on to + NT Domain. Then, ensure that the Primary Logon is Client for + Microsoft Networks. Press OK, and this time allow the computer + to reboot. +

+Under Windows 9x / Me Profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon. +If you have the Primary Logon as 'Client for Novell Networks', then +the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from your Novell +Server. If you have the Primary Logon as 'Windows Logon', then the +profiles will be loaded from the local machine - a bit against the +concept of roaming profiles, it would seem! +

+You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains +[user, password, domain] instead of just [user, password]. Type in +the samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist, +but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this +domain and profiles downloaded from it, if that domain logon server +supports it), user name and user's password. +

+Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 9x / Me machine +will inform you that The user has not logged on before' and asks you + if you wish to save the user's preferences? Select yes. +

+Once the Windows 9x / Me client comes up with the desktop, you should be able +to examine the contents of the directory specified in the logon path +on the samba server and verify that the Desktop, Start Menu, +Programs and Nethood folders have been created. +

+These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when +the user logs off (if you haven't made them read-only by then). +You will find that if the user creates further folders or short-cuts, +that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the +contents of the profile directory already on the local client, taking +the newest folders and short-cuts from each set. +

+If you have made the folders / files read-only on the samba server, +then you will get errors from the Windows 9x / Me machine on logon and logout, as +it attempts to merge the local and the remote profile. Basically, if +you have any errors reported by the Windows 9x / Me machine, check the Unix file +permissions and ownership rights on the profile directory contents, +on the samba server. +

+If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's +local desktop cache, as shown below. When this user then next logs in, +they will be told that they are logging in "for the first time". +

Warning

+ Before deleting the contents of the + directory listed in the ProfilePath (this is likely to be + c:\windows\profiles\username), ask them if they + have any important files stored on their desktop or in their start menu. + Delete the contents of the directory ProfilePath (making a backup if any + of the files are needed). +

+ This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden + system file) user.DAT in their profile directory, as well as the + local "desktop", "nethood", "start menu" and "programs" folders. +

+ instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog, + press escape. +
+ run the regedit.exe program, and look in: +
+ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList +
+ you will find an entry, for each user, of ProfilePath. Note the + contents of this key (likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username), + then delete the key ProfilePath for the required user. +
[Exit the registry editor].
+ search for the user's .PWL password-caching file in the c:\windows + directory, and delete it. +
+ log off the windows 9x / Me client. +
+ check the contents of the profile path (see logon path described + above), and delete the user.DAT or user.MAN file for the user, + making a backup if required. +

+If all else fails, increase samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10, +and / or run a packet trace program such as ethereal or netmon.exe, and +look for error messages. +

+If you have access to an Windows NT4/200x server, then first set up roaming profiles +and / or netlogons on the Windows NT4/200x server. Make a packet trace, or examine +the example packet traces provided with Windows NT4/200x server, and see what the +differences are with the equivalent samba trace. +

Windows NT4 Workstation

+When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile +NTuser.DAT is created. The profile location can be now specified +through the logon path parameter. +

+There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles: +logon drive. This should be set to H: or any other drive, and +should be used in conjunction with the new "logon home" parameter. +

+The entry for the NT4 profile is a _directory_ not a file. The NT +help on profiles mentions that a directory is also created with a .PDS +extension. The user, while logging in, must have write permission to +create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension +for those situations where it might be created.) +

+In the profile directory, Windows NT4 creates more folders than Windows 9x / Me. +It creates Application Data and others, as well as Desktop, Nethood, +Start Menu and Programs. The profile itself is stored in a file +NTuser.DAT. Nothing appears to be stored in the .PDS directory, and +its purpose is currently unknown. +

+You can use the System Control Panel to copy a local profile onto +a samba server (see NT Help on profiles: it is also capable of firing +up the correct location in the System Control Panel for you). The +NT Help file also mentions that renaming NTuser.DAT to NTuser.MAN +turns a profile into a mandatory one. +

+The case of the profile is significant. The file must be called +NTuser.DAT or, for a mandatory profile, NTuser.MAN. +

Windows 2000/XP Professional

+You must first convert the profile from a local profile to a domain +profile on the MS Windows workstation as follows: +

+ Log on as the LOCAL workstation administrator. +
+ Right click on the My Computer Icon, select Properties +
+ Click on the User Profiles tab +
+ Select the profile you wish to convert (click on it once) +
+ Click on the button Copy To +
+ In the Permitted to use box, click on the Change button. +
+ Click on the 'Look in" area that lists the machine name, when you click + here it will open up a selection box. Click on the domain to which the + profile must be accessible. +
Note
You will need to log on if a logon box opens up. Eg: In the connect + as: MIDEARTH\root, password: mypassword.
+ To make the profile capable of being used by anyone select 'Everyone' +
+ Click OK. The Selection box will close. +
+ Now click on the Ok button to create the profile in the path you + nominated. +

+Done. You now have a profile that can be edited using the samba-3.0.0 +profiles tool. +

Note

+Under NT/2K the use of mandatory profiles forces the use of MS Exchange +storage of mail data. That keeps desktop profiles usable. +

Note

+This is a security check new to Windows XP (or maybe only +Windows XP service pack 1). It can be disabled via a group policy in +Active Directory. The policy is:
Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\System\User +Profiles\Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders
...and it should be set to Enabled. +Does the new version of samba have an Active Directory analogue? If so, +then you may be able to set the policy through this. +
+If you cannot set group policies in samba, then you may be able to set +the policy locally on each machine. If you want to try this, then do +the following (N.B. I don't know for sure that this will work in the +same way as a domain group policy): +
+On the XP workstation log in with an Administrator account. +
Click: Start, Run
Type: mmc
Click: OK
A Microsoft Management Console should appear.
Click: File, Add/Remove Snap-in..., Add
Double-Click: Group Policy
Click: Finish, Close
Click: OK
In the "Console Root" window:
Expand: Local Computer Policy, Computer Configuration, + Administrative Templates, System, User Profiles
Double-Click: Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders
Select: Enabled
Click: OK
Close the whole console. You do not need to save the settings (this + refers to the console settings rather than the policies you have + changed).
Reboot

Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations

+Sharing of desktop profiles between Windows versions is NOT recommended. +Desktop profiles are an evolving phenomenon and profiles for later versions +of MS Windows clients add features that may interfere with earlier versions +of MS Windows clients. Probably the more salient reason to NOT mix profiles +is that when logging off an earlier version of MS Windows the older format +of profile contents may overwrite information that belongs to the newer +version resulting in loss of profile information content when that user logs +on again with the newer version of MS Windows. +

+If you then want to share the same Start Menu / Desktop with W9x/Me, you will +need to specify a common location for the profiles. The smb.conf parameters +that need to be common are logon path and +logon home. +

+If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate user.DAT and +NTuser.DAT files in the same profile directory. +

Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba

+There is nothing to stop you specifying any path that you like for the +location of users' profiles. Therefore, you could specify that the +profile be stored on a samba server, or any other SMB server, as long as +that SMB server supports encrypted passwords. +

Windows NT4 Profile Management Tools

+Unfortunately, the Resource Kit information is specific to the version of MS Windows +NT4/200x. The correct resource kit is required for each platform. +

+Here is a quick guide: +

+On your NT4 Domain Controller, right click on My Computer, then +select the tab labelled User Profiles. +
+Select a user profile you want to migrate and click on it. +
Note
I am using the term "migrate" loosely. You can copy a profile to +create a group profile. You can give the user 'Everyone' rights to the +profile you copy this to. That is what you need to do, since your samba +domain is not a member of a trust relationship with your NT4 PDC.
Click the Copy To button.
In the box labelled Copy Profile to add your new path, eg: + c:\temp\foobar
Click on the button Change in the Permitted to use box.
Click on the group 'Everyone' and then click OK. This closes the + 'choose user' box.
Now click OK.

+Follow the above for every profile you need to migrate. +

Side bar Notes

+You should obtain the SID of your NT4 domain. You can use smbpasswd to do +this. Read the man page.

+With Samba-3.0.0 alpha code you can import all you NT4 domain accounts +using the net samsync method. This way you can retain your profile +settings as well as all your users. +

moveuser.exe

+The W2K professional resource kit has moveuser.exe. moveuser.exe changes +the security of a profile from one user to another. This allows the account +domain to change, and/or the user name to change. +

Get SID

+You can identify the SID by using GetSID.exe from the Windows NT Server 4.0 +Resource Kit. +

+Windows NT 4.0 stores the local profile information in the registry under +the following key: +HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList +

+Under the ProfileList key, there will be subkeys named with the SIDs of the +users who have logged on to this computer. (To find the profile information +for the user whose locally cached profile you want to move, find the SID for +the user with the GetSID.exe utility.) Inside of the appropriate user's +subkey, you will see a string value named ProfileImagePath. +

Mandatory profiles

+A Mandatory Profile is a profile that the user does NOT have the ability to overwrite. +During the user's session it may be possible to change the desktop environment, but +as the user logs out all changes made will be lost. If it is desired to NOT allow the +user any ability to change the desktop environment then this must be done through +policy settings. See previous chapter. +

Note

+Under NO circumstances should the profile directory (or it's contents) be made read-only +as this may render the profile un-usable. +

+For MS Windows NT4/200x/XP the above method can be used to create mandatory profiles +also. To convert a group profile into a mandatory profile simply locate the NTUser.DAT +file in the copied profile and rename it to NTUser.MAN. +

+For MS Windows 9x / Me it is the User.DAT file that must be renamed to User.MAN to +affect a mandatory profile. +

Creating/Managing Group Profiles

+Most organisations are arranged into departments. There is a nice benefit in +this fact since usually most users in a department will require the same desktop +applications and the same desktop layout. MS Windows NT4/200x/XP will allow the +use of Group Profiles. A Group Profile is a profile that is created firstly using +a template (example) user. Then using the profile migration tool (see above) the +profile is assigned access rights for the user group that needs to be given access +to the group profile. +

+The next step is rather important. Please note: Instead of assigning a group profile +to users (ie: Using User Manager) on a "per user" basis, the group itself is assigned +the now modified profile. +

Note

+ Be careful with group profiles, if the user who is a member of a group also + has a personal profile, then the result will be a fusion (merge) of the two. +

Default Profile for Windows Users

+MS Windows 9x / Me and NT4/200x/XP will use a default profile for any user for whom +a profile does not already exist. Armed with a knowledge of where the default profile +is located on the Windows workstation, and knowing which registry keys affect the path +from which the default profile is created, it is possible to modify the default profile +to one that has been optimised for the site. This has significant administrative +advantages. +

MS Windows 9x/Me

+To enable default per use profiles in Windows 9x / Me you can either use the Windows 98 System +Policy Editor or change the registry directly. +

+To enable default per user profiles in Windows 9x / Me, launch the System Policy Editor, then +select File -> Open Registry, then click on the +Local Computer icon, click on Windows 98 System, +select User Profiles, click on the enable box. Do not forget to save the registry changes. +

+To modify the registry directly, launch the Registry Editor (regedit.exe), select the hive +HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Network\Logon. Now add a DWORD type key with the name +"User Profiles", to enable user profiles set the value to 1, to disable user profiles set it to 0. +

How User Profiles Are Handled in Windows 9x / Me?

+When a user logs on to a Windows 9x / Me machine, the local profile path, +HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList, is checked +for an existing entry for that user: +

+If the user has an entry in this registry location, Windows 9x / Me checks for a locally cached +version of the user profile. Windows 9x / Me also checks the user's home directory (or other +specified directory if the location has been modified) on the server for the User Profile. +If a profile exists in both locations, the newer of the two is used. If the User Profile exists +on the server, but does not exist on the local machine, the profile on the server is downloaded +and used. If the User Profile only exists on the local machine, that copy is used. +

+If a User Profile is not found in either location, the Default User Profile from the Windows 9x / Me +machine is used and is copied to a newly created folder for the logged on user. At log off, any +changes that the user made are written to the user's local profile. If the user has a roaming +profile, the changes are written to the user's profile on the server. +

MS Windows NT4 Workstation

+On MS Windows NT4 the default user profile is obtained from the location +%SystemRoot%\Profiles which in a default installation will translate to +C:\WinNT\Profiles. Under this directory on a clean install there will be +three (3) directories: Administrator, All Users, Default User. +

+The All Users directory contains menu settings that are common across all +system users. The Default User directory contains menu entries that are +customisable per user depending on the profile settings chosen/created. +

+When a new user first logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine a new profile is created from: +

All Users settings

Default User settings (contains the default NTUser.DAT file)

+When a user logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine that is a member of a Microsoft security domain +the following steps are followed in respect of profile handling: +

+ The users' account information which is obtained during the logon process contains + the location of the users' desktop profile. The profile path may be local to the + machine or it may be located on a network share. If there exists a profile at the location + of the path from the user account, then this profile is copied to the location + %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%. This profile then inherits the + settings in the All Users profile in the %SystemRoot%\Profiles + location. +
+ If the user account has a profile path, but at it's location a profile does not exist, + then a new profile is created in the %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME% + directory from reading the Default User profile. +
+ If the NETLOGON share on the authenticating server (logon server) contains a policy file + (NTConfig.POL) then it's contents are applied to the NTUser.DAT + which is applied to the HKEY_CURRENT_USER part of the registry. +
+ When the user logs out, if the profile is set to be a roaming profile it will be written + out to the location of the profile. The NTuser.DAT file is then + re-created from the contents of the HKEY_CURRENT_USER contents. + Thus, should there not exist in the NETLOGON share an NTConfig.POL at the + next logon, the effect of the previous NTConfig.POL will still be held + in the profile. The effect of this is known as tatooing. +

+MS Windows NT4 profiles may be Local or Roaming. A Local profile +will stored in the %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME% location. A roaming profile will +also remain stored in the same way, unless the following registry key is created: +

+	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon\
+	"DeleteRoamingCache"=dword:00000001
+

+ +In which case, the local copy (in %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%) will be +deleted on logout. +

+Under MS Windows NT4 default locations for common resources (like My Documents +may be redirected to a network share by modifying the following registry keys. These changes may be affected +via use of the System Policy Editor (to do so may require that you create your owns template extension +for the policy editor to allow this to be done through the GUI. Another way to do this is by way of first +creating a default user profile, then while logged in as that user, run regedt32 to edit the key settings. +

+The Registry Hive key that affects the behaviour of folders that are part of the default user profile +are controlled by entries on Windows NT4 is: +

+HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders\ +

+The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are: +

Table 24.1. User Shell Folder registry keys default values

Name	Default Value
AppData	%USERPROFILE%\Application Data
Desktop	%USERPROFILE%\Desktop
Favorites	%USERPROFILE%\Favorites
NetHood	%USERPROFILE%\NetHood
PrintHood	%USERPROFILE%\PrintHood
Programs	%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs
Recent	%USERPROFILE%\Recent
SendTo	%USERPROFILE%\SendTo
Start Menu	%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu
Startup	%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

+The registry key that contains the location of the default profile settings is: +

+HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders +

+The default entries are: + +

Table 24.2. Defaults of profile settings registry keys

Common Desktop	%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Desktop
Common Programs	%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Programs
Common Start Menu	%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu
Common Startup	%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

MS Windows 200x/XP

Note

+ MS Windows XP Home Edition does use default per user profiles, but can not participate + in domain security, can not log onto an NT/ADS style domain, and thus can obtain the profile + only from itself. While there are benefits in doing this the beauty of those MS Windows + clients that CAN participate in domain logon processes allows the administrator to create + a global default profile and to enforce it through the use of Group Policy Objects (GPOs). +

+When a new user first logs onto MS Windows 200x/XP machine the default profile is obtained from +C:\Documents and Settings\Default User. The administrator can modify (or change +the contents of this location and MS Windows 200x/XP will gladly use it. This is far from the optimum +arrangement since it will involve copying a new default profile to every MS Windows 200x/XP client +workstation. +

+When MS Windows 200x/XP participate in a domain security context, and if the default user +profile is not found, then the client will search for a default profile in the NETLOGON share +of the authenticating server. ie: In MS Windows parlance: +%LOGONSERVER%\NETLOGON\Default User and if one exits there it will copy this +to the workstation to the C:\Documents and Settings\ under the Windows +login name of the user. +

Note

+ This path translates, in Samba parlance, to the smb.conf [NETLOGON] share. The directory + should be created at the root of this share and must be called Default Profile. +

+If a default profile does not exist in this location then MS Windows 200x/XP will use the local +default profile. +

+On logging out, the users' desktop profile will be stored to the location specified in the registry +settings that pertain to the user. If no specific policies have been created, or passed to the client +during the login process (as Samba does automatically), then the user's profile will be written to +the local machine only under the path C:\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%. +

+Those wishing to modify the default behaviour can do so through three methods: +

+ Modify the registry keys on the local machine manually and place the new default profile in the + NETLOGON share root - NOT recommended as it is maintenance intensive. +
+ Create an NT4 style NTConfig.POL file that specified this behaviour and locate this file + in the root of the NETLOGON share along with the new default profile. +
+ Create a GPO that enforces this through Active Directory, and place the new default profile + in the NETLOGON share. +

+The Registry Hive key that affects the behaviour of folders that are part of the default user profile +are controlled by entries on Windows 200x/XP is: +

+HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders\ +

+The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are: +

Table 24.3. Defaults of default user profile paths registry keys

Name	Default Value
AppData	%USERPROFILE%\Application Data
Cache	%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files
Cookies	%USERPROFILE%\Cookies
Desktop	%USERPROFILE%\Desktop
Favorites	%USERPROFILE%\Favorites
History	%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\History
Local AppData	%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data
Local Settings	%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings
My Pictures	%USERPROFILE%\My Documents\My Pictures
NetHood	%USERPROFILE%\NetHood
Personal	%USERPROFILE%\My Documents
PrintHood	%USERPROFILE%\PrintHood
Programs	%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs
Recent	%USERPROFILE%\Recent
SendTo	%USERPROFILE%\SendTo
Start Menu	%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu
Startup	%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
Templates	%USERPROFILE%\Templates

+There is also an entry called "Default" that has no value set. The default entry is of type REG_SZ, all +the others are of type REG_EXPAND_SZ. +

+It makes a huge difference to the speed of handling roaming user profiles if all the folders are +stored on a dedicated location on a network server. This means that it will NOT be necessary to +write the Outlook PST file over the network for every login and logout. +

+To set this to a network location you could use the following examples: +

%LOGONSERVER%\%USERNAME%\Default Folders

+This would store the folders in the user's home directory under a directory called Default Folders +You could also use: +

\\SambaServer\FolderShare\%USERNAME%

+ in which case the default folders will be stored in the server named SambaServer +in the share called FolderShare under a directory that has the name of the MS Windows +user as seen by the Linux/Unix file system. +

+Please note that once you have created a default profile share, you MUST migrate a user's profile +(default or custom) to it. +

+MS Windows 200x/XP profiles may be Local or Roaming. +A roaming profile will be cached locally unless the following registry key is created: +

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon\"DeleteRoamingCache"=dword:00000001

+In which case, the local cache copy will be deleted on logout. +

Common Errors

+The following are some typical errors/problems/questions that have been asked. +

How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?

+With samba-2.2.x the choice you have is to enable or disable roaming +profiles support. It is a global only setting. The default is to have +roaming profiles and the default path will locate them in the user's home +directory. +

+If disabled globally then no-one will have roaming profile ability. +If enabled and you want it to apply only to certain machines, then on +those machines on which roaming profile support is NOT wanted it is then +necessary to disable roaming profile handling in the registry of each such +machine. +

+With samba-3.0.0 (soon to be released) you can have a global profile +setting in smb.conf _AND_ you can over-ride this by per-user settings +using the Domain User Manager (as with MS Windows NT4/ Win 2Kx). +

+In any case, you can configure only one profile per user. That profile can +be either: +

A profile unique to that user

A mandatory profile (one the user can not change)

A group profile (really should be mandatory ie:unchangable)

Can NOT use Roaming Profiles

+“ + I dont want Roaming profile to be implemented, I just want to give users + local profiles only. +... + Please help me I am totally lost with this error from past two days I tried + everything and googled around quite a bit but of no help. Please help me. +”

+Your choices are: + + +

Local profiles

+ I know of no registry keys that will allow auto-deletion of LOCAL profiles on log out +

Roaming profiles

can use auto-delete on logout option

requires a registry key change on workstation

+ + Your choices are: + +

Personal Roaming profiles: + - should be preserved on a central server + - workstations 'cache' (store) a local copy + - used in case the profile can not be downloaded + at next logon +
Group profiles: - loaded from a central place
Mandatory profiles: + - can be personal or group + - can NOT be changed (except by an administrator +

+ +

+A WinNT4/2K/XP profile can vary in size from 130KB to off the scale. +Outlook PST files are most often part of the profile and can be many GB in +size. On average (in a well controlled environment) roaming profile size of +2MB is a good rule of thumb to use for planning purposes. In an +undisciplined environment I have seen up to 2GB profiles. Users tend to +complain when it take an hour to log onto a workstation but they harvest +the fruits of folly (and ignorance). +

+The point of all the above is to show that roaming profiles and good +controls of how they can be changed as well as good discipline make up for +a problem free site. +

+Microsoft's answer to the PST problem is to store all email in an MS +Exchange Server back-end. But this is another story ...! +

+So, having LOCAL profiles means: + +

If lots of users user each machine - lot's of local disk storage needed for local profiles

Every workstation the user logs into has it's own profile - can be very different from machine to machine

+ +On the other hand, having roaming profiles means: +

The network administrator can control EVERY aspect of user profiles

With the use of mandatory profiles - a drastic reduction in network management overheads

User unhappiness about not being able to change their profiles soon fades as they get used to being able to work reliably

+ +

+I have managed and installed MANY NT/2K networks and have NEVER found one +where users who move from machine to machine are happy with local +profiles. In the long run local profiles bite them. +

Changing the default profile

“ +When the client tries to logon to the PDC it looks for a profile to download +where do I put this default profile. +”

+Firstly, your samba server need to be configured as a domain controller. +

+	server = user
+    os level = 32 (or more)
+	domain logons = Yes
+

+Plus you need to have a [netlogon] share that is world readable. +It is a good idea to add a logon script to pre-set printer and +drive connections. There is also a facility for automatically +synchronizing the workstation time clock with that of the logon +server (another good thing to do). +

Note

+To invoke auto-deletion of roaming profile from the local +workstation cache (disk storage) you need to use the Group Policy Editor +to create a file called NTConfig.POL with the appropriate entries. This +file needs to be located in the netlogon share root directory.

+Oh, of course the windows clients need to be members of the domain. +Workgroup machines do NOT do network logons - so they never see domain +profiles. +

+Secondly, for roaming profiles you need: + + logon path = \\%N\profiles\%U (with some such path) + logon drive = H: (Z: is the default) + + Plus you need a PROFILES share that is world writable. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 23. System and Account Policies	Home	Chapter 25. PAM based Distributed Authentication

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/SWAT.html b/docs/htmldocs/SWAT.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b4067d75d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/SWAT.html @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool

Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool
Prev	Part IV. Migration and Updating	Next

Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

April 21, 2003

Table of Contents

Enabling SWAT for use
Securing SWAT through SSL
The SWAT Home Page
Global Settings
Share Settings
Printers Settings
The SWAT Wizard
The Status Page
The View Page
The Password Change Page

+There are many and varied opinions regarding the usefulness or otherwise of SWAT. +No matter how hard one tries to produce the perfect configuration tool it remains +an object of personal taste. SWAT is a tool that will allow web based configuration +of samba. It has a wizard that may help to get samba configured quickly, it has context +sensitive help on each smb.conf parameter, it provides for monitoring of current state +of connection information, and it allows network wide MS Windows network password +management. +

Features and Benefits

+There are network administrators who believe that it is a good idea to write systems +documentation inside configuration files, for them SWAT will aways be a nasty tool. SWAT +does not store the configuration file in any intermediate form, rather, it stores only the +parameter settings, so when SWAT writes the smb.conf file to disk it will write only +those parameters that are at other than the default settings. The result is that all comments +will be lost from the smb.conf file. Additionally, the parameters will be written back in +internal ordering. +

Note

+So before using SWAT please be warned - SWAT will completely replace your smb.conf with +a fully optimised file that has been stripped of all comments you might have placed there +and only non-default settings will be written to the file. +

Enabling SWAT for use

+SWAT should be installed to run via the network super daemon. Depending on which system +your Unix/Linux system has you will have either an inetd or +xinetd based system. +

+The nature and location of the network super-daemon varies with the operating system +implementation. The control file (or files) can be located in the file +/etc/inetd.conf or in the directory /etc/[x]inet.d +or similar. +

+The control entry for the older style file might be: +

+	# swat is the Samba Web Administration Tool
+	swat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/swat swat
+

+A control file for the newer style xinetd could be: +

+	# default: off
+	# description: SWAT is the Samba Web Admin Tool. Use swat \
+	#              to configure your Samba server. To use SWAT, \
+	#              connect to port 901 with your favorite web browser.
+	service swat
+	{
+		port    = 901
+		socket_type     = stream
+		wait    = no
+		only_from = localhost
+		user    = root
+		server  = /usr/sbin/swat
+		log_on_failure  += USERID
+		disable = yes
+	}
+

+ +

+Both the above examples assume that the swat binary has been +located in the /usr/sbin directory. In addition to the above +SWAT will use a directory access point from which it will load it's help files +as well as other control information. The default location for this on most Linux +systems is in the directory /usr/share/samba/swat. The default +location using samba defaults will be /usr/local/samba/swat. +

+Access to SWAT will prompt for a logon. If you log onto SWAT as any non-root user +the only permission allowed is to view certain aspects of configuration as well as +access to the password change facility. The buttons that will be exposed to the non-root +user are: HOME, STATUS, VIEW, +PASSWORD. The only page that allows +change capability in this case is PASSWORD. +

+So long as you log onto SWAT as the user root you should obtain +full change and commit ability. The buttons that will be exposed includes: +HOME, GLOBALS, SHARES, PRINTERS, +WIZARD, STATUS, VIEW, PASSWORD. +

Securing SWAT through SSL

+Lots of people have asked about how to setup SWAT with SSL to allow for secure remote +administration of Samba. Here is a method that works, courtesy of Markus Krieger +

+Modifications to the swat setup are as following: +

+ install OpenSSL +

+ generate certificate and private key + +

+root# /usr/bin/openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -config \
+ 	/usr/share/doc/packages/stunnel/stunnel.cnf \
+	-out /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem -keyout /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem
+

+ remove swat-entry from [x]inetd +

+ start stunnel + +

+root# stunnel -p /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem -d 901 \
+	 -l /usr/local/samba/bin/swat swat 
+

+afterwords simply contact to swat by using the URL https://myhost:901, accept the certificate +and the SSL connection is up. +

The SWAT Home Page

+The SWAT title page provides access to the latest Samba documentation. The manual page for +each samba component is accessible from this page as are the Samba-HOWTO-Collection (this +document) as well as the O'Reilly book "Using Samba". +

+Administrators who wish to validate their samba configuration may obtain useful information +from the man pages for the diagnostic utilities. These are available from the SWAT home page +also. One diagnostic tool that is NOT mentioned on this page, but that is particularly +useful is ethereal, available from +http://www.ethereal.com. +

Warning

+SWAT can be configured to run in demo mode. This is NOT recommended +as it runs SWAT without authentication and with full administrative ability. ie: Allows +changes to smb.conf as well as general operation with root privileges. The option that +creates this ability is the -a flag to swat. Do not use this in any +production environment. +

Global Settings

+The Globals button will expose a page that allows configuration of the global parameters +in smb.conf. There are three levels of exposure of the parameters: +

+ Basic - exposes common configuration options. +
+ Advanced - exposes configuration options needed in more + complex environments. +
+ Developer - exposes configuration options that only the brave + will want to tamper with. +

+To switch to other than Basic editing ability click on either the +Advanced or the Developer dial, then click the +Commit Changes button. +

+After making any changes to configuration parameters make sure that you click on the +Commit Changes button before moving to another area otherwise +your changes will be immediately lost. +

Note

+SWAT has context sensitive help. To find out what each parameter is for simply click the +Help link to the left of the configuration parameter. +

Share Settings

+To affect a currently configured share, simply click on the pull down button between the +Choose Share and the Delete Share buttons, +select the share you wish to operate on, then to edit the settings click on the +Choose Share button, to delete the share simply press the +Delete Share button. +

+To create a new share, next to the button labelled Create Share enter +into the text field the name of the share to be created, then click on the +Create Share button. +

Printers Settings

+To affect a currently configured printer, simply click on the pull down button between the +Choose Printer and the Delete Printer buttons, +select the printer you wish to operate on, then to edit the settings click on the +Choose Printer button, to delete the share simply press the +Delete Printer button. +

+To create a new printer, next to the button labelled Create Printer enter +into the text field the name of the share to be created, then click on the +Create Printer button. +

The SWAT Wizard

+The purpose if the SWAT Wizard is to help the Microsoft knowledgeable network administrator +to configure Samba with a minimum of effort. +

+The Wizard page provides a tool for rewriting the smb.conf file in fully optimised format. +This will also happen if you press the commit button. The two differ in the the rewrite button +ignores any changes that may have been made, while the Commit button causes all changes to be +affected. +

+The Edit button permits the editing (setting) of the minimal set of +options that may be necessary to create a working Samba server. +

+Finally, there are a limited set of options that will determine what type of server Samba +will be configured for, whether it will be a WINS server, participate as a WINS client, or +operate with no WINS support. By clicking on one button you can elect to expose (or not) user +home directories. +

The Status Page

+The status page serves a limited purpose. Firstly, it allows control of the samba daemons. +The key daemons that create the samba server environment are: smbd, nmbd, winbindd. +

+The daemons may be controlled individually or as a total group. Additionally, you may set +an automatic screen refresh timing. As MS Windows clients interact with Samba new smbd processes +will be continually spawned. The auto-refresh facility will allow you to track the changing +conditions with minimal effort. +

+Lastly, the Status page may be used to terminate specific smbd client connections in order to +free files that may be locked. +

The View Page

+This page allows the administrator to view the optimised smb.conf file and, if you are +particularly masochistic, will permit you also to see all possible global configuration +parameters and their settings. +

The Password Change Page

+The Password Change page is a popular tool. This tool allows the creation, deletion, deactivation +and reactivation of MS Windows networking users on the local machine. Alternatively, you can use +this tool to change a local password for a user account. +

+When logged in as a non-root account the user will have to provide the old password as well as +the new password (twice). When logged in as root only the new password is +required. +

+One popular use for this tool is to change user passwords across a range of remote MS Windows +servers. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC	Home	Part V. Troubleshooting

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/SambaHA.html b/docs/htmldocs/SambaHA.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba82f6ad0f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/SambaHA.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Chapter 29. High Availability Options

Chapter 29. High Availability Options
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 29. High Availability Options

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Note

Note

+This chapter did not make it into this release. +It is planned for the published release of this document. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques	Home	Part IV. Migration and Updating

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/ServerType.html b/docs/htmldocs/ServerType.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..01f03662ae --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/ServerType.html @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ +Chapter 4. Server Types and Security Modes

Chapter 4. Server Types and Security Modes
Prev	Part II. Server Configuration Basics	Next

Chapter 4. Server Types and Security Modes

Andrew Tridgell

Samba Team

<tridge@samba.org>

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Seamless Windows Network Integration

Server Types

Samba Security Modes

User Level Security
Share Level Security
Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)
ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)
Server Security (User Level Security)

What makes Samba a SERVER?
What makes Samba a Domain Controller?
What makes Samba a Domain Member?
Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server

+This chapter provides information regarding the types of server that Samba may be +configured to be. A Microsoft network administrator who wishes to migrate to or to +use Samba will want to know what, within a Samba context, terms familiar to MS Windows +administrator mean. This means that it is essential also to define how critical security +modes function BEFORE we get into the details of how to configure the server itself. +

+The chapter provides an overview of the security modes of which Samba is capable +and how these relate to MS Windows servers and clients. +

+Firstly we should recognise the question so often asked, "Why would I want to use Samba?" +So, in those chapters where the answer may be important you will see a section that highlights +features and benefits. These may be for or against Samba. +

Features and Benefits

+Two men were walking down a dusty road, when one suddenly kicked up a small red stone. It +hurt his toe and lodged in his sandal. He took the stone out and cursed it with a passion +and fury fitting his anguish. The other looked at the stone and said, that is a garnet - I +can turn that into a precious gem and some day it will make a princess very happy! +

+The moral of this tale: Two men, two very different perspectives regarding the same stone. +Like it or not, Samba is like that stone. Treat it the right way and it can bring great +pleasure, but if you are forced upon it and have no time for its secrets then it can be +a source of discomfort. +

+Samba started out as a project that sought to provide interoperability for MS Windows 3.x +clients with a Unix server. It has grown up a lot since its humble beginnings and now provides +features and functionality fit for large scale deployment. It also has some warts. In sections +like this one we will tell of both. +

+So now, what are the benefits of features mentioned in this chapter? +

+ Samba-3 can replace an MS Windows NT4 Domain Controller +
+ Samba-3 offers excellent interoperability with MS Windows NT4 + style domains as well as natively with Microsoft Active + Directory domains. +
+ Samba-3 permits full NT4 style Interdomain Trusts +
+ Samba has security modes that permit more flexible + authentication than is possible with MS Windows NT4 Domain Controllers. +
+ Samba-3 permits use of multiple account database backends +
+ The account (password) database backends can be distributed + and replicated using multiple methods. This gives Samba-3 + greater flexibility than MS Windows NT4 and in many cases a + significantly higher utility than Active Directory domains + with MS Windows 200x. +

Server Types

Administrators of Microsoft networks often refer to three +different type of servers:

Domain Controller
Primary Domain Controller
Backup Domain Controller
ADS Domain Controller
Domain Member Server
Active Directory Member Server
NT4 Style Domain Member Server
Stand Alone Server

+The chapters covering Domain Control, Backup Domain Control and Domain Membership provide +pertinent information regarding Samba-3 configuration for each of these server roles. +The reader is strongly encouraged to become intimately familiar with the information +presented. +

Samba Security Modes

+In this section the function and purpose of Samba's security +modes are described. An accurate understanding of how Samba implements each security +mode as well as how to configure MS Windows clients for each mode will significantly +reduce user complaints and administrator heartache. +

+In the SMB/CIFS networking world, there are only two types of security: USER Level +and SHARE Level. We refer to these collectively as security levels. In implementing these two security levels Samba provides flexibilities +that are not available with Microsoft Windows NT4 / 200x servers. Samba knows of five (5) +ways that allow the security levels to be implemented. In actual fact, Samba implements +SHARE Level security only one way, but has four ways of implementing +USER Level security. Collectively, we call the Samba implementations +Security Modes. These are: SHARE, USER, DOMAIN, +ADS, and SERVER +modes. They are documented in this chapter. +

+A SMB server tells the client at startup what security level +it is running. There are two options: share level and +user level. Which of these two the client receives affects +the way the client then tries to authenticate itself. It does not directly affect +(to any great extent) the way the Samba server does security. This may sound strange, +but it fits in with the client/server approach of SMB. In SMB everything is initiated +and controlled by the client, and the server can only tell the client what is +available and whether an action is allowed. +

User Level Security

+We will describe user level security first, as it's simpler. +In user level security, the client will send a +session setup command directly after the protocol negotiation. +This contains a username and password. The server can either accept or reject that +username/password combination. Note that at this stage the server has no idea what +share the client will eventually try to connect to, so it can't base the +accept/reject on anything other than: +

The username/password
The name of the client machine

+If the server accepts the username/password then the client expects to be able to +mount shares (using a tree connection) without specifying a +password. It expects that all access rights will be as the username/password +specified in the session setup. +

+It is also possible for a client to send multiple session setup +requests. When the server responds, it gives the client a uid to use +as an authentication tag for that username/password. The client can maintain multiple +authentication contexts in this way (WinDD is an example of an application that does this). +

Example Configuration

+The smb.conf parameter that sets User Level Security is: +

+	security = user
+

+This is the default setting since samba-2.2.x. +

Share Level Security

+Ok, now for share level security. In share level security, the client authenticates +itself separately for each share. It will send a password along with each +tree connection (share mount). It does not explicitly send a +username with this operation. The client expects a password to be associated +with each share, independent of the user. This means that Samba has to work out what +username the client probably wants to use. It is never explicitly sent the username. +Some commercial SMB servers such as NT actually associate passwords directly with +shares in share level security, but Samba always uses the unix authentication scheme +where it is a username/password pair that is authenticated, not a share/password pair. +

+To gain understanding of the MS Windows networking parallels to this, one should think +in terms of MS Windows 9x/Me where one can create a shared folder that provides read-only +or full access, with or without a password. +

+Many clients send a session setup even if the server is in share +level security. They normally send a valid username but no password. Samba records +this username in a list of possible usernames. When the client +then does a tree connection it also adds to this list the name +of the share they try to connect to (useful for home directories) and any users +listed in the user = smb.conf line. The password is then checked +in turn against these possible usernames. If a match is found +then the client is authenticated as that user. +

Example Configuration

+The smb.conf parameter that sets Share Level Security is: +

+	security = share
+

+Please note that there are reports that recent MS Windows clients do not like to work +with share mode security servers. You are strongly discouraged from using share level security. +

Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)

+When Samba is operating in security = domain mode, +the Samba server has a domain security trust account (a machine account) and will cause +all authentication requests to be passed through to the domain controllers. +

Example Configuration

+Samba as a Domain Member Server +

+This method involves addition of the following parameters in the smb.conf file: +

+        security = domain
+        workgroup = "name_of_NT_domain"
+

+In order for this method to work, the Samba server needs to join the MS Windows NT +security domain. This is done as follows: +

On the MS Windows NT domain controller, using + the Server Manager, add a machine account for the Samba server. +
Next, on the Unix/Linux system execute:
root# smbpasswd -j DOMAIN_NAME -r PDC_NAME (samba-2.x)
root# net join -U administrator%password (samba-3)

Note

+As of Samba-2.2.4 the Samba 2.2.x series can auto-join a Windows NT4 style Domain just +by executing: +

+root# smbpasswd -j DOMAIN_NAME -r PDC_NAME -U Administrator%password
+

+ +As of Samba-3 the same can be done by executing: +

+root# net join -U Administrator%password
+

+It is not necessary with Samba-3 to specify the DOMAIN_NAME or the PDC_NAME as it +figures this out from the smb.conf file settings. +

+Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be a standard Unix account +for each user in order to assign a uid once the account has been authenticated by +the remote Windows DC. This account can be blocked to prevent logons by clients other than +MS Windows through things such as setting an invalid shell in the +/etc/passwd entry. +

+An alternative to assigning UIDs to Windows users on a Samba member server is +presented in the Winbind Overview chapter +in this HOWTO collection. +

+For more information of being a domain member, see the Domain +Member section of this Howto. +

ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)

+Both Samba 2.2 and 3.0 can join an Active Directory domain. This is +possible even if the domain is run in native mode. Active Directory in +native mode perfectly allows NT4-style domain members, contrary to +popular belief. The only thing that Active Directory in native mode +prohibits is Backup Domain Controllers running NT4. +

+If you are running Active Directory starting with Samba 3.0 you can +however join as a native AD member. Why would you want to do that? +Your security policy might prohibit the use of NT-compatible +authentication protocols. All your machines are running Windows 2000 +and above and all use full Kerberos. In this case Samba as a NT4-style +domain would still require NT-compatible authentication data. Samba in +AD-member mode can accept Kerberos. +

Example Configuration

+	realm = your.kerberos.REALM
+	security = ADS
+

+ The following parameter may be required: +

+	ads server = your.kerberos.server
+

+Please refer to the Domain Membership and Active Directory +Membership sections for more information regarding this configuration option. +

Server Security (User Level Security)

+Server security mode is a left over from the time when Samba was not capable of acting +as a domain member server. It is highly recommended NOT to use this feature. Server +security mode has many draw backs. The draw backs include: +

Potential Account Lockout on MS Windows NT4/200x password servers

Lack of assurance that the password server is the one specified

Does not work with Winbind, particularly needed when storing profiles remotely

This mode may open connections to the password server, and keep them open for extended periods.

Security on the Samba server breaks badly when the remote password server suddenly shuts down

With this mode there is NO security account in the domain that the password server belongs to for the Samba server.

+In server security mode the Samba server reports to the client that it is in user level +security. The client then does a session setup as described earlier. +The Samba server takes the username/password that the client sends and attempts to login to the +password server by sending exactly the same username/password that +it got from the client. If that server is in user level security and accepts the password, +then Samba accepts the clients connection. This allows the Samba server to use another SMB +server as the password server. +

+You should also note that at the very start of all this, where the server tells the client +what security level it is in, it also tells the client if it supports encryption. If it +does then it supplies the client with a random cryptkey. The client will then send all +passwords in encrypted form. Samba supports this type of encryption by default. +

+The parameter security = server means that Samba reports to clients that +it is running in user mode but actually passes off all authentication +requests to another user mode server. This requires an additional +parameter password server that points to the real authentication server. +That real authentication server can be another Samba server or can be a Windows NT server, +the later natively capable of encrypted password support. +

Note

+When Samba is running in server security mode it is essential that +the parameter password server is set to the precise NetBIOS machine +name of the target authentication server. Samba can NOT determine this from NetBIOS name +lookups because the choice of the target authentication server is arbitrary and can not +be determined from a domain name. In essence, a Samba server that is in +server security mode is operating in what used to be known as +workgroup mode. +

Example Configuration

+Using MS Windows NT as an authentication server +

+This method involves the additions of the following parameters in the smb.conf file: +

+        encrypt passwords = Yes
+        security = server
+        password server = "NetBIOS_name_of_a_DC"
+

+There are two ways of identifying whether or not a username and password pair was valid +or not. One uses the reply information provided as part of the authentication messaging +process, the other uses just an error code. +

+The down-side of this mode of configuration is the fact that for security reasons Samba +will send the password server a bogus username and a bogus password and if the remote +server fails to reject the username and password pair then an alternative mode of +identification of validation is used. Where a site uses password lock out after a +certain number of failed authentication attempts this will result in user lockouts. +

+Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be a standard Unix account +for the user, though this account can be blocked to prevent logons by non-SMB/CIFS clients. +

Seamless Windows Network Integration

+MS Windows clients may use encrypted passwords as part of a challenge/response +authentication model (a.k.a. NTLMv1 and NTLMv2) or alone, or clear text strings for simple +password based authentication. It should be realized that with the SMB protocol, +the password is passed over the network either in plain text or encrypted, but +not both in the same authentication request. +

+When encrypted passwords are used, a password that has been entered by the user +is encrypted in two ways: +

An MD4 hash of the UNICODE of the password + string. This is known as the NT hash. +
The password is converted to upper case, + and then padded or truncated to 14 bytes. This string is + then appended with 5 bytes of NULL characters and split to + form two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt a "magic" 8 byte value. + The resulting 16 bytes form the LanMan hash. +

+MS Windows 95 pre-service pack 1, MS Windows NT versions 3.x and version 4.0 +pre-service pack 3 will use either mode of password authentication. All +versions of MS Windows that follow these versions no longer support plain +text passwords by default. +

+MS Windows clients have a habit of dropping network mappings that have been idle +for 10 minutes or longer. When the user attempts to use the mapped drive +connection that has been dropped, the client re-establishes the connection using +a cached copy of the password. +

+When Microsoft changed the default password mode, support was dropped for caching +of the plain text password. This means that when the registry parameter is changed +to re-enable use of plain text passwords it appears to work, but when a dropped +service connection mapping attempts to revalidate it will fail if the remote +authentication server does not support encrypted passwords. This means that it +is definitely not a good idea to re-enable plain text password support in such clients. +

+The following parameters can be used to work around the issue of Windows 9x clients +upper casing usernames and password before transmitting them to the SMB server +when using clear text authentication. +

+        password level = integer
+        username level = integer
+

+By default Samba will lower case the username before attempting to lookup the user +in the database of local system accounts. Because UNIX usernames conventionally +only contain lower case character, the username level parameter +is rarely needed. +

+However, passwords on UNIX systems often make use of mixed case characters. +This means that in order for a user on a Windows 9x client to connect to a Samba +server using clear text authentication, the password level +must be set to the maximum number of upper case letter which could +appear is a password. Note that the server OS uses the traditional DES version +of crypt(), a password level of 8 will result in case +insensitive passwords as seen from Windows users. This will also result in longer +login times as Samba has to compute the permutations of the password string and +try them one by one until a match is located (or all combinations fail). +

+The best option to adopt is to enable support for encrypted passwords where ever +Samba is used. Most attempts to apply the registry change to re-enable plain text +passwords will eventually lead to user complaints and unhappiness. +

Common Errors

+We all make mistakes. It is Ok to make mistakes, so long as they are made in the right places +and at the right time. A mistake that causes lost productivity is seldom tolerated. A mistake +made in a developmental test lab is expected. +

+Here we look at common mistakes and misapprehensions that have been the subject of discussions +on the Samba mailing lists. Many of these are avoidable by doing you homework before attempting +a Samba implementation. Some are the result of misunderstanding of the English language. The +English language has many turns of phrase that are potentially vague and may be highly confusing +to those for whom English is not their native tongue. +

What makes Samba a SERVER?

+To some the nature of the Samba security mode is very obvious, but entirely +wrong all the same. It is assumed that security = server means that Samba +will act as a server. Not so! See above - this setting means that Samba will try +to use another SMB server as its source of user authentication alone. +

What makes Samba a Domain Controller?

+The smb.conf parameter security = domain does NOT really make Samba behave +as a Domain Controller! This setting means we want Samba to be a domain member! +

What makes Samba a Domain Member?

+Guess! So many others do. But whatever you do, do NOT think that security = user +makes Samba act as a domain member. Read the manufacturers manual before the warranty expires! See +the Domain Member section of this Howto for more information. +

Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server

+Why does server_validate() simply give up rather than re-establishing its connection to the +password server? Though I am not fluent in the SMB protocol, perhaps the cluster server +process passes along to its client workstation the session key it receives from the password +server, which means the password hashes submitted by the client would not work on a subsequent +connection, whose session key would be different. So server_validate() must give up. +

+Indeed. That's why security = server is at best a nasty hack. Please use security = domain. +security = server mode is also known as pass-through authentication. +

Prev	Up	Next
Part II. Server Configuration Basics	Home	Chapter 5. Domain Control

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/StandAloneServer.html b/docs/htmldocs/StandAloneServer.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a3bdf439af --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/StandAloneServer.html @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +Chapter 8. Stand-Alone Servers

Chapter 8. Stand-Alone Servers
Prev	Part II. Server Configuration Basics	Next

Chapter 8. Stand-Alone Servers

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Table of Contents

Example Configuration

Background

Reference Documentation Server
Central Print Serving

+Stand-Alone servers are independent of Domain Controllers on the network. +They are NOT domain members and function more like workgroup servers. In many +cases a stand-alone server is configured with a minimum of security control +with the intent that all data served will be readily accessible to all users. +

Features and Benefits

+Stand-Alone servers can be as secure or as insecure as needs dictate. They can +have simple or complex configurations. Above all, despite the hoopla about +Domain security they remain a very common installation. +

+If all that is needed is a server for read-only files, or for +printers alone, it may not make sense to affect a complex installation. +For example: A drafting office needs to store old drawings and reference +standards. No-one can write files to the server as it is legislatively +important that all documents remain unaltered. A share mode read-only stand-alone +server is an ideal solution. +

+Another situation that warrants simplicity is an office that has many printers +that are queued off a single central server. Everyone needs to be able to print +to the printers, there is no need to affect any access controls and no files will +be served from the print server. Again a share mode stand-alone server makes +a great solution. +

Background

+The term stand-alone server means that the server +will provide local authentication and access control for all resources +that are available from it. In general this means that there will be a +local user database. In more technical terms, it means that resources +on the machine will be made available in either SHARE mode or in +USER mode. +

+No special action is needed other than to create user accounts. Stand-alone +servers do NOT provide network logon services. This means that machines that +use this server do NOT perform a domain logon to it. Whatever logon facility +the workstations are subject to is independent of this machine. It is however +necessary to accommodate any network user so that the logon name they use will +be translated (mapped) locally on the stand-alone server to a locally known +user name. There are several ways this can be done. +

+Samba tends to blur the distinction a little in respect of what is +a stand-alone server. This is because the authentication database may be +local or on a remote server, even if from the Samba protocol perspective +the Samba server is NOT a member of a domain security context. +

+Through the use of PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) and nsswitch +(the name service switcher) the source of authentication may reside on +another server. We would be inclined to call this the authentication server. +This means that the Samba server may use the local Unix/Linux system password database +(/etc/passwd or /etc/shadow), may use a +local smbpasswd file, or may use +an LDAP back end, or even via PAM and Winbind another CIFS/SMB server +for authentication. +

Example Configuration

+The following examples are designed to inspire simplicity. It is too easy to +attempt a high level of creativity and to introduce too much complexity in +server and network design. +

Reference Documentation Server

+Configuration of a read-only data server that EVERYONE can access is very simple. +Here is the smb.conf file that will do this. Assume that all the reference documents +are stored in the directory /export, that the documents are owned by a user other than +nobody. No home directories are shared, that are no users in the /etc/passwd +Unix system database. This is a very simple system to administer. +

+	# Global parameters
+	[global]
+		workgroup = MYGROUP
+		netbios name = REFDOCS
+		security = SHARE
+		passdb backend = guest
+		wins server = 192.168.1.1
+
+	[data]
+		comment = Data
+		path = /export
+		guest only = Yes
+

+In the above example the machine name is set to REFDOCS, the workgroup is set to the name +of the local workgroup so that the machine will appear in with systems users are familiar +with. The only password backend required is the "guest" backend so as to allow default +unprivileged account names to be used. Given that there is a WINS server on this network +we do use it. +

Central Print Serving

+Configuration of a simple print server is very simple if you have all the right tools +on your system. +

Assumptions:

+ The print server must require no administration +
+ The print spooling and processing system on our print server will be CUPS. + (Please refer to the CUPS Printing chapter for more information). +
+ All printers that the print server will service will be network + printers. They will be correctly configured, by the administrator, + in the CUPS environment. +
+ All workstations will be installed using postscript drivers. The printer + of choice is the Apple Color LaserWriter. +

+In this example our print server will spool all incoming print jobs to +/var/spool/samba until the job is ready to be submitted by +Samba to the CUPS print processor. Since all incoming connections will be as +the anonymous (guest) user, two things will be required: +

Enabling Anonymous Printing

+ The Unix/Linux system must have a guest account. + The default for this is usually the account nobody. + To find the correct name to use for your version of Samba do the + following: +
```
+$ testparm -s -v | grep "guest account"
+	
```
+ Then make sure that this account exists in your system password + database (/etc/passwd). +
+ The directory into which Samba will spool the file must have write + access for the guest account. The following commands will ensure that + this directory is available for use: +
```
+root# mkdir /var/spool/samba
+root# chown nobody.nobody /var/spool/samba
+root# chmod a+rwt /var/spool/samba
+	
```
+

+	# Global parameters
+	[global]
+		workgroup = MYGROUP
+		netbios name = PTRSVR1
+		security = SHARE
+		passdb backend = guest
+		wins server = 192.168.1.1
+
+	[printers]
+		comment = All Printers
+		path = /var/spool/samba
+		printer admin = root
+		guest ok = Yes
+		printable = Yes
+		printing = cups
+		use client driver = Yes
+		browseable = No
+

Common Errors

+The greatest mistake so often made is to make a network configuration too complex. +It pays to use the simplest solution that will meet the needs of the moment. +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 7. Domain Membership	Home	Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/VFS.html b/docs/htmldocs/VFS.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6b520d792a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/VFS.html @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules

Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Tim Potter

Simo Sorce

original vfs_skel README

Alexander Bokovoy

original vfs_netatalk docs

Stefan Metzmacher

Update for multiple modules

Table of Contents

VFS modules available elsewhere

Included modules

audit
extd_audit
fake_perms
recycle
netatalk

DatabaseFS
vscan

Introduction to Samba

Features and Benefits

+Since Samba-3, there is support for stackable VFS(Virtual File System) modules. +Samba passes each request to access the unix file system thru the loaded VFS modules. +This chapter covers all the modules that come with the samba source and references to +some external modules. +

Discussion

+If not supplied with your platform distribution binary Samba package you may have problems +to compile these modules, as shared libraries are compiled and linked in different ways +on different systems. They currently have been tested against GNU/Linux and IRIX. +

+To use the VFS modules, create a share similar to the one below. The +important parameter is the vfs objects parameter where +you can list one or more VFS modules by name. For example, to log all access +to files and put deleted files in a recycle bin: + +

+[audit]
+        comment = Audited /data directory
+        path = /data
+        vfs objects = audit recycle
+        writeable = yes
+        browseable = yes
+

+The modules are used in the order in which they are specified. +

+Samba will attempt to load modules from the lib +directory in the root directory of the samba installation (usually +/usr/lib/samba/vfs or /usr/local/samba/lib/vfs +). +

+Some modules can be used twice for the same share. +This can be done using a configuration similar to the one below. + +

+[test]
+        comment = VFS TEST
+        path = /data
+        writeable = yes
+        browseable = yes
+        vfs objects = example:example1 example example:test
+		example1: parameter = 1
+		example:  parameter = 5
+		test:	  parameter = 7
+

Included modules

audit

+ A simple module to audit file access to the syslog + facility. The following operations are logged: +

connect/disconnect

directory opens/create/remove

file open/close/rename/unlink/chmod

extd_audit

+ This module is identical with the audit module above except + that it sends audit logs to both syslog as well as the smbd log file/s. The + loglevel for this module is set in the smb.conf file. +

+ The logging information that will be written to the smbd log file is controlled by + the log level parameter in smb.conf. The + following information will be recorded: +

Table 20.1. Extended Auditing Log Information

Log Level	Log Details - File and Directory Operations
0	Creation / Deletion
1	Create / Delete / Rename / Permission Changes
2	Create / Delete / Rename / Perm Change / Open / Close

fake_perms

+ This module was created to allow Roaming Profile files and directories to be set (on the Samba server + under Unix) as read only. This module will if installed on the Profiles share will report to the client + that the Profile files and directories are writable. This satisfies the client even though the files + will never be overwritten as the client logs out or shuts down. +

recycle

+ A recycle-bin like module. When used any unlink call + will be intercepted and files moved to the recycle + directory instead of being deleted. +

Supported options: +

recycle:repository: FIXME
recycle:keeptree: FIXME
recycle:versions: FIXME
recycle:touch: FIXME
recycle:maxsize: FIXME
recycle:exclude: FIXME
recycle:exclude_dir: FIXME
recycle:noversions: FIXME

netatalk

+ A netatalk module, that will ease co-existence of samba and + netatalk file sharing services. +

Advantages compared to the old netatalk module: +

it doesn't care about creating of .AppleDouble forks, just keeps them in sync

if a share in smb.conf doesn't contain .AppleDouble item in hide or veto list, it will be added automatically

VFS modules available elsewhere

+This section contains a listing of various other VFS modules that +have been posted but don't currently reside in the Samba CVS +tree for one reason or another (e.g. it is easy for the maintainer +to have his or her own CVS tree). +

+No statements about the stability or functionality of any module +should be implied due to its presence here. +

DatabaseFS

+ URL: http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~elorimer/databasefs/index.php +

By Eric Lorimer.

+ I have created a VFS module which implements a fairly complete read-only + filesystem. It presents information from a database as a filesystem in + a modular and generic way to allow different databases to be used + (originally designed for organizing MP3s under directories such as + "Artists," "Song Keywords," etc... I have since applied it to a student + roster database very easily). The directory structure is stored in the + database itself and the module makes no assumptions about the database + structure beyond the table it requires to run. +

+ Any feedback would be appreciated: comments, suggestions, patches, + etc... If nothing else, hopefully it might prove useful for someone + else who wishes to create a virtual filesystem. +

vscan

URL: http://www.openantivirus.org/

+ samba-vscan is a proof-of-concept module for Samba, which + uses the VFS (virtual file system) features of Samba 2.2.x/3.0 + alphaX. Of course, Samba has to be compiled with VFS support. + samba-vscan supports various virus scanners and is maintained + by Rainer Link. +

Common Errors

+There must be some gotchas we should record here! Jelmer??? +

Prev	Up	Next
Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0	Home	Chapter 21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/index.html b/docs/htmldocs/index.html new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..f7bc47b7c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +SAMBA Project Documentation

SAMBA Project Documentation
		Next

SAMBA Project Documentation

Edited by

Jelmer R. Vernooij

John H. Terpstra

Gerald (Jerry) Carter

+This documentation is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) +version 2. A copy of the license is included with the Samba source +distribution. A copy can be found on-line at http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt +

Attributions. +

David Lechnyr <david@lechnyr.com>

How to Install and Test SAMBA

Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Karl Auer

Fast Start for the Impatient

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Server Types and Security Modes

Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Domain Control

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org>
David Bannon <dbannon@samba.org>

Backup Domain Control

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Volker Lendecke <Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE>

Domain Membership

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org>
Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>

Stand-Alone Servers

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

MS Windows Network Configuration Guide

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Account Information Databases

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org>
Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Olivier (lem) Lemaire <olem@IDEALX.org>

Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups

Jean François Micouleau
Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

File, Directory and Share Access Controls

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>

File and Record Locking

Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Eric Roseme <eric.roseme@hp.com>

Securing Samba

Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Interdomain Trust Relationships

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Rafal Szczesniak <mimir@samba.org>

Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba

Shirish Kalele <samba@samba.org>

Classical Printing Support

Kurt Pfeifle <kpfeifle@danka.de>
Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org>

CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0

Kurt Pfeifle <kpfeifle@danka.de>
Ciprian Vizitiu <CVizitiu@gbif.org> (drawings)

Stackable VFS modules

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Tim Potter
Simo Sorce (original vfs_skel README)
Alexander Bokovoy (original vfs_netatalk docs)
Stefan Metzmacher (Update for multiple modules)

Integrated Logon Support using Winbind

Tim Potter <tpot@linuxcare.com.au>
Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
Naag Mummaneni <getnag@rediffmail.com>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Advanced Network Management

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

System and Account Policies

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Desktop Profile Management

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

PAM based Distributed Authentication

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
Stephen Langasek <vorlon@netexpress.net>

Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Unicode/Charsets

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
TAKAHASHI Motonobu <monyo@home.monyo.com>

Samba Backup Techniques

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

High Availability Options

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>

Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

The Samba checklist

Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>

Analysing and solving samba problems

Gerald Carter <jerry@samba.org>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
David Bannon <dbannon@samba.org>

Reporting Bugs

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
Someone; Tridge or Karl Auer perhaps?

How to compile SAMBA

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
Someone; Jerry perhaps?

Portability

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>

Samba and other CIFS clients

Jim McDonough <jmcd@us.ibm.com>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>

Samba Performance Tuning

Paul Cochrane <paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk>
Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide

John Terpstra <jht@samba.org>

Further Resources

Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
David Lechnyr <david@lechnyr.com>

+ +

Monday April 21, 2003

Abstract

+This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years. +Samba is always under development, and so is its' documentation. This release of the +documentation represents a major revision or layout as well as contents. +The most recent version of this document can be found at +http://www.samba.org/ +on the "Documentation" page. Please send updates to +Jelmer Vernooij, +John H. Terpstra or +Gerald (Jerry) Carter. +

+The Samba-Team would like to express sincere thanks to the many people who have with +or without their knowledge contributed to this update. The size and scope of this +project would not have been possible without significant community contribution. A not +insignificant number of ideas for inclusion (if not content itself) has been obtained +from a number of Unofficial HOWTOs - to each such author a big "Thank-you" is also offered. +Please keep publishing your Unofficial HOWTOs - they are a source of inspiration and +application knowledge that is most to be desired by many Samba users and administrators. +

Table of Contents

I. General Installation

1. Introduction to Samba

Background
Terminology
Related Projects
SMB Methodology
Epilogue
Miscellaneous

2. How to Install and Test SAMBA

Obtaining and installing samba

Configuring samba (smb.conf)

Example Configuration
SWAT

Try listing the shares available on your + server

Try connecting with the unix client

Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, + Win2k, OS/2, etc... client

What If Things Don't Work?

3. Fast Start for the Impatient

Why are so many smbd processes eating memory?
I'm getting "open_oplock_ipc: Failed to get local UDP socket for address 100007f. Error was Cannot assign requested" in the logs

Note

II. Server Configuration Basics

4. Server Types and Security Modes

Seamless Windows Network Integration

Server Types

Samba Security Modes

User Level Security
Share Level Security
Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)
ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)
Server Security (User Level Security)

What makes Samba a SERVER?
What makes Samba a Domain Controller?
What makes Samba a Domain Member?
Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server

5. Domain Control

Basics of Domain Control

Domain Controller Types
Preparing for Domain Control

Domain Control - Example Configuration

Samba ADS Domain Control

Domain and Network Logon Configuration

Domain Network Logon Service
Security Mode and Master Browsers

Common Problems and Errors

I cannot include a '$' in a machine name
I get told "You already have a connection to the Domain...." +or "Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an +existing set.." when creating a machine trust account.
The system can not log you on (C000019B)....
The machine trust account for this computer either does not +exist or is not accessible.
When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation, +I get a message about my account being disabled.
Until a few minutes after Samba has started, clients get the error "Domain Controller Unavailable"

6. Backup Domain Control

Features And Benefits

Essential Background Information

MS Windows NT4 Style Domain Control
Active Directory Domain Control
What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?
How does a Workstation find its domain controller?

Backup Domain Controller Configuration

Example Configuration

Machine Accounts keep expiring, what can I do?
Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?
How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?
Can I do this all with LDAP?

7. Domain Membership

MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts

Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts
Using NT4 Server Manager to Add Machine Accounts to the Domain
"On-the-Fly" Creation of Machine Trust Accounts
Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member

Domain Member Server

Joining an NT4 type Domain with Samba-3
Why is this better than security = server?

Samba ADS Domain Membership

Setup your smb.conf
Setup your /etc/krb5.conf
Create the computer account
Test your server setup
Testing with smbclient
Notes

Can Not Add Machine Back to Domain
Adding Machine to Domain Fails

8. Stand-Alone Servers

Example Configuration

Background

Reference Documentation Server
Central Print Serving

9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide

Note

III. Advanced Configuration

10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide

What is Browsing?

How Browsing Functions

NetBIOS over TCP/IP
TCP/IP - without NetBIOS
DNS and Active Directory

Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing
Setting up DOMAIN Browsing
Forcing Samba to be the master
Making Samba the domain master
Note about broadcast addresses
Multiple interfaces
Use of the Remote Announce parameter
Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter

WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server

Setting up a WINS server
WINS Replication
Static WINS Entries

Helpful Hints

Windows Networking Protocols
Name Resolution Order

Technical Overview of browsing

Browsing support in Samba
Problem resolution
Browsing across subnets

How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting Samba?
My client reports "This server is not configured to list shared resources"

11. Account Information Databases

Technical Information

Important Notes About Security
Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and Unix

Account Management Tools

The smbpasswd Command
The pdbedit Command

Password Backends

Plain Text
smbpasswd - Encrypted Password Database
tdbsam
ldapsam
MySQL
XML

Users can not logon - Users not in Samba SAM
Users are being added to the wrong backend database
auth methods does not work

12. Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups

Configuration Scripts

Example Configuration

Sample smb.conf add group script
Script to configure Group Mapping

13. File, Directory and Share Access Controls

Adding Groups Fails
Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails

File System Access Controls

MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems
Managing Directories
File and Directory Access Control

Share Definition Access Controls

User and Group Based Controls
File and Directory Permissions Based Controls
Miscellaneous Controls

Access Controls on Shares

Share Permissions Management

MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability

Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs
Viewing File Security on a Samba Share
Viewing file ownership
Viewing File or Directory Permissions
Modifying file or directory permissions
Interaction with the standard Samba create mask + parameters
Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute + mapping

Users can not write to a public share
I have set force user and Samba still makes root the owner of all the files + I touch!

14. File and Record Locking

Samba Opportunistic Locking Control

Opportunistic Locking Overview

Example Configuration

MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls

Workstation Service Entries
Server Service Entries

Persistent Data Corruption

locking.tdb error messages

Additional Reading

15. Securing Samba

Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues

Using host based protection
User based protection
Using interface protection
Using a firewall
Using a IPC$ share deny
NTLMv2 Security

Upgrading Samba

Smbclient works on localhost, but the network is dead
Why can users access home directories of other users?

16. Interdomain Trust Relationships

Trust Relationship Background

Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration

NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)
NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)

Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts

Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain
Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain

17. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba

Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba

Features and Benefits
Common Errors

18. Classical Printing Support

Technical Introduction

What happens if you send a Job from a Client
Printing Related Configuration Parameters
Parameters Recommended for Use
Parameters for Backwards Compatibility
Parameters no longer in use

A simple Configuration to Print with Samba-3

Verification of "Settings in Use" with testparm
A little Experiment to warn you

Extended Sample Configuration to Print with Samba-3

Detailed Explanation of the Example's Settings

The [global] Section
The [printers] Section
Any [my_printer_name] Section
Print Commands
Default Print Commands for various Unix Print Subsystems
Setting up your own Print Commands

Innovations in Samba Printing since 2.2

Client Drivers on Samba Server for Point'n'Print
The [printer$] Section is removed from Samba-3
Creating the [print$] Share
Parameters in the [print$] Section
Subdirectory Structure in [print$]

Installing Drivers into [print$]

Setting Drivers for existing Printers with a Client GUI
Setting Drivers for existing Printers with +rpcclient

"The Proof of the Pudding lies in the Eating" (Client Driver Install +Procedure)

The first Client Driver Installation
IMPORTANT! Setting Device Modes on new Printers
Further Client Driver Install Procedures
Always make first Client Connection as root or "printer admin"

Other Gotchas

Setting Default Print Options for the Client Drivers
Supporting large Numbers of Printers
Adding new Printers with the Windows NT APW
Weird Error Message Cannot connect under a +different Name
Be careful when assembling Driver Files
Samba and Printer Ports
Avoiding the most common Misconfigurations of the Client Driver

The Imprints Toolset

What is Imprints?
Creating Printer Driver Packages
The Imprints Server
The Installation Client

Add Network Printers at Logon without User Interaction

The addprinter command

Migration of "Classical" printing to Samba-3

Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP

Common Errors and Problems

I give my root password but I don't get access
My printjobs get spooled into the spooling directory, but then get lost

19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0

Basic Configuration of CUPS support

Features and Benefits
Overview

Linking of smbd with libcups.so
Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS
More complex smb.conf Settings for +CUPS

Advanced Configuration

Central spooling vs. "Peer-to-Peer" printing
CUPS/Samba as a "spooling-only" Print Server; "raw" printing +with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients
Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients
Explicitly enable "raw" printing for +application/octet-stream!
Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one

Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing +with PostScript Driver Download

GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix
Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF
Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics
PostScript and Ghostscript
Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers
PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification
CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs
CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers

The CUPS Filtering Architecture

MIME types and CUPS Filters
MIME type Conversion Rules
Filter Requirements
Prefilters
pstops
pstoraster
imagetops and imagetoraster
rasterto [printers specific]
CUPS Backends
cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?
The Complete Picture
mime.convs
"Raw" printing
"application/octet-stream" printing
PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers
Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and +native CUPS printing
Examples for filtering Chains
Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs
Printing with Interface Scripts

Network printing (purely Windows)

From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server
Driver Execution on the Client
Driver Execution on the Server

Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print +Servers)

From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server
Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS

Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use +PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs

PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX
PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows

Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients

Printer Drivers running in "Kernel Mode" cause many +Problems
Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations
CUPS: a "Magical Stone"?
PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel +Mode

Setting up CUPS for driver Download

cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility
Prepare your smb.conf for +cupsaddsmb
CUPS Package of "PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP"
Recognize the different Driver Files
Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files
ESP Print Pro Package of "PostScript Driver for +WinNT/2k/XP"
Caveats to be considered
What are the Benefits of using the "CUPS PostScript Driver for +Windows NT/2k/XP" as compared to the Adobe Driver?
Run "cupsaddsmb" (quiet Mode)
Run "cupsaddsmb" with verbose Output
Understanding cupsaddsmb
How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully
cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC
cupsaddsmb Flowchart
Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client
Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the +Client

Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using +rpcclient)

A Check of the rpcclient man Page
Understanding the rpcclient man Page
Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box
What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed
Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps
Troubleshooting revisited

The printing *.tdb Files

Trivial DataBase Files
Binary Format
Losing *.tdb Files
Using tdbbackup

CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org

foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained
foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation

Page Accounting with CUPS

Setting up Quotas
Correct and incorrect Accounting
Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients
The page_log File Syntax
Possible Shortcomings
Future Developments
Other Accounting Tools

Additional Material

Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files

CUPS Configuration Settings explained
Pre-conditions
Manual Configuration

When not to use Samba to print to +CUPS

In Case of Trouble.....

Where to find Documentation
How to ask for Help
Where to find Help

Appendix

Printing from CUPS to Windows attached +Printers
More CUPS filtering Chains
Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing +Problems
An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes

20. Stackable VFS modules

VFS modules available elsewhere

Included modules

audit
extd_audit
fake_perms
recycle
netatalk

DatabaseFS
vscan

21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind

What Winbind Provides

Target Uses

How Winbind Works

Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls
Microsoft Active Directory Services
Name Service Switch
Pluggable Authentication Modules
User and Group ID Allocation
Result Caching

Installation and Configuration

Introduction
Requirements
Testing Things Out

Conclusion

22. Advanced Network Management

Remote Server Administration

Remote Desktop Management

Remote Management from NoMachines.Com

Network Logon Script Magic

Adding printers without user intervention

23. System and Account Policies

Creating and Managing System Policies

Windows 9x/Me Policies
Windows NT4 Style Policy Files
MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies

Managing Account/User Policies

Samba Editreg Toolset
Windows NT4/200x
Samba PDC

System Startup and Logon Processing Overview

Policy Does Not Work

24. Desktop Profile Management

Creating/Managing Group Profiles

Roaming Profiles

Samba Configuration for Profile Handling
Windows Client Profile Configuration Information
Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations
Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba

Mandatory profiles

Default Profile for Windows Users

MS Windows 9x/Me
MS Windows NT4 Workstation
MS Windows 200x/XP

25. PAM based Distributed Authentication

How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?
Can NOT use Roaming Profiles
Changing the default profile

Technical Discussion

PAM Configuration Syntax
Example System Configurations
smb.conf PAM Configuration
Remote CIFS Authentication using winbindd.so
Password Synchronization using pam_smbpass.so

26. Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba

pam_winbind problem

Background Information

Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world

/etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/host.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf

Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking

The NetBIOS Name Cache
The LMHOSTS file
HOSTS file
DNS Lookup
WINS Lookup

30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0

My Boomerang Won't Come Back
Very Slow Network Connections
Samba server name change problem

27. Unicode/Charsets

Features and Benefits
What are charsets and unicode?
Samba and charsets
Conversion from old names
Japanese charsets

28. Samba Backup Techniques

Note
Features and Benefits

29. High Availability Options

Note

IV. Migration and Updating

Charsets
Obsolete configuration options
Password Backend

31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC

Planning and Getting Started

Objectives
Steps In Migration Process

Migration Options

Planning for Success
Samba Implementation Choices

32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool

34. Analysing and solving samba problems

Enabling SWAT for use
Securing SWAT through SSL
The SWAT Home Page
Global Settings
Share Settings
Printers Settings
The SWAT Wizard
The Status Page
The View Page
The Password Change Page

V. Troubleshooting

33. The Samba checklist

Introduction
Assumptions
The tests
Still having troubles?

Diagnostics tools
Installing 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation or a Windows 9x box
Useful URLs
Getting help from the mailing lists
How to get off the mailing lists

35. Reporting Bugs

Introduction
General info
Debug levels
Internal errors
Attaching to a running process
Patches

VI. Appendixes

36. How to compile SAMBA

Access Samba source code via CVS

Introduction
CVS Access to samba.org

Accessing the samba sources via rsync and ftp

Verifying Samba's PGP signature

Building the Binaries

Compiling samba with Active Directory support

Starting the smbd and nmbd

Starting from inetd.conf
Alternative: starting it as a daemon

37. Portability

RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II

AIX

Sequential Read Ahead

Solaris

Locking improvements
Winbind on Solaris 9

38. Samba and other CIFS clients

Macintosh clients?

OS2 Client

How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or + OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?
How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), + OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?
How do I get printer driver download working + for OS/2 clients?

Windows for Workgroups

Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft
Delete .pwl files after password change
Configure WfW password handling
Case handling of passwords
Use TCP/IP as default protocol
Speed improvement

Windows '95/'98

Speed improvement

Windows 2000 Service Pack 2

Windows NT 3.1

39. Samba Performance Tuning

Comparisons
Socket options
Read size
Max xmit
Log level
Read raw
Write raw
Slow Logins
Client tuning
Samba performance problem due changing kernel
Corrupt tdb Files

40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide

Note

41. Further Resources

Websites
Related updates from Microsoft
Books

Index

List of Figures

19.1. Windows Printing to a local Printer
19.2. Printing to a Postscript Printer
19.3. Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers
19.4. Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript
19.5. Adding Device-specific Print Options
19.6. Postscript to intermediate Raster format
19.7. CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript
19.8. Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion
19.9. Raster to Printer Specific formats
19.10. cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS
19.11. Print Driver execution on the Client
19.12. Print Driver execution on the Server
19.13. Printing via CUPS/samba server
19.14. cupsaddsmb flowchart
19.15. CUPS Printing Overview

List of Tables

7.1. Assumptions
10.1. Browse subnet example 1
10.2. Browse subnet example 2
10.3. Browse subnet example 3
10.4. Browse subnet example 4
11.1. Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)
11.2. Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend
11.3. MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend
13.1. Managing directories with unix and windows
13.2. User and Group Based Controls
13.3. File and Directory Permission Based Controls
13.4. Other Controls
20.1. Extended Auditing Log Information
24.1. User Shell Folder registry keys default values
24.2. Defaults of profile settings registry keys
24.3. Defaults of default user profile paths registry keys
25.1. Options recognized by pam_smbpass
31.1. The 3 Major Site Types
31.2. Nature of the Conversion Choices

List of Examples

12.1. smbgrpadd.sh
13.1. Example File

		Next
		Part I. General Installation

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/ix01.html b/docs/htmldocs/ix01.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f706aed70 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/ix01.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Index

Index
Prev

Index

Prev	Up
Chapter 41. Further Resources	Home

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/locking.html b/docs/htmldocs/locking.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a128cac7ce --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/locking.html @@ -0,0 +1,656 @@ +Chapter 14. File and Record Locking

Chapter 14. File and Record Locking
Prev	Part III. Advanced Configuration	Next

Chapter 14. File and Record Locking

Jeremy Allison

Samba Team

<jra@samba.org>

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

Eric Roseme

HP Oplocks Usage Recommendations Whitepaper

<eric.roseme@hp.com>

Table of Contents

Samba Opportunistic Locking Control

Opportunistic Locking Overview

Example Configuration

MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls

Workstation Service Entries
Server Service Entries

Persistent Data Corruption

34. Analysing and solving samba problems

locking.tdb error messages

Additional Reading

+One area which causes trouble for many network administrators is locking. +The extent of the problem is readily evident from searches over the internet. +

Features and Benefits

+Samba provides all the same locking semantics that MS Windows clients expect +and that MS Windows NT4 / 200x servers provide also. +

+The term locking has exceptionally broad meaning and covers +a range of functions that are all categorized under this one term. +

+Opportunistic locking is a desirable feature when it can enhance the +perceived performance of applications on a networked client. However, the +opportunistic locking protocol is not robust, and therefore can +encounter problems when invoked beyond a simplistic configuration, or +on extended, slow, or faulty networks. In these cases, operating +system management of opportunistic locking and/or recovering from +repetitive errors can offset the perceived performance advantage that +it is intended to provide. +

+The MS Windows network administrator needs to be aware that file and record +locking semantics (behaviour) can be controlled either in Samba or by way of registry +settings on the MS Windows client. +

Note

+Sometimes it is necessary to disable locking control settings BOTH on the Samba +server as well as on each MS Windows client! +

Discussion

+There are two types of locking which need to be performed by a SMB server. +The first is record locking which allows a client to lock +a range of bytes in a open file. The second is the deny modes +that are specified when a file is open. +

+Record locking semantics under Unix is very different from record locking under +Windows. Versions of Samba before 2.2 have tried to use the native fcntl() unix +system call to implement proper record locking between different Samba clients. +This can not be fully correct due to several reasons. The simplest is the fact +that a Windows client is allowed to lock a byte range up to 2^32 or 2^64, +depending on the client OS. The unix locking only supports byte ranges up to 2^31. +So it is not possible to correctly satisfy a lock request above 2^31. There are +many more differences, too many to be listed here. +

+Samba 2.2 and above implements record locking completely independent of the +underlying unix system. If a byte range lock that the client requests happens +to fall into the range 0-2^31, Samba hands this request down to the Unix system. +All other locks can not be seen by unix anyway. +

+Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before every read and write call on +a file. Unfortunately with the way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress +the rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients are supposed to +independently make locking calls before reads and writes anyway if locking is +important to them. By default Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked +to by a client, but if you set strict locking = yes then it +will make lock checking calls on every read and write. +

+You can also disable by range locking completely using locking = no. +This is useful for those shares that don't support locking or don't need it +(such as cdroms). In this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to +tell clients that everything is OK. +

+The second class of locking is the deny modes. These +are set by an application when it opens a file to determine what types of +access should be allowed simultaneously with its open. A client may ask for +DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, +DENY_WRITE or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatibility +modes called DENY_FCB and DENY_DOS. +

Opportunistic Locking Overview

+Opportunistic locking (Oplocks) is invoked by the Windows file system +(as opposed to an API) via registry entries (on the server AND client) +for the purpose of enhancing network performance when accessing a file +residing on a server. Performance is enhanced by caching the file +locally on the client which allows: +

Read-ahead:: + The client reads the local copy of the file, eliminating network latency +
Write caching:: + The client writes to the local copy of the file, eliminating network latency +
Lock caching:: + The client caches application locks locally, eliminating network latency +

+The performance enhancement of oplocks is due to the opportunity of +exclusive access to the file - even if it is opened with deny-none - +because Windows monitors the file's status for concurrent access from +other processes. +

Windows defines 4 kinds of Oplocks:

Level1 Oplock:

+ The redirector sees that the file was opened with deny + none (allowing concurrent access), verifies that no + other process is accessing the file, checks that + oplocks are enabled, then grants deny-all/read-write/exclusive + access to the file. The client now performs + operations on the cached local file. +

+ If a second process attempts to open the file, the open + is deferred while the redirector "breaks" the original + oplock. The oplock break signals the caching client to + write the local file back to the server, flush the + local locks, and discard read-ahead data. The break is + then complete, the deferred open is granted, and the + multiple processes can enjoy concurrent file access as + dictated by mandatory or byte-range locking options. + However, if the original opening process opened the + file with a share mode other than deny-none, then the + second process is granted limited or no access, despite + the oplock break. +

Level2 Oplock:

+ Performs like a level1 oplock, except caching is only + operative for reads. All other operations are performed + on the server disk copy of the file. +

Filter Oplock:

+ Does not allow write or delete file access +

Batch Oplock:

+ Manipulates file openings and closings - allows caching + of file attributes +

+An important detail is that oplocks are invoked by the file system, not +an application API. Therefore, an application can close an oplocked +file, but the file system does not relinquish the oplock. When the +oplock break is issued, the file system then simply closes the file in +preparation for the subsequent open by the second process. +

+Opportunistic Locking is actually an improper name for this feature. +The true benefit of this feature is client-side data caching, and +oplocks is merely a notification mechanism for writing data back to the +networked storage disk. The limitation of opportunistic locking is the +reliability of the mechanism to process an oplock break (notification) +between the server and the caching client. If this exchange is faulty +(usually due to timing out for any number of reasons) then the +client-side caching benefit is negated. +

+The actual decision that a user or administrator should consider is +whether it is sensible to share amongst multiple users data that will +be cached locally on a client. In many cases the answer is no. +Deciding when to cache or not cache data is the real question, and thus +"opportunistic locking" should be treated as a toggle for client-side +caching. Turn it "ON" when client-side caching is desirable and +reliable. Turn it "OFF" when client-side caching is redundant, +unreliable, or counter-productive. +

+Opportunistic locking is by default set to "on" by Samba on all +configured shares, so careful attention should be given to each case to +determine if the potential benefit is worth the potential for delays. +The following recommendations will help to characterize the environment +where opportunistic locking may be effectively configured. +

+Windows Opportunistic Locking is a lightweight performance-enhancing +feature. It is not a robust and reliable protocol. Every +implementation of Opportunistic Locking should be evaluated as a +tradeoff between perceived performance and reliability. Reliability +decreases as each successive rule above is not enforced. Consider a +share with oplocks enabled, over a wide area network, to a client on a +South Pacific atoll, on a high-availability server, serving a +mission-critical multi-user corporate database, during a tropical +storm. This configuration will likely encounter problems with oplocks. +

+Oplocks can be beneficial to perceived client performance when treated +as a configuration toggle for client-side data caching. If the data +caching is likely to be interrupted, then oplock usage should be +reviewed. Samba enables opportunistic locking by default on all +shares. Careful attention should be given to the client usage of +shared data on the server, the server network reliability, and the +opportunistic locking configuration of each share. +n mission critical high availability environments, data integrity is +often a priority. Complex and expensive configurations are implemented +to ensure that if a client loses connectivity with a file server, a +failover replacement will be available immediately to provide +continuous data availability. +

+Windows client failover behavior is more at risk of application +interruption than other platforms because it is dependant upon an +established TCP transport connection. If the connection is interrupted +- as in a file server failover - a new session must be established. +It is rare for Windows client applications to be coded to recover +correctly from a transport connection loss, therefore most applications +will experience some sort of interruption - at worst, abort and +require restarting. +

+If a client session has been caching writes and reads locally due to +opportunistic locking, it is likely that the data will be lost when the +application restarts, or recovers from the TCP interrupt. When the TCP +connection drops, the client state is lost. When the file server +recovers, an oplock break is not sent to the client. In this case, the +work from the prior session is lost. Observing this scenario with +oplocks disabled, and the client was writing data to the file server +real-time, then the failover will provide the data on disk as it +existed at the time of the disconnect. +

+In mission critical high availability environments, careful attention +should be given to opportunistic locking. Ideally, comprehensive +testing should be done with all affected applications with oplocks +enabled and disabled. +

Exclusively Accessed Shares

+Opportunistic locking is most effective when it is confined to shares +that are exclusively accessed by a single user, or by only one user at +a time. Because the true value of opportunistic locking is the local +client caching of data, any operation that interrupts the caching +mechanism will cause a delay. +

+Home directories are the most obvious examples of where the performance +benefit of opportunistic locking can be safely realized. +

Multiple-Accessed Shares or Files

+As each additional user accesses a file in a share with opportunistic +locking enabled, the potential for delays and resulting perceived poor +performance increases. When multiple users are accessing a file on a +share that has oplocks enabled, the management impact of sending and +receiving oplock breaks, and the resulting latency while other clients +wait for the caching client to flush data, offset the performance gains +of the caching user. +

+As each additional client attempts to access a file with oplocks set, +the potential performance improvement is negated and eventually results +in a performance bottleneck. +

Unix or NFS Client Accessed Files

+Local Unix and NFS clients access files without a mandatory +file locking mechanism. Thus, these client platforms are incapable of +initiating an oplock break request from the server to a Windows client +that has a file cached. Local Unix or NFS file access can therefore +write to a file that has been cached by a Windows client, which +exposes the file to likely data corruption. +

+If files are shared between Windows clients, and either local Unix +or NFS users, then turn opportunistic locking off. +

Slow and/or Unreliable Networks

+The biggest potential performance improvement for opportunistic locking +occurs when the client-side caching of reads and writes delivers the +most differential over sending those reads and writes over the wire. +This is most likely to occur when the network is extremely slow, +congested, or distributed (as in a WAN). However, network latency also +has a very high impact on the reliability of the oplock break +mechanism, and thus increases the likelihood of encountering oplock +problems that more than offset the potential perceived performance +gain. Of course, if an oplock break never has to be sent, then this is +the most advantageous scenario to utilize opportunistic locking. +

+If the network is slow, unreliable, or a WAN, then do not configure +opportunistic locking if there is any chance of multiple users +regularly opening the same file. +

Multi-User Databases

+Multi-user databases clearly pose a risk due to their very nature - +they are typically heavily accessed by numerous users at random +intervals. Placing a multi-user database on a share with opportunistic +locking enabled will likely result in a locking management bottleneck +on the Samba server. Whether the database application is developed +in-house or a commercially available product, ensure that the share +has opportunistic locking disabled. +

PDM Data Shares

+Process Data Management (PDM) applications such as IMAN, Enovia, and +Clearcase, are increasing in usage with Windows client platforms, and +therefore SMB data stores. PDM applications manage multi-user +environments for critical data security and access. The typical PDM +environment is usually associated with sophisticated client design +applications that will load data locally as demanded. In addition, the +PDM application will usually monitor the data-state of each client. +In this case, client-side data caching is best left to the local +application and PDM server to negotiate and maintain. It is +appropriate to eliminate the client OS from any caching tasks, and the +server from any oplock management, by disabling opportunistic locking on +the share. +

Beware of Force User

+Samba includes an smb.conf parameter called force user that changes +the user accessing a share from the incoming user to whatever user is +defined by the smb.conf variable. If opportunistic locking is enabled +on a share, the change in user access causes an oplock break to be sent +to the client, even if the user has not explicitly loaded a file. In +cases where the network is slow or unreliable, an oplock break can +become lost without the user even accessing a file. This can cause +apparent performance degradation as the client continually reconnects +to overcome the lost oplock break. +

+Avoid the combination of the following: +

+ force user in the smb.conf share configuration. +
+ Slow or unreliable networks +
+ Opportunistic Locking Enabled +

Advanced Samba Opportunistic Locking Parameters

+Samba provides opportunistic locking parameters that allow the +administrator to adjust various properties of the oplock mechanism to +account for timing and usage levels. These parameters provide good +versatility for implementing oplocks in environments where they would +likely cause problems. The parameters are: +oplock break wait time, +oplock contention limit. +

+For most users, administrators, and environments, if these parameters +are required, then the better option is to simply turn oplocks off. +The samba SWAT help text for both parameters reads "DO NOT CHANGE THIS +PARAMETER UNLESS YOU HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD THE SAMBA OPLOCK CODE." +This is good advice. +

Mission Critical High Availability

+In mission critical high availability environments, data integrity is +often a priority. Complex and expensive configurations are implemented +to ensure that if a client loses connectivity with a file server, a +failover replacement will be available immediately to provide +continuous data availability. +

Samba Opportunistic Locking Control

+Opportunistic Locking is a unique Windows file locking feature. It is +not really file locking, but is included in most discussions of Windows +file locking, so is considered a defacto locking feature. +Opportunistic Locking is actually part of the Windows client file +caching mechanism. It is not a particularly robust or reliable feature +when implemented on the variety of customized networks that exist in +enterprise computing. +

+Like Windows, Samba implements Opportunistic Locking as a server-side +component of the client caching mechanism. Because of the lightweight +nature of the Windows feature design, effective configuration of +Opportunistic Locking requires a good understanding of its limitations, +and then applying that understanding when configuring data access for +each particular customized network and client usage state. +

+Opportunistic locking essentially means that the client is allowed to download and cache +a file on their hard drive while making changes; if a second client wants to access the +file, the first client receives a break and must synchronise the file back to the server. +This can give significant performance gains in some cases; some programs insist on +synchronising the contents of the entire file back to the server for a single change. +

+Level1 Oplocks (aka just plain "oplocks") is another term for opportunistic locking. +

+Level2 Oplocks provides opportunistic locking for a file that will be treated as +read only. Typically this is used on files that are read-only or +on files that the client has no initial intention to write to at time of opening the file. +

+Kernel Oplocks are essentially a method that allows the Linux kernel to co-exist with +Samba's oplocked files, although this has provided better integration of MS Windows network +file locking with the under lying OS, SGI IRIX and Linux are the only two OS's that are +oplock aware at this time. +

+Unless your system supports kernel oplocks, you should disable oplocks if you are +accessing the same files from both Unix/Linux and SMB clients. Regardless, oplocks should +always be disabled if you are sharing a database file (e.g., Microsoft Access) between +multiple clients, as any break the first client receives will affect synchronisation of +the entire file (not just the single record), which will result in a noticeable performance +impairment and, more likely, problems accessing the database in the first place. Notably, +Microsoft Outlook's personal folders (*.pst) react very badly to oplocks. If in doubt, +disable oplocks and tune your system from that point. +

+If client-side caching is desirable and reliable on your network, you will benefit from +turning on oplocks. If your network is slow and/or unreliable, or you are sharing your +files among other file sharing mechanisms (e.g., NFS) or across a WAN, or multiple people +will be accessing the same files frequently, you probably will not benefit from the overhead +of your client sending oplock breaks and will instead want to disable oplocks for the share. +

+Another factor to consider is the perceived performance of file access. If oplocks provide no +measurable speed benefit on your network, it might not be worth the hassle of dealing with them. +

Example Configuration

+In the following we examine two distinct aspects of Samba locking controls. +

Disabling Oplocks

+You can disable oplocks on a per-share basis with the following: +

+[acctdata]
+	oplocks = False
+	level2 oplocks = False
+

+The default oplock type is Level1. Level2 Oplocks are enabled on a per-share basis +in the smb.conf file. +

+Alternately, you could disable oplocks on a per-file basis within the share: +

+	veto oplock files = /*.mdb/*.MDB/*.dbf/*.DBF/
+

+If you are experiencing problems with oplocks as apparent from Samba's log entries, +you may want to play it safe and disable oplocks and level2 oplocks. +

Disabling Kernel OpLocks

+Kernel OpLocks is an smb.conf parameter that notifies Samba (if +the UNIX kernel has the capability to send a Windows client an oplock +break) when a UNIX process is attempting to open the file that is +cached. This parameter addresses sharing files between UNIX and +Windows with Oplocks enabled on the Samba server: the UNIX process +can open the file that is Oplocked (cached) by the Windows client and +the smbd process will not send an oplock break, which exposes the file +to the risk of data corruption. If the UNIX kernel has the ability to +send an oplock break, then the kernel oplocks parameter enables Samba +to send the oplock break. Kernel oplocks are enabled on a per-server +basis in the smb.conf file. +

+[global]
+kernel oplocks = yes
+

+The default is "no". +

+Veto OpLocks is an smb.conf parameter that identifies specific files for +which Oplocks are disabled. When a Windows client opens a file that +has been configured for veto oplocks, the client will not be granted +the oplock, and all operations will be executed on the original file on +disk instead of a client-cached file copy. By explicitly identifying +files that are shared with UNIX processes, and disabling oplocks for +those files, the server-wide Oplock configuration can be enabled to +allow Windows clients to utilize the performance benefit of file +caching without the risk of data corruption. Veto Oplocks can be +enabled on a per-share basis, or globally for the entire server, in the +smb.conf file: +

<title>Example Veto OpLock Settings</title>
+[global]
+        veto oplock files = /filename.htm/*.txt/
+
+[share_name]
+        veto oplock files = /*.exe/filename.ext/
+

+Oplock break wait time is an smb.conf parameter that adjusts the time +interval for Samba to reply to an oplock break request. Samba +recommends "DO NOT CHANGE THIS PARAMETER UNLESS YOU HAVE READ AND +UNDERSTOOD THE SAMBA OPLOCK CODE." Oplock Break Wait Time can only be +configured globally in the smb.conf file: +

+[global]
+          oplock break wait time =  0 (default)
+

+Oplock break contention limit is an smb.conf parameter that limits the +response of the Samba server to grant an oplock if the configured +number of contending clients reaches the limit specified by the +parameter. Samba recommends "DO NOT CHANGE THIS PARAMETER UNLESS YOU +HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD THE SAMBA OPLOCK CODE." Oplock Break +Contention Limit can be enable on a per-share basis, or globally for +the entire server, in the smb.conf file: +

+[global]
+          oplock break contention limit =  2 (default)
+
+[share_name]
+         oplock break contention limit =  2 (default)
+

MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls

+There is a known issue when running applications (like Norton Anti-Virus) on a Windows 2000/ XP +workstation computer that can affect any application attempting to access shared database files +across a network. This is a result of a default setting configured in the Windows 2000/XP +operating system known as Opportunistic Locking. When a workstation +attempts to access shared data files located on another Windows 2000/XP computer, +the Windows 2000/XP operating system will attempt to increase performance by locking the +files and caching information locally. When this occurs, the application is unable to +properly function, which results in an Access Denied + error message being displayed during network operations. +

+All Windows operating systems in the NT family that act as database servers for data files +(meaning that data files are stored there and accessed by other Windows PCs) may need to +have opportunistic locking disabled in order to minimize the risk of data file corruption. +This includes Windows 9x/Me, Windows NT, Windows 200x and Windows XP. +

+If you are using a Windows NT family workstation in place of a server, you must also +disable opportunistic locking (oplocks) on that workstation. For example, if you use a +PC with the Windows NT Workstation operating system instead of Windows NT Server, and you +have data files located on it that are accessed from other Windows PCs, you may need to +disable oplocks on that system. +

+The major difference is the location in the Windows registry where the values for disabling +oplocks are entered. Instead of the LanManServer location, the LanManWorkstation location +may be used. +

+You can verify (or change or add, if necessary) this Registry value using the Windows +Registry Editor. When you change this registry value, you will have to reboot the PC +to ensure that the new setting goes into effect. +

+The location of the client registry entry for opportunistic locking has changed in +Windows 2000 from the earlier location in Microsoft Windows NT. +

Note

+Windows 2000 will still respect the EnableOplocks registry value used to disable oplocks +in earlier versions of Windows. +

+You can also deny the granting of opportunistic locks by changing the following registry entries: +

+	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
+		CurrentControlSet\Services\MRXSmb\Parameters\
+
+		OplocksDisabled REG_DWORD 0 or 1
+		Default: 0 (not disabled)
+

Note

+The OplocksDisabled registry value configures Windows clients to either request or not +request opportunistic locks on a remote file. To disable oplocks, the value of + OplocksDisabled must be set to 1. +

+	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
+		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters
+
+		EnableOplocks REG_DWORD 0 or 1
+		Default: 1 (Enabled by Default)
+
+		EnableOpLockForceClose REG_DWORD 0 or 1
+		Default: 0 (Disabled by Default)
+

Note

+The EnableOplocks value configures Windows-based servers (including Workstations sharing +files) to allow or deny opportunistic locks on local files. +

+To force closure of open oplocks on close or program exit EnableOpLockForceClose must be set to 1. +

+An illustration of how level II oplocks work: +

+ Station 1 opens the file, requesting oplock. +
+ Since no other station has the file open, the server grants station 1 exclusive oplock. +
+ Station 2 opens the file, requesting oplock. +
+ Since station 1 has not yet written to the file, the server asks station 1 to Break + to Level II Oplock. +
+ Station 1 complies by flushing locally buffered lock information to the server. +
+ Station 1 informs the server that it has Broken to Level II Oplock (alternatively, + station 1 could have closed the file). +
+ The server responds to station 2's open request, granting it level II oplock. + Other stations can likewise open the file and obtain level II oplock. +
+ Station 2 (or any station that has the file open) sends a write request SMB. + The server returns the write response. +
+ The server asks all stations that have the file open to Break to None, meaning no + station holds any oplock on the file. Because the workstations can have no cached + writes or locks at this point, they need not respond to the break-to-none advisory; + all they need do is invalidate locally cashed read-ahead data. +

Workstation Service Entries

+	\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
+		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanWorkstation\Parameters
+
+	UseOpportunisticLocking   REG_DWORD   0 or 1
+	Default: 1 (true)
+

+Indicates whether the redirector should use opportunistic-locking (oplock) performance +enhancement. This parameter should be disabled only to isolate problems. +

Server Service Entries

+	\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
+		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters
+
+	EnableOplocks   REG_DWORD   0 or 1
+	Default: 1 (true)
+

+Specifies whether the server allows clients to use oplocks on files. Oplocks are a +significant performance enhancement, but have the potential to cause lost cached +data on some networks, particularly wide-area networks. +

+	MinLinkThroughput   REG_DWORD   0 to infinite bytes per second
+	Default: 0
+

+Specifies the minimum link throughput allowed by the server before it disables +raw and opportunistic locks for this connection. +

+	MaxLinkDelay   REG_DWORD   0 to 100,000 seconds
+	Default: 60
+

+Specifies the maximum time allowed for a link delay. If delays exceed this number, +the server disables raw I/O and opportunistic locking for this connection. +

+	OplockBreakWait   REG_DWORD   10 to 180 seconds
+	Default: 35
+

+Specifies the time that the server waits for a client to respond to an oplock break +request. Smaller values can allow detection of crashed clients more quickly but can +potentially cause loss of cached data. +

Persistent Data Corruption

+If you have applied all of the settings discussed in this paper but data corruption problems +and other symptoms persist, here are some additional things to check out: +

+We have credible reports from developers that faulty network hardware, such as a single +faulty network card, can cause symptoms similar to read caching and data corruption. +If you see persistent data corruption even after repeated reindexing, you may have to +rebuild the data files in question. This involves creating a new data file with the +same definition as the file to be rebuilt and transferring the data from the old file +to the new one. There are several known methods for doing this that can be found in +our Knowledge Base. +

Common Errors

+In some sites locking problems surface as soon as a server is installed, in other sites +locking problems may not surface for a long time. Almost without exception, when a locking +problem does surface it will cause embarrassment and potential data corruption. +

+Over the past few years there have been a number of complaints on the samba mailing lists +that have claimed that samba caused data corruption. Three causes have been identified +so far: +

+ Incorrect configuration of opportunistic locking (incompatible with the application + being used. This is a VERY common problem even where MS Windows NT4 or MS Windows 200x + based servers were in use. It is imperative that the software application vendors' + instructions for configuration of file locking should be followed. If in doubt, + disable oplocks on both the server and the client. Disabling of all forms of file + caching on the MS Windows client may be necessary also. +
+ Defective network cards, cables, or HUBs / Switched. This is generally a more + prevalent factor with low cost networking hardware, though occasionally there + have been problems with incompatibilities in more up market hardware also. +
+ There have been some random reports of samba log files being written over data + files. This has been reported by very few sites (about 5 in the past 3 years) + and all attempts to reproduce the problem have failed. The Samba-Team has been + unable to catch this happening and thus has NOT been able to isolate any particular + cause. Considering the millions of systems that use samba, for the sites that have + been affected by this as well as for the Samba-Team this is a frustrating and + a vexing challenge. If you see this type of thing happening please create a bug + report on https://bugzilla.samba.org without delay. Make sure that you give as much + information as you possibly can to help isolate the cause and to allow reproduction + of the problem (an essential step in problem isolation and correction). +

locking.tdb error messages

+	> We are seeing lots of errors in the samba logs like:
+	>
+	>    tdb(/usr/local/samba_2.2.7/var/locks/locking.tdb): rec_read bad magic
+	> 0x4d6f4b61 at offset=36116
+	>
+	> What do these mean?
+

+ Corrupted tdb. Stop all instances of smbd, delete locking.tdb, restart smbd. +

Additional Reading

+You may want to check for an updated version of this white paper on our Web site from +time to time. Many of our white papers are updated as information changes. For those papers, +the Last Edited date is always at the top of the paper. +

+Section of the Microsoft MSDN Library on opportunistic locking: +

+Opportunistic Locks, Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN), Windows Development > +Windows Base Services > Files and I/O > SDK Documentation > File Storage > File Systems +> About File Systems > Opportunistic Locks, Microsoft Corporation. +http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/storage_5yk3.asp +

+Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q224992 "Maintaining Transactional Integrity with OPLOCKS", +Microsoft Corporation, April 1999, http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q224992. +

+Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q296264 "Configuring Opportunistic Locking in Windows 2000", +Microsoft Corporation, April 2001, http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q296264. +

+Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q129202 "PC Ext: Explanation of Opportunistic Locking on Windows NT", + Microsoft Corporation, April 1995, http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q129202. +

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Chapter 13. File, Directory and Share Access Controls	Home	Chapter 15. Securing Samba

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/migration.html b/docs/htmldocs/migration.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8027a62ea --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/migration.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Part IV. Migration and Updating

Part IV. Migration and Updating
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Chapter 29. High Availability Options	Home	Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/tdbbackup.8.html b/docs/htmldocs/tdbbackup.8.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d91b41cf77 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/tdbbackup.8.html @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +tdbbackup

Name

tdbbackup — tool for backing up and for validating the integrity of samba .tdb files

Synopsis

tdbbackup [-s suffix] [-v] [-h]

DESCRIPTION

This tool is part of the Samba(1) suite.

tdbbackup is a tool that may be used to backup samba .tdb + files. This tool may also be used to verify the integrity of the .tdb files prior + to samba startup, in which case, if it find file damage and it finds a prior backup + it will restore the backup file. +

OPTIONS

-h: + Get help information. +
-s suffix: + The -s option allows the adminisistrator to specify a file + backup extension. This way it is possible to keep a history of tdb backup + files by using a new suffix for each backup. +
-v: + The -v will check the database for damages (currupt data) + which if detected causes the backup to be restored. +

COMMANDS

GENERAL INFORMATION

+ The tdbbackup utility should be run as soon as samba has shut down. + Do NOT run this command on a live database. Typical usage for the command will be: +

tdbbackup [-s suffix] *.tdb

+ Before restarting samba the following command may be run to validate .tdb files: +

tdbbackup -v [-s suffix] *.tdb

+ Samba .tdb files are stored in various locations, be sure to run backup all + .tdb file on the system. Imporatant files includes: +

+ secrets.tdb - usual location is in the /usr/local/samba/private + directory, or on some systems in /etc/samba. +
+ passdb.tdb - usual location is in the /usr/local/samba/private + directory, or on some systems in /etc/samba. +
+ *.tdb located in the /usr/local/samba/var directory or on some + systems in the /var/cache or /var/lib/samba directories. +

VERSION

This man page is correct for version 3.0 of the Samba suite.

AUTHOR

+ The original Samba software and related utilities were created by Andrew Tridgell. + Samba is now developed by the Samba Team as an Open Source project similar to the way + the Linux kernel is developed. +

The tdbbackup man page was written by John H Terpstra.

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/troubleshooting.html b/docs/htmldocs/troubleshooting.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..582beeb6b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/troubleshooting.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Part V. Troubleshooting

Part V. Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting

Table of Contents

33. The Samba checklist

Introduction
Assumptions
The tests
Still having troubles?

Diagnostics tools
Installing 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation or a Windows 9x box
Useful URLs
Getting help from the mailing lists
How to get off the mailing lists

35. Reporting Bugs

Introduction
General info
Debug levels
Internal errors
Attaching to a running process
Patches

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Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool	Home	Chapter 33. The Samba checklist

diff --git a/docs/htmldocs/upgrading-to-3.0.html b/docs/htmldocs/upgrading-to-3.0.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac559fa129 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/htmldocs/upgrading-to-3.0.html @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0

Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0
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Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0

Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team