path: root/docs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/TOSHARG-TheNetCommand.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//Samba-Team//DTD DocBook V4.2-Based Variant V1.0//EN" "http://www.samba.org/samba/DTD/samba-doc">

<chapter id="NetCommand">
<chapterinfo>
	&author.jht;
	&author.vl;
	&author.gd;
	<pubdate>May 9, 2005</pubdate>
</chapterinfo>

<title>Remote and Local Management &smbmdash; The Net Command</title>

<para>
The <command>net</command> command is one of the new features of Samba-3 and is an attempt to provide a useful
tool into which the majority of remote management operations necessary for common tasks. The
<command>net</command> tool is flexible by design and is intended for command line use as well as for scripted
control application.
</para>

<para>
Originally introduced with the intent to mimick the Microsoft Windows command that has the same name, the
<command>net</command> command has morphed into a very powerful instrument that has become an essential part
of the Samba network administrator's toolbox. The Samba Team have introduced tools, such as
<command>smbgroupedit, rpcclient</command> from which really useful have been integrated into the
<command>net</command>. The <command>smbgroupedit</command> command was absorbed entirely into the
<command>net</command>, while only some features of the <command>rpcclient</command> command have been
ported to it. Anyone who finds older references to these utilities and to the functionality they provided
should look at the <command>net</command> command before searching elsewhere.
</para>

<para>
A Samba-3 administrator can not afford to gloss over this chapter because to do so will almost certainly cause
the infliction of self induced pain, agony and desperation. Be warned, this is an important chapter.
</para>

	<sect1>
	<title>Overview</title>

	<para>
	The tasks that follow the installation of a Samba-3 server, whether Stand-Alone, Domain Member, of a
	Domain Controller (PDC or BDC) begins with the need to create administrative rights. Of course, the
	creation of user and group accounts is essential for both a Stand-Alone server as well as for a PDC.
	In the case of a BDC or a Domain Member server (DMS) Domain user and group accounts are obtained from
	the central domain authentication backend.
	</para>

	<para>
	Regardless of the type of server being installed, local UNIX groups must be mapped to the Windows
	networking domain global group accounts. Do you ask, why? Because Samba always limits its access to
	the resources of the host server by way of traditional UNIX UID/GID controls. This means that local
	groups must be mapped to domain global groups so that domain users who are members of the domain
	global groups can be given access rights based on UIDs and GIDs local to the server that is hosting
	Samba. Such mappings are implemented using the <command>net</command> command.
	</para>

	<para>
	UNIX systems that are hosting a Samba-3 server that is running as a member (PDC, BDC, or DMS) must have
	a machine security account in the domain authentication database (or directory). The creation of such
	security (or trust) accounts is also handled using the <command>net</command> command.
	</para>

	<para>
	The establishment of interdomain trusts is achieved using the <command>net</command> command also, as
	may a plethora of typical administrative duties such as: user management, group management, share and
	printer management, file and printer migration, security identifier management, and so on.
	</para>

	<para>
	The over-all picture should be clear now, the <command>net</command> command plays a central role
	on the Samba-3 stage. This role will continue to be developed. The inclusion of this chapter is
	evidence of its importance, one that has grown in complexity to the point that it is no longer considered
	prudent to cover its use fully in the on-line UNIX man pages.
	</para>

	</sect1>
	
	<sect1>
	<title>Administrative Tasks And Methods</title>

	<para>
	The basic operations of the <command>net</command> command are documented here. This documentation is not
	exhaustive, and thus it is incomplete. Since the primary focus is on migration from Windows servers to
	a Samba server the emphasis is on the use of the DCE RPC mode of operation. When used against a server
	that is a member of an Active Directory domain it is preferable (and often necessary) to use ADS mode
	operations. The <command>net</command> command supports both, but not for every operation. For most
	operations, if the mode is not specified <command>net</command> will automatically fall back via
	the <constant>ads, rpc, rap</constant> modes.  Please refer to the man page for a more comprehensive
	overview of the capabilities of this utility.
	</para>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>UNIX and Windows Group Management</title>

	<para>
	In repetition of what has been said, the focus in most of this chapter is on use of the <command>net
	rpc</command> family of operations that are supported by Samba. Most of them are supported by the
	<command>net ads</command> mode when used in connection with MS Active Directory. The <command>net
	rap</command> operating mode is also supported for some of these operations. RAP protocols are used
	by IBM OS/2 and by several earlier SMB servers.
	</para>

	<para>
	Sambas' <command>net</command> tool implements sufficient capability to permit all common adminstrative
	tasks to be completed from the command line. In this section each of the essential user and group management
	facilities are explored.
	</para>

	<para>
	Samba-3 recognizes two types of groups: <emphasis>domain groups</emphasis> and <emphasis>local
	groups</emphasis>. Domain groups can contain (have as members) only domain user accounts. Local groups
	can contain local users, domain users, and domain groups as members.
	</para>

	<para>
	The purpose of a local group is to permit file permission to be set for a group account that, like the
	usual UNIX/Linux group, is persistent across redeployment of a Windows file server.
	</para>

	<sect2>
	<title>Adding, Renaming, or Deletion of Group Accounts</title>

	<sect3>
	<title>Adding or Creating a New Group</title>

	<para>
	Before attempting to add a Windows group account the currently available groups can be listed as shown
here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group list -Uroot%not24get
Password:
Domain Admins
Domain Users
Domain Guests
Print Operators
Backup Operators
Replicator
Domain Computers
Engineers
</screen>
	A Windows group account called <quote>SupportEngrs</quote> can be added by executing the following
command:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group add "SupportEngrs" -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	The addition will result in immediate availability of the new group account as validated by executing the
this command:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group list -Uroot%not24get
Password:
Domain Admins
Domain Users
Domain Guests
Print Operators
Backup Operators
Replicator
Domain Computers
Engineers
SupportEngrs
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The following demonstrates that the POSIX (UNIX/Linux system account) group has been created by calling
	the <smbconfoption name="add group script">/opt/IDEALX/sbin/smbldap-groupadd -p "%g"</smbconfoption> interface
	script:
<screen>
&rootprompt; getent group
...
Domain Admins:x:512:root
Domain Users:x:513:jht,lct,ajt,met
Domain Guests:x:514:
Print Operators:x:550:
Backup Operators:x:551:
Replicator:x:552:
Domain Computers:x:553:
Engineers:x:1002:jht
SupportEngrs:x:1003:
</screen>
	The following demonstrates that the use of the <command>net</command> command to add a group account
results in immediate mapping of the POSIX group that has been created to the Windows group account as whown
here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net groupmap list
Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-512) -> Domain Admins
Domain Users (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-513) -> Domain Users
Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-514) -> Domain Guests
Print Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-550) -> Print Operators
Backup Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-551) -> Backup Operators
Replicator (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-552) -> Replicator
Domain Computers (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-553) -> Domain Computers
Engineers (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-3005) -> Engineers
SupportEngrs (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-3007) -> SupportEngrs
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect3>

	<sect3>
	<title>Mapping Windows Groups to UNIX Groups</title>

	<para>
	Windows groups must be mapped to UNIX system (POSIX) groups so that file system access controls
	can be asserted in a manner that is consistent with the methods appropriate to the operating
	system that is hosting the Samba server.
	</para>

	<para>
	All file system (file and directory) access controls, within the file system of a UNIX/Linux server that is
	hosting a Samba server, is implemented using a UID/GID identity tuple. Samba does not in any way over-ride
	or replace UNIX file system semantics. Thus it is necessary that all Windows networking operations that
	access the file system must provide a mechanism that maps a Windows user to a particular UNIX/Linux group
	account. The user account must also map to a locally known UID.
	</para>

	<para>
	Samba depends on default mappings for the <constant>Domain Admins, Domain Users</constant> and
	<constant>Domain Guests</constant> global groups. Additional groups may be added as shown in the
	examples just given. There are times when it is necessary to map an existing UNIX group account
	to a Windows group. This operation, in effect, creates a Windows group account as a consequence
	of creation of the mapping.
	</para>

	<para>
	The operations that are permitted includes: <constant>add, modify, delete</constant>. An example
	of each operation is shown here.
	</para>

	<para>
	An existing UNIX group may be mapped to an existing Windows group by this example:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users
</screen>
	An existing UNIX group may be mapped to a new Windows group as shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net groupmap add ntgroup="EliteEngrs" unixgroup=Engineers type=d
</screen>
	A Windows group may be deleted, and then a new Windows group can be mapped to the UNIX group by
	executing these commands:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net groupmap delete ntgroup=Engineers
&rootprompt; net groupmap add ntgroup=EngineDrivers unixgroup=Engineers type=d
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Two types of Windows groups can be created: <constant>domain (global),</constant> and <constant>local</constant>.
	In the above examples the Windows groups created were of type <constant>domain</constant>, or global. The
	following command will create a Windows group of type <constant>local</constant>.
<screen>
&rootprompt; net groupmap add ntgroup=Pixies unixgroup=pixies type=l
</screen>
	Local groups can be used with Samba to enable multiple nested group support.
	</para>

	</sect3>

	<sect3>
	<title>Deleting a Group Account</title>

	<para>
	A group account may be deleted by executing the following command:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group delete SupportEngineers -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Validation of the deletion is advisable. The same commands may be executed as shown above.
	</para>

	</sect3>

	<sect3>
	<title>Rename Group Accounts</title>

	<note><para>
	This command is not documented in the man pages, it is implemented in the source code, but it does not
	work. The example given documents (from the source code) how it should work. Watch the release notes
	of a future release to see when this may have been be fixed.
	</para></note>

	<para>
	Sometimes it is necessary to rename a group account. Good administrators know how painful some managers
	demands can be if this simple request is ignored. The following command demonstrates how the Windows group
	<quote>SupportEngrs</quote> can be renamed to <quote>CustomerSupport</quote>:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group rename SupportEngrs \
    CustomerSupport -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect3>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Manipulating Group Memberships</title>

	<para>
	Three operations can be performed in respect of group membership. It is possible to (1) add Windows users
	to Windows group, to (2) delete Windows users from Windows groups, and to (3) list the Windows users that are
	members of a Windows group.
	</para>

	<para>
	So as to avoid confusion, it makes sense to check group membership before attempting to make and changes.
	The <command>getent group</command> will list UNIX/Linux group membership. UNIX/Linux group members are
	seen also as members of a Windows group that has been mapped using the <command>net groupmap</command>
	command (see <link linkend="groupmapping"/>). The following list of UNIX/Linux group membership shows
	that the user <constant>ajt</constant> is a member of the UNIX/Linux group <constant>Engineers</constant>.
<screen>
&rootprompt; getent group
...
Domain Admins:x:512:root
Domain Users:x:513:jht,lct,ajt,met,vlendecke
Domain Guests:x:514:
Print Operators:x:550:
Backup Operators:x:551:
Replicator:x:552:
Domain Computers:x:553:
Engineers:x:1000:jht,ajt
</screen>
	The UNIX/Linux groups have been mapped to Windows groups, as is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net groupmap list
Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-512) -> Domain Admins
Domain Users (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-513) -> Domain Users
Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-514) -> Domain Guests
Print Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-550) -> Print Operators
Backup Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-551) -> Backup Operators
Replicator (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-552) -> Replicator
Domain Computers (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-553) -> Domain Computers
Engineers (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-3001) -> Engineers
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Given that the user <constant>ajt</constant> is already a member of the UNIX/Linux group, and via the
	group mapping, a member of the Windows group, an attempt to add this account again should fail. This is
	demonstrated here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem "MIDEARTH\Engineers" ajt -Uroot%not24get
Could not add ajt to MIDEARTH\Engineers: NT_STATUS_MEMBER_IN_GROUP
</screen>
	This showns that the group mapping between UNIX/Linux groups and Windows groups is effective and
	transparent.
	</para>

	<para>
	To permit the user <constant>ajt</constant> to be added using the <command>net rpc group</command> utility
	this account must first be removed. The removal, and confirmation of its effect is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group delmem "MIDEARTH\Engineers" ajt -Uroot%not24get
&rootprompt; getent group Engineers
Engineers:x:1000:jht
&rootprompt; net rpc group members Engineers -Uroot%not24get
MIDEARTH\jht
</screen>
	In this example both at the UNIX/Linux system level, the group no longer has the <constant>ajt</constant>
	as a member. The above also shows this to be the case for Windows group membership.
	</para>

	<para>
	The account is now added again, using the <command>net rpc group</command> utility:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem "MIDEARTH\Engineers" ajt -Uroot%not24get
&rootprompt; getent group Engineers
Engineers:x:1000:jht,ajt
&rootprompt; net rpc group members Engineers -Uroot%not24get
MIDEARTH\jht
MIDEARTH\ajt
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	In this example the members of the Windows <constant>Domain Users</constant> account is validated using
	the <command>net rpc group</command> utility. Note that this contents of the UNIX/Linux group was shown
	4 paragraphs earlier. The Windows (domain) group membership is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group members "Domain Users" -Uroot%not24get
MIDEARTH\jht
MIDEARTH\lct
MIDEARTH\ajt
MIDEARTH\met
MIDEARTH\vlendecke
</screen>
	The example shown here is an express example that Windows group names are treated by Samba (as with
	MS Windows) in a case insensitive manner:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group members "DomAiN USerS" -Uroot%not24get
MIDEARTH\jht
MIDEARTH\lct
MIDEARTH\ajt
MIDEARTH\met
MIDEARTH\vlendecke
</screen>
	</para>

	<note><para>
	An attempt to specify the group name as <constant>MIDEARTH\Domain Users</constant> in place of
	just simply <constant>Domain Users</constant> will fail. The default behavior of the net rpc group
	is to direct the command at the local machine. The Windows group is treated as being local to the machine.
	If it is necessary to query another machine, its name can be specified using the <constant>-S
	servername</constant> parameter to the <command>net</command> command.
	</para></note>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Nested Group Support</title>

	<para>
	It is possible in Windows (and now in Samba also) to great a local group that has members (contains)
	domain users and domain global groups.  Creation of the local group <constant>demo</constant> is
	achieved by executing:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group add demo -L -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	The -L switch means create a local group. Use the -S argument to direct the operation to a particular
	server. The parameters to the -U argument should be for a user who has appropriate administrative right
	and privileges on the machine.
	</para>

	<para>
	Addition and removal of group members can be achieved using the <constant>addmem</constant> and
	<constant>delmem</constant> subcommands of <command>net rpc group</command> command. For example,
	addition of <quote>DOM\Domain Users</quote> to the local group <constant>demo</constant> would be
	done by executing:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem demo "DOM\Domain Users" -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The members of a nested group can be listed by executing the following:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group members demo -Uroot%not24get
DOM\Domain Users
DOM\Engineers
DOM\jamesf
DOM\jht
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Nested group members can be removed (deleted) as shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group delmem demo "DOM\jht" -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Windows network administrators often ask on the Samba mailing list how it is possible to grant everyone
	administrative rights on their own workstation. This is of course a very bad practice, but commonly done
	to avoid user complaints. Here is how it can be done remotely from a Samba PDC or BDC:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem "Administrators" "Domain Users" \
    -S WINPC032 -Uadministrator%secret
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>UNIX and Windows User Management</title>

	<para>
	Every Windows network user account must be translated to a UNIX/Linux user account. In actual fact,
	the only account information the UNIX/Linux Samba server needs is a UID.  The UID is available either
	from a system (POSIX) account, or from a pool (range) of UID numbers that is set aside for the purpose
	of being allocated for use by Windows user accounts. In the case of the UID pool, the UID for a
	particular user will be allocated by <command>windbindd</command>.
	</para>

	<para>
	Although this is not the appropriate place to discuss the <smbconfoption name="username map"/> facility,
	this interface is an important method of mapping a Windows user account to a UNIX account that has a
	different name. Refer to the man page for the &smb.conf; file for more information regarding this
	facility. User name mappings can not be managed using the <command>net</command> utility.
	</para>

	<sect2 id="sbeuseraddn">
	<title>Adding User Accounts</title>

	<para>
	The syntax for adding a user account via the <command>net</command> (according to the man page) is shown
	here:
<screen>
net [&lt;method&gt;] user ADD &lt;name&gt; [-c container] [-F user flags] \
    [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	The user account password may be set using this syntax:
<screen>
net rpc password &lt;username&gt; [&lt;password&gt;] -Uadmin_username%admin_pass
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The following demonstrates the addition of an account to the server <constant>FRODO</constant>:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc user add jacko -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get
Added user jacko
</screen>
	The account password can be set with the following methods (all show the same operation):
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc password jacko f4sth0rse -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get
&rootprompt; net rpc user password jacko f4sth0rse \
    -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Deletion of User Accounts</title>

	<para>
	Deletion of a user account can be done using the following syntax:
<screen>
net [&lt;method&gt;] user DELETE &lt;name&gt; [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	The following command will delete the user account <constant>jacko</constant>:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc user delete jacko -Uroot%not24get
Deleted user account
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Managing User Accounts</title>

	<para>
	Two basic user accont operations are routinely used, change of password and querying which groups a user
	is a member of. The change of password operation is shown in <link linkend="sbeuseraddn"/>.
	</para>

	<para>
	The ability to query Windows group membership can be essential. Here is how a remote server may be
	interrogated to find which groups a user is a member of:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc user info jacko -S SAURON -Uroot%not24get
net rpc user info jacko -S SAURON -Uroot%not24get
Domain Users
Domain Admins
Engineers
TorridGroup
BOP Shop
Emergency Services
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>User Mapping</title>

	<para>
	In some situations it is unavoidable that a users' Windows logon name will differ from the login ID
	that user has on the Samba server. It is possible to create a special file on the Samba server that
	will permit the Windows user name to be mapped to a different UNIX/Linux user name. The &smb.conf;
	file must also be ammended so that the <constant>[global]</constant> stanza contains the parameter:
<screen>
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
</screen>
	The content of the <filename>/etc/samba/smbusers</filename> file is shown here:
<screen>
parsonsw: "William Parsons"
marygee: geeringm
</screen>
	In this example the Windows user account <quote>William Parsons</quote> will be mapped to the UNIX user
	<constant>parsonsw</constant>, and the Windows user account <quote>geeringm</quote> will be mapped to the
	UNIX user <constant>marygee</constant>.
	</para>

	</sect2>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Administering User Rights and Privileges</title>

	<para>
	With all versions of Samba earlier than 3.0.11 the only account on a Samba server that had the ability
	to manage users, groups, shares, printers, etc. is the <constant>root</constant> account. This caused
	immense problems for some users and was a frequent source of scorn over the necessity to hand out the
	credentials for the most security sensitive account on a UNIX/Linux system.
	</para>

	<para>
	New to Samba version 3.0.11 is the ability to delegate administrative privileges as necessary to either
	a normal user, or to groups of users. The significance of the administrative privileges is documented
	in <link linkend="rights"/>. Examples of use of the <command>net</command> for user rights and privilege
	management is appropriate to this chapter.
	</para>

	<note><para>
	When user rights and privileges are correctly set there is no longer a need for there to be a Windows
	network account for the <constant>root</constant> user (nor for any synonym of it) with a UNIX UID=0.
	Initial user rights and privileges can be assigned by any account that is a member of the <constant>
	Domain Admins</constant> group. Rights can be assigned to user as well as group accounts.
	</para></note>

	<para>
	By default, no privileges and rights are assigned. This is demonstrated by executing the command
	shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc rights list accounts -U root%not24get
BUILTIN\Print Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Account Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Backup Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Server Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Administrators
No privileges assigned

Everyone
No privileges assigned
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The <command>net</command> command can be used to obtain the currently supported capabilities for rights
	and privileges using this method:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc rights list -U root%not24get
     SeMachineAccountPrivilege  Add machines to domain
      SePrintOperatorPrivilege  Manage printers
           SeAddUsersPrivilege  Add users and groups to the domain
     SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege  Force shutdown from a remote system
       SeDiskOperatorPrivilege  Manage disk shares
</screen>
	Machine account privilege is necessary to permit a Windows NT4 or later network client to be added to the
	domain. The disk operator privilege is necessary to permit the user to manage share ACLs and file and
	directory ACLs for objects not owned by the user.
	</para>

	<para>
	In this example, all rights are assigned to the <constant>Domain Admins</constant> group. This is a good
	idea since members of this group are generally expected to be all-powerful. This assignment makes that
	the reality:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc rights grant "MIDEARTH\Domain Admins" \
    SeMachineAccountPrivilege SePrintOperatorPrivilege \
    SeAddUsersPrivilege SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege \
    SeDiskOperatorPrivilege  -U root%not24get
Successfully granted rights.
</screen>
	Next, the domain user <constant>jht</constant> is given the privileges needed for day to day
	administration:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc rights grant "MIDEARTH\jht" \
    SeMachineAccountPrivilege SePrintOperatorPrivilege \
    SeAddUsersPrivilege SeDiskOperatorPrivilege \
    -U root%not24get
Successfully granted rights.
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The following step permits validation of the changes just made:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc rights list accounts -U root%not24get
MIDEARTH\jht
SeMachineAccountPrivilege
SePrintOperatorPrivilege
SeAddUsersPrivilege
SeDiskOperatorPrivilege

BUILTIN\Print Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Account Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Backup Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Server Operators
No privileges assigned

BUILTIN\Administrators
No privileges assigned

Everyone
No privileges assigned

MIDEARTH\Domain Admins
SeMachineAccountPrivilege
SePrintOperatorPrivilege
SeAddUsersPrivilege
SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege
SeDiskOperatorPrivilege
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Managing Trust Relationships</title>

	<para>
	There are essentially two types of trust relationships. The first between domain controllers and domain
	member machines (network clients), the second trusts between domains (called inter-domain trusts). All
	Samba servers that pasticipate in domain security require a domain membership trust account, as do like
	Windows NT/2KX/XPP workstations.
	</para>

	<sect2>
	<title>Machine Trust Accounts</title>

	<para>
	A Samba server domain trust account can be validated as shown in this example:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc testjoin
Join to 'MIDEARTH' is OK
</screen>
	Where there is no domain membership account, or when the account credentials are not valid the following
	results will be observed:
<screen>
net rpc testjoin -S DOLPHIN
Join to domain 'WORLDOCEAN' is not valid
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The equivalent command for joining a Samba server to a Windows ADS domain is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net ads testjoin
Using short domain name -- TAKEAWAY
Joined 'LEMONADE' to realm 'TAKEAWAY.BIZ'
</screen>
	In the event that the ADS trust was not established, or is broken for one reason or another, the following
	error message may be obtained:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net ads testjoin -UAdministrator%secret
Join to domain is not valid
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The following demonstrates the process of creating a machine trust account in the target domain for the
	Samba server from which the command is executed:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc join -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get
Joined domain MIDEARTH.
</screen>
	The joining of a Samba server to a Samba domain results in the creation of a machine account. An example
	of this is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; pdbedit -Lw merlin\$
merlin$:1009:9B4489D6B90461FD6A3EC3AB96147E16:\
176D8C554E99914BDF3407DEA2231D80:[S          ]:LCT-42891919:
</screen>
	The equivalent command to join a Samba server to a Windows ADS domain is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net ads join -UAdministrator%not24get
Using short domain name -- GDANSK
Joined 'FRANDIMITZ' to realm 'GDANSK.ABMAS.BIZ'
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	There is no specific option to remove a machine account from a domain. When a domain member that is a
	Windows machine is withdrawn from the domain the domain membership account is not automatically removed
	either. Inactive domain member accounts can be removed using any convenient tool. If necessary, the
	machine account can be removed using the following <command>net</command> command:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc user delete HERRING\$ -Uroot%not24get
Deleted user account.
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Inter-Domain Trusts</title>

	<para>
	Inter-domain trust relationships form the primary mechanism by which users from one domain can be granted
	access rights and privileges in another domain.
	</para>

	</sect2>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Managing Security Identifiers (SIDS)</title>

	<para>
	Document how to set up trusts here!!!!!!!!!!!
	</para>

	</sect1>
	
	<sect1>
	<title>Share Management</title>

	<para>
	Document how to set up trusts here!!!!!!!!!!!
	</para>

	<sect2>
	<title>Creating, Editing, and Removing Shares</title>

	<para>
	A share can be added using the <command>net rpc share</command> command capabilities.
	The target machine may be local or remote and is specified by the -S option. It must be noted
	that the addition and deletion of shares using this tool depends on the availability of a suitable
	interface script. The interface scripts Samba's <command>smbd</command> uses are called:
	<smbconfoption name="add share script"/> and <smbconfoption name="delete share script"/>.
	A set of example scripts are provided in the Samba source code tarball in the directory
	<filename>~samba/examples/scripts</filename>.
	</para>

	<para>
	The following steps demonstrate the use of the share management capabilities of the <command>net</command>
	utility. In the first step a share called <constant>Bulge</constant> is added. The share-point within the
	file system is the directory <filename>/data</filename>. The command that can be executed to perform the
	addition of this share is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share add Bulge=/data -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	Validation is an important process, and by executing the command <command>net rpc share</command>
	with no other operators a listing of available shares is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get
profdata
archive
Bulge   &lt;--- This one was added
print$
netlogon
profiles
IPC$
kyocera
ADMIN$
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Often times it is desirable also to permit a share to be removed using a command-line tool.
	The following step permits the share that was previously added to be removed:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share delete Bulge -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	A simple validation shown here demonstrates that the share has been removed:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get
profdata
archive
print$
netlogon
profiles
IPC$
ADMIN$
kyocera
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Creating and Changing Share ACLs</title>

	<para>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Share, Directory and File Migration</title>

	<para>
	Shares and files can be migrated in the same manner as user, machine and group accounts.
	It is possible to preserve access control settings (ACLs) as well as security settings
	throughout the migration process. The <command>net rpc vampire</command> facility is used
	to migrate accounts from a Windows NT4 (or later) domain to a Samba server. This process
	preserves passwords and account security settings and is a precursor to the migration
	of shares and files.
	</para>

	<para>
	The <command>net rpc share</command> command may be used to migrate shares, directories
	files, printers, and all relevant data from a Windows server to a Samba server.
	</para>

	<para>
	A set of command-line switches permit the creation of almost direct clones of Windows file
	servers. For example, when migrating a file-server, file ACLs and DOS file attributes from
	the Windows server can be included in the migration process and will reappear, almost identicaly
	on the Samba server when the migration has been completed.
	</para>

	<para>
	The migration process can be completed only with the Samba server already being fully operational.
	This means that the user and group accounts must be migrated before attempting to migrate data
	share, files, and printers. The migration of files and printer configurations involves the use
	of both SMB and MS DCE RPC services. The benefit of the manner in which the migration process has
	been implemented, the possibility now exists to use a Samba server as a man-in-middle migration
	service that affects a transfer of data from one server to another. For example, if the Samba
	server is called MESSER, the source Windows NT4 server is called PEPPY, and the target Samba
	server is called GONZALES, the machien MESSER can be used to affect the migration of all data
	(files and shares) from PEPPY to GONZALES. If the target machine is not specified, the local
	server is assumed by default.
	</para>

	<para>
	The success of server migration requires a firm understanding of the structure of ther source
	server (or domain) as well as  the processes on which the migration is critically dependant.
	</para>

	<para>
	There are two known limitations to the migration process:
	</para>

	<orderedlist>
		<listitem><para>
		The <command>net</command> command requires that the user credentials provided exist both
		on the migration source and the migration target.
		</para></listitem>

		<listitem><para>
		Printer settings may not be fully or incorrectly migrated. This might in particular happen
		when migrating a Windows 2003 print server to Samba.
		</para></listitem>
	</orderedlist>

	<sect3>
	<title>Share Migration</title>

	<para>
	The <command>net rpc share migrate</command> command operation permits the migration of plain
	share stanzas. A stanza contains the parameters within which a file or print share are defined.
	The use of this migration method will create share stanzas that have as parameters the file
	system directory path, an optional description, and simple security settings that permit write
	access to files. One of the first steps necessary following migration is to review the share
	stanzas to ensure that the settings are suitable for use.
	</para>

	<para>
	The shares are created on-the-fly as part of the migration process. The <command>smbd</command>
	application does this by calling on the operating system to execute the script specified by the 
	&smb.conf; parameter <parameter>add share command</parameter>.
	</para>

	<para>
	There is a suitable example script for the <parameter>add share command</parameter> in the
	<filename>$SAMBA_SOURCES/examples/scripts</filename> directory. It should be noted that
	the account that is used to drive the migration must, of necessity, have appropriate file system
	access privileges and have the right to create shares and to set ACLs on them. Such rights are
	conferred by these rights: <parameter>SeAddUsersPrivilege, SeDiskOperatorPrivilege</parameter>.
	For more information regarding rights and privileges please refer to <link linkend="rights"/>.
	</para>

	<para>
	The syntax of the share migration command is shown here:
<screen>
net rpc share MIGRATE SHARES &lt;sharename&gt; -S &lt;source&gt;
        [--destination=localhost] [--exclude=share1,share2] [-v]
</screen>
	When the parameter &lt;sharename&gt; is ommited, all shares will be migrated. The potentially
	large list of available shares on the system that is being migrated can be limited using the
	<parameter>--exclude</parameter> switch. For example:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate shares myshare\
         -S win2k -U administrator%secret"
</screen>
	This will migrate the share <constant>myshare</constant> from the server <constant>win2k</constant>
	to the Samba Server using the permissions that are tied to the account <constant>administrator</constant> 
	with the password <constant>secret</constant>. The account that is used must be the same on both the
	migration source server, as well as on the target Samba server. The use of the <command>net rpc
	vampire</command>, prior to attempting the migration of shares, will ensure that accounts will be
	identical on both systems. One precaution worth taking before commencement of migration of shares is
	to validate that the migrated accounts (on the Samba server) have the needed rights and privileges.
	This can be done as shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc right list accounts -Uroot%not24get
</screen>
	The steps taken so far performs only the migration of shares. Directories and directory contents
	are not migrated by the steps covered up to this point.
	</para>

	</sect3>

	<sect3>
	<title>File and Directory Migration</title>

	<para>
	Everything covered to this point has been done in preparation for the migration of file and directory
	data. For many people preparation is potentially boring and the real excitement only begins when file
	data can be used. The next steps demonstrates the techniques that can be used to transfer (migrate)
	data files using the <command>net</command> command.
	</para>

	<para>
	Transfer of files from one server to another has always been a challenge for Microsoft Windows
	administrators because Windows NT and 200X servers do not include the tools needed. The
	<command>xcopy</command> is not capable of preserving file and directory ACLs. Microsoft do provide a
	utility that can copy ACLs (security settings) called <command>scopy</command>, but it is provided only
	as part of the Windows NT or 200X Server Resource Kit.
	</para>

	<para>
	There are several tools, both commercial and freeware, that can be used from Windows server to copy files
	and directories with full preservation of security settings. One of the best known of the free tools is
	called <command>robocopy</command>.
	</para>

	<para>
	The <command>net</command> utility can be used to copy files and directories with full preservation of
	ACLs as well as DOS file attributes. Note that including ACLs makes sense only where the destination
	system will operate within the same security context as the source system. This applies to both a domain
	member server (DMS) as well as for domain controllers (DCs) that result from a vampired domain.
	Before file and directory migration all shares must already exist.
	</para>

	<para>
	The syntax for the migration commands is shown here:
<screen>
net rpc share MIGRATE FILES &lt;sharename&gt; -S &lt;source&gt;
    [--destination=localhost] [--exclude=share1,share2]
    [--acls] [--attrs] [--timestamps] [-v]
</screen>
	If the &lt;sharename&gt; parameter is ommited, all shares will be migrated. The potentially large
	list of shares on the source system can be restricted using the <parameter>--exclude</parameter> command
	switch.
	</para>

	<para>
	Where it is necessary to preserve all file ACLs, the <parameter>--acls</parameter> switch should be added
	to the above command line. Original file time stamps can be preserved by specifying the
	<parameter>--timestamps</parameter> switch, and the DOS file attributs (i.e.: hidden, archive, etc.) cab
	be preserved by specifying the <parameter>--attrs</parameter> switch.
	</para>

	<note><para>
	The ability to preserve ACLs depends on appropriate support for ACLs, as well as the general file system
	semantics of the host operating system on the target server. A migration from one Windows file server to
	another will perfectly preserve all file attributes. Because of the difficulty of mapping Windows ACLs
	onto a POSIX ACLs supporting system, there can be no perfect migration of Windows ACLs to a Samba server.
	</para></note>

	<para>
	The ACLs that result on a Samba server will most probably not match the originating ACLs. Windows support
	the possibility of files that are owned only by a group. Group-alone file ownership is not possible under
	UNIX/Linux. Errors in migrating group-owned files can be avoided by using the &smb.conf; file
	<smbconfoption name="force unknown acl user">yes</smbconfoption> parameter. This facility will
	automatically convert group-owned files into correctly user-owned files on the Samba server.
	</para>

	<para>
	An example for migration of files from a machine called <constant>nt4box</constant> to the Samba server
	from which the process will be handled is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate files -S nt4box --acls \
    --attrs -U administrator%secret
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	The above command  will migrate all files and directories from all file shares on the Windows server called
	<constant>nt4box</constant> to the Samba server from which migration is initiated. Files that are group-owned
	will be owned by the user account <constant>administrator</constant>.
	</para>

	</sect3>

	<sect3>
	<title>Simultaneous Share and File Migration</title>

	<para>
	This operating mode shown here is just a combination of the two above. It first migrates
	share-definitions and then all shared files and directories afterwards:
<screen>
net rpc share MIGRATE ALL &lt;sharename&gt; -S &lt;source&gt;
    [--exclude=share1, share2] [--acls] [--attrs] [--timestamps] [-v]
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	An example of simultaneous migration is shown here:
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate all -S w2k3server -U administrator%secret
</screen>
	This will generate a complete server clone of the <parameter>w2k3server</parameter> server.
	</para>

	</sect3>

	</sect2>

	<sect2>
	<title>Printer Migration</title>

	<para>
	The installation of a new server, as with the migration to a new network environment, often has similarity
	to the building of a house; progress is very rapid from the laying of foundations up to the stage at which
	the the house can be locked-up, but the finishing off appears to take longer and longer as building
	approaches completion.
	</para>

	<para>
	Printing needs vary greatly depending on the network environment, and may be very simple or complex. If
	the need is very simple the best solution to the implementation of printing support may well be to
	re-install everything from a clean slate instead of migrating older configurations. On the other hand,
	a complex network that is integrated with many international offices and a multiplexity of local branch
	offices, each of which form an inter-twined maze of printing possibilities, the ability to migrate all
	printer configurations is decidedly beneficial. To manually re-establish a complex printing network
	will take much time and frustration. Often-times it will not be possible to find driver files that are
	currently in use thus necessitating the installation of newer drivers. Newer drivers often implement
	printing features that will necessitate a change in the printer usage. Additionally, with very complex
	printer configurations it becomes almost impossible to re-create the same environment - not matter
	how extensivly it has been documented.
	</para>

	<para>
	The migration of an existing printing architecture involves the following:
	</para>

	<itemizedlist>
		<listitem><para>Establishment of print queues.</para></listitem>

		<listitem><para>Installation of printer drivers (both for the print server and for Windows clients.</para></listitem>

		<listitem><para>Configuration of printing forms.</para></listitem>

		<listitem><para>Implementation of security settings.</para></listitem>

		<listitem><para>Configuration of printer settings.</para></listitem>
	</itemizedlist>

	<para>
	The Samba <command>net</command> utility permits printer migration from one Windows print server
	to another. When this tool is used to migrate printers to a Samba server <command>smbd</command>,
	the application the receives the network requests to create the necessary services, must call-out
	to the operating system in order to create the underlying printers. The call-out is implemented
	by way of an interface script that can be specified by the &smb.conf; file parameter
	<smbconfoption id="add printer script"/>. This script is essential to the migration process.
	A suitable example script may be obtained from the <filename>$SAMBA_SOURCES/examples/scripts</filename>
	directory. Take note that this script must be customized to suit the operating system environment
	and may use its tools to create a print queue.
	</para>

	<para>
	Each of the components listed above can be completed separately, or they can be completed as part of an
	automated operation. Many network administrators prefer to deal with migration issues in a manner that
	gives them the most control, particularly when things go wrong. The syntax for each operation will now
	be briefly described.
	</para>

	<para>
	Printer migration from a Windows print server (NT4 or 200X) is shown. This instruction causes the
	printer share to be created together with the underlying print queue:
<screen>
net rpc printer MIGRATE PRINTERS [printer] [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	Printer drivers can be migrated from the Windows print server to the Samba server using this
	command line instruction:
<screen>
net rpc printer MIGRATE DRIVERS [printer] [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	Printer forms can be migrated with the following operation:
<screen>
net rpc printer MIGRATE FORMS [printer] [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	Printer security settings (ACLs) can be migrated from the Windows server to the Samba server using this command:
<screen>
net rpc printer MIGRATE SECURITY [printer] [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	Printer configuration settings include factors such as paper size, default paper orientation, etc.
	These can be migrated from the Windows print server to the Samba server with this command:
<screen>
net rpc printer MIGRATE SETTINGS [printer] [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	</para>

	<para>
	Migration of printers including all the above mentioned sets of information may be completed
	with a single command using this syntax:
<screen>
net rpc printer MIGRATE ALL [printer] [misc. options] [targets]
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect2>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Controlling Open Files</title>

	<para>
	Document how to set up trusts here!!!!!!!!!!!
	</para>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Session and Connection Management</title>

	<para>
	Document how to set up trusts here!!!!!!!!!!!
	</para>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Printers and ADS</title>

	<para>
	Document how to set up trusts here!!!!!!!!!!!
	</para>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Manipulating the Samba Cache</title>

	<para>
	Document how to set up trusts here!!!!!!!!!!!
	</para>

	</sect1>

	<sect1>
	<title>Other Miscellaneous Operations</title>

	<para>
<screen>
&rootprompt; net rpc info
Domain Name: MIDEARTH
Domain SID: S-1-5-21-726309263-4128913605-1168186429
Sequence number: 1115878548
Num users: 5
Num domain groups: 8
Num local groups: 0
</screen>
	</para>

	</sect1>

</chapter>