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<chapter id="unicode">
<chapterinfo>
&author.jelmer;
&author.jht;
<author>
<firstname>TAKAHASHI</firstname><surname>Motonobu</surname>
<affiliation>
<address><email>monyo@home.monyo.com</email></address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<pubdate>25 March 2003</pubdate>
</chapterinfo>
<title>Unicode/Charsets</title>
<sect1>
<title>Features and Benefits</title>
<para>
Every industry eventually matures. One of the great areas of maturation is in
the focus that has been given over the past decade to make it possible for anyone
anywhere to use a computer. It has not always been that way, in fact, not so long
ago it was common for software to be written for exclusive use in the country of
origin.
</para>
<para>
Of all the effort that has been brought to bear on providing native language support
for all computer users, the efforts of the <ulink url="http://www.openi18n.org/">Openi18n organization</ulink> is deserving of
special mention.
</para>
<para>
Samba-2.x supported a single locale through a mechanism called
<emphasis>codepages</emphasis>. Samba-3 is destined to become a truly trans-global
file and printer-sharing platform.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>What Are Charsets and Unicode?</title>
<para>
Computers communicate in numbers. In texts, each number will be
translated to a corresponding letter. The meaning that will be assigned
to a certain number depends on the <emphasis>character set (charset)
</emphasis> that is used.
</para>
<para>
A charset can be seen as a table that is used to translate numbers to
letters. Not all computers use the same charset (there are charsets
with German umlauts, Japanese characters, and so on). Usually a charset contains
256 characters, which means that storing a character with it takes
exactly one byte. </para>
<para>
There are also charsets that support even more characters,
but those need twice as much storage space (or more). These
charsets can contain <command>256 * 256 = 65536</command> characters, which
is more than all possible characters one could think of. They are called
multibyte charsets because they use more then one byte to
store one character.
</para>
<para>
A standardized multibyte charset is <ulink url="http://www.unicode.org/">unicode</ulink>.
A big advantage of using a multibyte charset is that you only need one; there
is no need to make sure two computers use the same charset when they are
communicating.
</para>
<para>Old Windows clients use single-byte charsets, named
<parameter>codepages</parameter>, by Microsoft. However, there is no support for
negotiating the charset to be used in the SMB/CIFS protocol. Thus, you
have to make sure you are using the same charset when talking to an older client.
Newer clients (Windows NT, 200x, XP) talk unicode over the wire.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Samba and Charsets</title>
<para>
As of Samba-3.0, Samba can (and will) talk unicode over the wire. Internally,
Samba knows of three kinds of character sets:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><smbconfoption><name>unix charset</name></smbconfoption></term>
<listitem><para>
This is the charset used internally by your operating system.
The default is <constant>UTF-8</constant>, which is fine for most
systems, which covers all characters in all languages. The default in previous Samba releases was <constant>ASCII</constant>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><smbconfoption><name>display charset</name></smbconfoption></term>
<listitem><para>This is the charset Samba will use to print messages
on your screen. It should generally be the same as the <parameter>unix charset</parameter>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><smbconfoption><name>dos charset</name></smbconfoption></term>
<listitem><para>This is the charset Samba uses when communicating with
DOS and Windows 9x/Me clients. It will talk unicode to all newer clients.
The default depends on the charsets you have installed on your system.
Run <command>testparm -v | grep "dos charset"</command> to see
what the default is on your system.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Conversion from Old Names</title>
<para>Because previous Samba versions did not do any charset conversion,
characters in filenames are usually not correct in the UNIX charset but only
for the local charset used by the DOS/Windows clients.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Japanese Charsets</title>
<para>Samba does not work correctly with Japanese charsets yet. Here are
points of attention when setting it up:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>You should set <smbconfoption><name>mangling method</name><value>hash</value></smbconfoption></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>There are various iconv() implementations around and not
all of them work equally well. glibc2's iconv() has a critical problem
in CP932. libiconv-1.8 works with CP932 but still has some problems and
does not work with EUC-JP.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>You should set <smbconfoption><name>dos charset</name><value>CP932</value></smbconfoption>, not
Shift_JIS, SJIS.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Currently only <smbconfoption><name>UNIX charset</name><value>CP932</value></smbconfoption>
will work (but still has some problems...) because of iconv() issues.
<smbconfoption><name>UNIX charset</name><value>EUC-JP</value></smbconfoption> does not work well because of
iconv() issues.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Currently Samba-3.0 does not support <smbconfoption><name>UNIX charset</name><value>UTF8-MAC/CAP/HEX/JIS*</value></smbconfoption>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>More information (in Japanese) is available at: <ulink noescape="1" url="http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html">http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html</ulink>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Common Errors</title>
<sect2>
<title>CP850.so Can't Be Found</title>
<para><quote>Samba is complaining about a missing <filename>CP850.so</filename> file.</quote></para>
<para><emphasis>Answer:</emphasis> CP850 is the default <smbconfoption><name>dos charset</name></smbconfoption>.
The <smbconfoption><name>dos charset</name></smbconfoption> is used to convert data to the codepage used by your dos clients.
If you do not have any dos clients, you can safely ignore this message. </para>
<para>CP850 should be supported by your local iconv implementation. Make sure you have all the required packages installed.
If you compiled Samba from source, make sure to configure found iconv.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
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