DavidBannon La Trobe University November 2000 Comments, corrections and additions to D.Bannon@latrobe.edu.au This document explains how to setup Samba as a Primary Domain Controller and applies to version 2.2.0. Before using these functions make sure you understand what the controller can and cannot do. Please read the sections below in the Introduction. As 2.2.0 is incrementally updated this document will change or become out of date very quickly, make sure you are reading the most current version. Please note this document does not apply to Samba2.2alpha0, Samba2.2alpha1, Samba 2.0.7, TNG nor HEAD branch. It does apply to the current (post November 27th) cvs. Also available is an updated version of Jerry Carter's NTDom FAQ that will answer lots of the special 'tuning' questions that are not covered here. Over the next couple of weeks some of the items here will be moved to the FAQ. This document will show you one way of making Version 2.2.0 of Samba perform some of the tasks of a NT Primary Domain Controller. The facilities described are built into Samba as a result of development work done over a number of years by a large number of people. These facilities are only just beginning to be officially supported and although they do appear to work reliably, if you use them then you take the risks upon your self. This document does not cover the developmental versions of Samba, particularly Samba-TNG Note that Samba 2.0.7 supports significently less of the NT Domain facilities compared with 2.2.0 This document does not replace the text files DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt, DOMAIN.txt (by John H Terpstra) or NTDOMAIN.txt (by Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton). Those documents provide more detail and an insight to the development cycle and should be considered 'further reading'. Permit 'domain logons' for Win95/98, NT4 and W2K workstations from one central password database. WRT W2K, please see the section about adding machine accounts and the Intro in the FAQ. Grant Administrator privileges to particular domain users on an NT or W2K workstation. Apply policies from a domain policy file to NT and W2K (?) workstation. Run the appropriate logon script when a user logs on to the domain . Maintain a user's local profile on the server. Validate a user using another system via smb (such as smb_pam) and soon winbind (?). Become or work with a Backup Domain Controller (a BDC). Participate in any sort of trust relationship (with either Samba or NT Servers). Offer a list of domain users to User Manager for Domains on the Security Tab etc). Be a W2K type of Domain Controller. Samba PDC will behave like an NT PDC, W2K workstations connect in legacy mode. Installing consists of the usual download, configure, make and make install process. These steps are well documented elsewhere. The FAQ discusses getting pre-release versions via CVS. Then you need to configure the server. Skip this section if you have a working Samba already. Everyone has their own favourite startup script. Here is mine, offered with no warrantee at all ! #!/bin/sh # Script to control Samba server, David Bannon, 14-6-96 # # PATH=/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin export PATH case "$1" in 'start') if [ -f /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd ] then /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D echo "Starting Samba Server" fi ;; 'conf') if [ -f /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf ] then vi /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf fi ;; 'pw') if [ -f /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd ] then vi /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd fi ;; 'who') /usr/local/samba/bin/smbstatus -b ;; 'restart') psline=`/bin/ps x | grep smbd | grep -v grep` if [ "$psline" != "" ] then while [ "$psline" != "" ] do psline=`/bin/ps x | fgrep smbd | grep -v grep` if [ "$psline" ] then set -- $psline pid=$1 /bin/kill -HUP $pid echo "Stopped $pid line = $psline" sleep 2 fi done fi echo "Stopped Samba servers" ;; 'stop') psline=`/bin/ps x | grep smbd | grep -v grep` if [ "$psline" != "" ] then while [ "$psline" != "" ] do psline=`/bin/ps x | fgrep smbd | grep -v grep` if [ "$psline" ] then set -- $psline pid=$1 /bin/kill -9 $pid echo "Stopped $pid line = $psline" sleep 2 fi done fi echo "Stopped Samba servers" psline=`/bin/ps x | grep nmbd | grep -v grep` if [ "$psline" ] then set -- $psline pid=$1 /bin/kill -9 $pid echo "Stopped Name Server " fi echo "Stopped Name Servers" ;; *) echo "usage: samba {start | restart |stop | conf | pw | who}" ;; esac Use this script, or some other one, you will need to ensure its used while the machine is booting. (This typically involves /etc/rc.d, we'll be assuming that there is a script called samba in /etc/rc.d/init.d further down in this document.) Here is a fairly minimal config file to do PDC. It will also make the server become the browse master for the specified domain (not necessary but usually desirable). You will need to change only two parameters to make this file work, wins server and workgroup, plus you will need to put your own name (not mine!) in the domain admin users fields. Some of the parameters are discussed further down this document. Assuming you have used the default install directories, this file should appear as /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf. It should not be writable by anyone except root. The 'add user script' parameter is a work-around, watch for changes ! [global] security = user status = yes workgroup = { Your domain name here } wins server = { ip of a wins server if you have one } encrypt passwords = yes domain logons =yes logon script = scripts\%U.bat domain admin users = root dbannon andrew add user script = /usr/sbin/adduser -n -g machines -c Machine -d /dev/null -s /bin/false %m$ guest account = ftp share modes=no os level=65 [homes] guest ok = no read only = no create mask = 0700 directory mask = 0700 oplocks = false locking = no [netlogon] path = /usr/local/samba/netlogon writeable = no guest ok = no add user script This parameter specifies a script (or program) that will be run to add a user to the system. Here it is being used to add a machine, not a user. This is probably not very nice and may change. But it does work ! For this example, I have a group called 'machines', entries can be added to /etc/passwd using a programme called /usr/adduser and the other parameters are chosen as suitable for a machine account. Works for RH Linux, your system may require changes. domain admin users = user1 users2 This parameter specifies a unix user who will be granted admin privileges on a NT workstation when logged onto that workstation. See the section called Domain Admin Accounts. encrypt passwords = yes This parameter must be 'yes' to allow any of the recent service pack NTs to logon. There are some reg hacks that turn off encrypted passwords on the NTws itself but if you are going to use the smbpasswd system (and you should) you must use encrypted passwords. logon script = scripts\%U.bat This will make samba look for a logon script named after the user (eg joeblow.bat). See the section further on called Logon Scripts Note that the slash is like this '\', not like this '/'. NT is happy with both, win95 is not ! logon path Lets you specify where you would like users profiles kept. The default, that is in the users home directory, does encourage a bit of fiddling. You need to create a couple of special files and directories. Its nice to have some of the binaries handy too, so I create links to them. Assuming you have used the default samba location and have not changed the locations mentioned in the sample config file, do the following : mkdir /usr/local/samba/netlogon mkdir /usr/local/samba/netlogon/scripts mkdir /usr/local/samba/private touch /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd chmod go-rwx /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd cd /usr/local/sbin ln -s /usr/local/samba/bin/smbpasswd ln -s /usr/local/samba/bin/smbclient ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/samba Make sure permissions are appropriate ! OK, if you have used the scripts above and have a path to where the links are do this to start up the Samba Server : samba start Instead, you might like to reboot the machine to make sure that you got the init stuff right. Any way, a quick look in the logs /usr/local/samba/var/log.smbd and /usr/local/samba/var/log/nmbd will give you an idea of what's happening. Assuming all is well, lets create some accounts... This section is very nearly out of date already ! It appears that while you are reading it, Jean Francois Micou is making it redundant ! Jean Francois is adding facilities to add users (via User Manager) and machines (when joining the domain) and it looks like these facilities will make it into the official release of 2.2. Every user and NTws (and other samba servers) that will be on the domain must have its own passwd entry in both /etc/passwd and /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd . The /etc/passwd entry is really only to reserve a user ID. The NT encrypted password is stored in /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd. (Note that win95/98 machines don't need an account as they don't do any security aware things.) Samba 2.2 will now create these entries for us. Carefull set up is required and there may well be some changes to this system before its released. There is an entry in the ntdom FAQ explaining how to create machine entries manually. Only root can do it ! There must be an entry in /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd for root and root must be mentioned in domain admins. This may be fixed some time in the future so any 'domain admin' can do it. If you don't like having root as a windows logon account, make the machine entries manually (both of them). Use the add user script Again, this looks a bit like a 'work around'. Use a suitable command line to add a machine account see above, and pass it %m$, that is %m to get machine name plus the '$'. Now, this means you cannot use the add user script to really add users .... Only for W2K This automatic creation of machine accounts does not work for NT4ws at present. Watch this space. You must have either added the machine account entries manually (NT4 ws) or set up the automatic system (W2K), see Machine Accounts before proceeding. Windows NT (this step may not be necessary some time in the near future). On the samba server that is the PDC, add a machine account manually as per the instructions in the FAQ Then give the command smbpasswd -a -m {machine} substituting in the client machine name. Logon to the NTws in question as a local admin, go to the Control Panel, Network IdentificationTag. Press the Change button. Enter the Domain name (from the 'Workgroup' parameter, smb.conf) in the Domain Field. Press OK and after a few seconds you will get a 'Welcome to Whatever Domain'. Allow to reboot. Windows 2000 Logon to the W2k machine as Administrator, go to the Control Panel and double click on Network and Dialup Connections. Pull down the Advanced menu and choose Network Identification. Press Properties . Choose Domain and enter the domain name. Press 'OK'. Now enter a user name and password for a Domain Admin (Who must be root until a pre-release bug is fixed) and press 'OK'. Wait for the confirmation, reboot when prompted. To remove a W2K machine from the domain, follow the first two steps then choose Workgroup, enter a work group name (or just WORKGROUP) and follow the prompts. Again, doing it manually (cos' the auto way is not working pre-release). In our simple case every domain user should have an account on the PDC. The account may have a null shell if they are not allowed to log on to the unix prompt. Again they need an entry in both the /etc/passwd and /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd. Again a password is not necessary in /etc/passwd but the location of the home directory is honoured. To make an entry for a user called Joe Blow you would typically do the following : adduser -g users -c 'Joe Blow' -s /bin/false -n joeblow smbpasswd -a joeblow And you will prompted to enter a password for Joe. Ideally he will be hovering over your shoulder and will, when asked, type in a password of his choice. There are a number of scripts and systems to ease the migration of users from somewhere to samba. Better start looking ! Certain operations demand that the logged on user has Administrator privileges, typically installing software and doing maintenance tasks. It is very simple to appoint some users as Domain Admins, most likely yourself. Make sure you trust the appointee ! Samba 2.2 recognizes particular users as being domain admins and tells the NTws when it thinks that it has got one logged on. In the smb.conf file we declare that the Domain Admin users = user1 user2. Any user mentioned here will be treated as a Domain Admin by a NTws when logged onto the Domain. They will have full Administrator rights including the rights to change permissions on files and run the system utilities such as Disk Administrator. Further, and this is very new, they will be allowed to create a new machine account when first connecting a new NT or W2K machine to the domain. At present, ie pre-release, only a Domain Admin who also happens to be root can do so. NT Profiles should work if you have followed the setup so far. A user's profile contains a whole lot of their personal settings, the contents of their desktop, personal 'My Documents' and so on. When they log off, all of the profile is copied to their directory on the server and is downloaded again when they logon on again, possibly on another client machine. Sounds great but can be a bit of a bug bear sometimes. Users let their profiles get too big and then complain about how long it takes to log on each time. This sample setup only supports NT profiles, rumor has it that it is also possible to do the same on Win95, my users don't know and I'm not telling them. There is more info about Profiles (including for W95/98) in the FAQ. Policies are an easy way to make or enforce specific characteristics across your network. You create a ntconfig.pol file and every time someone logs on with their NTws, the settings you put in ntconfig.pol are applied to the NTws. Typical setting are things like making the date appear the way you want it (none of these 2 figure years here) or maybe suppressing one of the splash screens. Perhaps you want to set the NTws so it does not keep users profiles on the local machine. Cool. The only problem is making the ntconfig.pol file itself. You cannot use the policy editor that comes with NTws. See the FAQ for pointers on how to get a suitable Policy Editor. The Policy Editor (and associated files) will create a ntconfig.pol file using the parameters Microsoft thought of and parameters you specify by making your own template file. In our example configuration here, Samba will expect to find the ntconfig.pol file in /usr/local/samba/netlogon. Needless to say (I hope !), it is vitally important that ordinary users don't have write permission to the Policy files. In the sample config file above there is a line logon script = scripts\%U.bat Note that the slash is like this '\' not like this '/'. NT is happy with both, win95 is not ! This allows you to run a dos batch file every time someone logs on. The batch file is located on the server, in the sample install mentioned here, its in /usr/local/samba/netlogon/scripts and is named after the user with .bat appended, eg Joe Blow's script is called /usr/local/samba/netlogon/scripts/joeblow.bat. There is a suggestion that user names longer than 8 characters may cause problems with some systems being unable to run logon scripts. This is confirmed in earlier versions when connecting using W95, comments about other combinations ?? You could use a line like this logon script = default.bat and samba will supply /usr/local/samba/netlogon/default.bat for any client and every user. Maybe you could use %m and get a client machine dependant logon script. You get the idea... Note that the file is a dos batch file not a Unix script. It runs dos commands on the client computer with the logon user's permissions. It must be a dos file with each line ending with the dos cr/lf not a nice clean newline. Generally, its best to create the initial file on a DOS system and copy it across. There is lots of very clever uses of the Samba replaceable variables such ( %U = user, %G = primary group, %H = client machine, see the 'man 5 smb.conf') to give you control over which script runs when a particular person logs on. (Gee, it would be nice to have a default.bat run when nothing else is available.) Again, it is vitally important that ordinary users don't have write permission to other peoples, or even probably their own, logon script files. A typical logon script is reproduced below. Note that it runs separate commands for win95 and NT, that's because NT has slightly different behaviour when using the net use .. command. Its useful for lots of other situations too. I don't know what syntax to use for win98, I don't use it here. rem Default logon script, create links to this file. net time \\bioserve /set /yes @echo off if %OS%.==Windows_NT. goto WinNT :Win95 net use k: \\trillion\bio_prog net use p: \\bcfile\homes goto end :WinNT net use k: \\trillion\bio_prog /persistent:no net use p: \\bcfile\homes /persistent:no :end So far our configuration assumes that ordinary users don't have unix logon access. A change to the adduser line above would allow unix logon but it would be with passwords that may be different from the NT logon. Clearly that won't suit everyone. Trying to explain to users that they need to change their passwords in two seperate places is not fun. Further, even if they cannot do a unix logon there are other processes that might require authentication. We have a nice securely encrypted password in /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd, why not use it ? Yes, its possible and seems the easiest way (initially anyway). The FAQ details how to do so in the sections What is password sync and should I use it ? and How do I get remote password (unix and SMB) changing working ? Pam enabled systems have a much better solution available. The Samba PDC server will offer to authenticate domain users to other processes (either on this server or on the domain). With a suitable pam stack such as Pam_smb you can get any pam aware application looking to the samba password and can leave the password field in /etc/shadow or /etc/passwd invalid. In a domain that has a number of servers you only need one password database. The machines that don't have their own ask the PDC to check for them. This will work fine for a domain controlled by either a Samba or NT machine. To do so the Samba machine must be told to refer to the PDC and where the PDC is. See the section in the NTDom FAQ called How do I get my samba server to become a member ( not PDC ) of an NT domain? It might help you understand the limitations of the PDC in Samba if you read something of its history. Well, the history as I understand it anyway. For many years the Samba team have been developing Samba, some time ago a number of people, possibly lead by Luke Leighton started contributing NT PDC stuff. This was added to the 'head' stream (that would eventually become the next version) and later to a seperate stream (NTDom). They did so much that eventually this development stream was so mutated that it could not be merged back into the main stream and was abandoned towards the end of 1999. And that was very sad because many users, myself include had become heavily dependant on the NTController facilities it offered. Oh well... The NTDom team continued on with their new found knowledge however and built the TNG stream. Intended to be carefully controlled so that it can be merged back into the main stream and benefiting from what they learnt, it is a very different product to the origional NTDom product. However, for a number of reasons, the merge did not take place and now TNG is being developed at http://www.samba-tng.org. Now, the NTDom things that the main strean 2.0.x version does is based more on the old (initial version) abandoned code than on the TNG ideas. It appears that version 2.2.0 will also include an improved version of the 2.0.7 domain controller charactistics, not the TNG ways. The developers have indicated that 2.2.0 will be further developed incrementally and the ideas from TNG incorporated into it. One more little wriggle is worth mentioning. At one stage the NTDom stream was called Samba 2.1.0-prealpha and similar names. This is most unfortunate because at least one book published advises people who want to use NTDom Samba to get version 2.1.0 or later. As main stream Samba will soon be called 2.2.0 and NOT officially supporting NTDom Controlling functions, the potential for confusion is certainly there. There is a document on the Samba mirrors called 'Development' . It offers the 'best guess' of what is planned for future releases of Samba. The future of Samba as a Primary Domain Controller appears rosie, however be aware that its the future, not the present. The developers are strongly committed to building a full featured PDC into Samba but it will take time. If this version does not meet your requirements then you should consider (in no particular order) : Wait. No, we don't know how long. Repeated asking won't help. Investigate the development versions, TNG perhaps or HEAD where new code is being added all the time. Realise that development code is often unstable, poorly documented and subject to change. You will need to use cvs to download development versions. Join one of the Samba mailing lists so that you can find out what is happening on the 'bleeding edge'. This document cannot possibly answer all your questions. Please understand that its very likely that someone has been confrounted by the same problem that you have. The FAQ discusses a number of possible paths to take to get further help : Documents on the Samba Sites. Other web sites. Mailing list. There is some discussion about guide lines for using the Mailing Lists on the accompanying FAQ, please read them before posting.