&author.jht; When we first asked for suggestions for inclusion in the Samba HOWTO documentation, someone wrote asking for example configurations &smbmdash; and lots of them. That is remarkably difficult to do without losing a lot of value that can be derived from presenting many extracts from working systems. That is what the rest of this document does. It does so with extensive descriptions of the configuration possibilities within the context of the chapter that covers it. We hope that this chapter is the medicine that has been requested. The information in this chapter is very sparse compared with the book Samba-3 by Example that was written after the original version of this book was nearly complete. Samba-3 by Example was the result of feedback from reviewers during the final copy editing of the first edition. It was interesting to see that reader feedback mirrored that given by the original reviewers. In any case, a month and a half was spent in doing basic research to better understand what new as well as experienced network administrators would best benefit from. The book Samba-3 by Example is the result of that research. What is presented in the few pages of this book is covered far more comprehensively in the second edition of Samba-3 by Example. The second edition of both books will be released at the same time. So in summary, the book The Official Samba-3 HOWTO & Reference Guide is intended as the equivalent of an auto mechanic's repair guide. The book Samba-3 by Example is the equivalent of the driver's guide that explains how to drive the car. If you want complete network configuration examples, go to Samba-3 by Example. Samba needs very little configuration to create a basic working system. In this chapter we progress from the simple to the complex, for each providing all steps and configuration file changes needed to make each work. Please note that a comprehensively configured system will likely employ additional smart features. These additional features are covered in the remainder of this document. The examples used here have been obtained from a number of people who made requests for example configurations. All identities have been obscured to protect the guilty, and any resemblance to unreal nonexistent sites is deliberate. In the first set of configuration examples we consider the case of exceptionally simple system requirements. There is a real temptation to make something that should require little effort much too complex. documents the type of server that might be sufficient to serve CD-ROM images, or reference document files for network client use. This configuration is also discussed in , . The purpose for this configuration is to provide a shared volume that is read-only that anyone, even guests, can access. The second example shows a minimal configuration for a print server that anyone can print to as long as they have the correct printer drivers installed on their computer. This is a mirror of the system described in , . The next example is of a secure office file and print server that will be accessible only to users who have an account on the system. This server is meant to closely resemble a workgroup file and print server, but has to be more secure than an anonymous access machine. This type of system will typically suit the needs of a small office. The server provides no network logon facilities, offers no domain control; instead it is just a network-attached storage (NAS) device and a print server. Finally, we start looking at more complex systems that will either integrate into existing MS Windows networks or replace them entirely. The examples provided cover domain member servers as well as Samba domain control (PDC/BDC) and finally describes in detail a large distributed network with branch offices in remote locations. The configuration examples are designed to cover everything necessary to get Samba running. They do not cover basic operating system platform configuration, which is clearly beyond the scope of this text. It is also assumed that Samba has been correctly installed, either by way of installation of the packages that are provided by the operating system vendor or through other means. Server TypeStand-alone A standalone server implies no more than the fact that it is not a domain controller and it does not participate in domain control. It can be a simple, workgroup-like server, or it can be a complex server that is a member of a domain security context. read onlyserver The purpose of this type of server is to make available to any user any documents or files that are placed on the shared resource. The shared resource could be a CD-ROM drive, a CD-ROM image, or a file storage area. As the examples are developed, every attempt is made to progress the system toward greater capability, just as one might expect would happen in a real business office as that office grows in size and its needs change. The configuration file is presented in Anonymous Read-Only Server Configuration. Global parameters MIDEARTH HOBBIT share Data /export Yes Yes The file system share point will be /export. All files will be owned by a user called Jack Baumbach. Jack's login name will be jackb. His password will be m0r3pa1n &smbmdash; of course, that's just the example we are using; do not use this in a production environment because all readers of this document will know it. Add user to system (with creation of the user's home directory): &rootprompt;useradd -c "Jack Baumbach" -m -g users -p m0r3pa1n jackb Create directory, and set permissions and ownership: &rootprompt;mkdir /export &rootprompt;chmod u+rwx,g+rx,o+rx /export &rootprompt;chown jackb.users /export Copy the files that should be shared to the /export directory. Install the Samba configuration file (/etc/samba/smb.conf) as shown. Test the configuration file: &rootprompt;testparm Note any error messages that might be produced. Proceed only if error-free output has been obtained. An example of the output with the following file will list the file. Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf Processing section "[data]" Loaded services file OK. Server role: ROLE_STANDALONE Press enter to see a dump of your service definitions [Press enter] # Global parameters [global] workgroup = MIDEARTH netbios name = HOBBIT security = share [data] comment = Data path = /export read only = Yes guest only = Yes Start Samba using the method applicable to your operating system platform. Configure your MS Windows client for workgroup MIDEARTH, set the machine name to ROBBINS, reboot, wait a few (2 - 5) minutes, then open Windows Explorer and visit the Network Neighborhood. The machine HOBBIT should be visible. When you click this machine icon, it should open up to reveal the data share. After you click the share, it should open up to reveal the files previously placed in the /export directory. The information above (following # Global parameters) provides the complete contents of the /etc/samba/smb.conf file. anonymousread-write server We should view this configuration as a progression from the previous example. The difference is that shared access is now forced to the user identity of jackb and to the primary group jackb belongs to. One other refinement we can make is to add the user jackb to the smbpasswd file. To do this, execute: &rootprompt;smbpasswd -a jackb New SMB password: m0r3pa1n Retype new SMB password: m0r3pa1n Added user jackb. Addition of this user to the smbpasswd file allows all files to be displayed in the Explorer Properties boxes as belonging to jackb instead of to User Unknown. The complete, modified &smb.conf; file is as shown in . Global parameters MIDEARTH HOBBIT SHARE Data /export jackb users No Yes anonymousprint server An anonymous print server serves two purposes: It allows printing to all printers from a single location. It reduces network traffic congestion due to many users trying to access a limited number of printers. In the simplest of anonymous print servers, it is common to require the installation of the correct printer drivers on the Windows workstation. In this case the print server will be designed to just pass print jobs through to the spooler, and the spooler should be configured to do raw pass-through to the printer. In other words, the print spooler should not filter or process the data stream being passed to the printer. In this configuration, it is undesirable to present the Add Printer Wizard, and we do not want to have automatic driver download, so we disable it in the following configuration. is the resulting &smb.conf; file. Global parameters MIDEARTH LUTHIEN share cups Yes No cups All Printers /var/spool/samba Yes Yes Yes No The above configuration is not ideal. It uses no smart features, and it deliberately presents a less than elegant solution. But it is basic, and it does print. Windows users will need to install a local printer and then change the print to device after installation of the drivers. The print to device can then be set to the network printer on this machine. Make sure that the directory /var/spool/samba is capable of being used as intended. The following steps must be taken to achieve this: The directory must be owned by the superuser (root) user and group: &rootprompt;chown root.root /var/spool/samba Directory permissions should be set for public read-write with the sticky bit set as shown: &rootprompt;chmod a+trw TX /var/spool/samba The purpose of setting the sticky bit is to prevent who does not own the temporary print file from being able to take control of it with the potential for devious misuse. MIMEraw raw printing On CUPS-enabled systems there is a facility to pass raw data directly to the printer without intermediate processing via CUPS print filters. Where use of this mode of operation is desired, it is necessary to configure a raw printing device. It is also necessary to enable the raw mime handler in the /etc/mime.conv and /etc/mime.types files. Refer to . We progress now from simple systems to a server that is slightly more complex. Our new server will require a public data storage area in which only authenticated users (i.e., those with a local account) can store files, as well as a home directory. There will be one printer that should be available for everyone to use. In this hypothetical environment (no espionage was conducted to obtain this data), the site is demanding a simple environment that is secure enough but not too difficult to use. Site users will be Jack Baumbach, Mary Orville, and Amed Sehkah. Each will have a password (not shown in further examples). Mary will be the printer administrator and will own all files in the public share. This configuration will be based on user-level security that is the default, and for which the default is to store Microsoft Windows-compatible encrypted passwords in a file called /etc/samba/smbpasswd. The default &smb.conf; entry that makes this happen is smbpasswd, guest. Since this is the default, it is not necessary to enter it into the configuration file. Note that guest backend is added to the list of active passdb backends no matter whether it specified directly in Samba configuration file or not. office server Add all users to the operating system: &rootprompt;useradd -c "Jack Baumbach" -m -g users -p m0r3pa1n jackb &rootprompt;useradd -c "Mary Orville" -m -g users -p secret maryo &rootprompt;useradd -c "Amed Sehkah" -m -g users -p secret ameds Configure the Samba &smb.conf; file as shown in . Global parameters MIDEARTH OLORIN cups Yes No cups Home Directories %S No No Data /export maryo users Yes No All Printers /var/spool/samba root, maryo 0600 Yes Yes Yes No Initialize the Microsoft Windows password database with the new users: &rootprompt;smbpasswd -a root New SMB password: bigsecret Reenter smb password: bigsecret Added user root. &rootprompt;smbpasswd -a jackb New SMB password: m0r3pa1n Retype new SMB password: m0r3pa1n Added user jackb. &rootprompt;smbpasswd -a maryo New SMB password: secret Reenter smb password: secret Added user maryo. &rootprompt;smbpasswd -a ameds New SMB password: mysecret Reenter smb password: mysecret Added user ameds. Install printer using the CUPS Web interface. Make certain that all printers that will be shared with Microsoft Windows clients are installed as raw printing devices. Start Samba using the operating system administrative interface. Alternately, this can be done manually by executing: smbd nmbd starting sambasmbd starting sambanmbd &rootprompt; nmbd; smbd; Both applications automatically execute as daemons. Those who are paranoid about maintaining control can add the -D flag to coerce them to start up in daemon mode. Configure the /export directory: &rootprompt;mkdir /export &rootprompt;chown maryo.users /export &rootprompt;chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o-rwx /export Check that Samba is running correctly: &rootprompt;smbclient -L localhost -U% Domain=[MIDEARTH] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba-3.0.20] Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- public Disk Data IPC$ IPC IPC Service (Samba-3.0.20) ADMIN$ IPC IPC Service (Samba-3.0.20) hplj4 Printer hplj4 Server Comment --------- ------- OLORIN Samba-3.0.20 Workgroup Master --------- ------- MIDEARTH OLORIN Connect to OLORIN as maryo: &rootprompt;smbclient //olorin/maryo -Umaryo%secret OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba-3.0.20] smb: \> dir . D 0 Sat Jun 21 10:58:16 2003 .. D 0 Sat Jun 21 10:54:32 2003 Documents D 0 Fri Apr 25 13:23:58 2003 DOCWORK D 0 Sat Jun 14 15:40:34 2003 OpenOffice.org D 0 Fri Apr 25 13:55:16 2003 .bashrc H 1286 Fri Apr 25 13:23:58 2003 .netscape6 DH 0 Fri Apr 25 13:55:13 2003 .mozilla DH 0 Wed Mar 5 11:50:50 2003 .kermrc H 164 Fri Apr 25 13:23:58 2003 .acrobat DH 0 Fri Apr 25 15:41:02 2003 55817 blocks of size 524288. 34725 blocks available smb: \> q By now you should be getting the hang of configuration basics. Clearly, it is time to explore slightly more complex examples. For the remainder of this chapter we abbreviate instructions, since there are previous examples. Server TypeDomain Member In this instance we consider the simplest server configuration we can get away with to make an accounting department happy. Let's be warned, the users are accountants and they do have some nasty demands. There is a budget for only one server for this department. The network is managed by an internal Information Services Group (ISG), to which we belong. Internal politics are typical of a medium-sized organization; Human Resources is of the opinion that they run the ISG because they are always adding and disabling users. Also, departmental managers have to fight tooth and nail to gain basic network resources access for their staff. Accounting is different, though, they get exactly what they want. So this should set the scene. We use the users from the last example. The accounting department has a general printer that all departmental users may use. There is also a check printer that may be used only by the person who has authority to print checks. The chief financial officer (CFO) wants that printer to be completely restricted and for it to be located in the private storage area in her office. It therefore must be a network printer. The accounting department uses an accounting application called SpytFull that must be run from a central application server. The software is licensed to run only off one server, there are no workstation components, and it is run off a mapped share. The data store is in a UNIX-based SQL backend. The UNIX gurus look after that, so it is not our problem. The accounting department manager (maryo) wants a general filing system as well as a separate file storage area for form letters (nastygrams). The form letter area should be read-only to all accounting staff except the manager. The general filing system has to have a structured layout with a general area for all staff to store general documents as well as a separate file area for each member of her team that is private to that person, but she wants full access to all areas. Users must have a private home share for personal work-related files and for materials not related to departmental operations. The server valinor will be a member server of the company domain. Accounting will have only a local server. User accounts will be on the domain controllers, as will desktop profiles and all network policy files. Do not add users to the UNIX/Linux server; all of this will run off the central domain. Configure &smb.conf; according to Member server smb.conf (globals) and Member server smb.conf (shares and services). Global parameters MIDEARTH VALINOR DOMAIN cups Yes No 15000-20000 15000-20000 Yes cups Home Directories %S No No Accounting Application Only /export/spytfull @Accounts maryo Yes Data /export/public No All Printers /var/spool/samba root, maryo 0600 Yes Yes Yes No netrpc Join the domain. Note: Do not start Samba until this step has been completed! &rootprompt;net rpc join -Uroot%'bigsecret' Joined domain MIDEARTH. Make absolutely certain that you disable (shut down) the nscd daemon on any system on which winbind is configured to run. Start Samba following the normal method for your operating system platform. If you wish to do this manually, execute as root: smbd nmbd winbindd starting sambasmbd starting sambanmbd starting sambawinbindd &rootprompt;nmbd; smbd; winbindd; Configure the name service switch (NSS) control file on your system to resolve user and group names via winbind. Edit the following lines in /etc/nsswitch.conf: passwd: files winbind group: files winbind hosts: files dns winbind Set the password for wbinfo to use: &rootprompt;wbinfo --set-auth-user=root%'bigsecret' Validate that domain user and group credentials can be correctly resolved by executing: &rootprompt;wbinfo -u MIDEARTH\maryo MIDEARTH\jackb MIDEARTH\ameds ... MIDEARTH\root &rootprompt;wbinfo -g MIDEARTH\Domain Users MIDEARTH\Domain Admins MIDEARTH\Domain Guests ... MIDEARTH\Accounts Check that winbind is working. The following demonstrates correct username resolution via the getent system utility: &rootprompt;getent passwd maryo maryo:x:15000:15003:Mary Orville:/home/MIDEARTH/maryo:/bin/false A final test that we have this under control might be reassuring: &rootprompt;touch /export/a_file &rootprompt;chown maryo /export/a_file &rootprompt;ls -al /export/a_file ... -rw-r--r-- 1 maryo users 11234 Jun 21 15:32 a_file ... &rootprompt;rm /export/a_file Configuration is now mostly complete, so this is an opportune time to configure the directory structure for this site: &rootprompt;mkdir -p /export/{spytfull,public} &rootprompt;chmod ug=rwxS,o=x /export/{spytfull,public} &rootprompt;chown maryo.Accounts /export/{spytfull,public} Server TypeDomain Controller For the remainder of this chapter the focus is on the configuration of domain control. The examples that follow are for two implementation strategies. Remember, our objective is to create a simple but working solution. The remainder of this book should help to highlight opportunity for greater functionality and the complexity that goes with it. A domain controller configuration can be achieved with a simple configuration using the new tdbsam password backend. This type of configuration is good for small offices, but has limited scalability (cannot be replicated), and performance can be expected to fall as the size and complexity of the domain increases. The use of tdbsam is best limited to sites that do not need more than a Primary Domain Controller (PDC). As the size of a domain grows the need for additional domain controllers becomes apparent. Do not attempt to under-resource a Microsoft Windows network environment; domain controllers provide essential authentication services. The following are symptoms of an under-resourced domain control environment: Domain logons intermittently fail. File access on a domain member server intermittently fails, giving a permission denied error message. A more scalable domain control authentication backend option might use Microsoft Active Directory or an LDAP-based backend. Samba-3 provides for both options as a domain member server. As a PDC, Samba-3 is not able to provide an exact alternative to the functionality that is available with Active Directory. Samba-3 can provide a scalable LDAP-based PDC/BDC solution. The tdbsam authentication backend provides no facility to replicate the contents of the database, except by external means (i.e., there is no self-contained protocol in Samba-3 for Security Account Manager database [SAM] replication). If you need more than one domain controller, do not use a tdbsam authentication backend. The engineering office network server we present here is designed to demonstrate use of the new tdbsam password backend. The tdbsam facility is new to Samba-3. It is designed to provide many user and machine account controls that are possible with Microsoft Windows NT4. It is safe to use this in smaller networks. A working PDC configuration using the tdbsam password backend can be found in Engineering Office smb.conf (globals) together with Engineering Office smb.conf (shares and services): pdbedit MIDEARTH FRODO tdbsam cups /usr/sbin/useradd -m %u /usr/sbin/userdel -r %u /usr/sbin/groupadd %g /usr/sbin/groupdel %g /usr/sbin/groupmod -A %u %g /usr/sbin/groupmod -R %u %g /usr/sbin/useradd -s /bin/false -d /var/lib/nobody %u Note: The following specifies the default logon script. Per user logon scripts can be specified in the user account using pdbedit scripts\logon.bat This sets the default profile path. Set per user paths with pdbedit \\%L\Profiles\%U H: \\%L\%U Yes 35 Yes Yes 15000-20000 15000-20000 cups Home Directories %S No No Printing auto-share (makes printers available thru CUPS) All Printers /var/spool/samba root, maryo 0600 Yes Yes No Printer Drivers Share /var/lib/samba/drivers maryo, root maryo, root Needed to support domain logons Network Logon Service /var/lib/samba/netlogon root, maryo Yes No For profiles to work, create a user directory under the path shown. i.e., mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/profiles/maryo Roaming Profile Share /var/lib/samba/profiles No Yes Other resource (share/printer) definitions would follow below. Create UNIX group accounts as needed using a suitable operating system tool: &rootprompt;groupadd ntadmins &rootprompt;groupadd designers &rootprompt;groupadd engineers &rootprompt;groupadd qateam Create user accounts on the system using the appropriate tool provided with the operating system. Make sure all user home directories are created also. Add users to groups as required for access control on files, directories, printers, and as required for use in the Samba environment. netgroupmap initGroups.sh Assign each of the UNIX groups to NT groups by executing this shell script (You could name the script initGroups.sh): #!/bin/bash #### Keep this as a shell script for future re-use # First assign well known groups net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Admins" unixgroup=ntadmins net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Guests" unixgroup=nobody # Now for our added Domain Groups net groupmap add ntgroup="Designers" unixgroup=designers type=d net groupmap add ntgroup="Engineers" unixgroup=engineers type=d net groupmap add ntgroup="QA Team" unixgroup=qateam type=d Create the scripts directory for use in the share: &rootprompt;mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/netlogon/scripts Place the logon scripts that will be used (batch or cmd scripts) in this directory. The above configuration provides a functional PDC system to which must be added file shares and printers as required. In this section we finally get to review in brief a Samba-3 configuration that uses a Lightweight Directory Access (LDAP)-based authentication backend. The main reasons for this choice are to provide the ability to host primary and Backup Domain Control (BDC), as well as to enable a higher degree of scalability to meet the needs of a very distributed environment. This is an example of a minimal configuration to run a Samba-3 PDC using an LDAP authentication backend. It is assumed that the operating system has been correctly configured. The Idealx scripts (or equivalent) are needed to manage LDAP-based POSIX and/or SambaSamAccounts. The Idealx scripts may be downloaded from the Idealx Web site. They may also be obtained from the Samba tarball. Linux distributions tend to install the Idealx scripts in the /usr/share/doc/packages/sambaXXXXXX/examples/LDAP/smbldap-tools directory. Idealx scripts version smbldap-tools-0.8.7 are known to work well. Obtain from the Samba sources ~/examples/LDAP/samba.schema and copy it to the /etc/openldap/schema/ directory. Set up the LDAP server. This example is suitable for OpenLDAP 2.1.x. The /etc/openldap/slapd.conf file. /etc/openldap/slapd.conf # Note commented out lines have been removed include /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema include /etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema include /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema include /etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema include /etc/openldap/schema/samba.schema pidfile /var/run/slapd/slapd.pid argsfile /var/run/slapd/slapd.args database bdb suffix "dc=quenya,dc=org" rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=quenya,dc=org" rootpw {SSHA}06qDkonA8hk6W6SSnRzWj0/pBcU3m0/P # The password for the above is 'nastyon3' directory /var/lib/ldap index objectClass eq index cn pres,sub,eq index sn pres,sub,eq index uid pres,sub,eq index displayName pres,sub,eq index uidNumber eq index gidNumber eq index memberUid eq index sambaSID eq index sambaPrimaryGroupSID eq index sambaDomainName eq index default sub Create the following file samba-ldap-init.ldif: samba-ldap-init.ldif # Organization for SambaXP Demo dn: dc=quenya,dc=org objectclass: dcObject objectclass: organization dc: quenya o: SambaXP Demo description: The SambaXP Demo LDAP Tree # Organizational Role for Directory Management dn: cn=Manager,dc=quenya,dc=org objectclass: organizationalRole cn: Manager description: Directory Manager # Setting up the container for users dn: ou=People, dc=quenya, dc=org objectclass: top objectclass: organizationalUnit ou: People # Set up an admin handle for People OU dn: cn=admin, ou=People, dc=quenya, dc=org cn: admin objectclass: top objectclass: organizationalRole objectclass: simpleSecurityObject userPassword: {SSHA}0jBHgQ1vp4EDX2rEMMfIudvRMJoGwjVb # The password for above is 'mordonL8' Load the initial data above into the LDAP database: &rootprompt;slapadd -v -l initdb.ldif Start the LDAP server using the appropriate tool or method for the operating system platform on which it is installed. Install the Idealx script files in the /usr/local/sbin directory, then configure the smbldap_conf.pm file to match your system configuration. The &smb.conf; file that drives this backend can be found in example LDAP backend smb.conf for PDC. Global parameters MIDEARTH FRODO ldapsam:ldap://localhost /etc/samba/smbusers cups /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-useradd -m '%u' /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-userdel %u /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-groupadd -p '%g' /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-groupdel '%g' /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-groupmod -m '%u' '%g' /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-groupmod -x '%u' '%g' /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-usermod -g '%g' '%u' /usr/local/sbin/smbldap-useradd -w '%u' scripts\logon.bat \\%L\Profiles\%U H: \\%L\%U Yes 35 Yes Yes dc=quenya,dc=org ou=People ou=People ou=People ou=People cn=Manager no Yes 15000-20000 15000-20000 cups Add the LDAP password to the secrets.tdb file so Samba can update the LDAP database: &rootprompt;smbpasswd -w mordonL8 Add users and groups as required. Users and groups added using Samba tools will automatically be added to both the LDAP backend and the operating system as required. shows the example configuration for the BDC. Decide if the BDC should have its own LDAP server or not. If the BDC is to be the LDAP server, change the following &smb.conf; as indicated. The default configuration in Remote LDAP BDC smb.conf uses a central LDAP server. Global parameters MIDEARTH GANDALF ldapsam:ldap://frodo.quenya.org /etc/samba/smbusers cups scripts\logon.bat \\%L\Profiles\%U H: \\%L\%U Yes 33 Yes No dc=quenya,dc=org ou=People ou=People ou=People ou=People cn=Manager no Yes 15000-20000 15000-20000 cups Configure the NETLOGON and PROFILES directory as for the PDC in .