16.3.1. Target Uses

Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an existing NT based domain infrastructure into which they wish to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly simplifies the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX workstations into a NT based organization.

Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to be used is as a central part of UNIX based appliances. Appliances that provide file and print services to Microsoft based networks will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of the appliance into the domain.

16.4.1. Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls

Over the last few years, efforts have been underway by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This system is used for most network related operations between Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication and print spooling. Although initially this work was done to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code which can be used for other purposes.

Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying a Windows PDC for user and group information, winbind maps the NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.

16.4.2. Microsoft Active Directory Services

Since late 2001, Samba has gained the ability to interact with Microsoft Windows 2000 using its 'Native Mode' protocols, rather than the NT4 RPC services. Using LDAP and Kerberos, a domain member running winbind can enumerate users and groups in exactly the same way as a Win2k client would, and in so doing provide a much more efficient and effective winbind implementation.

16.4.3. Name Service Switch

The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information to be resolved from different sources. For example, a standalone UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of flat files stored on the local filesystem. A networked workstation may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, and then consult a NIS database for user information or a DNS server for hostname information.

The NSS application programming interface allows winbind to present itself as a source of system information when resolving UNIX usernames and groups. Winbind uses this interface, and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC calls to provide a new source of account enumeration. Using standard UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on a UNIX machine running winbind and see all users and groups in a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local users and groups.

The primary control file for NSS is /etc/nsswitch.conf. When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup the C library looks in /etc/nsswitch.conf for a line which matches the service type being requested, for example the "passwd" service type is used when user or group names are looked up. This config line species which implementations of that service should be tried and in what order. If the passwd config line is:

passwd: files example

then the C library will first load a module called /lib/libnss_files.so followed by the module /lib/libnss_example.so. The C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve the request. Once the request is resolved the C library returns the result to the application.

This NSS interface provides a very easy way for Winbind to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done is to put libnss_winbind.so in /lib/ then add "winbind" into /etc/nsswitch.conf at the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to resolve user and group names.

16.4.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules

Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different authentication methods for different system applications without having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, a system administrator may only allow console logins from users stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from a NIS database to log in over the network.

Winbind uses the authentication management and password management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have this change take effect directly on the Primary Domain Controller.

PAM is configured by providing control files in the directory /etc/pam.d/ for each of the services that require authentication. When an authentication request is made by an application the PAM code in the C library looks up this control file to determine what modules to load to do the authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding a new authentication service for Winbind very easy, all that needs to be done is that the pam_winbind.so module is copied to /lib/security/ and the PAM control files for relevant services are updated to allow authentication via winbind. See the PAM documentation for more details.

16.4.5. User and Group ID Allocation

When a user or group is created under Windows NT is it allocated a numerical relative identifier (RID). This is slightly different to UNIX which has a range of numbers that are used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify groups. It is winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX id numbers and vice versa. When winbind is configured it is given part of the UNIX user id space and a part of the UNIX group id space in which to store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX id from the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over time, winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups to UNIX user ids and group ids.

The results of this mapping are stored persistently in an ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.

16.4.6. Result Caching

An active system can generate a lot of user and group name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups winbind uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied by NT domain controllers. User or group information returned by a PDC is cached by winbind along with a sequence number also returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modified. If a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information is discarded and up to date information is requested directly from the PDC.

16.5.1. Introduction

This HOWTO describes the procedures used to get winbind up and running on my RedHat 7.1 system. Winbind is capable of providing access and authentication control for Windows Domain users through an NT or Win2K PDC for 'regular' services, such as telnet a nd ftp, as well for SAMBA services.

This HOWTO has been written from a 'RedHat-centric' perspective, so if you are using another distribution, you may have to modify the instructions somewhat to fit the way your distribution works.

• Why should I to this?

  This allows the SAMBA administrator to rely on the authentication mechanisms on the NT/Win2K PDC for the authentication of domain members. NT/Win2K users no longer need to have separate accounts on the SAMBA server.

• Who should be reading this document?

  This HOWTO is designed for system administrators. If you are implementing SAMBA on a file server and wish to (fairly easily) integrate existing NT/Win2K users from your PDC onto the SAMBA server, this HOWTO is for you. That said, I am no NT or PAM expert, so you may find a better or easier way to accomplish these tasks.

16.5.2. Requirements

If you have a samba configuration file that you are currently using... BACK IT UP! If your system already uses PAM, back up the /etc/pam.d directory contents! If you haven't already made a boot disk, MAKE ONE NOW!

Messing with the pam configuration files can make it nearly impossible to log in to yourmachine. That's why you want to be able to boot back into your machine in single user mode and restore your /etc/pam.d back to the original state they were in if you get frustrated with the way things are going. ;-)

The latest version of SAMBA (version 3.0 as of this writing), now includes a functioning winbindd daemon. Please refer to the main SAMBA web page or, better yet, your closest SAMBA mirror site for instructions on downloading the source code.

To allow Domain users the ability to access SAMBA shares and files, as well as potentially other services provided by your SAMBA machine, PAM (pluggable authentication modules) must be setup properly on your machine. In order to compile the winbind modules, you should have at least the pam libraries resident on your system. For recent RedHat systems (7.1, for instance), that means pam-0.74-22. For best results, it is helpful to also install the development packages in pam-devel-0.74-22.

16.5.3. Testing Things Out

Before starting, it is probably best to kill off all the SAMBA related daemons running on your server. Kill off all smbd, nmbd, and winbindd processes that may be running. To use PAM, you will want to make sure that you have the standard PAM package (for RedHat) which supplies the /etc/pam.d directory structure, including the pam modules are used by pam-aware services, several pam libraries, and the /usr/doc and /usr/man entries for pam. Winbind built better in SAMBA if the pam-devel package was also installed. This package includes the header files needed to compile pam-aware applications. For instance, my RedHat system has both pam-0.74-22 and pam-devel-0.74-22 RPMs installed.

root# autoconf
root# make clean
root# rm config.cache
root# ./configure
root# make
root# make install

	passwd:     files winbind
	shadow:     files 
	group:      files winbind

[global]
     <...>
     # separate domain and username with '+', like DOMAIN+username
     winbind separator = +
     # use uids from 10000 to 20000 for domain users
     winbind uid = 10000-20000
     # use gids from 10000 to 20000 for domain groups
     winbind gid = 10000-20000
     # allow enumeration of winbind users and groups
     winbind enum users = yes
     winbind enum groups = yes
     # give winbind users a real shell (only needed if they have telnet access)
     template homedir = /home/winnt/%D/%U
     template shell = /bin/bash

CEO+Administrator
CEO+burdell
CEO+Guest
CEO+jt-ad
CEO+krbtgt
CEO+TsInternetUser

root# /usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -g
CEO+Domain Admins
CEO+Domain Users
CEO+Domain Guests
CEO+Domain Computers
CEO+Domain Controllers
CEO+Cert Publishers
CEO+Schema Admins
CEO+Enterprise Admins
CEO+Group Policy Creator Owners

start() {
        KIND="SMB"
        echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: "
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd $SMBDOPTIONS
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        KIND="NMB"
        echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: "
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd $NMBDOPTIONS
        RETVAL2=$?
        echo
        KIND="Winbind"
        echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: "
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
        RETVAL3=$?
        echo
        [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/smb || \
           RETVAL=1
        return $RETVAL
}

        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd

        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B

stop() {
        KIND="SMB"
        echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: "
        killproc smbd
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        KIND="NMB"
        echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: "
        killproc nmbd
        RETVAL2=$?
        echo
        KIND="Winbind"
        echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: "
        killproc winbindd
        RETVAL3=$?
        [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/smb
        echo ""
        return $RETVAL
}

##
## samba.server
##

if [ ! -d /usr/bin ]
then                    # /usr not mounted
        exit
fi

killproc() {            # kill the named process(es)
        pid=`/usr/bin/ps -e |
             /usr/bin/grep -w $1 |
             /usr/bin/sed -e 's/^  *//' -e 's/ .*//'`
        [ "$pid" != "" ] && kill $pid
}
 
# Start/stop processes required for samba server

case "$1" in

'start')
#
# Edit these lines to suit your installation (paths, workgroup, host)
#
echo Starting SMBD
   /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D -s \
	/usr/local/samba/smb.conf

echo Starting NMBD
   /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D -l \
	/usr/local/samba/var/log -s /usr/local/samba/smb.conf

echo Starting Winbind Daemon
   /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
   ;;

'stop')
   killproc nmbd
   killproc smbd
   killproc winbindd
   ;;

*)
   echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/samba.server { start | stop }"
   ;;
esac

   /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd

   /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B

auth    required        /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
account required        /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth

enable = no

enable = yes

auth       required     /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/ftpusers onerr=succeed
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_shells.so
account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth

auth       required     /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
password   required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    optional     /lib/security/pam_console.so

#
#ident	"@(#)pam.conf	1.14	99/09/16 SMI"
#
# Copyright (c) 1996-1999, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# PAM configuration
#
# Authentication management
#
login   auth required   /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
login	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass 
login	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_dial_auth.so.1 try_first_pass 
#
rlogin  auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
rlogin  auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
rlogin	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
#
dtlogin auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
dtlogin	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
#
rsh	auth required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
other   auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
other	auth required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
#
# Account management
#
login   account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
login	account requisite	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
login	account required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
#
dtlogin account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
dtlogin	account requisite	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
dtlogin	account required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
#
other   account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
other	account requisite	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
other	account required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
#
# Session management
#
other	session required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
#
# Password management
#
#other   password sufficient     /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
other	password required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
dtsession auth required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1
#
# Support for Kerberos V5 authentication (uncomment to use Kerberos)
#
#rlogin	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#login	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#dtlogin	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#other	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#dtlogin	account optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
#other	account optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
#other	session optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
#other	password optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass