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<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>SAMBA Project Documentation</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.57"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="BOOK"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="BOOK"
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION"
>SAMBA Project Documentation</A
></H1
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN4"
>SAMBA Team</A
></H3
><HR></DIV
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN9"
>Abstract</A
></H1
><P
>This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years.
I try to ensure that all are current, but sometimes the is a larger job
than one person can maintain.  The most recent version of this document
can be found at <A
HREF="http://www.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.samba.org/</A
>
on the "Documentation" page.  Please send updates to <A
HREF="mailto:jerry@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>jerry@samba.org</A
>.</P
><P
>Cheers, jerry</P
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="#AEN15"
>How to Install and Test SAMBA</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.1. <A
HREF="#AEN17"
>Step 0: Read the man pages</A
></DT
><DT
>1.2. <A
HREF="#AEN25"
>Step 1: Building the Binaries</A
></DT
><DT
>1.3. <A
HREF="#AEN53"
>Step 2: The all important step</A
></DT
><DT
>1.4. <A
HREF="#AEN57"
>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A
></DT
><DT
>1.5. <A
HREF="#AEN71"
>Step 4: Test your config file with 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></A
></DT
><DT
>1.6. <A
HREF="#AEN77"
>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.6.1. <A
HREF="#AEN87"
>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A
></DT
><DT
>1.6.2. <A
HREF="#AEN116"
>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>1.7. <A
HREF="#AEN132"
>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</A
></DT
><DT
>1.8. <A
HREF="#AEN141"
>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A
></DT
><DT
>1.9. <A
HREF="#AEN157"
>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10. <A
HREF="#AEN171"
>What If Things Don't Work?</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.10.1. <A
HREF="#AEN176"
>Diagnosing Problems</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.2. <A
HREF="#AEN180"
>Scope IDs</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.3. <A
HREF="#AEN183"
>Choosing the Protocol Level</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.4. <A
HREF="#AEN192"
>Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.5. <A
HREF="#AEN196"
>Locking</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.6. <A
HREF="#AEN206"
>Mapping Usernames</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.7. <A
HREF="#AEN209"
>Other Character Sets</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="#AEN212"
>LanMan and NT Password Encryption in Samba 2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN223"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN227"
>How does it work?</A
></DT
><DT
>2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN238"
>Important Notes About Security</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN257"
>Advantages of SMB Encryption</A
></DT
><DT
>2.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN264"
>Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN273"
><A
NAME="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT"
></A
>The smbpasswd file</A
></DT
><DT
>2.5. <A
HREF="#AEN325"
>The smbpasswd Command</A
></DT
><DT
>2.6. <A
HREF="#AEN364"
>Setting up Samba to support LanManager Encryption</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="#AEN379"
>Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN390"
>Instructions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>3.1.1. <A
HREF="#AEN425"
>Notes</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="#AEN434"
>Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN445"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN467"
>Configuration</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN478"
>Creating [print$]</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN513"
>Setting Drivers for Existing Printers</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN530"
>Support a large number of printers</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN541"
>Adding New Printers via the Windows NT APW</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2.5. <A
HREF="#AEN566"
>Samba and Printer Ports</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4.3. <A
HREF="#AEN574"
>The Imprints Toolset</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN578"
>What is Imprints?</A
></DT
><DT
>4.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN588"
>Creating Printer Driver Packages</A
></DT
><DT
>4.3.3. <A
HREF="#AEN591"
>The Imprints server</A
></DT
><DT
>4.3.4. <A
HREF="#AEN595"
>The Installation Client</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4.4. <A
HREF="#AEN617"
><A
NAME="MIGRATION"
></A
>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to 2.2.x</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="#AEN661"
>security = domain in Samba 2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>5.1. <A
HREF="#AEN679"
>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A
></DT
><DT
>5.2. <A
HREF="#AEN743"
>Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</A
></DT
><DT
>5.3. <A
HREF="#AEN748"
>Why is this better than security = server?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="#AEN764"
>How to Configure Samba 2.2 as a Primary Domain Controller</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.1. <A
HREF="#AEN781"
>Prerequisite Reading</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2. <A
HREF="#AEN787"
>Background</A
></DT
><DT
>6.3. <A
HREF="#AEN827"
>Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</A
></DT
><DT
>6.4. <A
HREF="#AEN870"
>Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients 
to the Domain</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN884"
>Manually creating machine trust accounts</A
></DT
><DT
>6.4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN912"
>Creating machine trust accounts "on the fly"</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6.5. <A
HREF="#AEN923"
>Common Problems and Errors</A
></DT
><DT
>6.6. <A
HREF="#AEN971"
>System Policies and Profiles</A
></DT
><DT
>6.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1015"
>What other help can I get ?</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8. <A
HREF="#AEN1129"
>Domain Control for Windows 9x/ME</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.8.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1159"
>Configuration Instructions:	Network Logons</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1193"
>Configuration Instructions:	Setting up Roaming User Profiles</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.8.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1201"
>Windows NT Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1209"
>Windows 9X Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1217"
>Win9X and WinNT Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1224"
>Windows 9X Profile Setup</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1260"
>Windows NT Workstation 4.0</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2.6. <A
HREF="#AEN1273"
>Windows NT Server</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8.2.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1276"
>Sharing Profiles between W95 and NT Workstation 4.0</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6.9. <A
HREF="#AEN1286"
>DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control &#38; Samba</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="#AEN1311"
>Unifed Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>7.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1329"
>Abstract</A
></DT
><DT
>7.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1333"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>7.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1346"
>What Winbind Provides</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>7.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1353"
>Target Uses</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1357"
>How Winbind Works</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>7.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1362"
>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</A
></DT
><DT
>7.4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1366"
>Name Service Switch</A
></DT
><DT
>7.4.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1382"
>Pluggable Authentication Modules</A
></DT
><DT
>7.4.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1390"
>User and Group ID Allocation</A
></DT
><DT
>7.4.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1394"
>Result Caching</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1397"
>Installation and Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>7.6. <A
HREF="#AEN1403"
>Limitations</A
></DT
><DT
>7.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1415"
>Conclusion</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="#AEN1418"
>UNIX Permission Bits and WIndows NT Access Control Lists</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>8.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1429"
>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT 
	security dialogs</A
></DT
><DT
>8.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1438"
>How to view file security on a Samba share</A
></DT
><DT
>8.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1449"
>Viewing file ownership</A
></DT
><DT
>8.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1469"
>Viewing file or directory permissions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>8.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1484"
>File Permissions</A
></DT
><DT
>8.4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1498"
>Directory Permissions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>8.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1505"
>Modifying file or directory permissions</A
></DT
><DT
>8.6. <A
HREF="#AEN1527"
>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
	parameters</A
></DT
><DT
>8.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1591"
>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
	mapping</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9. <A
HREF="#AEN1601"
>OS2 Client HOWTO</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1612"
>FAQs</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.1.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1614"
>How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</A
></DT
><DT
>9.1.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1629"
>How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</A
></DT
><DT
>9.1.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1638"
>Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) 
		is used as a client?</A
></DT
><DT
>9.1.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1642"
>How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>10. <A
HREF="#AEN1651"
>HOWTO Access Samba source code via CVS</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>10.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1658"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>10.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1663"
>CVS Access to samba.org</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>10.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1666"
>Access via CVSweb</A
></DT
><DT
>10.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1671"
>Access via cvs</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN15"
>Chapter 1. How to Install and Test SAMBA</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN17"
>1.1. Step 0: Read the man pages</A
></H1
><P
>The man pages distributed with SAMBA contain 
	lots of useful info that will help to get you started. 
	If you don't know how to read man pages then try 
	something like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>nroff -man smbd.8 | more
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Other sources of information are pointed to 
	by the Samba web site,<A
HREF="http://www.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>	http://www.samba.org</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN25"
>1.2. Step 1: Building the Binaries</A
></H1
><P
>To do this, first run the program <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>./configure
	</B
> in the source directory. This should automatically 
	configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual 
	needs then you may wish to run</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>./configure --help
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>first to see what special options you can enable.
	Then exectuting</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make</B
></TT
></P
><P
>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully 
	compiled you can use </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make install</B
></TT
></P
><P
>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can 
	separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installbin
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>and</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installman
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version 
	of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of 
	the binaries will be renamed with a ".old" extension. You 
	can go back to the previous version with</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make revert
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>if you find this version a disaster!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN53"
>1.3. Step 2: The all important step</A
></H1
><P
>At this stage you must fetch yourself a 
	coffee or other drink you find stimulating. Getting the rest 
	of the install right can sometimes be tricky, so you will 
	probably need it.</P
><P
>If you have installed samba before then you can skip 
	this step.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN57"
>1.4. Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A
></H1
><P
>There are sample configuration files in the examples 
	subdirectory in the distribution. I suggest you read them 
	carefully so you can see how the options go together in 
	practice. See the man page for all the options.</P
><P
>The simplest useful configuration file would be 
	something like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	[global]
	   workgroup = MYGROUP

	   [homes]
	      guest ok = no
	      read only = no
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>which would allow connections by anyone with an 
	account on the server, using either their login name or 
	"homes" as the service name. (Note that I also set the 
	workgroup that Samba is part of. See BROWSING.txt for defails)</P
><P
>Note that <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make install</B
> will not install 
	a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. You need to create it 
	yourself. </P
><P
>Make sure you put the smb.conf file in the same place 
	you specified in the<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Makefile</TT
> (the default is to 
	look for it in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/lib/</TT
>).</P
><P
>For more information about security settings for the 
	[homes] share please refer to the document UNIX_SECURITY.txt.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN71"
>1.5. Step 4: Test your config file with 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></A
></H1
><P
>It's important that you test the validity of your
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file using the testparm program. 
	If testparm runs OK then it will list the loaded services. If 
	not it will give an error message.</P
><P
>Make sure it runs OK and that the services look 
	resonable before proceeding. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN77"
>1.6. Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A
></H1
><P
>You must choose to start smbd and nmbd either 
	as daemons or from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>. Don't try 
	to do both!  Either you can put them in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>	inetd.conf</TT
> and have them started on demand 
	by <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, or you can start them as
	daemons either from the command line or in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>	/etc/rc.local</TT
>. See the man pages for details 
	on the command line options. Take particular care to read 
	the bit about what user you need to be in order to start 
	Samba.  In many cases you must be root.</P
><P
>The main advantage of starting <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>
	and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> as a daemon is that they will 
	respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection
	request. This is, however, unlikely to be a problem.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN87"
>1.6.1. Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A
></H2
><P
>NOTE; The following will be different if 
		you use NIS or NIS+ to distributed services maps.</P
><P
>Look at your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>. 
		What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined 
		then add a line like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ssn     139/tcp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ns	137/udp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Next edit your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> 
		and add two lines something like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>		netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd 
		netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd 
		</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The exact syntax of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> 
		varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf 
		for a guide.</P
><P
>NOTE: Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns 
		(note the underscore) in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>. 
		You must either edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
> or
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> to make them consistant.</P
><P
>NOTE: On many systems you may need to use the 
		"interfaces" option in smb.conf to specify the IP address 
		and netmask of your interfaces. Run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ifconfig</B
> 
		as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your
		net. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> tries to determine it at run 
		time, but fails on somunixes. See the section on "testing nmbd" 
		for a method of finding if you need to do this.</P
><P
>!!!WARNING!!! Many unixes only accept around 5 
		parameters on the command line in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>inetd.conf</TT
>. 
		This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and 
		arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script 
		from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>.</P
><P
>Restart <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, perhaps just send 
		it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		nmbd</B
> then you may need to kill nmbd as well.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN116"
>1.6.2. Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A
></H2
><P
>To start the server as a daemon you should create 
		a script something like this one, perhaps calling 
		it <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>startsmb</TT
>.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>		#!/bin/sh
		/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D 
		/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D 
		</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>then make it executable with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod 
		+x startsmb</B
></P
><P
>You can then run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>startsmb</B
> by 
		hand or execute it from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/rc.local</TT
>
		</P
><P
>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes 
		<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>.</P
><P
>NOTE: If you use the SVR4 style init system then 
		you may like to look at the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/svr4-startup</TT
>
		script to make Samba fit into that system.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN132"
>1.7. Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</A
></H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient -L 
	<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>Your should get back a list of shares available on 
	your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup. 
	Note that this method can also be used to see what shares 
	are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</P
><P
>If you choose user level security then you may find 
	that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares. 
	See the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> man page for details. (you 
	can force it to list the shares without a password by
	adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work 
	with non-Samba servers)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN141"
>1.8. Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A
></H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>	//yourhostname/aservice</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>Typically the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
> 
	would be the name of the host where you installed <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>	smbd</B
>. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>aservice</I
></TT
> is 
	any service you have defined in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> 
	file. Try your user name if you just have a [homes] section
	in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>For example if your unix host is bambi and your login 
	name is fred you would type:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient //bambi/fred
	</B
></TT
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN157"
>1.9. Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A
></H1
><P
>Try mounting disks. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use d: \\servername\service
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Try printing. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use lpt1:
	\\servername\spoolservice</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>print filename
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Celebrate, or send me a bug report!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN171"
>1.10. What If Things Don't Work?</A
></H1
><P
>If nothing works and you start to think "who wrote 
	this pile of trash" then I suggest you do step 2 again (and 
	again) till you calm down.</P
><P
>Then you might read the file DIAGNOSIS.txt and the 
	FAQ. If you are still stuck then try the mailing list or 
	newsgroup (look in the README for details). Samba has been 
	successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide, so maybe 
	someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. You could 
	also use the WWW site to scan back issues of the samba-digest.</P
><P
>When you fix the problem PLEASE send me some updates to the
	documentation (or source code) so that the next person will find it
	easier. </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN176"
>1.10.1. Diagnosing Problems</A
></H2
><P
>If you have instalation problems then go to 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DIAGNOSIS.txt</TT
> to try to find the 
		problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN180"
>1.10.2. Scope IDs</A
></H2
><P
>By default Samba uses a blank scope ID. This means 
		all your windows boxes must also have a blank scope ID. 
		If you really want to use a non-blank scope ID then you will 
		need to use the -i &#60;scope&#62; option to nmbd, smbd, and 
		smbclient. All your PCs will need to have the same setting for 
		this to work. I do not recommend scope IDs.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN183"
>1.10.3. Choosing the Protocol Level</A
></H2
><P
>The SMB protocol has many dialects. Currently 
		Samba supports 5, called CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1, 
		LANMAN2 and NT1.</P
><P
>You can choose what maximum protocol to support 
		in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. The default is 
		NT1 and that is the best for the vast majority of sites.</P
><P
>In older versions of Samba you may have found it 
		necessary to use COREPLUS. The limitations that led to 
		this have mostly been fixed. It is now less likely that you 
		will want to use less than LANMAN1. The only remaining advantage 
		of COREPLUS is that for some obscure reason WfWg preserves 
		the case of passwords in this protocol, whereas under LANMAN1, 
		LANMAN2 or NT1 it uppercases all passwords before sending them,
		forcing you to use the "password level=" option in some cases.</P
><P
>The main advantage of LANMAN2 and NT1 is support for 
		long filenames with some clients (eg: smbclient, Windows NT 
		or Win95). </P
><P
>See the smb.conf(5) manual page for more details.</P
><P
>Note: To support print queue reporting you may find 
		that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under 
		WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default 
		it may break the print queue reporting on some systems. 
		It is presumably a WfWg bug.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN192"
>1.10.4. Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</A
></H2
><P
>To use a printer that is available via a smb-based 
		server from a unix host you will need to compile the 
		smbclient program. You then need to install the script 
		"smbprint". Read the instruction in smbprint for more details.
		</P
><P
>There is also a SYSV style script that does much 
		the same thing called smbprint.sysv. It contains instructions.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN196"
>1.10.5. Locking</A
></H2
><P
>One area which sometimes causes trouble is locking.</P
><P
>There are two types of locking which need to be 
		performed by a SMB server. The first is "record locking" 
		which allows a client to lock a range of bytes in a open file. 
		The second is the "deny modes" that are specified when a file 
		is open.</P
><P
>Samba supports "record locking" using the fcntl() unix system
		call. This is often implemented using rpc calls to a rpc.lockd process
		running on the system that owns the filesystem. Unfortunately many
		rpc.lockd implementations are very buggy, particularly when made to
		talk to versions from other vendors. It is not uncommon for the
		rpc.lockd to crash.</P
><P
>There is also a problem translating the 32 bit lock 
		requests generated by PC clients to 31 bit requests supported 
		by most unixes. Unfortunately many PC applications (typically 
		OLE2 applications) use byte ranges with the top bit set 
		as semaphore sets. Samba attempts translation to support 
		these types of applications, and the translation has proved 
		to be quite successful.</P
><P
>Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before 
		every read and write call on a file. Unfortunately with the 
		way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress the 
		rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients 
		are supposed to independently make locking calls before reads 
		and writes anyway if locking is important to them. By default 
		Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked
		to by a client, but if you set "strict locking = yes" then it will
		make lock checking calls on every read and write. </P
><P
>You can also disable by range locking completely 
		using "locking = no". This is useful for those shares that 
		don't support locking or don't need it (such as cdroms). In 
		this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to 
		tell clients that everything is OK.</P
><P
>The second class of locking is the "deny modes". These 
		are set by an application when it opens a file to determine 
		what types of access should be allowed simultaneously with 
		its open. A client may ask for DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, DENY_WRITE 
		or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatability modes called 
		DENY_FCB and  DENY_DOS.</P
><P
>You can disable share modes using "share modes = no". 
		This may be useful on a heavily loaded server as the share 
		modes code is very slow. See also the FAST_SHARE_MODES 
		option in the Makefile for a way to do full share modes 
		very fast using shared memory (if your OS supports it).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN206"
>1.10.6. Mapping Usernames</A
></H2
><P
>If you have different usernames on the PCs and 
		the unix server then take a look at the "username map" option. 
		See the smb.conf man page for details.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN209"
>1.10.7. Other Character Sets</A
></H2
><P
>If you have problems using filenames with accented 
		characters in them (like the German, French or Scandinavian 
		character sets) then I recommmend you look at the "valid chars" 
		option in smb.conf and also take a look at the validchars 
		package in the examples directory.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN212"
>Chapter 2. LanMan and NT Password Encryption in Samba 2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN223"
>2.1. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>With the development of LanManager and Windows NT 
	compatible password encryption for Samba, it is now able 
	to validate user connections in exactly the same way as 
	a LanManager or Windows NT server.</P
><P
>This document describes how the SMB password encryption 
	algorithm works and what issues there are in choosing whether 
	you want to use it. You should read it carefully, especially 
	the part about security and the "PROS and CONS" section.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN227"
>2.2. How does it work?</A
></H1
><P
>LanManager encryption is somewhat similar to UNIX 
	password encryption. The server uses a file containing a 
	hashed value of a user's password.  This is created by taking 
	the user's plaintext password, capitalising it, and either 
	truncating to 14 bytes or padding to 14 bytes with null bytes. 
	This 14 byte value is used as two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt 
	a 'magic' eight byte value, forming a 16 byte value which is 
	stored by the server and client. Let this value be known as 
	the "hashed password".</P
><P
>Windows NT encryption is a higher quality mechanism, 
	consisting of doing an MD4 hash on a Unicode version of the user's 
	password. This also produces a 16 byte hash value that is 
	non-reversible.</P
><P
>When a client (LanManager, Windows for WorkGroups, Windows 
	95 or Windows NT) wishes to mount a Samba drive (or use a Samba 
	resource), it first requests a connection and negotiates the 
	protocol that the client and server will use. In the reply to this 
	request the Samba server generates and appends an 8 byte, random 
	value - this is stored in the Samba server after the reply is sent 
	and is known as the "challenge".  The challenge is different for 
	every client connection.</P
><P
>The client then uses the hashed password (16 byte values 
	described above), appended with 5 null bytes, as three 56 bit 
	DES keys, each of which is used to encrypt the challenge 8 byte 
	value, forming a 24 byte value known as the "response".</P
><P
>In the SMB call SMBsessionsetupX (when user level security 
	is selected) or the call SMBtconX (when share level security is 
	selected), the 24 byte response is returned by the client to the 
	Samba server.  For Windows NT protocol levels the above calculation 
	is done on both hashes of the user's password and both responses are 
	returned in the SMB call, giving two 24 byte values.</P
><P
>The Samba server then reproduces the above calculation, using 
	its own stored value of the 16 byte hashed password (read from the 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
> file - described later) and the challenge 
	value that it kept from the negotiate protocol reply. It then checks 
	to see if the 24 byte value it calculates matches the 24 byte value 
	returned to it from the client.</P
><P
>If these values match exactly, then the client knew the 
	correct password (or the 16 byte hashed value - see security note 
	below) and is thus allowed access. If not, then the client did not 
	know the correct password and is denied access.</P
><P
>Note that the Samba server never knows or stores the cleartext 
	of the user's password - just the 16 byte hashed values derived from 
	it. Also note that the cleartext password or 16 byte hashed values 
	are never transmitted over the network - thus increasing security.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN238"
>2.3. Important Notes About Security</A
></H1
><P
>The unix and SMB password encryption techniques seem similar 
	on the surface. This similarity is, however, only skin deep. The unix 
	scheme typically sends clear text passwords over the nextwork when 
	logging in. This is bad. The SMB encryption scheme never sends the 
	cleartext password over the network but it does store the 16 byte 
	hashed values on disk. This is also bad. Why? Because the 16 byte hashed 
	values are a "password equivalent". You cannot derive the user's 
	password from them, but they could potentially be used in a modified 
	client to gain access to a server. This would require considerable 
	technical knowledge on behalf of the attacker but is perfectly possible. 
	You should thus treat the smbpasswd file as though it contained the 
	cleartext passwords of all your users. Its contents must be kept 
	secret, and the file should be protected accordingly.</P
><P
>Ideally we would like a password scheme which neither requires 
	plain text passwords on the net or on disk. Unfortunately this 
	is not available as Samba is stuck with being compatible with 
	other SMB systems (WinNT, WfWg, Win95 etc). </P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>Note that Windows NT 4.0 Service pack 3 changed the 
		default for permissible authentication so that plaintext 
		passwords are <EM
>never</EM
> sent over the wire. 
		The solution to this is either to switch to encrypted passwords 
		with Samba or edit the Windows NT registry to re-enable plaintext 
		passwords. See the document WinNT.txt for details on how to do 
		this.</P
><P
>Other Microsoft operating systems which also exhibit 
		this behavior includes</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>MS DOS Network client 3.0 with 
			the basic network redirector installed</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Windows 95 with the network redirector 
			update installed</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Windows 98 [se]</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Windows 2000</P
></LI
></UL
><P
><EM
>Note :</EM
>All current release of 
		Microsoft SMB/CIFS clients support authentication via the
		SMB Challenge/Response mechanism described here.  Enabling
		clear text authentication does not disable the ability
		of the client to particpate in encrypted authentication.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN257"
>2.3.1. Advantages of SMB Encryption</A
></H2
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>plain text passwords are not passed across 
			the network. Someone using a network sniffer cannot just 
			record passwords going to the SMB server.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>WinNT doesn't like talking to a server 
			that isn't using SMB encrypted passwords. It will refuse 
			to browse the server if the server is also in user level 
			security mode. It will insist on prompting the user for the 
			password on each connection, which is very annoying. The
			only things you can do to stop this is to use SMB encryption.
			</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN264"
>2.3.2. Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</A
></H2
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>plain text passwords are not kept 
			on disk. </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>uses same password file as other unix 
			services such as login and ftp</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>you are probably already using other 
			services (such as telnet and ftp) which send plain text 
			passwords over the net, so sending them for SMB isn't 
			such a big deal.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN273"
>2.4. <A
NAME="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT"
></A
>The smbpasswd file</A
></H1
><P
>In order for Samba to participate in the above protocol 
	it must be able to look up the 16 byte hashed values given a user name.
	Unfortunately, as the UNIX password value is also a one way hash
	function (ie. it is impossible to retrieve the cleartext of the user's
	password given the UNIX hash of it), a separate password file
	containing this 16 byte value must be kept. To minimise problems with
	these two password files, getting out of sync, the UNIX <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>	/etc/passwd</TT
> and the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
> file, 
	a utility, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>mksmbpasswd.sh</B
>, is provided to generate
	a smbpasswd file from a UNIX <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> file.
	</P
><P
>To generate the smbpasswd file from your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd
	</TT
> file use the following command :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh
	&#62; /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</B
></TT
></P
><P
>If you are running on a system that uses NIS, use</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ypcat passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh
	&#62; /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</B
></TT
></P
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>mksmbpasswd.sh</B
> program is found in 
	the Samba source directory. By default, the smbpasswd file is 
	stored in :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</TT
></P
><P
>The owner of the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private/</TT
> 
	directory should be set to root, and the permissions on it should 
	be set to 0500 (<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod 500 /usr/local/samba/private</B
>).
	</P
><P
>Likewise, the smbpasswd file inside the private directory should 
	be owned by root and the permissions on is should be set to 0600
	(<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod 600 smbpasswd</B
>).</P
><P
>The format of the smbpasswd file is (The line has been 
	wrapped here. It should appear as one entry per line in 
	your smbpasswd file.)</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>username:uid:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:
	[Account type]:LCT-&#60;last-change-time&#62;:Long name
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Although only the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>username</I
></TT
>, 
	<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>uid</I
></TT
>, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>	XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</I
></TT
>,
	[<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>Account type</I
></TT
>] and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>	last-change-time</I
></TT
> sections are significant 
	and are looked at in the Samba code.</P
><P
>It is <EM
>VITALLY</EM
> important that there by 32 
	'X' characters between the two ':' characters in the XXX sections - 
	the smbpasswd and Samba code will fail to validate any entries that 
	do not have 32 characters  between ':' characters. The first XXX 
	section is for the Lanman password hash, the second is for the 
	Windows NT version.</P
><P
>When the password file is created all users have password entries
	consisting of 32 'X' characters. By default this disallows any access
	as this user. When a user has a password set, the 'X' characters change
	to 32 ascii hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). These are an ascii
	representation of the 16 byte hashed value of a user's password.</P
><P
>To set a user to have no password (not recommended), edit the file
	using vi, and replace the first 11 characters with the ascii text
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>"NO PASSWORD"</TT
> (minus the quotes).</P
><P
>For example, to clear the password for user bob, his smbpasswd file 
	entry would look like :</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	bob:100:NO PASSWORDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:[U          ]:LCT-00000000:Bob's full name:/bobhome:/bobshell
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>If you are allowing users to use the smbpasswd command to set 
	their own passwords, you may want to give users NO PASSWORD initially 
	so they do not have to enter a previous password when changing to their 
	new password (not recommended). In order for you to allow this the
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd</B
> program must be able to connect to the 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> daemon as that user with no password. Enable this 
	by adding the line :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>null passwords = yes</B
></P
><P
>to the [global] section of the smb.conf file (this is why 
	the above scenario is not recommended). Preferably, allocate your
	users a default password to begin with, so you do not have
	to enable this on your server.</P
><P
><EM
>Note : </EM
>This file should be protected very 
	carefully. Anyone with access to this file can (with enough knowledge of 
	the protocols) gain access to your SMB server. The file is thus more 
	sensitive than a normal unix <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> file.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN325"
>2.5. The smbpasswd Command</A
></H1
><P
>The smbpasswd command maintains the two 32 byte password fields 
	in the smbpasswd file. If you wish to make it similar to the unix 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd</B
> or <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>yppasswd</B
> programs, 
	install it in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/bin/</TT
> (or your 
	main Samba binary directory).</P
><P
>Note that as of Samba 1.9.18p4 this program <EM
>MUST NOT 
	BE INSTALLED</EM
> setuid root (the new <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd</B
> 
	code enforces this restriction so it cannot be run this way by 
	accident).</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd</B
> now works in a client-server mode 
	where it contacts the local smbd to change the user's password on its 
	behalf. This has enormous benefits - as follows.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>smbpasswd no longer has to be setuid root - 
		an enormous range of potential security problems is 
		eliminated.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd</B
> now has the capability 
		to change passwords on Windows NT servers (this only works when 
		the request is sent to the NT Primary Domain Controller if you 
		are changing an NT Domain user's password).</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>To run smbpasswd as a normal user just type :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbpasswd</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>Old SMB password: </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>&#60;type old value here - 
	or hit return if there was no old password&#62;</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>New SMB Password: </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>&#60;type new value&#62;
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>Repeat New SMB Password: </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>&#60;re-type new value
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>If the old value does not match the current value stored for 
	that user, or the two new values do not match each other, then the 
	password will not be changed.</P
><P
>If invoked by an ordinary user it will only allow the user 
	to change his or her own Samba password.</P
><P
>If run by the root user smbpasswd may take an optional 
	argument, specifying the user name whose SMB password you wish to 
	change.  Note that when run as root smbpasswd does not prompt for 
	or check the old password value, thus allowing root to set passwords 
	for users who have forgotten their passwords.</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd</B
> is designed to work in the same way 
	and be familiar to UNIX users who use the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd</B
> or 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>yppasswd</B
> commands.</P
><P
>For more details on using <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd</B
> refer 
	to the man page which will always be the definitive reference.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN364"
>2.6. Setting up Samba to support LanManager Encryption</A
></H1
><P
>This is a very brief description on how to setup samba to 
	support password encryption. </P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>compile and install samba as usual</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>enable encrypted passwords in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>		smb.conf</TT
> by adding the line <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>encrypt 
		passwords = yes</B
> in the [global] section</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>create the initial <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
>
		password file in the place you specified in the Makefile 
		(--prefix=&#60;dir&#62;). See the notes under the <A
HREF="#SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT"
>The smbpasswd File</A
>
		section earlier in the document for details.</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>Note that you can test things using smbclient.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN379"
>Chapter 3. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN390"
>3.1. Instructions</A
></H1
><P
>The Distributed File System (or Dfs) provides a means of 
	separating the logical view of files and directories that users 
	see from the actual physical locations of these resources on the 
	network. It allows for higher availability, smoother storage expansion, 
	load balancing etc. For more information about Dfs, refer to  <A
HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp"
TARGET="_top"
>	Microsoft documentation</A
>. </P
><P
>This document explains how to host a Dfs tree on a Unix 
	machine (for Dfs-aware clients to browse) using Samba.</P
><P
>To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the 
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-msdfs</I
></TT
> option. Once built, a 
	Samba server can be made a Dfs server by setting the global 
	boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	host msdfs</I
></TT
></A
> parameter in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf
	</TT
> file. You designate a share as a Dfs root using the share 
	level boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	msdfs root</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. A Dfs root directory on 
	Samba hosts Dfs links in the form of symbolic links that point 
	to other servers. For example, a symbolic link
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>junction-&#62;msdfs:storage1\share1</TT
> in 
	the share directory acts as the Dfs junction. When Dfs-aware 
	clients attempt to access the junction link, they are redirected 
	to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).</P
><P
>Dfs trees on Samba work with all Dfs-aware clients ranging 
	from Windows 95 to 2000.</P
><P
>Here's an example of setting up a Dfs tree on a Samba 
	server.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># The smb.conf file:
[global]
	netbios name = SAMBA
	host msdfs   = yes

[dfs]
	path = /export/dfsroot
	msdfs root = yes
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to 
	other servers on the network.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cd /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chown root /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</B
></TT
></P
><P
>You should set up the permissions and ownership of 
	the directory acting as the Dfs root such that only designated 
	users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note 
	that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists 
	to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at 
	the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the 
	network shares you want, and start Samba.</P
><P
>Users on Dfs-aware clients can now browse the Dfs tree 
	on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing 
	links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client) 
	takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN425"
>3.1.1. Notes</A
></H2
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Windows clients need to be rebooted 
			if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs 
			root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a 
			new share and make it the dfs root.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs 
			symlink names should all be lowercase.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>For security purposes, the directory 
			acting as the root of the Dfs tree should have ownership 
			and permissions set so that only designated users can 
			modify the symbolic links in the directory.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN434"
>Chapter 4. Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN445"
>4.1. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba supports 
the native Windows NT printing mechanisms implemented via 
MS-RPC (i.e. the SPOOLSS named pipe).  Previous versions of 
Samba only supported LanMan printing calls.</P
><P
>The additional functionality provided by the new 
SPOOLSS support includes:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Support for downloading printer driver 
	files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Uploading of printer drivers via the 
	Windows NT Add Printer Wizard (APW) or the 
	Imprints tool set (refer to <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net"
TARGET="_top"
>http://imprints.sourceforge.net</A
>). 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Support for the native MS-RPC printing 
	calls such as StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), etc...  (See 
	the MSDN documentation at <A
HREF="http://msdn.microsoft.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://msdn.microsoft.com/</A
> 
	for more information on the Win32 printing API)
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL) 
	on printer objects</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Improved support for printer queue manipulation 
	through the use of an internal databases for spooled job 
	information</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>There has been some initial confusion about what all this means
and whether or not it is a requirement for printer drivers to be 
installed on a Samba host in order to support printing from Windows 
clients.  A bug existed in Samba 2.2.0 which made Windows NT/2000 clients 
require that the Samba server possess a valid driver for the printer.  
This is fixed in Samba 2.2.1 and once again, Windows NT/2000 clients
can use the local APW for installing drivers to be used with a Samba 
served printer.  This is the same behavior exhibited by Windows 9x clients.
As a side note, Samba does not use these drivers in any way to process 
spooled files.  They are utilized entirely by the clients.</P
><P
>The following MS KB article, may be of some help if you are dealing with
Windows 2000 clients:  <EM
>How to Add Printers with No User 
Interaction in Windows 2000</EM
></P
><P
><A
HREF="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q189/1/05.ASP"
TARGET="_top"
>http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q189/1/05.ASP</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN467"
>4.2. Configuration</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>[print$] vs. [printer$]</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>Previous versions of Samba recommended using a share named [printer$].  
This name was taken from the printer$ service created by Windows 9x 
clients when a printer was shared.  Windows 9x printer servers always have 
a printer$ service which provides read-only access via no 
password in order to support printer driver downloads.</P
><P
>However, the initial implementation allowed for a 
parameter named <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver location</I
></TT
> 
to be used on a per share basis to specify the location of 
the driver files associated with that printer.  Another 
parameter named <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver</I
></TT
> provided 
a means of defining the printer driver name to be sent to 
the client.</P
><P
>These parameters, including <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver
file</I
></TT
> parameter, are being depreciated and should not 
be used in new installations.  For more information on this change, 
you should refer to the <A
HREF="#MIGRATION"
>Migration section</A
>
of this document.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN478"
>4.2.1. Creating [print$]</A
></H2
><P
>In order to support the uploading of printer driver 
files, you must first configure a file share named [print$].  
The name of this share is hard coded in Samba's internals so 
the name is very important (print$ is the service used by 
Windows NT print servers to provide support for printer driver 
download).</P
><P
>You should modify the server's smb.conf file to create the 
following file share (of course, some of the parameter values,
such as 'path' are arbitrary and should be replaced with
appropriate values for your site):</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[print$]
    path = /usr/local/samba/printers
    guest ok = yes
    browseable = yes
    read only = yes
    ; since this share is configured as read only, then we need
    ; a 'write list'.  Check the file system permissions to make
    ; sure this account can copy files to the share.  If this
    ; is setup to a non-root account, then it should also exist
    ; as a 'printer admin'
    write list = ntadmin</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>write list</I
></TT
></A
> is used to allow administrative 
level user accounts to have write access in order to update files 
on the share.  See the <A
HREF="smb./conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5) 
man page</A
> for more information on configuring file shares.</P
><P
>The requirement for <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#GUESTOK"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>guest 
ok = yes</B
></A
> depends upon how your
site is configured.  If users will be guaranteed to have 
an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Author's Note: </B
>The non-issue is that if all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to be 
authenticated by the Samba server (such as a domain member server and the NT 
user has already been validated by the Domain Controller in 
order to logon to the Windows NT console), then guest access 
is not necessary.  Of course, in a workgroup environment where 
you just want to be able to print without worrying about 
silly accounts and security, then configure the share for 
guest access.  You'll probably want to add <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MAPTOGUEST"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>map to guest = Bad User</B
></A
> in the [global] section as well.  Make sure 
you understand what this parameter does before using it 
though. --jerry</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>In order for a Windows NT print server to support 
the downloading of driver files by multiple client architectures,
it must create subdirectories within the [print$] service
which correspond to each of the supported client architectures.
Samba follows this model as well.</P
><P
>Next create the directory tree below the [print$] share 
for each architecture you wish to support.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[print$]-----
        |-W32X86           ; "Windows NT x86"
        |-WIN40            ; "Windows 95/98"
        |-W32ALPHA         ; "Windows NT Alpha_AXP"
        |-W32MIPS          ; "Windows NT R4000"
        |-W32PPC           ; "Windows NT PowerPC"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>ATTENTION!  REQUIRED PERMISSIONS</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>In order to currently add a new driver to you Samba host, 
one of two conditions must hold true:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The account used to connect to the Samba host 
	must have a uid of 0 (i.e. a root account)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The account used to connect to the Samba host
	must be a member of the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTERADMIN"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer 
	admin</I
></TT
></A
> list.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Of course, the connected account must still possess access
to add files to the subdirectories beneath [print$]. Remember
that all file shares are set to 'read only' by default.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Once you have created the required [print$] service and 
associated subdirectories, simply log onto the Samba server using 
a root (or <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer admin</I
></TT
>) account
from a Windows NT 4.0 client.  Navigate to the "Printers" folder
on the Samba server.  You should see an initial listing of printers
that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN513"
>4.2.2. Setting Drivers for Existing Printers</A
></H2
><P
>The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's 
Printers folder will have no real printer driver assigned 
to them.  By default, in Samba 2.2.0 this driver name was set to 
<EM
>NO PRINTER DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER</EM
>.
Later versions changed this to a NULL string to allow the use
tof the local Add Printer Wizard on NT/2000 clients.
Attempting to view the printer properties for a printer
which has this default driver assigned will result in 
the error message:</P
><P
><EM
>Device settings cannot be displayed.  The driver 
for the specified printer is not installed, only spooler 
properties will be displayed.  Do you want to install the 
driver now?</EM
></P
><P
>Click "No" in the error dialog and you will be presented with
the printer properties window.  The way assign a driver to a 
printer is to either</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Use the "New Driver..." button to install 
	a new printer driver, or</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select a driver from the popup list of 
	installed drivers.  Initially this list will be empty.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>If you wish to install printer drivers for client 
operating systems other than "Windows NT x86", you will need 
to use the "Sharing" tab of the printer properties dialog.</P
><P
>Assuming you have connected with a root account, you 
will also be able modify other printer properties such as 
ACLs and device settings using this dialog box.</P
><P
>A few closing comments for this section, it is possible 
on a Windows NT print server to have printers
listed in the Printers folder which are not shared.  Samba does
not make this distinction.  By definition, the only printers of
which Samba is aware are those which are specified as shares in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>Another interesting side note is that Windows NT clients do
not use the SMB printer share, but rather can print directly 
to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC.  This
of course assumes that the printing client has the necessary
privileges on the remote host serving the printer.  The default
permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the "Print"
permissions to the "Everyone" well-known group.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN530"
>4.2.3. Support a large number of printers</A
></H2
><P
>One issue that has arisen during the development
phase of Samba 2.2 is the need to support driver downloads for
100's of printers.  Using the Windows NT APW is somewhat 
awkward to say the list.  If more than one printer are using the 
same driver, the <A
HREF="rpcclient.1.html"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient's
setdriver command</B
></A
> can be used to set the driver
associated with an installed driver.  The following is example
of how this could be accomplished:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> 
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumdrivers"
Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3]
 
[Windows NT x86]
Printer Driver Info 1:
     Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS]
 
Printer Driver Info 1:
     Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 2100 Series PS]
 
Printer Driver Info 1:
     Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS]
				  
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumprinters"
Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3]
     flags:[0x800000]
     name:[\\POGO\hp-print]
     description:[POGO\\POGO\hp-print,NO DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER,]
     comment:[]
				  
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret \
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>&#62; </TT
> -c "setdriver hp-print \"HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS\""
Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3]
Successfully set hp-print to driver HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS.</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN541"
>4.2.4. Adding New Printers via the Windows NT APW</A
></H2
><P
>By default, Samba offers all printer shares defined in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
in the "Printers..." folder.  Also existing in this folder is the Windows NT 
Add Printer Wizard icon.  The APW will be show only if</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The connected user is able to successfully
	execute an OpenPrinterEx(\\server) with administrative
	priviledges (i.e. root or <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer admin</I
></TT
>).
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SHOWADDPRINTERWIZARD"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>show 
	add printer wizard = yes</I
></TT
></A
> (the default).
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>In order to be able to use the APW to successfully add a printer to a Samba 
server, the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ADDPRINTERCOMMAND"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add 
printer command</I
></TT
></A
> must have a defined value.  The program
hook must successfully add the printer to the system (i.e. 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/printcap</TT
> or appropriate files) and 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> if necessary.</P
><P
>When using the APW from a client, if the named printer share does 
not exist, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> will execute the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add printer 
command</I
></TT
> and reparse to the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
to attempt to locate the new printer share.  If the share is still not defined,
an error of "Access Denied" is returned to the client.  Note that the 
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add printer program</I
></TT
> is executed under the context
of the connected user, not necessarily a root account.</P
><P
>There is a complementing <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DELETEPRINTERCOMMAND"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>delete
printer command</I
></TT
></A
> for removing entries from the "Printers..."
folder.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN566"
>4.2.5. Samba and Printer Ports</A
></H2
><P
>Windows NT/2000 print servers associate a port with each printer.  These normally
take the form of LPT1:, COM1:, FILE:, etc...  Samba must also support the
concept of ports associated with a printer.  By default, only one printer port,
named "Samba Printer Port", exists on a system.  Samba does not really a port in
order to print, rather it is a requirement of Windows clients.  </P
><P
>Note that Samba does not support the concept of "Printer Pooling" internally 
either.  This is when a logical printer is assigned to multiple ports as 
a form of load balancing or fail over.</P
><P
>If you require that multiple ports be defined for some reason,
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> possesses a <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENUMPORTSCOMMAND"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>enumports 
command</I
></TT
></A
> which can be used to define an external program 
that generates a listing of ports on a system.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN574"
>4.3. The Imprints Toolset</A
></H1
><P
>The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the 
	Windows NT Add Printer Wizard.  For complete information, please 
	refer to the Imprints web site at <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>	http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</A
> as well as the documentation 
	included with the imprints source distribution.  This section will 
	only provide a brief introduction to the features of Imprints.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN578"
>4.3.1. What is Imprints?</A
></H2
><P
>Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting the goals 
		of</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Providing a central repository information 
			regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Providing the tools necessary for creating 
			the Imprints printer driver packages.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Providing an installation client which 
			will obtain and install printer drivers on remote Samba 
			and Windows NT 4 print servers.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN588"
>4.3.2. Creating Printer Driver Packages</A
></H2
><P
>The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond
		the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt also included
		with the Samba distribution for more information).  In short,
		an Imprints driver package is a gzipped tarball containing the
		driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the
		installation client.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN591"
>4.3.3. The Imprints server</A
></H2
><P
>The Imprints server is really a database server that 
		may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms.  Each printer 
		entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual
		downloading of the package.  Each package is digitally signed
		via GnuPG which can be used to verify that package downloaded
		is actually the one referred in the Imprints database.  It is 
		<EM
>not</EM
> recommended that this security check 
		be disabled.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN595"
>4.3.4. The Installation Client</A
></H2
><P
>More information regarding the Imprints installation client 
		is available in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</TT
> 
		file included with the imprints source package.</P
><P
>The Imprints installation client comes in two forms.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>a set of command line Perl scripts</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>a GTK+ based graphical interface to 
			the command line perl scripts</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>The installation client (in both forms) provides a means
		of querying the Imprints database server for a matching
		list of known printer model names as well as a means to 
		download and install the drivers on remote Samba and Windows
		NT print servers.</P
><P
>The basic installation process is in four steps and 
		perl code is wrapped around <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> 
		and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient</B
>.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	
foreach (supported architecture for a given driver)
{
     1.  rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory 
         on the remote server
     2.  smbclient: Upload the driver files
     3.  rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC
}
	
4.  rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually
    create the printer</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>One of the problems encountered when implementing 
		the Imprints tool set was the name space issues between 
		various supported client architectures.  For example, Windows 
		NT includes a driver named "Apple LaserWriter II NTX v51.8" 
		and Windows 95 callsits version of this driver "Apple 
		LaserWriter II NTX"</P
><P
>The problem is how to know what client drivers have 
		been uploaded for a printer.  As astute reader will remember 
		that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes 
		space for one printer driver name.  A quick look in the 
		Windows NT 4.0 system registry at</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment
		</TT
></P
><P
>will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver 
		name.  This is ok as Windows NT always requires that at least 
		the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present.  
		However, Samba does not have the requirement internally.  
		Therefore, how can you use the NT driver name if is has not 
		already been installed?</P
><P
>The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require 
		that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel 
		Windows NT and 95/98 printer drivers and that NT driver is 
		installed first.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN617"
>4.4. <A
NAME="MIGRATION"
></A
>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to 2.2.x</A
></H1
><P
>Given that printer driver management has changed (we hope improved) in 
2.2 over prior releases, migration from an existing setup to 2.2 can 
follow several paths.</P
><P
>Windows clients have a tendency to remember things for quite a while.
For example, if a Windows NT client has attached to a Samba 2.0 server,
it will remember the server as a LanMan printer server.  Upgrading 
the Samba host to 2.2 makes support for MSRPC printing possible, but 
the NT client will still remember the previous setting.</P
><P
>In order to give an NT client printing "amesia" (only necessary if you 
want to use the newer MSRPC printing functionality in Samba), delete 
the registry keys associated with the print server contained in 
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>[HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print]</TT
>.  The 
spooler service on the client should be stopped prior to doing this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT\ &#62;</TT
> <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net stop spooler</B
></TT
></P
><P
><EM
>All the normal disclaimers about editing the registry go 
here.</EM
>  Be careful, and know what you are doing.</P
><P
>The spooler service should be restarted after you have finished 
removing the appropriate registry entries by replacing the 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>stop</B
> command above with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>start</B
>.</P
><P
>Windows 9x clients will continue to use LanMan printing calls
with a 2.2 Samba server so there is no need to perform any of these
modifications on non-NT clients.</P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Achtung!</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>The following smb.conf parameters are considered to be depreciated and will 
be removed soon.  Do not use them in new installations</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver file (G)</I
></TT
>
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver (S)</I
></TT
>
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver location (S)</I
></TT
>
	</P
></LI
></UL
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Here are the possible scenarios for supporting migration:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>If you do not desire the new Windows NT 
	print driver support, nothing needs to be done.  
	All existing parameters work the same.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you want to take advantage of NT printer 
	driver support but do not want to migrate the 
	9x drivers to the new setup, the leave the existing 
	printers.def file.  When smbd attempts to locate a 
	9x driver for the printer in the TDB and fails it 
	will drop down to using the printers.def (and all 
	associated parameters).  The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make_printerdef</B
> 
	tool will also remain for backwards compatibility but will 
	be moved to the "this tool is the old way of doing it" 
	pile.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you install a Windows 9x driver for a printer 
	on your Samba host (in the printing TDB), this information will 
	take precedence and the three old printing parameters
	will be ignored (including print driver location).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you want to migrate an existing <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>printers.def</TT
> 
	file into the new setup, the current only solution is to use the Windows 
	NT APW to install the NT drivers and the 9x  drivers.  This can be scripted 
	using <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient</B
>.  See the 
	Imprints installation client at <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</A
> 
	for an example.
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN661"
>Chapter 5. security = domain in Samba 2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN679"
>5.1. Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A
></H1
><P
>In order for a Samba-2 server to join an NT domain, 
	you must first add the NetBIOS name of the Samba server to the 
	NT domain on the PDC using Server Manager for Domains.  This creates 
	the machine account in the domain (PDC) SAM. Note that you should 
	add the Samba server as a "Windows NT Workstation or Server", 
	<EM
>NOT</EM
> as a Primary or backup domain controller.</P
><P
>Assume you have a Samba-2 server with a NetBIOS name of 
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SERV1</TT
> and are joining an NT domain called
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM</TT
>, which has a PDC with a NetBIOS name
	of <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMPDC</TT
> and two backup domain controllers 
	with NetBIOS names <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC1</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC2
	</TT
>.</P
><P
>In order to join the domain, first stop all Samba daemons 
	and run the command:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbpasswd -j DOM -r DOMPDC
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>as we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain 
	(the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database) 
	is DOMPDC. If this is successful you will see the message:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>smbpasswd: Joined domain DOM.</TT
>
	</P
><P
>in your terminal window. See the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
>	smbpasswd(8)</A
> man page for more details.</P
><P
>There is existing development code to join a domain
	without having to create the machine trust account on the PDC
	beforehand.  This code will hopefully be available soon
	in release branches as well.</P
><P
>This command goes through the machine account password 
	change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account 
	password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory 
	in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.x, the filename looks like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>&#60;NT DOMAIN NAME&#62;</I
></TT
>.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>&#60;Samba 
	Server Name&#62;</I
></TT
>.mac</TT
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.mac</TT
> suffix stands for machine account 
	password file. So in our example above, the file would be called:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DOM.SERV1.mac</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.2, this file has been replaced with a TDB 
	(Trivial Database) file named <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>secrets.tdb</TT
>.
	</P
><P
>This file is created and owned by root and is not 
	readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level 
	security for your system, and should be treated as carefully 
	as a shadow password file.</P
><P
>Now, before restarting the Samba daemons you must 
	edit your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
>
	</A
> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.</P
><P
>Change (or add) your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section 
	of your smb.conf to read:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
></P
><P
>Next change the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	workgroup =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>workgroup = DOM</B
></P
><P
>as this is the name of the domain we are joining. </P
><P
>You must also have the parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>encrypt passwords</I
></TT
></A
> set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>yes
	</TT
> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.</P
><P
>Finally, add (or modify) a <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>password server =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global]
	section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</B
></P
><P
>These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba 
	will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will 
	try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to 
	rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load 
	among domain controllers.</P
><P
>Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine 
	the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may 
	set this line to be :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = *</B
></P
><P
>This method, which was introduced in Samba 2.0.6, 
	allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This 
	method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to
	find domain controllers to authenticate against.</P
><P
>Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for 
	clients to begin using domain security!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN743"
>5.2. Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</A
></H1
><P
>Many people have asked regarding the state of Samba's ability to participate in
a Windows 2000 Domain.  Samba 2.2 is able to act as a member server of a Windows
2000 domain operating in mixed or native mode.</P
><P
>There is much confusion between the circumstances that require a "mixed" mode
Win2k DC and a when this host can be switched to "native" mode.  A "mixed" mode
Win2k domain controller is only needed if Windows NT BDCs must exist in the same
domain.  By default, a Win2k DC in "native" mode will still support
NetBIOS and NTLMv1 for authentication of legacy clients such as Windows 9x and 
NT 4.0.  Samba has the same requirements as a Windows NT 4.0 member server.</P
><P
>The steps for adding a Samba 2.2 host to a Win2k domain are the same as those
for adding a Samba server to a Windows NT 4.0 domain. The only exception is that 
the "Server Manager" from NT 4 has been replaced by the "Active Directory Users and 
Computers" MMC (Microsoft Management Console) plugin.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN748"
>5.3. Why is this better than security = server?</A
></H1
><P
>Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from 
	having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching 
	to your server. This means that if domain user <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM\fred
	</TT
> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs 
	to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix 
	filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode 
	<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>security = server</A
>, 
	where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows 
	NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
	</P
><P
>Please refer to the <A
HREF="winbind.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Winbind 
	paper</A
> for information on a system to automatically
	assign UNIX uids and gids to Windows NT Domain users and groups.
	This code is available in development branches only at the moment,
	but will be moved to release branches soon.</P
><P
>The advantage to domain-level security is that the 
	authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated 
	RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This 
	means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in 
	exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into 
	a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource
	domain PDC to an account domain PDC.</P
><P
>In addition, with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = server</B
> every Samba 
	daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the 
	authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain 
	the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run 
	out of available connections. With <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
>, 
	however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long 
	as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection, 
	thus conserving PDC connection resources.</P
><P
>And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server 
	authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication 
	reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such 
	as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. All 
	this information will allow Samba to be extended in the future into 
	a mode the developers currently call appliance mode. In this mode, 
	no local Unix users will be necessary, and Samba will generate Unix 
	uids and gids from the information passed back from the PDC when a 
	user is authenticated, making a Samba server truly plug and play 
	in an NT domain environment. Watch for this code soon.</P
><P
><EM
>NOTE:</EM
> Much of the text of this document 
	was first published in the Web magazine <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com"
TARGET="_top"
> 	
	LinuxWorld</A
> as the article <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Doing 
	the NIS/NT Samba</A
>.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN764"
>Chapter 6. How to Configure Samba 2.2 as a Primary Domain Controller</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN781"
>6.1. Prerequisite Reading</A
></H1
><P
>Before you continue readingin this chapter, please make sure 
that you are comfortable with configuring basic files services
in smb.conf and how to enable and administrate password 
encryption in Samba.  Theses two topics are covered in the
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
></A
> 
manpage and the <A
HREF="EMCRYPTION.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Encryption chapter</A
> 
of this HOWTO Collection.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN787"
>6.2. Background</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
><EM
>Author's Note :</EM
> This document is a combination 
of David Bannon's Samba 2.2 PDC HOWTO and the Samba NT Domain FAQ. 
Both documents are superceeded by this one.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>Version of Samba prior to release 2.2 had marginal capabilities to
act as a Windows NT 4.0 Primary Domain Controller (PDC).  Beginning with 
Samba 2.2.0, we are proud to announce official support for Windows NT 4.0 
style domain logons from Windows NT 4.0 (through SP6) and Windows 2000 (through 
SP1) clients.  This article outlines the steps necessary for configuring Samba 
as a PDC.  It is necessary to have a working Samba server prior to implementing the 
PDC functionality.  If you have not followed the steps outlined in 
<A
HREF="UNIX_INSTALL.html"
TARGET="_top"
> UNIX_INSTALL.html</A
>, please make sure 
that your server is configured correctly before proceeding.  Another good 
resource in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5) man 
page</A
>. The following  functionality should work in 2.2:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	domain logons for Windows NT 4.0/2000 clients.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	placing a Windows 9x client in user level security
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	retrieving a list of users and groups from a Samba PDC to
	Windows 9x/NT/2000 clients
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	roving (roaming) user profiles
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Windows NT 4.0 style system policies
	</P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Windows 2000 Service Pack 2 Clients</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>	Samba 2.2.1 is required for PDC functionality when using Windows 2000 
	SP2 clients. 
	</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>The following pieces of functionality are not included in the 2.2 release:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	Windows NT 4 domain trusts
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	SAM replication with Windows NT 4.0 Domain Controllers
	(i.e. a Samba PDC and a Windows NT BDC or vice versa) 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Adding users via the User Manager for Domains
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Acting as a Windows 2000 Domain Controller (i.e. Kerberos and 
	Active Directory)
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Please note that Windows 9x clients are not true members of a domain
for reasons outlined in this article.  Therefore the protocol for
support Windows 9x style domain logons is completely different
from NT4 domain logons and has been officially supported for some 
time.</P
><P
>Implementing a Samba PDC can basically be divided into 2 broad
steps.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	Configuring the Samba PDC
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Creating machine trust accounts	and joining clients 
	to the domain
	</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>There are other minor details such as user profiles, system
policies, etc...  However, these are not necessarily specific
to a Samba PDC as much as they are related to Windows NT networking
concepts.  They will be mentioned only briefly here.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN827"
>6.3. Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</A
></H1
><P
>The first step in creating a working Samba PDC is to 
understand the parameters necessary in smb.conf.  I will not
attempt to re-explain the parameters here as they are more that
adequately covered in <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
> the smb.conf
man page</A
>.  For convenience, the parameters have been
linked with the actual smb.conf description.</P
><P
>Here is an example smb.conf for acting as a PDC:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
    ; Basic server settings
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NETBIOSNAME"
TARGET="_top"
>netbios name</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>POGO</I
></TT
>
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
>workgroup</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>NARNIA</I
></TT
>

    ; we should act as the domain and local master browser
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#OSLEVEL"
TARGET="_top"
>os level</A
> = 64
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PERFERREDMASTER"
TARGET="_top"
>preferred master</A
> = yes
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINMASTER"
TARGET="_top"
>domain master</A
> = yes
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOCALMASTER"
TARGET="_top"
>local master</A
> = yes
    
    ; security settings (must user security = user)
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSUSER"
TARGET="_top"
>security</A
> = user
    
    ; encrypted passwords are a requirement for a PDC
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>encrypt passwords</A
> = yes
    
    ; support domain logons
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINLOGONS"
TARGET="_top"
>domain logons</A
> = yes
    
    ; where to store user profiles?
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONPATH"
TARGET="_top"
>logon path</A
> = \\%N\profiles\%u
    
    ; where is a user's home directory and where should it
    ; be mounted at?
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONDRIVE"
TARGET="_top"
>logon drive</A
> = H:
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONHOME"
TARGET="_top"
>logon home</A
> = \\homeserver\%u
    
    ; specify a generic logon script for all users
    ; this is a relative **DOS** path to the [netlogon] share
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONSCRIPT"
TARGET="_top"
>logon script</A
> = logon.cmd

; necessary share for domain controller
[netlogon]
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PATH"
TARGET="_top"
>path</A
> = /usr/local/samba/lib/netlogon
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITEABLE"
TARGET="_top"
>writeable</A
> = no
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST"
TARGET="_top"
>write list</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>ntadmin</I
></TT
>
    
; share for storing user profiles
[profiles]
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PATH"
TARGET="_top"
>path</A
> = /export/smb/ntprofile
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITEABLE"
TARGET="_top"
>writeable</A
> = yes
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"
TARGET="_top"
>create mask</A
> = 0600
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DIRECTORYMASK"
TARGET="_top"
>directory mask</A
> = 0700</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>There are a couple of points to emphasize in the above configuration.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	Encrypted passwords must be enabled.  For more details on how 
	to do this, refer to <A
HREF="ENCRYPTION.html"
TARGET="_top"
>ENCRYPTION.html</A
>.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The server must support domain logons and a
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>[netlogon]</TT
> share
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The server must be the domain master browser in order for Windows 
	client to locate the server as a DC.  Please refer to the various 
	Network Browsing documentation included with this distribution for 
	details.
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>As Samba 2.2 does not offer a complete implementation of group mapping between 
Windows NT groups and UNIX groups (this is really quite complicated to explain 
in a short space), you should refer to the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINADMINUSERS"
TARGET="_top"
>domain 
admin users</A
> and <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINADMINGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
>domain 
admin group</A
> smb.conf parameters for information of creating a Domain Admins 
style accounts.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN870"
>6.4. Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients 
to the Domain</A
></H1
><P
>A machine trust account is a samba user account owned by a computer.  
The account password acts as the shared secret for secure 
communication with the Domain Controller.  This is a security feature
to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same netbios name from 
joining the domain and gaining access to domain user/group accounts.  
Hence a Windows 9x host is never a true member of a domain because it does 
not posses a machine trust account, and thus has no shared secret with the DC.</P
><P
>On a Windows NT PDC, these machine trust account passwords are stored
in the registry.  A Samba PDC stores these accounts in the same location
as user LanMan and NT password hashes (currently <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
>).
However, machine trust accounts only possess and use the NT password hash.</P
><P
>Because Samba requires machine accounts to possess a UNIX uid from
which an Windows NT SID can be generated, all of these accounts
must have an entry in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> and smbpasswd.  
Future releases will alleviate the need to create 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entries.  </P
><P
>There are two means of creating machine trust accounts.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	Manual creation before joining the client to the domain.  In this case, 
	the password is set to a known value -- the lower case of the 
	machine's netbios name.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Creation of the account at the time of joining the domain.  In 
	this case, the session key of the administrative account used to join 
	the client to the domain acts as an encryption key for setting the 
	password to a random value (This is the recommended method).
	</P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN884"
>6.4.1. Manually creating machine trust accounts</A
></H2
><P
>The first step in creating a machine trust account by hand is to 
create an entry for the machine in /etc/passwd.  This can be done 
using <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>vipw</B
> or any 'add userr' command which is normally 
used to create new UNIX accounts.  The following is an example for a Linux 
based Samba server:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
>/usr/sbin/useradd -g 100 -d /dev/null -c <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_nickname</I
></TT
> -m -s /bin/false <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
>$</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry will list the machine name 
with a $ appended, won't have a passwd, will have a null shell and no 
home directory. For example a machine called 'doppy' would have an 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry like this :</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>doppy$:x:505:501:<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_nickname</I
></TT
>:/dev/null:/bin/false</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Above, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_nickname</I
></TT
> can be any descriptive name for the
pc i.e. BasementComputer. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
> absolutely must be 
the netbios name of the pc to be added to the domain.  The "$" must append the netbios
name of the pc or samba will not recognize this as a machine account</P
><P
>Now that the UNIX account has been created, the next step is to create 
the smbpasswd entry for the machine containing the well known initial 
trust account password.  This can be done using the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.6.html"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd(8)</B
></A
> command 
as shown here:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
> smbpasswd -a -m <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
></P
><P
>where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
> is the machine's netbios
name. </P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Join the client to the domain immediately</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>	Manually creating a machine trust account using this method is the 
	equivalent of creating a machine account on a Windows NT PDC using 
	the "Server Manager".  From the time at which the account is created
	to the time which th client joins the domain and changes the password,
	your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining your domain using a
	a machine with the same netbios name.  A PDC inherently trusts
	members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user 
	information to such clients.  You have been warned!
	</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN912"
>6.4.2. Creating machine trust accounts "on the fly"</A
></H2
><P
>The second, and most recommended way of creating machine trust accounts 
is to create them as needed at the time the client is joined to 
the domain.  You will need to include a value for the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ADDUSERSCRIPT"
TARGET="_top"
>add user script</A
>
parameter.  Below is an example from a RedHat 6.2 Linux system.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 -s /bin/false -M %u </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.2.1, <EM
>only the root account</EM
> can be used to create
machine accounts like this.  Therefore, it is required to create 
an entry in smbpasswd for <EM
>root</EM
>.  The password 
<EM
>SHOULD</EM
> be set to s different password that the 
associated <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry for security reasons.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN923"
>6.5. Common Problems and Errors</A
></H1
><P
></P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>I cannot include a '$' in a machine name.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	A 'machine name' in (typically) <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> 	
	of the machine name with a '$' appended. FreeBSD (and other BSD 
	systems ?) won't create a user with a '$' in their name.
	</P
><P
>	The problem is only in the program used to make the entry, once 
	made, it works perfectly. So create a user without the '$' and 
	use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>vipw</B
> to edit the entry, adding the '$'. Or create 
	the whole entry with vipw if you like, make sure you use a 
	unique uid !
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>I get told "You already have a connection to the Domain...." 
	or "Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an 
	existing set.." when creating a machine account.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	This happens if you try to create a machine account from the 
	machine itself and already have a connection (e.g. mapped drive) 
	to a share (or IPC$) on the Samba PDC.  The following command
	will remove all network drive connections:
	</P
><P
>	<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT\&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>net use * /d</B
>
	</P
><P
>	Further, if the machine is a already a 'member of a workgroup' that 
	is the same name as the domain you are joining (bad idea) you will 
	get this message.  Change the workgroup name to something else, it 
	does not matter what, reboot, and try again.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</EM
>
	</P
><P
>I joined the domain successfully but after upgrading 
	to a newer version of the Samba code I get the message, "The system 
	can not log you on (C000019B), Please try a gain or consult your 
	system administrator" when attempting to logon.
	</P
><P
>	This occurs when the domain SID stored in 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>private/WORKGROUP.SID</TT
> is 
	changed.  For example, you remove the file and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> automatically 
	creates a new one.  Or you are swapping back and forth between 
	versions 2.0.7, TNG and the HEAD branch code (not recommended).  The 
	only way to correct the problem is to restore the original domain 
	SID or remove the domain client from the domain and rejoin.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>The machine account for this computer either does not 
	exist or is not accessible.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	When I try to join the domain I get the message "The machine account 
	for this computer either does not exist or is not accessible". Whats 
	wrong?
	</P
><P
>	This problem is caused by the PDC not having a suitable machine account. 
	If you are using the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add user script</I
></TT
> method to create 
	accounts then this would indicate that it has not worked. Ensure the domain 
	admin user system is working.
	</P
><P
>	Alternatively if you are creating account entries manually then they 
	have not been created correctly. Make sure that you have the entry 
	correct for the machine account in smbpasswd file on the Samba PDC. 
	If you added the account using an editor rather than using the smbpasswd 
	utility, make sure that the account name is the machine netbios name 
	with a '$' appended to it ( ie. computer_name$ ). There must be an entry 
	in both /etc/passwd and the smbpasswd file. Some people have reported 
	that inconsistent subnet masks between the Samba server and the NT 
	client have caused this problem.   Make sure that these are consistent 
	for both client and server.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation,
	I get a message about my account being disabled.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	This problem is caused by a PAM related bug in Samba 2.2.0.  This bug is 
	fixed in 2.2.1.  Other symptoms could be unaccessible shares on 
	NT/W2K member servers in the domain or the following error in your smbd.log:
	passdb/pampass.c:pam_account(268) PAM: UNKNOWN ERROR for User: %user%
	</P
><P
>	At first be ensure to enable the useraccounts with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd -e 
	%user%</B
>, this is normaly done, when you create an account.
	</P
><P
>	In order to work around this problem in 2.2.0, configure the 
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>account</I
></TT
> control flag in 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/samba</TT
> file as follows:
	</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="90%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	account required        pam_permit.so
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>	If you want to remain backward compatibility to samba 2.0.x use
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_permit.so</TT
>, it's also possible to use 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
>. There are some bugs if you try to 
	use <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_unix.so</TT
>, if you need this, be ensure to use
	the most recent version of this file.
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN971"
>6.6. System Policies and Profiles</A
></H1
><P
>Much of the information necessary to implement System Policies and
Roving User Profiles in a Samba domain is the same as that for 
implementing these same items in a Windows NT 4.0 domain. 
You should read the white paper <A
HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp"
TARGET="_top"
>Implementing
Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0</A
> available from Microsoft.</P
><P
>Here are some additional details:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>What about Windows NT Policy Editor ?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	To create or edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>ntconfig.pol</TT
> you must use 
	the NT Server Policy Editor, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>poledit.exe</B
>	which 
	is included with NT Server but <EM
>not NT Workstation</EM
>. 
	There is a Policy Editor on a NTws 
	but it is not suitable for creating <EM
>Domain Policies</EM
>. 
	Further, although the Windows 95 
	Policy Editor can be installed on an NT Workstation/Server, it will not
	work with NT policies because the registry key that are set by the policy templates. 
	However, the files from the NT Server will run happily enough on an NTws. 	
	You need <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>poledit.exe, common.adm</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>winnt.adm</TT
>. It is convenient
	to put the two *.adm files in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c:\winnt\inf</TT
> which is where
	the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. Note also that that 
	directory is 'hidden'.
	</P
><P
>	The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the Service Pack 3 (and 
	later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>servicepackname /x</B
>, 
	ie thats <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Nt4sp6ai.exe /x</B
> for service pack 6a.  The policy editor, 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>poledit.exe</B
> and the associated template files (*.adm) should
	be extracted as well.  It is also possible to downloaded the policy template 
	files for Office97 and get a copy of the policy editor.  Another possible 
	location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>Can Win95 do Policies ?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	Install the group policy handler for Win9x to pick up group 
	policies.   Look on the Win98 CD in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>\tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit</TT
>. 
	Install group policies on a Win9x client by double-clicking 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>grouppol.inf</TT
>. Log off and on again a couple of 
	times and see if Win98 picks up group policies.  Unfortunately this needs 
	to be done on every Win9x machine that uses group policies....
	</P
><P
>	If group policies don't work one reports suggests getting the updated 
	(read: working) grouppol.dll for Windows 9x. The group list is grabbed 
	from /etc/group.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I get 'User Manager' and 'Server Manager'</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	Since I don't need to buy an NT Server CD now, how do I get 
	the 'User Manager for Domains', the 'Server Manager' ?
	</P
><P
>	Microsoft distributes a version of these tools called nexus for 
	installation on Windows 95 systems.  The tools set includes
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Server Manager</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>User Manager for Domains</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Event Viewer</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	Click here to download the archived file <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE"
TARGET="_top"
>ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE</A
>
	</P
><P
>	The Windows NT 4.0 version of the 'User Manager for 
	Domains' and 'Server Manager' are available from Microsoft via ftp 
	from <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE"
TARGET="_top"
>ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE</A
>
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1015"
>6.7. What other help can I get ?</A
></H1
><P
>There are many sources of information available in the form 
of mailing lists, RFC's and documentation.  The docs that come 
with the samba distribution contain very good explanations of 
general SMB topics such as browsing.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>What are some diagnostics tools I can use to debug the domain logon 
	process and where can I	find them?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	One of the best diagnostic tools for debugging problems is Samba itself.  
	You can use the -d option for both smbd and nmbd to specifiy what 
	'debug level' at which to run.  See the man pages on smbd, nmbd  and 
	smb.conf for more information on debugging options.  The debug 
	level can range from 1 (the default) to 10 (100 for debugging passwords).
	</P
><P
>	Another helpful method of debugging is to compile samba using the 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>gcc -g </B
> flag.   This will include debug 
	information in the binaries and allow you to attach gdb to the 
	running smbd / nmbd process.  In order to attach gdb to an smbd 
	process for an NT workstation, first get the workstation to make the 
	connection. Pressing ctrl-alt-delete and going down to the domain box 
	is sufficient (at least, on the first time you join the domain) to 
	generate a 'LsaEnumTrustedDomains'. Thereafter, the workstation 
	maintains an open connection, and therefore there will be an smbd 
	process running (assuming that you haven't set a really short smbd 
	idle timeout)  So, in between pressing ctrl alt delete, and actually 
	typing in your password, you can gdb attach and continue.
	</P
><P
>	Some useful samba commands worth investigating:
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>testparam | more</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>smbclient -L //{netbios name of server}</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	An SMB enabled version of tcpdump is available from 
	<A
HREF="http://www.tcpdump.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.tcpdup.org/</A
>.
	Ethereal, another good packet sniffer for UNIX and Win32
	hosts, can be downloaded from <A
HREF="http://www.ethereal.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.ethereal.com</A
>.
	</P
><P
>	For tracing things on the Microsoft Windows NT, Network Monitor 
	(aka. netmon) is available on the Microsoft Developer Network CD's, 
	the Windows NT Server install CD and the SMS CD's.  The version of 
	netmon that ships with SMS allows for dumping packets between any two 
	computers (ie. placing the network interface in promiscuous mode).  
	The version on the NT Server install CD will only allow monitoring 
	of network traffic directed to the local NT box and broadcasts on the 
	local subnet.  Be aware that Ethereal can read and write netmon 
	formatted files.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I install 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation 
	or a Windows 9x box?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	Installing netmon on an NT workstation requires a couple 
	of steps.  The following are for installing Netmon V4.00.349, which comes 
	with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, on Microsoft Windows NT 
	Workstation 4.0.  The process should be similar for other version of 
	Windows NT / Netmon.  You will need both the Microsoft Windows 
	NT Server 4.0 Install CD and the Workstation 4.0 Install CD.
	</P
><P
>	Initially you will need to install 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' 
	on the NT Server.  To do this 
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - 
		Network - Services - Add </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select the 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' and 
		click on 'OK'.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Insert the Windows NT Server 4.0 install CD 
		when prompted.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	At this point the Netmon files should exist in 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</TT
>.    
	Two subdirectories exist as well, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>parsers\</TT
> 
	which contains the necessary DLL's for parsing the netmon packet 
	dump, and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>captures\</TT
>.
	</P
><P
>	In order to install the Netmon tools on an NT Workstation, you will 
	first need to install the 'Network  Monitor Agent' from the Workstation 
	install CD.
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - 
		Network - Services - Add</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select the 'Network Monitor Agent' and click 
		on 'OK'.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Insert the Windows NT Workstation 4.0 install 
		CD when prompted.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	Now copy the files from the NT Server in %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* 
	to %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* on the Workstation and set 
	permissions as  you deem appropriate for your site. You will need 
	administrative rights on the NT box to run netmon.
	</P
><P
>	To install Netmon on a Windows 9x box install the network monitor agent 
	from the Windows 9x CD (\admin\nettools\netmon).  There is a readme 
	file located with the netmon driver files on the CD if you need 
	information on how to do this.  Copy the files from a working 
	Netmon installation.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The following is a list if helpful URLs and other links:
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Home of Samba site <A
HREF="http://samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://samba.org</A
>. We have a mirror near you !</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> The <EM
>Development</EM
> document 
	on the Samba mirrors might mention your problem. If so,
	it might mean that the developers are working on it.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>See how Scott Merrill simulates a BDC behavior at 
        <A
HREF="http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html</A
>. </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Although 2.0.7 has almost had its day as a PDC, David Bannon will
        keep the 2.0.7 PDC pages at <A
HREF="http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba</A
> going for a while yet.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Misc links to CIFS information 
        <A
HREF="http://samba.org/cifs/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/cifs/</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>NT Domains for Unix <A
HREF="http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>FTP site for older SMB specs: 
        <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/"
TARGET="_top"
>        ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/</A
></P
></LI
></UL
></LI
></UL
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I get help from the mailing lists ?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	There are a number of Samba related mailing lists. Go to <A
HREF="http://samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org</A
>, click on your nearest mirror
	and then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Support</B
> and then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>	Samba related mailing lists</B
>.
	</P
><P
>	For questions relating to Samba TNG go to
	<A
HREF="http://www.samba-tng.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.samba-tng.org/</A
> 
	It has been requested that you don't post questions about Samba-TNG to the
	main stream Samba lists.</P
><P
>	If you post a message to one of the lists please observe the following guide lines :
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> Always remember that the developers are volunteers, they are 
		not paid and they never guarantee to produce a particular feature at 
		a particular time. Any time lines are 'best guess' and nothing more.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Always mention what version of samba you are using and what 
		operating system its running under. You should probably list the
        relevant sections of your smb.conf file, at least the options 
        in [global] that affect PDC support.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>In addition to the version, if you obtained Samba via
        CVS mention the date when you last checked it out.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Try and make your question clear and brief, lots of long, 
		convoluted questions get deleted before	they are completely read ! 
		Don't post html encoded messages (if you can select colour or font 
		size its html).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> If you run one of those nifty 'I'm on holidays' things when 
		you are away, make sure its configured	to not answer mailing lists.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Don't cross post. Work out which is the best list to post to 
		and see what happens, ie don't post to both samba-ntdom and samba-technical.
        Many people active on the lists subscribe to more 
		than one list and get annoyed to see the same message two or more times. 
		Often someone will see a message and thinking it would be better dealt 
		with on another, will forward it on for you.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>You might include <EM
>partial</EM
>
        log files written at a debug level set to as much as 20.  
        Please don't send the entire log but enough to give the context of the 
        error messages.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>(Possibly) If you have a complete netmon trace ( from the opening of 
        the pipe to the error ) you can send the *.CAP file as well.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Please think carefully before attaching a document to an email.
        Consider pasting the relevant parts into the body of the message. The samba
        mailing lists go to a huge number of people, do they all need a copy of your 
        smb.conf in their attach directory ?</P
></LI
></UL
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I get off the mailing lists ?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>To have your name removed from a samba mailing list, go to the
	same place you went to to get on it. Go to <A
HREF="http://lists.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://lists.samba.org</A
>, 
	click on your nearest mirror and then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Support</B
> and 
	then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> Samba related mailing lists</B
>. Or perhaps see 
	<A
HREF="http://lists.samba.org/mailman/roster/samba-ntdom"
TARGET="_top"
>here</A
>
	</P
><P
>	Please don't post messages to the list asking to be removed, you will just
	be referred to the above address (unless that process failed in some way...)
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1129"
>6.8. Domain Control for Windows 9x/ME</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>The following section contains much of the original 
DOMAIN.txt file previously included with Samba.  Much of 
the material is based on what went into the book Special 
Edition, Using Samba. (Richard Sharpe)</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>A domain and a workgroup are exactly the same thing in terms of network
browsing.  The difference is that a distributable authentication
database is associated with a domain, for secure login access to a
network.  Also, different access rights can be granted to users if they
successfully authenticate against a domain logon server (NT server and 
other systems based on NT server support this, as does at least Samba TNG now).</P
><P
>The SMB client logging on to a domain has an expectation that every other
server in the domain should accept the same authentication information.
Network browsing functionality of domains and workgroups is
identical and is explained in BROWSING.txt. It should be noted, that browsing
is total orthogonal to logon support.</P
><P
>Issues related to the single-logon network model are discussed in this
document.  Samba supports domain logons, network logon scripts, and user
profiles for MS Windows for workgroups and MS Windows 9X clients.</P
><P
>When an SMB client in a domain wishes to logon it broadcast requests for a
logon server.  The first one to reply gets the job, and validates its
password using whatever mechanism the Samba administrator has installed.
It is possible (but very stupid) to create a domain where the user
database is not shared between servers, ie they are effectively workgroup
servers advertising themselves as participating in a domain.  This
demonstrates how authentication is quite different from but closely
involved with domains.</P
><P
>Another thing commonly associated with single-logon domains is remote
administration over the SMB protocol.  Again, there is no reason why this
cannot be implemented with an underlying username database which is
different from the Windows NT SAM.  Support for the Remote Administration
Protocol is planned for a future release of Samba.</P
><P
>Network logon support as discussed in this section is aimed at Window for
Workgroups, and Windows 9X clients. </P
><P
>Support for profiles is confirmed as working for Win95, NT 4.0 and NT 3.51.
It is possible to specify: the profile location; script file to be loaded
on login; the user's home directory; and for NT a kick-off time could also
now easily be supported. However, there are some differences between Win9X
profile support and WinNT profile support. These are discussed below.</P
><P
>With NT Workstations, all this does not require the use or intervention of
an NT 4.0 or NT 3.51 server: Samba can now replace the logon services
provided by an NT server, to a limited and experimental degree (for example,
running "User Manager for Domains" will not provide you with access to
a domain created by a Samba Server).</P
><P
>With Win95, the help of an NT server can be enlisted, both for profile storage
and for user authentication.  For details on user authentication, see
security_level.txt.  For details on profile storage, see below.</P
><P
>Using these features you can make your clients verify their logon via
the Samba server; make clients run a batch file when they logon to
the network and download their preferences, desktop and start menu.</P
><P
>Before launching into the configuration instructions, it is worthwhile looking
at how a Win9X client performs a logon:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	The client broadcasts (to the IP broadcast address of the subnet it is in)
	a NetLogon request. This is sent to the NetBIOS address DOMAIN&#60;00&#62; at the
	NetBIOS layer.  The client chooses the first response it receives, which
	contains the NetBIOS name of the logon server to use in the format of 
	\\SERVER.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then connects to that server, logs on (does an SMBsessetupX) and
	then connects to the IPC$ share (using an SMBtconX).
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then does a NetWkstaUserLogon request, which retrieves the name
	of the user's logon script. 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then connects to the NetLogon share and searches for this 	
	and if it is found and can be read, is retrieved and executed by the client.
	After this, the client disconnects from the NetLogon share.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then sends a NetUserGetInfo request to the server, to retrieve
	the user's home share, which is used to search for profiles. Since the
	response to the NetUserGetInfo request does not contain much more 	
	the user's home share, profiles for Win9X clients MUST reside in the user
	home directory.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then connects to the user's home share and searches for the 
	user's profile. As it turns out, you can specify the users home share as
	a sharename and path. For example, \\server\fred\.profile.
	If the profiles are found, they are implemented.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then disconnects from the user's home share, and reconnects to
	the NetLogon share and looks for CONFIG.POL, the policies file. If this is
	found, it is read and implemented.
	</P
></LI
></OL
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1159"
>6.8.1. Configuration Instructions:	Network Logons</A
></H2
><P
>To use domain logons and profiles you need to do the following:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	Create a share called [netlogon] in your smb.conf. This share should
	be readable by all users, and probably should not be writeable. This
	share will hold your network logon scripts, and the CONFIG.POL file
	(Note: for details on the CONFIG.POL file, how to use it, what it is,
	refer to the Microsoft Windows NT Administration documentation.
	The format of these files is not known, so you will need to use
	Microsoft tools).
	</P
><P
>	For example I have used:
	</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="90%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[netlogon]
     path = /data/dos/netlogon
     writeable = no
     guest ok = no</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>	Note that it is important that this share is not writeable by ordinary
	users, in a secure environment: ordinary users should not be allowed
	to modify or add files that another user's computer would then download
	when they log in.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	in the [global] section of smb.conf set the following:
	</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="90%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>domain logons = yes
logon script = %U.bat
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>	The choice of batch file is, of course, up to you. The above would
	give each user a separate batch file as the %U will be changed to
	their username automatically. The other standard % macros may also be
	used. You can make the batch files come from a subdirectory by using
	something like:
	</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="90%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon script = scripts\%U.bat
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	create the batch files to be run when the user logs in. If the batch
	file doesn't exist then no batch file will be run. 
	</P
><P
>	In the batch files you need to be careful to use DOS style cr/lf line
	endings. If you don't then DOS may get confused. I suggest you use a
	DOS editor to remotely edit the files if you don't know how to produce
	DOS style files under unix.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Use smbclient with the -U option for some users to make sure that
	the \\server\NETLOGON share is available, the batch files are
	visible and they are readable by the users.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	you will probabaly find that your clients automatically mount the
	\\SERVER\NETLOGON share as drive z: while logging in. You can put
	some useful programs there to execute from the batch files.
	</P
></LI
></OL
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>security mode and master browsers</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>There are a few comments to make in order to tie up some 
loose ends.  There has been much debate over the issue of whether
or not it is ok to configure Samba as a Domain Controller in security
modes other than <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>USER</TT
>.  The only security mode 
which  will not work due to technical reasons is <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SHARE</TT
>
mode security.  <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMAIN</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SERVER</TT
>
mode security is really just a variation on SMB user level security.</P
><P
>Actually, this issue is also closer tied to the debate on whether 
or not Samba must be the domain master browser for its workgroup
when operating as a DC.  While it may technically be possible
to configure a server as such (after all, browsing and domain logons
are two distinctly different functions), it is not a good idea to
so.  You should remember that the DC must register the DOMAIN#1b netbios 
name.  This is the name used by Windows clients to locate the DC.
Windows clients do not distinguish between the DC and the DMB.
For this reason, it is very wise to configure the Samba DC as the DMB.</P
><P
>Now back to the issue of configuring a Samba DC to use a mode other
than "security = user".  If a Samba host is configured to use 
another SMB server or DC in order to validate user connection 
requests, then it is a fact that some other machine on the network 
(the "password server") knows more about user than the Samba host.
99% of the time, this other host is a domain controller.  Now 
in order to operate in domain mode security, the "workgroup" parameter
must be set to the name of the Windows NT domain (which already 
has a domain controller, right?)</P
><P
>Therefore configuring a Samba box as a DC for a domain that 
already by definition has a PDC is asking for trouble.
Therefore, you should always configure the Samba DC to be the DMB
for its domain.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1193"
>6.8.2. Configuration Instructions:	Setting up Roaming User Profiles</A
></H2
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
><EM
>NOTE!</EM
> Roaming profiles support is different 
for Win9X and WinNT.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how
Win9X and WinNT clients implement these features.</P
><P
>Win9X clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's
profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate 
profiles location field, only the users home share. This means that Win9X 
profiles are restricted to being in the user's home directory.</P
><P
>WinNT clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields, 
including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles. 
This means that support for profiles is different for Win9X and WinNT.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1201"
>6.8.2.1. Windows NT Configuration</A
></H3
><P
>To support WinNT clients, inn the [global] section of smb.conf set the
following (for example):</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The default for this option is \\%N\%U\profile, namely
\\sambaserver\username\profile.  The \\N%\%U service is created
automatically by the [homes] service.
If you are using a samba server for the profiles, you _must_ make the
share specified in the logon path browseable. </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 26aug96 - we have discovered a problem where Windows clients can
maintain a connection to the [homes] share in between logins.  The
[homes] share must NOT therefore be used in a profile path.]</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1209"
>6.8.2.2. Windows 9X Configuration</A
></H3
><P
>To support Win9X clients, you must use the "logon home" parameter. Samba has
now been fixed so that "net use/home" now works as well, and it, too, relies
on the "logon home" parameter.</P
><P
>By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Win9X 
profiles in the user's home directory.   But wait! There is a trick you 
can use. If you set the following in the [global] section of your 
smb.conf file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>then your Win9X clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory
of your home directory called .profiles (thus making them hidden).</P
><P
>Not only that, but 'net use/home' will also work, because of a feature in 
Win9X. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area
and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you
specified \\%L\%U for "logon home".</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1217"
>6.8.2.3. Win9X and WinNT Configuration</A
></H3
><P
>You can support profiles for both Win9X and WinNT clients by setting both the
"logon home" and "logon path" parameters. For example:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles
logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>I have not checked what 'net use /home' does on NT when "logon home" is
set as above.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1224"
>6.8.2.4. Windows 9X Profile Setup</A
></H3
><P
>When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created,
as are folders "Start Menu", "Desktop", "Programs" and "Nethood".  
These directories and their contents will be merged with the local
versions stored in c:\windows\profiles\username on subsequent logins,
taking the most recent from each.  You will need to use the [global]
options "preserve case = yes", "short case preserve = yes" and
"case sensitive = no" in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts
in any of the profile folders.</P
><P
>The user.DAT file contains all the user's preferences.  If you wish to
enforce a set of preferences, rename their user.DAT file to user.MAN,
and deny them write access to this file.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	On the Windows 95 machine, go to Control Panel | Passwords and
	select the User Profiles tab.  Select the required level of
	roaming preferences.  Press OK, but do _not_ allow the computer
	to reboot.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	On the Windows 95 machine, go to Control Panel | Network |
	Client for Microsoft Networks | Preferences.  Select 'Log on to
	NT Domain'.  Then, ensure that the Primary Logon is 'Client for
	Microsoft Networks'.  Press OK, and this time allow the computer
	to reboot.
	</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>Under Windows 95, Profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon.
If you have the Primary Logon as 'Client for Novell Networks', then
the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from your Novell
Server.  If you have the Primary Logon as 'Windows Logon', then the
profiles will be loaded from the local machine - a bit against the
concept of roaming profiles, if you ask me.</P
><P
>You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains
[user, password, domain] instead of just [user, password].  Type in
the samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist,
but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this
domain and profiles downloaded from it, if that domain logon server
supports it), user name and user's password.</P
><P
>Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 95 machine
will inform you that 'The user has not logged on before' and asks you
if you wish to save the user's preferences?  Select 'yes'.</P
><P
>Once the Windows 95 client comes up with the desktop, you should be able
to examine the contents of the directory specified in the "logon path"
on the samba server and verify that the "Desktop", "Start Menu",
"Programs" and "Nethood" folders have been created.</P
><P
>These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when
the user logs off (if you haven't made them read-only by then :-).
You will find that if the user creates further folders or short-cuts,
that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the
contents of the profile directory already on the local client, taking
the newest folders and short-cuts from each set.</P
><P
>If you have made the folders / files read-only on the samba server,
then you will get errors from the w95 machine on logon and logout, as
it attempts to merge the local and the remote profile.  Basically, if
you have any errors reported by the w95 machine, check the unix file
permissions and ownership rights on the profile directory contents,
on the samba server.</P
><P
>If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's
local desktop cache, as shown below.  When this user then next logs in,
they will be told that they are logging in "for the first time".</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog,
	press escape.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	run the regedit.exe program, and look in:
	</P
><P
>	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList
	</P
><P
>	you will find an entry, for each user, of ProfilePath.  Note the
	contents of this key (likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username),
	then delete the key ProfilePath for the required user.
	</P
><P
>	[Exit the registry editor].
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>WARNING</EM
> - before deleting the contents of the 
	directory listed in
   the ProfilePath (this is likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username),
   ask them if they have any important files stored on their desktop
   or in their start menu.  delete the contents of the directory
   ProfilePath (making a backup if any of the files are needed).
	</P
><P
>   This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden
   system file) user.DAT in their profile directory, as well as the
   local "desktop", "nethood", "start menu" and "programs" folders.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	search for the user's .PWL password-cacheing file in the c:\windows
	directory, and delete it.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	log off the windows 95 client.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	check the contents of the profile path (see "logon path" described
	above), and delete the user.DAT or user.MAN file for the user,
	making a backup if required.  
	</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>If all else fails, increase samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10,
and / or run a packet trace program such as tcpdump or netmon.exe, and
look for any error reports.</P
><P
>If you have access to an NT server, then first set up roaming profiles
and / or netlogons on the NT server.  Make a packet trace, or examine
the example packet traces provided with NT server, and see what the
differences are with the equivalent samba trace.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1260"
>6.8.2.5. Windows NT Workstation 4.0</A
></H3
><P
>When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile
NTuser.DAT is created.  The profile location can be now specified
through the "logon path" parameter.  </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 10aug97 - i tried setting the path to
\\samba-server\homes\profile, and discovered that this fails because
a background process maintains the connection to the [homes] share
which does _not_ close down in between user logins.  you have to
have \\samba-server\%L\profile, where user is the username created
from the [homes] share].</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles:
"logon drive".  This should be set to "h:" or any other drive, and
should be used in conjunction with the new "logon home" parameter.</P
><P
>The entry for the NT 4.0 profile is a _directory_ not a file.  The NT
help on profiles mentions that a directory is also created with a .PDS
extension.  The user, while logging in, must have write permission to
create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension)
[lkcl 10aug97 - i found that the creation of the .PDS directory failed,
and had to create these manually for each user, with a shell script.
also, i presume, but have not tested, that the full profile path must
be browseable just as it is for w95, due to the manner in which they
attempt to create the full profile path: test existence of each path
component; create path component].</P
><P
>In the profile directory, NT creates more folders than 95.  It creates
"Application Data" and others, as well as "Desktop", "Nethood",
"Start Menu" and "Programs".  The profile itself is stored in a file
NTuser.DAT.  Nothing appears to be stored in the .PDS directory, and
its purpose is currently unknown.</P
><P
>You can use the System Control Panel to copy a local profile onto
a samba server (see NT Help on profiles: it is also capable of firing
up the correct location in the System Control Panel for you).  The
NT Help file also mentions that renaming NTuser.DAT to NTuser.MAN
turns a profile into a mandatory one.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 10aug97 - i notice that NT Workstation tells me that it is
downloading a profile from a slow link.  whether this is actually the
case, or whether there is some configuration issue, as yet unknown,
that makes NT Workstation _think_ that the link is a slow one is a
matter to be resolved].</P
><P
>[lkcl 20aug97 - after samba digest correspondance, one user found, and
another confirmed, that profiles cannot be loaded from a samba server
unless "security = user" and "encrypt passwords = yes" (see the file
ENCRYPTION.txt) or "security = server" and "password server = ip.address.
of.yourNTserver" are used.  either of these options will allow the NT
workstation to access the samba server using LAN manager encrypted
passwords, without the user intervention normally required by NT
workstation for clear-text passwords].</P
><P
>[lkcl 25aug97 - more comments received about NT profiles: the case of
the profile _matters_.  the file _must_ be called NTuser.DAT or, for
a mandatory profile, NTuser.MAN].</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1273"
>6.8.2.6. Windows NT Server</A
></H3
><P
>There is nothing to stop you specifying any path that you like for the
location of users' profiles.  Therefore, you could specify that the
profile be stored on a samba server, or any other SMB server, as long as
that SMB server supports encrypted passwords.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1276"
>6.8.2.7. Sharing Profiles between W95 and NT Workstation 4.0</A
></H3
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Potentially outdated or incorrect material follows</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>I think this is all bogus, but have not deleted it. (Richard Sharpe)</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>The default logon path is \\%N\U%.  NT Workstation will attempt to create
a directory "\\samba-server\username.PDS" if you specify the logon path
as "\\samba-server\username" with the NT User Manager.  Therefore, you
will need to specify (for example) "\\samba-server\username\profile".
NT 4.0 will attempt to create "\\samba-server\username\profile.PDS", which
is more likely to succeed.</P
><P
>If you then want to share the same Start Menu / Desktop with W95, you will
need to specify "logon path = \\samba-server\username\profile" [lkcl 10aug97
this has its drawbacks: i created a shortcut to telnet.exe, which attempts
to run from the c:\winnt\system32 directory.  this directory is obviously
unlikely to exist on a Win95-only host].</P
><P
>&#13;If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate user.DAT and
NTuser.DAT files in the same profile directory.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 25aug97 - there are some issues to resolve with downloading of
NT profiles, probably to do with time/date stamps.  i have found that
NTuser.DAT is never updated on the workstation after the first time that
it is copied to the local workstation profile directory.  this is in
contrast to w95, where it _does_ transfer / update profiles correctly].</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1286"
>6.9. DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control &#38; Samba</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Possibly Outdated Material</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>	This appendix was originally authored by John H Terpstra of 
	the Samba Team and is included here for posterity.
	</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
><EM
>NOTE :</EM
> 
The term "Domain Controller" and those related to it refer to one specific
method of authentication that can underly an SMB domain. Domain Controllers
prior to Windows NT Server 3.1 were sold by various companies and based on 
private extensions to the LAN Manager 2.1 protocol. Windows NT introduced
Microsoft-specific ways of distributing the user authentication database.
See DOMAIN.txt for examples of how Samba can participate in or create
SMB domains based on shared authentication database schemes other than the 
Windows NT SAM.</P
><P
>Windows NT Server can be installed as either a plain file and print server
(WORKGROUP workstation or server) or as a server that participates in Domain
Control (DOMAIN member, Primary Domain controller or Backup Domain controller).
The same is true for OS/2 Warp Server, Digital Pathworks and other similar
products, all of which can participate in Domain Control along with Windows NT.</P
><P
>To many people these terms can be confusing, so let's try to clear the air.</P
><P
>Every Windows NT system (workstation or server) has a registry database.
The registry contains entries that describe the initialization information
for all services (the equivalent of Unix Daemons) that run within the Windows
NT environment. The registry also contains entries that tell application
software where to find dynamically loadable libraries that they depend upon.
In fact, the registry contains entries that describes everything that anything
may need to know to interact with the rest of the system.</P
><P
>The registry files can be located on any Windows NT machine by opening a
command prompt and typing:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT\&#62;</TT
> dir %SystemRoot%\System32\config</P
><P
>The environment variable %SystemRoot% value can be obtained by typing:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT&#62;</TT
>echo %SystemRoot%</P
><P
>The active parts of the registry that you may want to be familiar with are
the files called: default, system, software, sam and security.</P
><P
>In a domain environment, Microsoft Windows NT domain controllers participate
in replication of the SAM and SECURITY files so that all controllers within
the domain have an exactly identical copy of each.</P
><P
>The Microsoft Windows NT system is structured within a security model that
says that all applications and services must authenticate themselves before
they can obtain permission from the security manager to do what they set out
to do.</P
><P
>The Windows NT User database also resides within the registry. This part of
the registry contains the user's security identifier, home directory, group
memberships, desktop profile, and so on.</P
><P
>Every Windows NT system (workstation as well as server) will have its own
registry. Windows NT Servers that participate in Domain Security control
have a database that they share in common - thus they do NOT own an
independent full registry database of their own, as do Workstations and
plain Servers.</P
><P
>The User database is called the SAM (Security Access Manager) database and
is used for all user authentication as well as for authentication of inter-
process authentication (ie: to ensure that the service action a user has
requested is permitted within the limits of that user's privileges).</P
><P
>The Samba team have produced a utility that can dump the Windows NT SAM into 
smbpasswd format: see ENCRYPTION.txt for information on smbpasswd and
/pub/samba/pwdump on your nearest Samba mirror for the utility. This 
facility is useful but cannot be easily used to implement SAM replication
to Samba systems.</P
><P
>Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstations and Servers
can participate in a Domain security system that is controlled by Windows NT
servers that have been correctly configured. At most every domain will have
ONE Primary Domain Controller (PDC). It is desirable that each domain will
have at least one Backup Domain Controller (BDC).</P
><P
>The PDC and BDCs then participate in replication of the SAM database so that
each Domain Controlling participant will have an up to date SAM component
within its registry.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN1311"
>Chapter 7. Unifed Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1329"
>7.1. Abstract</A
></H1
><P
>Integration of UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT through 
	a unified logon has been considered a "holy grail" in heterogeneous 
	computing environments for a long time. We present <EM
>winbind
	</EM
>, a component of the Samba suite of programs as a 
	solution to the unied logon problem. Winbind uses a UNIX implementation 
	of Microsoft RPC calls, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and the Name 
	Service Switch to allow Windows NT domain users to appear and operate 
	as UNIX users on a UNIX machine. This paper describes the winbind 
	system, explaining the functionality it provides, how it is configured, 
	and how it works internally.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1333"
>7.2. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>It is well known that UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT have 
	different models for representing user and group information and 
	use different technologies for implementing them. This fact has 
	made it difficult to integrate the two systems in a satisfactory 
	manner.</P
><P
>One common solution in use today has been to create 
	identically named user accounts on both the UNIX and Windows systems 
	and use the Samba suite of programs to provide file and print services 
	between the two. This solution is far from perfect however, as 
	adding and deleting users on both sets of machines becomes a chore 
	and two sets of passwords are required both of which which
	can lead to synchronization problems between the UNIX and Windows 
	systems and confusion for users.</P
><P
>We divide the unifed logon problem for UNIX machines into 
	three smaller problems:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Obtaining Windows NT user and group information
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Authenticating Windows NT users
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Password changing for Windows NT users
		</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Ideally, a prospective solution to the unified logon problem 
	would satisfy all the above components without duplication of 
	information on the UNIX machines and without creating additional 
	tasks for the system administrator when maintaining users and 
	groups on either system. The winbind system provides a simple 
	and elegant solution to all three components of the unifed logon 
	problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1346"
>7.3. What Winbind Provides</A
></H1
><P
>Winbind unifies UNIX and Windows NT account management by 
	allowing a UNIX box to become a full member of a NT domain. Once 
	this is done the UNIX box will see NT users and groups as if 
	they were native UNIX users and groups, allowing the NT domain 
	to be used in much the same manner that NIS+ is used within 
	UNIX-only environments.</P
><P
>The end result is that whenever any 
	program on the UNIX machine asks the operating system to lookup 
	a user or group name, the query will be resolved by asking the 
	NT domain controller for the specied domain to do the lookup.
	Because Winbind hooks into the operating system at a low level 
	(via the NSS name resolution modules in the C library) this 
	redirection to the NT domain controller is completely 
	transparent.</P
><P
>Users on the UNIX machine can then use NT user and group 
	names as they would use "native" UNIX names. They can chown files 
	so that they are owned by NT domain users or even login to the 
	UNIX machine and run a UNIX X-Window session as a domain user.</P
><P
>The only obvious indication that Winbind is being used is 
	that user and group names take the form DOMAIN\user and 
	DOMAIN\group. This is necessary as it allows Winbind to determine 
	that redirection to a domain controller is wanted for a particular 
	lookup and which trusted domain is being referenced.</P
><P
>Additionally, Winbind provides a authentication service 
	that hooks into the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) system 
	to provide authentication via a NT domain to any PAM enabled 
	applications. This capability solves the problem of synchronizing 
	passwords between systems as all passwords are stored in a single 
	location (on the domain controller).</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1353"
>7.3.1. Target Uses</A
></H2
><P
>Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an 
		existing NT based domain infrastructure into which they wish 
		to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these 
		organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to 
		maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly simplies 
		the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX workstations into 
		a NT based organization.</P
><P
>Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to 
		be used is as a central part of UNIX based appliances. Appliances 
		that provide file and print services to Microsoft based networks 
		will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of 
		the appliance into the domain.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1357"
>7.4. How Winbind Works</A
></H1
><P
>The winbind system is designed around a client/server 
	architecture. A long running <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> daemon 
	listens on a UNIX domain socket waiting for requests
	to arrive. These requests are generated by the NSS and PAM 
	clients and processed sequentially.</P
><P
>The technologies used to implement winbind are described 
	in detail below.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1362"
>7.4.1. Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</A
></H2
><P
>Over the last two years, efforts have been underway 
		by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of 
		the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This 
		system is used for most network related operations between 
		Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication
		and print spooling. Although initially this work was done 
		to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) 
		functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code which 
		can be used for other purposes.</P
><P
>Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users 
		and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual 
		users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate 
		NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying 
		a Windows PDC for user and group information, winbind maps the 
		NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1366"
>7.4.2. Name Service Switch</A
></H2
><P
>The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is 
		present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system 
		information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information 
		to be resolved from dierent sources. For example, a standalone 
		UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of 
		flat files stored on the local lesystem. A networked workstation 
		may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, 
		then consult a NIS database for user information or a DNS server 
		for hostname information.</P
><P
>The NSS application programming interface allows winbind 
		to present itself as a source of system information when 
		resolving UNIX usernames and groups.  Winbind uses this interface, 
		and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC 
		calls to provide a new source of account enumeration.  Using standard 
		UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on
		a UNIX machine running winbind and see all users and groups in 
		a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local 
		users and groups.</P
><P
>The primary control le for NSS is <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf
		</TT
>. When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup 
		the C library looks in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> 
		for a line which matches the service type being requested, for 
		example the "passwd" service type is used when user or group names 
		are looked up. This	config line species which implementations 
		of that service should be tried andin what order. If the passwd 
		config line is:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd: files example</B
></P
><P
>then the C library will first load a module called 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/libnss_files.so</TT
> followed by
		the module <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/libnss_example.so</TT
>. The 
		C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn 
		and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve 
		the request. Once the request is resolved the C library returns the
		result to the application.</P
><P
>This NSS interface provides a very easy way for Winbind 
		to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done 
		is to put <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>libnss_winbind.so</TT
> in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/</TT
> 
		then add "winbind" into <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> at 
		the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to 
		resolve user and group names.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1382"
>7.4.3. Pluggable Authentication Modules</A
></H2
><P
>Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, 
		is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization 
		technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different 
		authentication methods for dierent system applications without 
		having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful
		for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, 
		a system administrator may only allow console logins from users 
		stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from 
		a NIS database to log in over the network.</P
><P
>Winbind uses the authentication management and password 
		management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a 
		UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX 
		machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain 
		Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have 
		this change take eect directly on the Primary Domain Controller.
		</P
><P
>PAM is congured by providing control files in the directory 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/</TT
> for each of the services that 
		require authentication. When an authentication request is made 
		by an application the PAM code in the C library looks up this
		control file to determine what modules to load to do the 
		authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding 
		a new authentication service for Winbind very easy, all that needs 
		to be done is that the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_winbind.so</TT
> module 
		is copied to <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/security/</TT
> and the pam 
		control files for relevant services are updated to allow 
		authentication via winbind. See the PAM documentation
		for more details.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1390"
>7.4.4. User and Group ID Allocation</A
></H2
><P
>When a user or group is created under Windows NT 
		is it allocated a numerical relative identier (RID). This is 
		slightly dierent to UNIX which has a range of numbers which are 
		used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify 
		groups. It is winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX id numbers and
		vice versa.  When winbind is congured it is given part of the UNIX 
		user id space and a part of the UNIX group id space in which to 
		store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is 
		resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX id from 
		the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over 
		time, winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups
		to UNIX user ids and group ids.</P
><P
>The results of this mapping are stored persistently in 
		a ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that 
		RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1394"
>7.4.5. Result Caching</A
></H2
><P
>An active system can generate a lot of user and group 
		name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups winbind 
		uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied 
		by NT domain controllers.  User or group information returned 
		by a PDC is cached by winbind along with a sequence number also 
		returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by 
		Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modied. If 
		a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from 
		the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. 
		If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information 
		is discarded and up to date information is requested directly 
		from the PDC.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1397"
>7.5. Installation and Configuration</A
></H1
><P
>The easiest way to install winbind is by using the packages 
	provided in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pub/samba/appliance/</TT
> 
	directory on your nearest 
	Samba mirror. These packages provide snapshots of the Samba source 
	code and binaries already setup to provide the full functionality 
	of winbind. This setup is a little more complex than a normal Samba 
	build as winbind needs a small amount of functionality from a 
	development code branch called SAMBA_TNG.</P
><P
>Once you have installed the packages you should read 
	the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd(8)</B
> man page which will provide you 
	with conguration information and give you sample conguration files. 
	You may also wish to update the main Samba daemons smbd and nmbd) 
	with a more recent development release, such as the recently
	announced Samba 2.2 alpha release.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1403"
>7.6. Limitations</A
></H1
><P
>Winbind has a number of limitations in its current 
	released version which we hope to overcome in future 
	releases:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Winbind is currently only available for 
		the Linux operating system, although ports to other operating 
		systems are certainly possible. For such ports to be feasible, 
		we require the C library of the target operating system to 
		support the Name Service Switch and Pluggable Authentication
		Modules systems. This is becoming more common as NSS and 
		PAM gain	support among UNIX vendors.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The mappings of Windows NT RIDs to UNIX ids 
		is not made algorithmically and depends on the order in which 
		unmapped users or groups are seen by winbind. It may be difficult 
		to recover the mappings of rid to UNIX id mapping if the file 
		containing this information is corrupted or destroyed.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Currently the winbind PAM module does not take 
		into account possible workstation and logon time restrictions 
		that may be been set for Windows NT users.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Building winbind from source is currently 
		quite tedious as it requires combining source code from two Samba 
		branches. Work is underway to solve this by providing all 
		the necessary functionality in the main Samba code branch.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1415"
>7.7. Conclusion</A
></H1
><P
>The winbind system, through the use of the Name Service 
	Switch, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and appropriate 
	Microsoft RPC calls have allowed us to provide seamless 
	integration of Microsoft Windows NT domain users on a
	UNIX system. The result is a great reduction in the administrative 
	cost of running a mixed UNIX and NT network.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN1418"
>Chapter 8. UNIX Permission Bits and WIndows NT Access Control Lists</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1429"
>8.1. Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT 
	security dialogs</A
></H1
><P
>New in the Samba 2.0.4 release is the ability for Windows 
	NT clients to use their native security settings dialog box to 
	view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</P
><P
>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise 
	the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and 
	still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba 
	administrator can set.</P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.4 and above the default value of the 
	parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NTACLSUPPORT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	nt acl support</I
></TT
></A
> has been changed from 
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>true</TT
>, so 
 	manipulation of permissions is turned on by default.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1438"
>8.2. How to view file security on a Samba share</A
></H1
><P
>From an NT 4.0 client, single-click with the right 
	mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted 
	drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click 
	on the <EM
>Properties</EM
> entry at the bottom of 
	the menu. This brings up the normal file properties dialog
	box, but with Samba 2.0.4 this will have a new tab along the top
	marked <EM
>Security</EM
>. Click on this tab and you 
	will see three buttons, <EM
>Permissions</EM
>, 	
	<EM
>Auditing</EM
>, and <EM
>Ownership</EM
>. 
	The <EM
>Auditing</EM
> button will cause either 
	an error message <SPAN
CLASS="ERRORNAME"
>A requested privilege is not held 
	by the client</SPAN
> to appear if the user is not the 
	NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an 
	Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the 
	user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is 
	non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only 
	useful button, the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Add</B
> button will not currently 
	allow a list of users to be seen.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1449"
>8.3. Viewing file ownership</A
></H1
><P
>Clicking on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Ownership"</B
> button 
	brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The 
	owner name will be of the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of 
	the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of 
	the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
	is the discriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
	GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Close
	</B
> button to remove this dialog.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
	is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will 
	be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
>.</P
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Take Ownership</B
> button will not allow 
	you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on 
	it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are 
	currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason 
	for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privilaged 
	operation in UNIX, available only to the <EM
>root</EM
> 
	user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change 
	the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT 
	client this will not work with Samba at this time.</P
><P
>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba 
	and allow a user with Administrator privillage connected 
	to a Samba 2.0.4 server as root to change the ownership of 
	files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS 
	or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <EM
>Seclib
	</EM
> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of 
	the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1469"
>8.4. Viewing file or directory permissions</A
></H1
><P
>The third button is the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Permissions"</B
> 
	button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both 
	the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. 
	The owner is displayed in the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of 
	the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of 
	the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
	is the discriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
	GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
	is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will 
	be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
> and the 
	permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".</P
><P
>The permissions field is displayed differently for files 
	and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions 
	are displayed first.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1484"
>8.4.1. File Permissions</A
></H2
><P
>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and 
		the correspinding "read", "write", "execute" permissions 
		triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL 
		with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding 
		NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into 
		the global NT group <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Everyone</B
>, followed 
		by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX 
		owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT 
		<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>user</B
> icon and an NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>local 
		group</B
> icon respectively followed by the list 
	 	of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</P
><P
>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common 
		NT names such as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"read"</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		"change"</B
> or <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"full control"</B
> then 
		usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		"Special Access"</B
> in the NT display list.</P
><P
>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed 
		for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order 
		to  allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba 
		overloads the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take Ownership"</B
> ACL attribute 
		(which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with 
		no permissions as having the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> bit set. 
		This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning 
		zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will 
		be given below.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1498"
>8.4.2. Directory Permissions</A
></H2
><P
>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two 
		different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions 
		is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed 
		in the first set of parentheses in the normal <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"RW"</B
> 
		NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in 
		exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described 
		above, and is displayed in the same way.</P
><P
>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning 
		in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		"inherited"</B
> permissions that any file created within 
		this directory would inherit.</P
><P
>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by 
		returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file 
		created by Samba on this share would receive.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1505"
>8.5. Modifying file or directory permissions</A
></H1
><P
>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple 
	as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and 
	clicking the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OK</B
> button. However, there are 
	limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions 
	with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS 
	attributes that need to also be taken into account.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
	is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then any attempt to set 
	security permissions will fail with an <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Access Denied"
	</B
> message.</P
><P
>The first thing to note is that the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Add"</B
> 
	button will not return a list of users in Samba 2.0.4 (it will give 
	an error message of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"The remote proceedure call failed 
	and did not execute"</B
>). This means that you can only 
	manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in 
	the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the 
	only permissions that UNIX actually has.</P
><P
>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world) 
	is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, 
	then when the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> button is pressed it will 
	be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then 
	view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear 
	as the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> flag, as described above. This 
	allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once 
	you have removed them from a triple component.</P
><P
>As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of 
	an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete 
	access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on 
	the Samba server.</P
><P
>When setting permissions on a directory the second 
	set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is 
	by default applied to all files within that directory. If this 
	is not what you want you must uncheck the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Replace 
	permissions on existing files"</B
> checkbox in the NT 
	dialog before clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
>.</P
><P
>If you wish to remove all permissions from a 
	user/group/world  component then you may either highlight the 
	component and click the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Remove"</B
> button, 
	or set the component to only have the special <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take
	Ownership"</B
> permission (dsplayed as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"
	</B
>) highlighted.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1527"
>8.6. Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
	parameters</A
></H1
><P
>Note that with Samba 2.0.5 there are four new parameters 
	to control this interaction.  These are :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>Once a user clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to apply the 
	permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world 
	r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a 
	file against the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK"
TARGET="_top"
> 
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits that 
	were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone 
	in the file permissions.</P
><P
>Essentially, zero bits in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
>
	mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <EM
>not</EM
> 
	allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change.
	</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as 
	the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask
	</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 
	where this permission change facility was introduced. To allow a user to 
	modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter 
	to 0777.</P
><P
>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against 
	the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits 
	that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter 
	are forced to be set.</P
><P
>Essentially, bits set in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
	</I
></TT
> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when 
	modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value 
	as the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force 
	create mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility
	with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility was introduced.
	To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file,
	with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
> and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force 
	security mode</I
></TT
> parameters are applied to the change 
	request in that order.</P
><P
>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as 
	described above for a file except using the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	directory security mask</I
></TT
> instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security 
	mask</I
></TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode
	</I
></TT
> parameter instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
	</I
></TT
>.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
> parameter 
	by default is set to the same value as the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask
	</I
></TT
> parameter and the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security 
	mode</I
></TT
> parameter by default is set to the same value as 
 	the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
> parameter to provide 
	compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility 
	was introduced.</P
><P
>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that 
	an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users 
	to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</P
><P
>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control
	in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and
	doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following
	parameters in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)
	</TT
></A
> file in that share specific section :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
>As described, in Samba 2.0.4 the parameters :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force create mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>were used instead of the parameters discussed here.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1591"
>8.7. Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
	mapping</A
></H1
><P
>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read 
	only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can 
	be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security 
	dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping.
	</P
><P
>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access
	for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard 
	file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is
	the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</P
><P
>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions
	to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the standard attributes tab 
	dialog, and then clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> on that dialog, then 
	NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what 
	the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting 
	permissions and clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the 
	attributes dialog you should always hit <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Cancel"</B
> 
	rather than <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to ensure that your changes 
	are not overridden.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN1601"
>Chapter 9. OS2 Client HOWTO</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1612"
>9.1. FAQs</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1614"
>9.1.1. How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</A
></H2
><P
>A more complete answer to this question can be 
		found on <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html"
TARGET="_top"
>		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html</A
>.</P
><P
>Basically, you need three components:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer')
			</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>TCP/IP ('Internet support') 
			</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver ('TCPBEUI')
			</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Installing the first two together with the base operating 
		system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp 
		has already been installed, but you now want to install the 
		networking support, use the "Selective Install for Networking" 
		object in the "System Setup" folder.</P
><P
>Adding the "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver is not described 
		in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start 
		MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on "Configure LAPS" and click 
		on "IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP" in  'Protocols'.  This line 
		is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line, 
		click on "Change number" and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this
		configuration.</P
><P
>If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you 
		can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers 
		to the "Names List", or specify a  WINS server ('NetBIOS 
		Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you 
		may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on 
		the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1629"
>9.1.2. How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</A
></H2
><P
>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client 
		for OS/2 from 
		<A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/"
TARGET="_top"
>		ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</A
>.
   	See <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html"
TARGET="_top"
>		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html</A
> for 
		more information on how to install and use this client. In 
		a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of 
		the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>		20=setup.exe
		20=netwksta.sys
		20=netvdd.sys
		</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>before you install the client. Also, don't use the 
		included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000 
		or NS2000 driver from 
		<A
HREF="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/"
TARGET="_top"
> 		ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</A
> instead.
		</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1638"
>9.1.3. Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) 
		is used as a client?</A
></H2
><P
>When you do a NET VIEW or use the "File and Print 
		Client Resource Browser", no Samba servers show up. This can 
		be fixed by a patch from <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html"
TARGET="_top"
>		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html</A
>.
		The patch will be included in a later version of Samba. It also 
		fixes a couple of other problems, such as preserving long 
		filenames when objects are dragged from the Workplace Shell 
		to the Samba server. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1642"
>9.1.4. How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</A
></H2
><P
>First, create a share called [PRINTDRV] that is 
		world-readable.  Copy your OS/2 driver files there.  Note 
		that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need 
		to use the original install files, and not copy an installed 
		driver from an OS/2 system.</P
><P
>Install the NT driver first for that printer.  Then, 
		add to your smb.conf a paramater, "os2 driver map = 
		<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>".  Then, in the file 
		specified by <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>, map the 
		name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as 
		follows:</P
><P
>&#60;nt driver name&#62; = &#60;os2 driver 
		name&#62;.&#60;device name&#62;, e.g.:
		HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</P
><P
>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</P
><P
>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the 
		device name, the first attempt to download the driver will 
		actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell 
		you the driver is not available.  On the second attempt, it 
		will work.  This is fixed simply by adding the device name
  		 to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt.
		</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN1651"
>Chapter 10. HOWTO Access Samba source code via CVS</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1658"
>10.1. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>Samba is developed in an open environnment.  Developers use CVS
(Concurrent Versioning System) to "checkin" (also known as 
"commit") new source code.  Samba's various CVS branches can
be accessed via anonymouns CVS using the instructions
detailed in this chapter.</P
><P
>This document is a modified version of the instructions found at
<A
HREF="http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1663"
>10.2. CVS Access to samba.org</A
></H1
><P
>The machine samba.org runs a publicly accessible CVS 
repository for access to the source code of several packages, 
including samba, rsync and jitterbug. There are two main ways of 
accessing the CVS server on this host.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1666"
>10.2.1. Access via CVSweb</A
></H2
><P
>You can access the source code via your 
favourite WWW browser. This allows you to access the contents of 
individual files in the repository and also to look at the revision 
history and commit logs of individual files. You can also ask for a diff 
listing between any two versions on the repository.</P
><P
>Use the URL : <A
HREF="http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1671"
>10.2.2. Access via cvs</A
></H2
><P
>You can also access the source code via a 
normal cvs client.  This gives you much more control over you can 
do with the repository and allows you to checkout whole source trees 
and keep them uptodate via normal cvs commands. This is the 
preferred method of access if you are a developer and not
just a casual browser.</P
><P
>To download the latest cvs source code, point your
browser at the URL : <A
HREF="http://www.cyclic.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.cyclic.com/</A
>.
and click on the 'How to get cvs' link. CVS is free software under 
the GNU GPL (as is Samba).  Note that there are several graphical CVS clients
which provide a graphical interface to the sometimes mundane CVS commands.
Links to theses clients are also available from http://www.cyclic.com.</P
><P
>To gain access via anonymous cvs use the following steps. 
For this example it is assumed that you want a copy of the 
samba source code. For the other source code repositories 
on this system just substitute the correct package name</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	Install a recent copy of cvs. All you really need is a 
	copy of the cvs client binary. 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Run the command 
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot login</B
>
	</P
><P
>	When it asks you for a password type <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cvs</B
></TT
>.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Run the command 
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co samba</B
>
	</P
><P
>	This will create a directory called samba containing the 
	latest samba source code (i.e. the HEAD tagged cvs branch). This 
	currently corresponds to the 3.0 development tree. 
	</P
><P
>	CVS branches other HEAD can be obtained by using the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>-r</I
></TT
>
	and defining a tag name.  A list of branch tag names can be found on the
	"Development" page of the samba web site.  A common request is to obtain the
	latest 2.2 release code.  This could be done by using the following command.
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co -r SAMBA_2_2 samba</B
>
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Whenever you want to merge in the latest code changes use 
	the following command from within the samba directory: 
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs update -d -P</B
>
	</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
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></HTML
>