&author.jht; April 3 2003 NOTE! Roaming profiles support is different for Win9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x. Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how Windows 9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x clients implement these features. Windows 9x / Me clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate profiles location field, only the user's home share. This means that Win9X/Me profiles are restricted to being stored in the user's home directory. Windows NT4/200x clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields, including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles. This section documents how to configure Samba for MS Windows client profile support. To support Windowns NT4/200x clients, in the [global] section of smb.conf set the following (for example): logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath This is typically implemented like: logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u where: %L translates to the name of the Samba server %u translates to the user name The default for this option is \\%N\%U\profile, namely \\sambaserver\username\profile. The \\N%\%U service is created automatically by the [homes] service. If you are using a samba server for the profiles, you _must_ make the share specified in the logon path browseable. Please refer to the man page for smb.conf in respect of the different symantics of %L and %N, as well as %U and %u. MS Windows NT/2K clients at times do not disconnect a connection to a server between logons. It is recommended to NOT use the homes meta-service name as part of the profile share path. To support Windows 9x / Me clients, you must use the "logon home" parameter. Samba has now been fixed so that "net use /home" now works as well, and it, too, relies on the "logon home" parameter. By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Win9x / Me profiles in the user's home directory. But wait! There is a trick you can use. If you set the following in the [global] section of your smb.conf file: logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles then your Windows 9x / Me clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory of your home directory called .profiles (thus making them hidden). Not only that, but 'net use/home' will also work, because of a feature in Windows 9x / Me. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you specified \\%L\%U for "logon home". You can support profiles for both Win9X and WinNT clients by setting both the "logon home" and "logon path" parameters. For example: logon home = \\%L\%u\.profiles logon path = \\%L\profiles\%u When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created, as are folders "Start Menu", "Desktop", "Programs" and "Nethood". These directories and their contents will be merged with the local versions stored in c:\windows\profiles\username on subsequent logins, taking the most recent from each. You will need to use the [global] options "preserve case = yes", "short preserve case = yes" and "case sensitive = no" in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts in any of the profile folders. The user.DAT file contains all the user's preferences. If you wish to enforce a set of preferences, rename their user.DAT file to user.MAN, and deny them write access to this file. On the Windows 9x / Me machine, go to Control Panel -> Passwords and select the User Profiles tab. Select the required level of roaming preferences. Press OK, but do _not_ allow the computer to reboot. On the Windows 9x / Me machine, go to Control Panel -> Network -> Client for Microsoft Networks -> Preferences. Select 'Log on to NT Domain'. Then, ensure that the Primary Logon is 'Client for Microsoft Networks'. Press OK, and this time allow the computer to reboot. Under Windows 9x / Me Profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon. If you have the Primary Logon as 'Client for Novell Networks', then the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from your Novell Server. If you have the Primary Logon as 'Windows Logon', then the profiles will be loaded from the local machine - a bit against the concept of roaming profiles, it would seem! You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains [user, password, domain] instead of just [user, password]. Type in the samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist, but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this domain and profiles downloaded from it, if that domain logon server supports it), user name and user's password. Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 9x / Me machine will inform you that 'The user has not logged on before' and asks you if you wish to save the user's preferences? Select 'yes'. Once the Windows 9x / Me client comes up with the desktop, you should be able to examine the contents of the directory specified in the "logon path" on the samba server and verify that the "Desktop", "Start Menu", "Programs" and "Nethood" folders have been created. These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when the user logs off (if you haven't made them read-only by then). You will find that if the user creates further folders or short-cuts, that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the contents of the profile directory already on the local client, taking the newest folders and short-cuts from each set. If you have made the folders / files read-only on the samba server, then you will get errors from the Windows 9x / Me machine on logon and logout, as it attempts to merge the local and the remote profile. Basically, if you have any errors reported by the Windows 9x / Me machine, check the Unix file permissions and ownership rights on the profile directory contents, on the samba server. If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's local desktop cache, as shown below. When this user then next logs in, they will be told that they are logging in "for the first time". instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog, press escape. run the regedit.exe program, and look in: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList you will find an entry, for each user, of ProfilePath. Note the contents of this key (likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username), then delete the key ProfilePath for the required user. [Exit the registry editor]. WARNING - before deleting the contents of the directory listed in the ProfilePath (this is likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username), ask them if they have any important files stored on their desktop or in their start menu. Delete the contents of the directory ProfilePath (making a backup if any of the files are needed). This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden system file) user.DAT in their profile directory, as well as the local "desktop", "nethood", "start menu" and "programs" folders. search for the user's .PWL password-caching file in the c:\windows directory, and delete it. log off the windows 9x / Me client. check the contents of the profile path (see "logon path" described above), and delete the user.DAT or user.MAN file for the user, making a backup if required. If all else fails, increase samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10, and / or run a packet trace program such as ethereal or netmon.exe, and look for error messages. If you have access to an Windows NT4/200x server, then first set up roaming profiles and / or netlogons on the Windows NT4/200x server. Make a packet trace, or examine the example packet traces provided with Windows NT4/200x server, and see what the differences are with the equivalent samba trace. When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile NTuser.DAT is created. The profile location can be now specified through the "logon path" parameter. There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles: "logon drive". This should be set to H: or any other drive, and should be used in conjunction with the new "logon home" parameter. The entry for the NT4 profile is a _directory_ not a file. The NT help on profiles mentions that a directory is also created with a .PDS extension. The user, while logging in, must have write permission to create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension for those situations where it might be created.) In the profile directory, Windows NT4 creates more folders than Windows 9x / Me. It creates "Application Data" and others, as well as "Desktop", "Nethood", "Start Menu" and "Programs". The profile itself is stored in a file NTuser.DAT. Nothing appears to be stored in the .PDS directory, and its purpose is currently unknown. You can use the System Control Panel to copy a local profile onto a samba server (see NT Help on profiles: it is also capable of firing up the correct location in the System Control Panel for you). The NT Help file also mentions that renaming NTuser.DAT to NTuser.MAN turns a profile into a mandatory one. The case of the profile is significant. The file must be called NTuser.DAT or, for a mandatory profile, NTuser.MAN. You must first convert the profile from a local profile to a domain profile on the MS Windows workstation as follows: Log on as the LOCAL workstation administrator. Right click on the 'My Computer' Icon, select 'Properties' Click on the 'User Profiles' tab Select the profile you wish to convert (click on it once) Click on the button 'Copy To' In the "Permitted to use" box, click on the 'Change' button. Click on the 'Look in" area that lists the machine name, when you click here it will open up a selection box. Click on the domain to which the profile must be accessible. You will need to log on if a logon box opens up. Eg: In the connect as: MIDEARTH\root, password: mypassword. To make the profile capable of being used by anyone select 'Everyone' Click OK. The Selection box will close. Now click on the 'Ok' button to create the profile in the path you nominated. Done. You now have a profile that can be editted using the samba-3.0.0 profiles tool. Under NT/2K the use of mandotory profiles forces the use of MS Exchange storage of mail data. That keeps desktop profiles usable. This is a security check new to Windows XP (or maybe only Windows XP service pack 1). It can be disabled via a group policy in Active Directory. The policy is: "Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\System\User Profiles\Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders" ...and it should be set to "Enabled". Does the new version of samba have an Active Directory analogue? If so, then you may be able to set the policy through this. If you cannot set group policies in samba, then you may be able to set the policy locally on each machine. If you want to try this, then do the following (N.B. I don't know for sure that this will work in the same way as a domain group policy): On the XP workstation log in with an Administrator account. Click: "Start", "Run" Type: "mmc" Click: "OK" A Microsoft Management Console should appear. Click: File, "Add/Remove Snap-in...", "Add" Double-Click: "Group Policy" Click: "Finish", "Close" Click: "OK" In the "Console Root" window: Expand: "Local Computer Policy", "Computer Configuration", "Administrative Templates", "System", "User Profiles" Double-Click: "Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders" Select: "Enabled" Click: OK" Close the whole console. You do not need to save the settings (this refers to the console settings rather than the policies you have changed). Reboot Sharing of desktop profiles between Windows versions is NOT recommended. Desktop profiles are an evolving phenomenon and profiles for later versions of MS Windows clients add features that may interfere with earlier versions of MS Windows clients. Probably the more salient reason to NOT mix profiles is that when logging off an earlier version of MS Windows the older format of profile contents may overwrite information that belongs to the newer version resulting in loss of profile information content when that user logs on again with the newer version of MS Windows. If you then want to share the same Start Menu / Desktop with W9x/Me, you will need to specify a common location for the profiles. The smb.conf parameters that need to be common are logon path and logon home. If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate user.DAT and NTuser.DAT files in the same profile directory. There is nothing to stop you specifying any path that you like for the location of users' profiles. Therefore, you could specify that the profile be stored on a samba server, or any other SMB server, as long as that SMB server supports encrypted passwords. Unfortunately, the Resource Kit information is specific to the version of MS Windows NT4/200x. The correct resource kit is required for each platform. Here is a quick guide: On your NT4 Domain Controller, right click on 'My Computer', then select the tab labelled 'User Profiles'. Select a user profile you want to migrate and click on it. I am using the term "migrate" lossely. You can copy a profile to create a group profile. You can give the user 'Everyone' rights to the profile you copy this to. That is what you need to do, since your samba domain is not a member of a trust relationship with your NT4 PDC. Click the 'Copy To' button. In the box labelled 'Copy Profile to' add your new path, eg: c:\temp\foobar Click on the button labelled 'Change' in the "Permitted to use" box. Click on the group 'Everyone' and then click OK. This closes the 'chose user' box. Now click OK. Follow the above for every profile you need to migrate. You should obtain the SID of your NT4 domain. You can use smbpasswd to do this. Read the man page. With Samba-3.0.0 alpha code you can import all you NT4 domain accounts using the net samsync method. This way you can retain your profile settings as well as all your users. The W2K professional resource kit has moveuser.exe. moveuser.exe changes the security of a profile from one user to another. This allows the account domain to change, and/or the user name to change. You can identify the SID by using GetSID.exe from the Windows NT Server 4.0 Resource Kit. Windows NT 4.0 stores the local profile information in the registry under the following key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList Under the ProfileList key, there will be subkeys named with the SIDs of the users who have logged on to this computer. (To find the profile information for the user whose locally cached profile you want to move, find the SID for the user with the GetSID.exe utility.) Inside of the appropriate user's subkey, you will see a string value named ProfileImagePath. A Mandatory Profile is a profile that the user does NOT have the ability to overwrite. During the user's session it may be possible to change the desktop environment, but as the user logs out all changes made will be lost. If it is desired to NOT allow the user any ability to change the desktop environment then this must be done through policy settings. See previous chapter. Under NO circumstances should the profile directory (or it's contents) be made read-only as this may render the profile un-usable. For MS Windows NT4/200x/XP the above method can be used to create mandatory profiles also. To convert a group profile into a mandatory profile simply locate the NTUser.DAT file in the copied profile and rename it to NTUser.MAN. For MS Windows 9x / Me it is the User.DAT file that must be renamed to User.MAN to affect a mandatory profile. Most organisations are arranged into departments. There is a nice benenfit in this fact since usually most users in a department will require the same desktop applications and the same desktop layout. MS Windows NT4/200x/XP will allow the use of Group Profiles. A Group Profile is a profile that is created firstly using a template (example) user. Then using the profile migration tool (see above) the profile is assigned access rights for the user group that needs to be given access to the group profile. The next step is rather important. PLEASE NOTE: Instead of assigning a group profile to users (ie: Using User Manager) on a "per user" basis, the group itself is assigned the now modified profile. Be careful with group profiles, if the user who is a member of a group also has a personal profile, then the result will be a fusion (merge) of the two. MS Windows 9x / Me and NT4/200x/XP will use a default profile for any user for whom a profile does not already exist. Armed with a knowledge of where the default profile is located on the Windows workstation, and knowing which registry keys affect the path from which the default profile is created, it is possible to modify the default profile to one that has been optimised for the site. This has significant administrative advantages. To enable default per use profiles in Windows 9x / Me you can either use the Windows 98 System Policy Editor or change the registry directly. To enable default per user profiles in Windows 9x / Me, launch the System Policy Editor, then select File -> Open Registry, then click on the Local Computer icon, click on Windows 98 System, select User Profiles, click on the enable box. Do not forget to save the registry changes. To modify the registry directly, launch the Registry Editor (regedit.exe), select the hive HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Network\Logon. Now add a DWORD type key with the name "User Profiles", to enable user profiles set the value to 1, to disable user profiles set it to 0. When a user logs on to a Windows 9x / Me machine, the local profile path, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList, is checked for an existing entry for that user: If the user has an entry in this registry location, Windows 9x / Me checks for a locally cached version of the user profile. Windows 9x / Me also checks the user's home directory (or other specified directory if the location has been modified) on the server for the User Profile. If a profile exists in both locations, the newer of the two is used. If the User Profile exists on the server, but does not exist on the local machine, the profile on the server is downloaded and used. If the User Profile only exists on the local machine, that copy is used. If a User Profile is not found in either location, the Default User Profile from the Windows 9x / Me machine is used and is copied to a newly created folder for the logged on user. At log off, any changes that the user made are written to the user's local profile. If the user has a roaming profile, the changes are written to the user's profile on the server. On MS Windows NT4 the default user profile is obtained from the location %SystemRoot%\Profiles which in a default installation will translate to C:\WinNT\Profiles. Under this directory on a clean install there will be three (3) directories: Administrator, All Users, Default User. The All Users directory contains menu settings that are common across all system users. The Default User directory contains menu entries that are customisable per user depending on the profile settings chosen/created. When a new user first logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine a new profile is created from: All Users settings Default User settings (contains the default NTUser.DAT file) When a user logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine that is a member of a Microsoft security domain the following steps are followed in respect of profile handling: The users' account information which is obtained during the logon process contains the location of the users' desktop profile. The profile path may be local to the machine or it may be located on a network share. If there exists a profile at the location of the path from the user account, then this profile is copied to the location %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%. This profile then inherits the settings in the All Users profile in the %SystemRoot%\Profiles location. If the user account has a profile path, but at it's location a profile does not exist, then a new profile is created in the %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME% directory from reading the Default User profile. If the NETLOGON share on the authenticating server (logon server) contains a policy file (NTConfig.POL) then it's contents are applied to the NTUser.DAT which is applied to the HKEY_CURRENT_USER part of the registry. When the user logs out, if the profile is set to be a roaming profile it will be written out to the location of the profile. The NTuser.DAT file is then re-created from the contents of the HKEY_CURRENT_USER contents. Thus, should there not exist in the NETLOGON share an NTConfig.POL at the next logon, the effect of the provious NTConfig.POL will still be held in the profile. The effect of this is known as tatooing. MS Windows NT4 profiles may be Local or Roaming. A Local profile will stored in the %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME% location. A roaming profile will also remain stored in the same way, unless the following registry key is created: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon\ "DeleteRoamingCache"=dword:00000001 In which case, the local copy (in %SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%) will be deleted on logout. Under MS Windows NT4 default locations for common resources (like My Documents may be redirected to a network share by modifying the following registry keys. These changes may be affected via use of the System Policy Editor (to do so may require that you create your owns template extension for the policy editor to allow this to be done through the GUI. Another way to do this is by way of first creating a default user profile, then while logged in as that user, run regedt32 to edit the key settings. The Registry Hive key that affects the behaviour of folders that are part of the default user profile are controlled by entries on Windows NT4 is: HKEY_CURRENT_USER \Software \Microsoft \Windows \CurrentVersion \Explorer \User Shell Folders\ The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are: Name Default Value -------------- ----------------------------------------- AppData %USERPROFILE%\Application Data Desktop %USERPROFILE%\Desktop Favorites %USERPROFILE%\Favorites NetHood %USERPROFILE%\NetHood PrintHood %USERPROFILE%\PrintHood Programs %USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs Recent %USERPROFILE%\Recent SendTo %USERPROFILE%\SendTo Start Menu %USERPROFILE%\Start Menu Startup %USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup The registry key that contains the location of the default profile settings is: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \SOFTWARE \Microsoft \Windows \CurrentVersion \Explorer \User Shell Folders The default entries are: Common Desktop %SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Desktop Common Programs %SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Programs Common Start Menu %SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu Common Startu p %SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu\Progams\Startup MS Windows XP Home Edition does use default per user profiles, but can not participate in domain security, can not log onto an NT/ADS style domain, and thus can obtain the profile only from itself. While there are benefits in doing this the beauty of those MS Windows clients that CAN participate in domain logon processes allows the administrator to create a global default profile and to enforce it through the use of Group Policy Objects (GPOs). When a new user first logs onto MS Windows 200x/XP machine the default profile is obtained from C:\Documents and Settings\Default User. The administrator can modify (or change the contents of this location and MS Windows 200x/XP will gladly user it. This is far from the optimum arrangement since it will involve copying a new default profile to every MS Windows 200x/XP client workstation. When MS Windows 200x/XP participate in a domain security context, and if the default user profile is not found, then the client will search for a default profile in the NETLOGON share of the authenticating server. ie: In MS Windows parlance: %LOGONSERVER%\NETLOGON\Default User and if one exits there it will copy this to the workstation to the C:\Documents and Settings\ under the Windows login name of the user. This path translates, in Samba parlance, to the smb.conf [NETLOGON] share. The directory should be created at the root of this share and msut be called Default Profile. If a default profile does not exist in this location then MS Windows 200x/XP will use the local default profile. On loging out, the users' desktop profile will be stored to the location specified in the registry settings that pertain to the user. If no specific policies have been created, or passed to the client during the login process (as Samba does automatically), then the user's profile will be written to the local machine only under the path C:\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%. Those wishing to modify the default behaviour can do so through up to three methods: Modify the registry keys on the local machine manually and place the new default profile in the NETLOGON share root - NOT recommended as it is maintenance intensive. Create an NT4 style NTConfig.POL file that specified this behaviour and locate this file in the root of the NETLOGON share along with the new default profile. Create a GPO that enforces this through Active Directory, and place the new default profile in the NETLOGON share. The Registry Hive key that affects the behaviour of folders that are part of the default user profile are controlled by entries on Windows 200x/XP is: HKEY_CURRENT_USER \Software \Microsoft \Windows \CurrentVersion \Explorer \User Shell Folders\ The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are: Name Default Value -------------- ----------------------------------------- AppData %USERPROFILE%\Application Data Cache %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files Cookies %USERPROFILE%\Cookies Desktop %USERPROFILE%\Desktop Favorites %USERPROFILE%\Favorites History %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\History Local AppData %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data Local Settings %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings My Pictures %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\My Pictures NetHood %USERPROFILE%\NetHood Personal %USERPROFILE%\My Documents PrintHood %USERPROFILE%\PrintHood Programs %USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs Recent %USERPROFILE%\Recent SendTo %USERPROFILE%\SendTo Start Menu %USERPROFILE%\Start Menu Startup %USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup Templates %USERPROFILE%\Templates There is also an entry called "Default" that has no value set. The default entry is of type REG_SZ, all the others are of type REG_EXPAND_SZ. It makes a huge difference to the speed of handling roaming user profiles if all the folders are stored on a dedicated location on a network server. This means that it will NOT be necessary to write Outlook PST file over the network for every login and logout. To set this to a network location you could use the following examples: %LOGONSERVER%\%USERNAME%\Default Folders This would store the folders in the user's home directory under a directory called "Default Folders" You could also use: \\SambaServer\FolderShare\%USERNAME% in which case the default folders will be stored in the server named SambaServer in the share called FolderShare under a directory that has the name of the MS Windows user as seen by the Linux/Unix file system. Please note that once you have created a default profile share, you MUST migrate a user's profile (default or custom) to it. MS Windows 200x/XP profiles may be Local or Roaming. A roaming profile will be cached locally unless the following registry key is created: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon\ "DeleteRoamingCache"=dword:00000001 In which case, the local cache copy will be deleted on logout.