path: root/docs/docbook/projdoc/ENCRYPTION.sgml

<chapter>


<chapterinfo>
	<author>
		<firstname>Jeremy</firstname><surname>Allison</surname>
		<affiliation>
			<orgname>Samba Team</orgname>
			<address>
				<email>samba@samba.org</email>
			</address>
		</affiliation>
	</author>
	

	<pubdate>19 Apr 1999</pubdate>
</chapterinfo>
	
<title>LanMan and NT Password Encryption in Samba 2.x</title>


<sect1>
	<title>Introduction</title>
	
	<para>With the development of LanManager and Windows NT 
	compatible password encryption for Samba, it is now able 
	to validate user connections in exactly the same way as 
	a LanManager or Windows NT server.</para>

	<para>This document describes how the SMB password encryption 
	algorithm works and what issues there are in choosing whether 
	you want to use it. You should read it carefully, especially 
	the part about security and the "PROS and CONS" section.</para>
	
</sect1>

<sect1>
	<title>How does it work?</title>

	<para>LanManager encryption is somewhat similar to UNIX 
	password encryption. The server uses a file containing a 
	hashed value of a user's password.  This is created by taking 
	the user's plaintext password, capitalising it, and either 
	truncating to 14 bytes or padding to 14 bytes with null bytes. 
	This 14 byte value is used as two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt 
	a 'magic' eight byte value, forming a 16 byte value which is 
	stored by the server and client. Let this value be known as 
	the "hashed password".</para>
	
	<para>Windows NT encryption is a higher quality mechanism, 
	consisting of doing an MD4 hash on a Unicode version of the user's 
	password. This also produces a 16 byte hash value that is 
	non-reversible.</para>

	<para>When a client (LanManager, Windows for WorkGroups, Windows 
	95 or Windows NT) wishes to mount a Samba drive (or use a Samba 
	resource), it first requests a connection and negotiates the 
	protocol that the client and server will use. In the reply to this 
	request the Samba server generates and appends an 8 byte, random 
	value - this is stored in the Samba server after the reply is sent 
	and is known as the "challenge".  The challenge is different for 
	every client connection.</para>

	<para>The client then uses the hashed password (16 byte values 
	described above), appended with 5 null bytes, as three 56 bit 
	DES keys, each of which is used to encrypt the challenge 8 byte 
	value, forming a 24 byte value known as the "response".</para>

	<para>In the SMB call SMBsessionsetupX (when user level security 
	is selected) or the call SMBtconX (when share level security is 
	selected), the 24 byte response is returned by the client to the 
	Samba server.  For Windows NT protocol levels the above calculation 
	is done on both hashes of the user's password and both responses are 
	returned in the SMB call, giving two 24 byte values.</para>

	<para>The Samba server then reproduces the above calculation, using 
	its own stored value of the 16 byte hashed password (read from the 
	<filename>smbpasswd</filename> file - described later) and the challenge 
	value that it kept from the negotiate protocol reply. It then checks 
	to see if the 24 byte value it calculates matches the 24 byte value 
	returned to it from the client.</para>

	<para>If these values match exactly, then the client knew the 
	correct password (or the 16 byte hashed value - see security note 
	below) and is thus allowed access. If not, then the client did not 
	know the correct password and is denied access.</para>

	<para>Note that the Samba server never knows or stores the cleartext 
	of the user's password - just the 16 byte hashed values derived from 
	it. Also note that the cleartext password or 16 byte hashed values 
	are never transmitted over the network - thus increasing security.</para>
</sect1>

<sect1>
	<title>Important Notes About Security</title>
	
	<para>The unix and SMB password encryption techniques seem similar 
	on the surface. This similarity is, however, only skin deep. The unix 
	scheme typically sends clear text passwords over the nextwork when 
	logging in. This is bad. The SMB encryption scheme never sends the 
	cleartext password over the network but it does store the 16 byte 
	hashed values on disk. This is also bad. Why? Because the 16 byte hashed 
	values are a "password equivalent". You cannot derive the user's 
	password from them, but they could potentially be used in a modified 
	client to gain access to a server. This would require considerable 
	technical knowledge on behalf of the attacker but is perfectly possible. 
	You should thus treat the smbpasswd file as though it contained the 
	cleartext passwords of all your users. Its contents must be kept 
	secret, and the file should be protected accordingly.</para>
	
	<para>Ideally we would like a password scheme which neither requires 
	plain text passwords on the net or on disk. Unfortunately this 
	is not available as Samba is stuck with being compatible with 
	other SMB systems (WinNT, WfWg, Win95 etc). </para>

	<warning>
		<para>Note that Windows NT 4.0 Service pack 3 changed the 
		default for permissible authentication so that plaintext 
		passwords are <emphasis>never</emphasis> sent over the wire. 
		The solution to this is either to switch to encrypted passwords 
		with Samba or edit the Windows NT registry to re-enable plaintext 
		passwords. See the document WinNT.txt for details on how to do 
		this.</para>
		
		<para>Other Microsoft operating systems which also exhibit 
		this behavior includes</para>
		
		<itemizedlist>
			<listitem><para>MS DOS Network client 3.0 with 
			the basic network redirector installed</para></listitem>
			
			<listitem><para>Windows 95 with the network redirector 
			update installed</para></listitem>
			
			<listitem><para>Windows 98 [se]</para></listitem>
			
			<listitem><para>Windows 2000</para></listitem>
		</itemizedlist>
		
		<para><emphasis>Note :</emphasis>All current release of 
		Microsoft SMB/CIFS clients support authentication via the
		SMB Challenge/Response mechanism described here.  Enabling
		clear text authentication does not disable the ability
		of the client to particpate in encrypted authentication.</para>
	</warning>

	<sect2>
		<title>Advantages of SMB Encryption</title>

		<itemizedlist>
			<listitem><para>plain text passwords are not passed across 
			the network. Someone using a network sniffer cannot just 
			record passwords going to the SMB server.</para>
			</listitem>
		 
			<listitem><para>WinNT doesn't like talking to a server 
			that isn't using SMB encrypted passwords. It will refuse 
			to browse the server if the server is also in user level 
			security mode. It will insist on prompting the user for the 
			password on each connection, which is very annoying. The
			only things you can do to stop this is to use SMB encryption.
			</para></listitem>
		</itemizedlist>
	</sect2>


	<sect2>
		<title>Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</title>

		<itemizedlist>
			<listitem><para>plain text passwords are not kept 
			on disk. </para></listitem>
			
			<listitem><para>uses same password file as other unix 
			services such as login and ftp</para></listitem>
			
			<listitem><para>you are probably already using other 
			services (such as telnet and ftp) which send plain text 
			passwords over the net, so sending them for SMB isn't 
			such a big deal.</para></listitem>
		</itemizedlist>
	</sect2>
</sect1>


<sect1>
	<title><anchor id="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT">The smbpasswd file</title>
	
	<para>In order for Samba to participate in the above protocol 
	it must be able to look up the 16 byte hashed values given a user name.
	Unfortunately, as the UNIX password value is also a one way hash
	function (ie. it is impossible to retrieve the cleartext of the user's
	password given the UNIX hash of it), a separate password file
	containing this 16 byte value must be kept. To minimise problems with
	these two password files, getting out of sync, the UNIX <filename>
	/etc/passwd</filename> and the <filename>smbpasswd</filename> file, 
	a utility, <command>mksmbpasswd.sh</command>, is provided to generate
	a smbpasswd file from a UNIX <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file.
	</para


	<para>To generate the smbpasswd file from your <filename>/etc/passwd
	</filename> file use the following command :</para>
	
	<para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh
	&gt; /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</userinput></para>
	
	<para>If you are running on a system that uses NIS, use</para>

	<para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>ypcat passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh
	&gt; /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</userinput></para>
	
	<para>The <command>mksmbpasswd.sh</command> program is found in 
	the Samba source directory. By default, the smbpasswd file is 
	stored in :</para>

	<para><filename>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</filename></para>

	<para>The owner of the <filename>/usr/local/samba/private/</filename> 
	directory should be set to root, and the permissions on it should 
	be set to 0500 (<command>chmod 500 /usr/local/samba/private</command>).
	</para>

	<para>Likewise, the smbpasswd file inside the private directory should 
	be owned by root and the permissions on is should be set to 0600
	(<command>chmod 600 smbpasswd</command>).</para>


	<para>The format of the smbpasswd file is (The line has been 
	wrapped here. It should appear as one entry per line in 
	your smbpasswd file.)</para>
	
	<para><programlisting>
username:uid:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:
	[Account type]:LCT-&lt;last-change-time&gt;:Long name
	</programlisting></para>
	
	<para>Although only the <replaceable>username</replaceable>, 
	<replaceable>uid</replaceable>, <replaceable>
	XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</replaceable>,
	[<replaceable>Account type</replaceable>] and <replaceable>
	last-change-time</replaceable> sections are significant 
	and are looked at in the Samba code.</para>

	<para>It is <emphasis>VITALLY</emphasis> important that there by 32 
	'X' characters between the two ':' characters in the XXX sections - 
	the smbpasswd and Samba code will fail to validate any entries that 
	do not have 32 characters  between ':' characters. The first XXX 
	section is for the Lanman password hash, the second is for the 
	Windows NT version.</para>

	<para>When the password file is created all users have password entries
	consisting of 32 'X' characters. By default this disallows any access
	as this user. When a user has a password set, the 'X' characters change
	to 32 ascii hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). These are an ascii
	representation of the 16 byte hashed value of a user's password.</para>

	<para>To set a user to have no password (not recommended), edit the file
	using vi, and replace the first 11 characters with the ascii text
	<constant>"NO PASSWORD"</constant> (minus the quotes).</para>

	<para>For example, to clear the password for user bob, his smbpasswd file 
	entry would look like :</para>

	<para><programlisting>
	bob:100:NO PASSWORDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:[U          ]:LCT-00000000:Bob's full name:/bobhome:/bobshell
	</programlisting></para>
	
	<para>If you are allowing users to use the smbpasswd command to set 
	their own passwords, you may want to give users NO PASSWORD initially 
	so they do not have to enter a previous password when changing to their 
	new password (not recommended). In order for you to allow this the
	<command>smbpasswd</command> program must be able to connect to the 
	<command>smbd</command> daemon as that user with no password. Enable this 
	by adding the line :</para>

	<para><command>null passwords = yes</command></para>
	
	<para>to the [global] section of the smb.conf file (this is why 
	the above scenario is not recommended). Preferably, allocate your
	users a default password to begin with, so you do not have
	to enable this on your server.</para>

	<para><emphasis>Note : </emphasis>This file should be protected very 
	carefully. Anyone with access to this file can (with enough knowledge of 
	the protocols) gain access to your SMB server. The file is thus more 
	sensitive than a normal unix <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file.</para>
</sect1>


<sect1>
	<title>The smbpasswd Command</title>
	
	<para>The smbpasswd command maintains the two 32 byte password fields 
	in the smbpasswd file. If you wish to make it similar to the unix 
	<command>passwd</command> or <command>yppasswd</command> programs, 
	install it in <filename>/usr/local/samba/bin/</filename> (or your 
	main Samba binary directory).</para>

	<para>Note that as of Samba 1.9.18p4 this program <emphasis>MUST NOT 
	BE INSTALLED</emphasis> setuid root (the new <command>smbpasswd</command> 
	code enforces this restriction so it cannot be run this way by 
	accident).</para>

	<para><command>smbpasswd</command> now works in a client-server mode 
	where it contacts the local smbd to change the user's password on its 
	behalf. This has enormous benefits - as follows.</para>

	<itemizedlist>
		<listitem><para>smbpasswd no longer has to be setuid root - 
		an enormous range of potential security problems is 
		eliminated.</para></listitem>
		
		<listitem><para><command>smbpasswd</command> now has the capability 
		to change passwords on Windows NT servers (this only works when 
		the request is sent to the NT Primary Domain Controller if you 
		are changing an NT Domain user's password).</para></listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
	
	<para>To run smbpasswd as a normal user just type :</para>
	
	<para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>smbpasswd</userinput></para>
	<para><prompt>Old SMB password: </prompt><userinput>&lt;type old value here - 
	or hit return if there was no old password&gt;</userinput></para>
	<para><prompt>New SMB Password: </prompt><userinput>&lt;type new value&gt;
	</userinput></para>
	<para><prompt>Repeat New SMB Password: </prompt><userinput>&lt;re-type new value
	</userinput></para>
	
	<para>If the old value does not match the current value stored for 
	that user, or the two new values do not match each other, then the 
	password will not be changed.</para>
	
	<para>If invoked by an ordinary user it will only allow the user 
	to change his or her own Samba password.</para>
	
	<para>If run by the root user smbpasswd may take an optional 
	argument, specifying the user name whose SMB password you wish to 
	change.  Note that when run as root smbpasswd does not prompt for 
	or check the old password value, thus allowing root to set passwords 
	for users who have forgotten their passwords.</para>
	
	<para><command>smbpasswd</command> is designed to work in the same way 
	and be familiar to UNIX users who use the <command>passwd</command> or 
	<command>yppasswd</command> commands.</para>

	<para>For more details on using <command>smbpasswd</command> refer 
	to the man page which will always be the definitive reference.</para>
</sect1>


<sect1>
	<title>Setting up Samba to support LanManager Encryption</title>

	<para>This is a very brief description on how to setup samba to 
	support password encryption. </para>
	
	<orderedlist numeration="Arabic">
		<listitem><para>compile and install samba as usual</para>
		</listitem>
		
		<listitem><para>enable encrypted passwords in <filename>
		smb.conf</filename> by adding the line <command>encrypt 
		passwords = yes</command> in the [global] section</para>
		</listitem>
		
		<listitem><para>create the initial <filename>smbpasswd</filename>
		password file in the place you specified in the Makefile 
		(--prefix=&lt;dir&gt;). See the notes under the <link
		linkend="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT">The smbpasswd File</link>
		section earlier in the document for details.</para>
		</listitem>
	</orderedlist>
	
	<para>Note that you can test things using smbclient.</para> 
</sect1>

</chapter>