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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>SAMBA Project Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.60.1"><meta name="description" content="
This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years.
Samba is always under development, and so is its' documentation. This release of the
documentation represents a major revision or layout as well as contents.
The most recent version of this document can be found at
http://www.samba.org/
on the &quot;Documentation&quot; page.  Please send updates to
Jelmer Vernooij,
John H. Terpstra or
Gerald (Jerry) Carter.
 
The Samba-Team would like to express sincere thanks to the many people who have with
or without their knowledge contributed to this update. The size and scope of this
project would not have been possible without significant community contribution. A not
insignificant number of ideas for inclusion (if not content itself) has been obtained
from a number of Unofficial HOWTOs - to each such author a big &quot;Thank-you&quot; is also offered.
Please keep publishing your Unofficial HOWTOs - they are a source of inspiration and
application knowledge that is most to be desired by many Samba users and administrators.
"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="book" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="Samba-HOWTO-Collection"></a>SAMBA Project Documentation</h1></div><div><div class="authorgroup"><h4 class="editedby">Edited by</h4><h3 class="editor"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><h3 class="editor"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><h3 class="editor"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">Monday April 21, 2003</p></div><div><div class="abstract"><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p><p>
This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years.
Samba is always under development, and so is its' documentation. This release of the
documentation represents a major revision or layout as well as contents.
The most recent version of this document can be found at
<ulink url="http://www.samba.org/">http://www.samba.org/</ulink>
on the "Documentation" page.  Please send updates to
<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">Jelmer Vernooij</ulink>,
<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">John H. Terpstra</ulink> or
<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">Gerald (Jerry) Carter</ulink>.
</p><p>
The Samba-Team would like to express sincere thanks to the many people who have with
or without their knowledge contributed to this update. The size and scope of this
project would not have been possible without significant community contribution. A not
insignificant number of ideas for inclusion (if not content itself) has been obtained
from a number of Unofficial HOWTOs - to each such author a big "Thank-you" is also offered.
Please keep publishing your Unofficial HOWTOs - they are a source of inspiration and
application knowledge that is most to be desired by many Samba users and administrators.
</p></div></div></div><div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2800262">Legal Notice</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2800284">Attributions</a></dt><dt>I. <a href="#introduction">General Installation</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1. <a href="#IntroSMB">Introduction to Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2858420">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858477">Terminology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858614">Related Projects</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858693">SMB Methodology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858782">Epilogue</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858868">Miscellaneous</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="#install">How to Install and Test SAMBA</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2859057">Obtaining and Installing Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2859092">Configuring Samba (smb.conf)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2859129">Configuration file syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2859290">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867707">SWAT</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2867772">List Shares Available on the Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867838">Connect with a UNIX Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867956">Connect from a Remote SMB Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868048">What If Things Don't Work?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868080">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868092">Large Number of smbd Processes</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868201">Error Message: open_oplock_ipc</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868240">The network name cannot be found</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="#FastStart">Fast Start for the Impatient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868338">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>II. <a href="#type">Server Configuration Basics</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4. <a href="#ServerType">Server Types and Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868522">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868620">Server Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868708">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868813">User Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868936">Share Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869048">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869344">ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869451">Server Security (User Level Security)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2869727">Password Checking</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869923">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2869952">What Makes Samba a Server?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869991">What Makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870027">What Makes Samba a Domain Member?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870064">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="#samba-pdc">Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2852843">Basics of Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2852858">Domain Controller Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2871603">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2871980">Domain Control  Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872474">Samba ADS Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872512">Domain and Network Logon Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2872527">Domain Network Logon Service</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872962">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2873093">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873100">$ Cannot Be Included in Machine Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873184">Joining Domain Fails Because of Existing Machine Account</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873244">The System Cannot Log You On (C000019B)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873345">The Machine Trust Account Is Not Accessible</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873422">Account Disabled</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873454">Domain Controller Unavailable</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873477">Cannot Log onto Domain Member Workstation After Joining Domain</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="#samba-bdc">Backup Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874075">Essential Background Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2874103">MS Windows NT4-style Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874397">LDAP Configuration Notes</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874616">Active Directory Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874638">What Qualifies a Domain Controller on the Network?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874679">How does a Workstation find its Domain Controller?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2875291">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875313">Machine Accounts Keep Expiring</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875368">Can Samba Be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875402">How Do I Replicate the smbpasswd File?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875470">Can I Do This All with LDAP?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="#domain-member">Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875708">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876369">Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876636">On-the-Fly Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876716">Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#domain-member-server">Domain Member Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877448">Why Is This Better Than security = server?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877654">Configure smb.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877790">Configure /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-create-machine-account">Create the Computer Account</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-server">Testing Server Setup</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878363">Notes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2878399">Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878532">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878561">Cannot Add Machine Back to Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878595">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878759">I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href="#StandAloneServer">Stand-alone Servers</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878847">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878885">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878958">Example Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#RefDocServer">Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#SimplePrintServer">Central Print Serving</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2879591">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href="#ClientConfig">MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879654">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>III. <a href="#optional">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>10. <a href="#NetworkBrowsing">Network Browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879808">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="#netdiscuss">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870902">TCP/IP without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="#adsdnstech">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2871266">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#DMB">Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882657">DOMAIN Browsing Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing Samba to Be the Master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883073">Making Samba the Domain Master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883250">Note about Broadcast Addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883267">Multiple Interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883303">Use of the Remote Announce Parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883462">Use of the Remote Browse Sync Parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883539">WINS  The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883731">WINS Server Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884003">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884040">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2884125">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884138">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884219">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2884394">Technical Overview of Browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884448">Browsing Support in Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884579">Problem Resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884709">Cross-Subnet Browsing</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2885483">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2885497">How Can One Flush the Samba NetBIOS Name Cache without Restarting Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885564">Server Resources Can Not Be Listed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885620">I get an `Unable to browse the network' error</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885679">Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>11. <a href="#passdb">Account Information Databases</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886163">Backward Compatibility Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2886323">New Backends</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#passdbtech">Technical Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886715">Important Notes About Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2886952">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#idmapbackend">Mapping Common UIDs/GIDs on Distributed Machines</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#acctmgmttools">Account Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2887270">The smbpasswd Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2887857">Password Backends</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2887908">Plaintext</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2887948">smbpasswd  Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888074">tdbsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888128">ldapsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890210">MySQL</a></dt><dt><a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891304">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891310">Users Cannot Logon</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891353">Users Being Added to the Wrong Backend Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891445">Configuration of auth methods</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>12. <a href="#groupmapping">Group Mapping  MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2892074">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2892376">Default Users, Groups and Relative Identifiers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893011">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2893090">Configuration Scripts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893104">Sample smb.conf Add Group Script</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893239">Script to Configure Group Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2893347">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893361">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893430">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893456">Adding Domain Users to the Power Users Group</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>13. <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894048">File System Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894478">Managing Directories</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894573">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2894812">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2896108">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2896192">Share Permissions Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2896500">MS Windows Access Control Lists and UNIX Interoperability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2896509">Managing UNIX Permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896565">Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896647">Viewing File Ownership</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896786">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897037">Modifying File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897629">Interaction with the Standard Samba File Attribute Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2897717">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2897731">Users Cannot Write to a Public Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898158">File Operations Done as root with force user Set</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898213">MS Word with Samba Changes Owner of File</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>14. <a href="#locking">File and Record Locking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898467">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898524">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898671">Opportunistic Locking Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899379">Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899500">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899930">MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900155">Workstation Service Entries</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900183">Server Service Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2900262">Persistent Data Corruption</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900292">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900373">locking.tdb Error Messages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900406">Problems Saving Files in MS Office on Windows XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900427">Long Delays Deleting Files Over Network with XP SP1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2900458">Additional Reading</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>15. <a href="#securing-samba">Securing Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900637">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900682">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900766">Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900786">Using Host-Based Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900887">User-Based Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900946">Using Interface Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901029">Using a Firewall</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901086">Using IPC$ Share-Based Denials </a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901170">NTLMv2 Security</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2901229">Upgrading Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901253">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901272">Smbclient Works on Localhost, but the Network Is Dead</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901297">Why Can Users Access Home Directories of Other Users?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>16. <a href="#InterdomainTrusts">Interdomain Trust Relationships</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901653">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901682">Trust Relationship Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901765">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901793">Creating an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901865">Completing an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901924">Inter-Domain Trust Facilities</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2902123">Configuring Samba NT-Style Domain Trusts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#samba-trusted-domain">Samba as the Trusted Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902332">Samba as the Trusting Domain</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2902474">NT4-Style Domain Trusts with Windows 2000</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902580">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>17. <a href="#msdfs">Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902681">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902970">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903011">MSDFS UNIX Path Is Case-Critical</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>18. <a href="#printing">Classical Printing Support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903188">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903288">Technical Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903354">Client to Samba Print Job Processing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903425">Printing Related Configuration Parameters</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2903521">Simple Print Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903734">Verifing Configuration with testparm</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903850">Rapid Configuration Validation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2904190">Extended Printing Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2904542">Detailed Explanation Settings</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2906936">Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2907089">Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907232">The Obsoleted [printer$] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907332">Creating the [print$] Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907877">The [print$] Share Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2908048">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2908167">Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#inst-rpc">Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910041">Client Driver Installation Procedure</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910060">First Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910292">Setting Device Modes on New Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910635">Additional Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910743">Always Make First Client Connection as root or printer admin</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910927">Other Gotchas</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910952">Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911376">Supporting Large Numbers of Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911980">Error Message: Cannot connect under a different Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912087">Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912446">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912531">Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2912556">The Imprints Toolset</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2912594">What is Imprints?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912636">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912655">The Imprints Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912675">The Installation Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2912837">Adding Network Printers without User Interaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913162">The addprinter Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913208">Migration of Classical Printing to Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913384">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913407">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913415">I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913466">My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>19. <a href="#CUPS-printing">CUPS Printing Support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913595">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913602">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913653">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913705">Basic CUPS Support Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914049">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914245">More Complex CUPS smb.conf Settings</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2914612">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914632">Central Spooling vs. Peer-to-Peer Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914686">Raw Print Serving  Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914746">Installation of Windows Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2915221">Advanced Intelligent Printing with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915877">Ghostscript  the Software RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916020">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916096">Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916202">CUPS Also Uses PPDs for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2916232">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2916406">MIME Types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916810">Filtering  Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917004">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917114">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917238">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917435">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917514">rasterto [printers specific]</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917666">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918031">The Role of cupsomatic/foomatic</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918196">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918210">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918275">Raw Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918384">application/octet-stream Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918652">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for Non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919266">Examples for Filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919651">Sources of CUPS Drivers/PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919788">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2919880">Network Printing (Purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2919900">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919956">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920140">Network Printing (Windows Clients  UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920162">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920357">Samba Receiving Jobfiles and Passing Them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920446">Network PostScript RIP</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920548">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920608">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920689">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920707">Printer Drivers Running in Kernel Mode Cause Many
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920752">Workarounds Impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920773">CUPS: A Magical Stone?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920836">PostScript Drivers with No Major Problems  Even in Kernel
Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920901">Configuring CUPS for Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920920">cupsaddsmb: The Unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921036">Prepare Your smb.conf for cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921278">CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921567">Recognizing Different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921697">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921727">ESP Print Pro PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922094">Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922324">Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922468">Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922875">How to Recognize If cupsaddsmb Completed Successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922973">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923060">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923144">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923324">Avoiding Critical PostScript Driver Settings on the Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2923606">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923752">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923881">Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925432">Troubleshooting Revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2925844">Trivial Database Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925923">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925993">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926051">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2926196">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2926383">foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927179">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2927729">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2927771">Setting Up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927841">Correct and Incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927889">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928018">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928187">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928267">Future Developments</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2928322">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928553">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2928617">CUPS Configuration Settings Explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928890">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2928948">Printing from CUPS to Windows Attached Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929244">More CUPS-Filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929337">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2929343">Windows 9x/ME Client Can't Install Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929362">cupsaddsmb Keeps Asking for Root Password in Never-ending Loop</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929412">cupsaddsmb Errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929496">Client Can't Connect to Samba Printer</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929524">New Account Reconnection from Windows 200x/XP Troubles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929628">Avoid Being Connected to the Samba Server as the Wrong User</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929680">Upgrading to CUPS Drivers from Adobe Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929723">Can't Use cupsaddsmb on Samba Server Which Is a PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929762">Deleted Windows 200x Printer Driver Is Still Shown</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929800">Windows 200x/XP "Local Security Policies"</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929816">Administrator Cannot Install Printers for All Local Users</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929845">Print Change Notify Functions on NT-clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929873">WinXP-SP1</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929925">Print Options for All Users Can't Be Set on Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930240">Most Common Blunders in Driver Settings on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930302">cupsaddsmb Does Not Work with Newly Installed Printer</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930358">Permissions on /var/spool/samba/ Get Reset After Each Reboot</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930473">Print Queue Called lp Mis-handles Print Jobs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930530">Location of Adobe PostScript Driver Files for cupsaddsmb</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2930588">Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>20. <a href="#VFS">Stackable VFS modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2930792">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930810">Discussion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931062">Included Modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931069">audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931106">extd_audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#fakeperms">fake_perms</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931279">recycle</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931509">netatalk</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931554">VFS Modules Available Elsewhere</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931576">DatabaseFS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931637">vscan</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>21. <a href="#winbind">Winbind: Use of Domain Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931874">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931999">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932080">What Winbind Provides</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932156">Target Uses</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932186">How Winbind Works</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932215">Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932249">Microsoft Active Directory Services</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932275">Name Service Switch</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932410">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932488">User and Group ID Allocation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932521">Result Caching</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932558">Installation and Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932565">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932631">Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932714">Testing Things Out</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2934471">Conclusion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934490">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934544">NSCD Problem Warning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934590">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>22. <a href="#AdvancedNetworkManagement">Advanced Network Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934800">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934972">Remote Desktop Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934990">Remote Management from NoMachine.Com</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2935223">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935452">Adding Printers without User Intervention</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>23. <a href="#PolicyMgmt">System and Account Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935567">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2935660">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935794">Windows 9x/ME Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2935906">Windows NT4-Style Policy Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936048">MS Windows 200x/XP Professional Policies</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2936349">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936508">Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936523">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936619">Windows NT4/200x</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936643">Samba PDC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2936688">System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936833">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936847">Policy Does Not Work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>24. <a href="#ProfileMgmt">Desktop Profile Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936948">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936982">Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2937023">Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2937581">Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2938927">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP Workstations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939015">Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2939345">Mandatory Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939441">Creating and Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939493">Default Profile for Windows Users</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939523">MS Windows 9x/Me</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939674">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2940295">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2940861">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2940874">Configuring Roaming Profiles for a Few Users or Groups</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2940940">Cannot Use Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2941149">Changing the Default Profile</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>25. <a href="#pam">PAM-Based Distributed Authentication</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2941434">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2941758">Technical Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2941789">PAM Configuration Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2942786">Example System Configurations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943135">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943224">Remote CIFS Authentication Using winbindd.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943347">Password Synchronization Using pam_smbpass.so</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2943806">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2943820">pam_winbind Problem</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943930">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>26. <a href="#integrate-ms-networks">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2944182">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944206">Background Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944270">Name Resolution in a Pure UNIX/Linux World</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2944327">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944478">/etc/resolv.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944522">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944587">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2944702">Name Resolution as Used within MS Windows Networking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945054">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945120">The LMHOSTS File</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945368">HOSTS File</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945400">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945433">WINS Lookup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2945549">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945564">Pinging Works Only in One Way</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945606">Very Slow Network Connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945657">Samba Server Name Change Problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>27. <a href="#unicode">Unicode/Charsets</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945897">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945942">What Are Charsets and Unicode?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946022">Samba and Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946150">Conversion from Old Names</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946166">Japanese Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946304">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946311">CP850.so Can't Be Found</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>28. <a href="#Backup">Samba Backup Techniques</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946426">Note</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946440">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>29. <a href="#SambaHA">High Availability Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946510">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>IV. <a href="#migration">Migration and Updating</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>30. <a href="#upgrading-to-3.0">Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946658">Quick Migration Guide</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946780">New Features in Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946934">Configuration Parameter Changes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946956">Removed Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947087">New Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947507">Modified Parameters (Changes in Behavior):</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2947587">New Functionality</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2947594">Databases</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947847">Changes in Behavior</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947918">Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948101">LDAP</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>31. <a href="#NT4Migration">Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2948538">Planning and Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2948564">Objectives</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949280">Migration Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949385">Planning for Success</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949668">Samba-3 Implementation Choices</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>32. <a href="#SWAT">SWAT  The Samba Web Administration Tool</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2950147">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950242">Guidelines and Technical Tips</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2950256">Validate SWAT Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#xinetd">Enabling SWAT for Use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950853">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950981">Enabling SWAT Internationalization Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2951151">Overview and Quick Tour</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951167">The SWAT Home Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951241">Global Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951361">Share Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951425">Printers Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951490">The SWAT Wizard</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951563">The Status Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951615">The View Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951639">The Password Change Page</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>V. <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>33. <a href="#diagnosis">The Samba Checklist</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951796">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951834">Assumptions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>34. <a href="#problems">Analyzing and Solving Samba Problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953779">Diagnostics Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953800">Debugging with Samba Itself</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953964">Tcpdump</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954001">Ethereal</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954144">The Windows Network Monitor</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954461">Useful URLs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954502">Getting Mailing List Help</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954678">How to Get Off the Mailing Lists</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>35. <a href="#bugreport">Reporting Bugs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2954832">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954895">General Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954932">Debug Levels</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955140">Internal Errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955276">Attaching to a Running Process</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955322">Patches</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>VI. <a href="#Appendixes">Appendixes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>36. <a href="#compiling">How to Compile Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955518">Access Samba Source Code via CVS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955526">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955572">CVS Access to samba.org</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955835">Accessing the Samba Sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955913">Verifying Samba's PGP Signature</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956076">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956292">Compiling Samba with Active Directory Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2956481">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956836">Alternative: Starting smbd as a Daemon</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>37. <a href="#Portability">Portability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957036">HPUX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957124">SCO UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957179">DNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957348">Red Hat Linux</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957392">AIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957399">Sequential Read Ahead</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957425">Solaris</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957432">Locking Improvements</a></dt><dt><a href="#winbind-solaris9">Winbind on Solaris 9</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>38. <a href="#Other-Clients">Samba and Other CIFS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957653">Macintosh Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957729">OS2 Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957736">Configuring OS/2 Warp Connect or OS/2 Warp 4</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957871">Configuring Other Versions of OS/2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957934">Printer Driver Download for OS/2 Clients</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958040">Windows for Workgroups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958047">Latest TCP/IP Stack from Microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958134">Delete .pwl Files After Password Change</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958164">Configuring Windows for Workgroups Password Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958224">Password Case Sensitivity</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958262">Use TCP/IP as Default Protocol</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958280">Speed Improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958326">Windows 95/98</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958400">Speed Improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958424">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958626">Windows NT 3.1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>39. <a href="#speed">Samba Performance Tuning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958759">Comparisons</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958804">Socket Options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958895">Read Size</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958945">Max Xmit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959000">Log Level</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959031">Read Raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959115">Write Raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959178">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959207">Client Tuning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959230">Samba Performance Problem Due to Changing Linux Kernel</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959289">Corrupt tdb Files</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>40. <a href="#DNSDHCP">DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959408">Note</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>41. <a href="#Further-Resources">Further Resources</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959475">Websites</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959872">Related updates from Microsoft</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2959942">Index</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-figures"><p><b>List of Figures</b></p><dl><dt>5.1. <a href="#domain-example">An Example Domain.</a></dt><dt>10.1. <a href="#browsing1">Cross-Subnet Browsing Example.</a></dt><dt>11.1. <a href="#idmap-sid2uid">IDMAP: Resolution of SIDs to UIDs.</a></dt><dt>11.2. <a href="#idmap-uid2sid">IDMAP: Resolution of UIDs to SIDs.</a></dt><dt>12.1. <a href="#idmap-sid2gid">IDMAP: group SID to GID resolution.</a></dt><dt>12.2. <a href="#idmap-gid2sid">IDMAP: GID resolution to matching SID.</a></dt><dt>12.3. <a href="#idmap-store-gid2sid">IDMAP storing group mappings.</a></dt><dt>13.1. <a href="#access1">Overview of UNIX permissions field.</a></dt><dt>16.1. <a href="#trusts1">Trusts overview.</a></dt><dt>19.1. <a href="#1small">Windows printing to a local printer.</a></dt><dt>19.2. <a href="#2small">Printing to a PostScript printer.</a></dt><dt>19.3. <a href="#3small">Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers.</a></dt><dt>19.4. <a href="#4small">Pre-filtering in CUPS to form PostScript.</a></dt><dt>19.5. <a href="#5small">Adding device-specific print options.</a></dt><dt>19.6. <a href="#6small">PostScript to intermediate raster format.</a></dt><dt>19.7. <a href="#7small">CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript.</a></dt><dt>19.8. <a href="#small8">Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion.</a></dt><dt>19.9. <a href="#small9">Raster to printer-specific formats.</a></dt><dt>19.10. <a href="#cupsomatic-dia">cupsomatic/foomatic Processing versus Native CUPS.</a></dt><dt>19.11. <a href="#pdftosocket">PDF to socket chain.</a></dt><dt>19.12. <a href="#pdftoepsonusb">PDF to USB chain.</a></dt><dt>19.13. <a href="#small11">Print driver execution on the client.</a></dt><dt>19.14. <a href="#small12">Print driver execution on the server.</a></dt><dt>19.15. <a href="#13small">Printing via CUPS/Samba server.</a></dt><dt>19.16. <a href="#small14">cupsaddsmb flowchart.</a></dt><dt>19.17. <a href="#cups1">Filtering chain 1.</a></dt><dt>19.18. <a href="#cups2">Filtering chain with cupsomatic</a></dt><dt>19.19. <a href="#a_small">CUPS printing overview.</a></dt><dt>34.1. <a href="#ethereal1">Starting a capture.</a></dt><dt>34.2. <a href="#ethereal2">Main ethereal data window.</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>6.1. <a href="#pdc-bdc-table">Domain Backend Account Distribution Options</a></dt><dt>7.1. <a href="#assumptions">Assumptions</a></dt><dt>10.1. <a href="#browsubnet">Browse Subnet Example 1</a></dt><dt>10.2. <a href="#brsbex">Browse Subnet Example 2</a></dt><dt>10.3. <a href="#brsex2">Browse Subnet Example 3</a></dt><dt>10.4. <a href="#brsex3">Browse Subnet Example 4</a></dt><dt>11.1. <a href="#attribobjclPartA">Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)  Part A</a></dt><dt>11.2. <a href="#attribobjclPartB">Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)  Part B</a></dt><dt>11.3. <a href="#ldappwsync">Possible ldap passwd sync values</a></dt><dt>11.4. <a href="#mysqlpbe">Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend</a></dt><dt>11.5. <a href="#moremysqlpdbe">MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend</a></dt><dt>12.1. <a href="#WKURIDS">Well-Known User Default RIDs</a></dt><dt>13.1. <a href="#id2894498">Managing Directories with UNIX and Windows</a></dt><dt>13.2. <a href="#ugbc">User and Group Based Controls</a></dt><dt>13.3. <a href="#fdpbc">File and Directory Permission Based Controls</a></dt><dt>13.4. <a href="#mcoc">Other Controls</a></dt><dt>18.1. <a href="#printOptions">Default Printing Settings</a></dt><dt>19.1. <a href="#cups-ppds">PPDs shipped with CUPS</a></dt><dt>20.1. <a href="#xtdaudit">Extended Auditing Log Information</a></dt><dt>24.1. <a href="#ProfileLocs">User Shell Folder Registry Keys Default Values</a></dt><dt>24.2. <a href="#regkeys">Defaults of Profile Settings Registry Keys</a></dt><dt>24.3. <a href="#defregpthkeys">Defaults of Default User Profile Paths Registry Keys</a></dt><dt>25.1. <a href="#smbpassoptions">Options recognized by pam_smbpass</a></dt><dt>26.1. <a href="#uniqnetbiosnames">Unique NetBIOS Names</a></dt><dt>26.2. <a href="#netbiosnamesgrp">Group Names</a></dt><dt>30.1. <a href="#tdbfiledesc">TDB File Descriptions</a></dt><dt>31.1. <a href="#majtypes">The Three Major Site Types</a></dt><dt>31.2. <a href="#natconchoices">Nature of the Conversion Choices</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-examples"><p><b>List of Examples</b></p><dl><dt>2.1. <a href="#smbconfminimal">A minimal smb.conf</a></dt><dt>2.2. <a href="#simple-example">Another simple smb.conf File</a></dt><dt>5.1. <a href="#pdc-example">smb.conf for being a PDC</a></dt><dt>5.2. <a href="#PDC-config">smb.conf for being a PDC</a></dt><dt>6.1. <a href="#minimalPDC">Minimal smb.conf for a PDC in Use With a BDC  LDAP Server on PDC.</a></dt><dt>6.2. <a href="#mulitldapcfg">Multiple LDAP Servers in smb.conf</a></dt><dt>6.3. <a href="#minim-bdc">Minimal setup for being a BDC</a></dt><dt>8.1. <a href="#simplynice">smb.conf for Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt>8.2. <a href="#AnonPtrSvr">smb.conf for Anonymous Printing</a></dt><dt>10.1. <a href="#dmbexample">Domain Master Browser smb.conf</a></dt><dt>10.2. <a href="#lmbexample">Local master browser smb.conf</a></dt><dt>10.3. <a href="#nombexample">smb.conf for not being a Master Browser</a></dt><dt>10.4. <a href="#remsmb">Local Master Browser smb.conf</a></dt><dt>10.5. <a href="#xremmb">smb.conf for not being a master browser</a></dt><dt>11.1. <a href="#idmapbackendexample">Example configuration with the LDAP idmap backend</a></dt><dt>11.2. <a href="#confldapex">Configuration with LDAP</a></dt><dt>11.3. <a href="#mysqlsam">Example configuration for the MySQL passdb backend</a></dt><dt>12.1. <a href="#smbgrpadd.sh">smbgrpadd.sh</a></dt><dt>12.2. <a href="#smbgrpadd">Configuration of smb.conf for the add group script.</a></dt><dt>12.3. <a href="#set-group-map">Script to Set Group Mapping</a></dt><dt>13.1. <a href="#id2894724">Example File</a></dt><dt>14.1. <a href="#far1">Share with some files oplocked</a></dt><dt>14.2. <a href="#far3">Configuration with oplock break contention limit</a></dt><dt>17.1. <a href="#dfscfg">smb.conf with DFS configured</a></dt><dt>18.1. <a href="#simpleprc">Simple configuration with BSD printing</a></dt><dt>18.2. <a href="#extbsdpr">Extended BSD Printing Configuration</a></dt><dt>18.3. <a href="#prtdollar">[print\$] example</a></dt><dt>19.1. <a href="#cups-exam-simple">Simplest printing-related smb.conf</a></dt><dt>19.2. <a href="#overridesettings">Overriding global CUPS settings for one printer</a></dt><dt>19.3. <a href="#cupsadd-ex">smb.conf for cupsaddsmb usage</a></dt><dt>20.1. <a href="#vfsrecyc">smb.conf with VFS modules</a></dt><dt>20.2. <a href="#multimodule">smb.conf with multiple VFS modules</a></dt><dt>21.1. <a href="#winbindcfg">smb.conf for Winbind set-up</a></dt><dt>33.1. <a href="#tmpshare">smb.conf with [tmp] share</a></dt><dt>33.2. <a href="#modif1">Configuration for only allowing connections from a certain subnet</a></dt><dt>33.3. <a href="#modif2">Configuration for allowing connections from a certain subnet and localhost</a></dt><dt>38.1. <a href="#minimalprofile">Minimal profile share</a></dt></dl></div><div class="preface" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="id2800262"></a>Legal Notice</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This documentation is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) 
version 2.  A copy of the license is included with the Samba source
distribution.  A copy can be found on-line at <ulink url="http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt">http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt</ulink>
</p></div><div class="preface" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="id2800284"></a>Attributions</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p><link linkend="IntroSMB"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>David Lechnyr &lt;<ulink url="mailto:david@lechnyr.com">david@lechnyr.com</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="install"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Karl Auer &lt;<ulink url="mailto:kauer@biplane.com.au">kauer@biplane.com.au</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Dan Shearer &lt;<ulink url="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="FastStart"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="ServerType"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="samba-pdc"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>David Bannon &lt;<ulink url="mailto:dbannon@samba.org">dbannon@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Guenther Deschner &lt;<ulink url="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</ulink>&gt; (LDAP updates) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="samba-bdc"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Volker Lendecke &lt;<ulink url="mailto:Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE">Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Guenther Deschner &lt;<ulink url="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</ulink>&gt; (LDAP updates) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="domain-member"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Guenther Deschner &lt;<ulink url="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</ulink>&gt; (LDAP updates) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="StandAloneServer"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="ClientConfig"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="NetworkBrowsing"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="passdb"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Guenther Deschner &lt;<ulink url="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</ulink>&gt; (LDAP updates) </p></li><li><p>Olivier (lem) Lemaire &lt;<ulink url="mailto:olem@IDEALX.org">olem@IDEALX.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="groupmapping"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jean François Micouleau</p></li><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="AccessControls"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt; (drawing) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="locking"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Eric Roseme &lt;<ulink url="mailto:eric.roseme@hp.com">eric.roseme@hp.com</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="securing-samba"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="InterdomainTrusts"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Rafal Szczesniak &lt;<ulink url="mailto:mimir@samba.org">mimir@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt; (drawing) </p></li><li><p>Stephen Langasek &lt;<ulink url="mailto:vorlon@netexpress.net">vorlon@netexpress.net</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="msdfs"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Shirish Kalele &lt;<ulink url="mailto:samba@samba.org">samba@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="printing"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Kurt Pfeifle &lt;<ulink url="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="CUPS-printing"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Kurt Pfeifle &lt;<ulink url="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Ciprian Vizitiu &lt;<ulink url="mailto:CVizitiu@gbif.org">CVizitiu@gbif.org</ulink>&gt; (drawings) </p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt; (drawings) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="VFS"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Tim Potter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tpot@samba.org">tpot@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Simo Sorce (original vfs_skel README) </p></li><li><p>Alexander Bokovoy (original vfs_netatalk docs) </p></li><li><p>Stefan Metzmacher (Update for multiple modules) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="winbind"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Tim Potter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tpot@linuxcare.com.au">tpot@linuxcare.com.au</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Naag Mummaneni &lt;<ulink url="mailto:getnag@rediffmail.com">getnag@rediffmail.com</ulink>&gt; (Notes for Solaris) </p></li><li><p>John Trostel &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jtrostel@snapserver.com">jtrostel@snapserver.com</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="AdvancedNetworkManagement"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="PolicyMgmt"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="ProfileMgmt"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="pam"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Stephen Langasek &lt;<ulink url="mailto:vorlon@netexpress.net">vorlon@netexpress.net</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="integrate-ms-networks"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="unicode"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>TAKAHASHI Motonobu &lt;<ulink url="mailto:monyo@home.monyo.com">monyo@home.monyo.com</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="Backup"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="SambaHA"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="upgrading-to-3.0"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="NT4Migration"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="SWAT"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="diagnosis"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Dan Shearer &lt;<ulink url="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="problems"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Gerald (Jerry)  Carter &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>David Bannon &lt;<ulink url="mailto:dbannon@samba.org">dbannon@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Dan Shearer &lt;<ulink url="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="bugreport"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="compiling"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<ulink url="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="Portability"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="Other-Clients"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Dan Shearer &lt;<ulink url="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jim McDonough &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jmcd@us.ibm.com">jmcd@us.ibm.com</ulink>&gt; (OS/2) </p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="speed"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Paul Cochrane &lt;<ulink url="mailto:paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk">paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="DNSDHCP"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John H.  Terpstra &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="Further-Resources"></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer R.  Vernooij &lt;<ulink url="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</ulink>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="introduction"></a>General Installation</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="partintro" lang="en"><div><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2858337"></a>Preparing Samba for Configuration</h1></div></div><div></div></div><p>This section of the Samba-HOWTO-Collection contains general info on how to install samba 
and how to configure the parts of samba you will most likely need.
PLEASE read this.</p><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>1. <a href="#IntroSMB">Introduction to Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2858420">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858477">Terminology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858614">Related Projects</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858693">SMB Methodology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858782">Epilogue</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858868">Miscellaneous</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="#install">How to Install and Test SAMBA</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2859057">Obtaining and Installing Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2859092">Configuring Samba (smb.conf)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2859129">Configuration file syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2859290">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867707">SWAT</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2867772">List Shares Available on the Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867838">Connect with a UNIX Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867956">Connect from a Remote SMB Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868048">What If Things Don't Work?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868080">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868092">Large Number of smbd Processes</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868201">Error Message: open_oplock_ipc</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868240">The network name cannot be found</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="#FastStart">Fast Start for the Impatient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868338">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="IntroSMB"></a>Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Lechnyr</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Unofficial HOWTO<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:david@lechnyr.com">david@lechnyr.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 14, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2858420">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858477">Terminology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858614">Related Projects</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858693">SMB Methodology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858782">Epilogue</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2858868">Miscellaneous</a></dt></dl></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
"If you understand what you're doing, you're not learning anything." 
-- Anonymous
</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Samba is a file and print server for Windows-based clients using TCP/IP as the underlying
transport protocol. In fact, it can support any SMB/CIFS-enabled client. One of Samba's big
strengths is that you can use it to blend your mix of Windows and Linux machines together
without requiring a separate Windows NT/2000/2003 Server.  Samba is actively being developed
by a global team of about 30 active programmers and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2858420"></a>Background</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Once long ago, there was a buzzword referred to as DCE/RPC. This stood for Distributed
Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Calls and conceptually was a good idea. It was
originally developed by Apollo/HP as NCA 1.0 (Network Computing Architecture) and only
ran over UDP. When there was a need to run it over TCP so that it would be compatible
with DECnet 3.0, it was redesigned, submitted to The Open Group, and officially became
known as DCE/RPC. Microsoft came along and decided, rather than pay $20 per seat to
license this technology, to reimplement DCE/RPC themselves as MSRPC. From this, the
concept continued in the form of SMB (Server Message Block, or the "what") using the
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System, or the "how") compatibility layer. You can
run SMB (i.e., transport) over several different protocols; many different implementations
arose as a result, including NBIPX (NetBIOS over IPX, NwLnkNb, or NWNBLink) and NBT
(NetBIOS over TCP/IP, or NetBT). As the years passed, NBT became the most common form
of implementation until the advance of "Direct-Hosted TCP" -- the Microsoft marketing
term for eliminating NetBIOS entirely and running SMB by itself across TCP port 445
only. As of yet, direct-hosted TCP has yet to catch on.
</p><p>
Perhaps the best summary of the origins of SMB are voiced in the 1997 article titled, CIFS:
Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny:
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Several megabytes of NT-security archives, random whitepapers, RFCs, the CIFS spec, the Samba
stuff, a few MS knowledge-base articles, strings extracted from binaries, and packet dumps have
been dutifully waded through during the information-gathering stages of this project, and there
are *still* many missing pieces... While often tedious, at least the way has been generously
littered with occurrences of clapping hand to forehead and muttering 'crikey, what are they
thinking?
</em></span></p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2858477"></a>Terminology</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	SMB: Acronym for "Server Message Block". This is Microsoft's file and printer sharing protocol.
	</p></li><li><p>
	CIFS: Acronym for "Common Internet File System". Around 1996, Microsoft apparently
	decided that SMB needed the word "Internet" in it, so they changed it to CIFS.  
	</p></li><li><p>
	Direct-Hosted: A method of providing file/printer sharing services over port 445/tcp
	only using DNS for name resolution instead of WINS.
	</p></li><li><p>
	IPC: Acronym for "Inter-Process Communication". A method to communicate specific
	information between programs.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Marshalling: - A method of serializing (i.e., sequential ordering of) variable data
	suitable for transmission via a network connection or storing in a file. The source
	data can be re-created using a similar process called unmarshalling.
	</p></li><li><p>
	NetBIOS: Acronym for "Network Basic Input/Output System". This is not a protocol;
	it is a method of communication across an existing protocol. This is a standard which
	was originally developed for IBM by Sytek in 1983. To exaggerate the analogy a bit,
	it can help to think of this in comparison your computer's BIOS -- it controls the
	essential functions of your input/output hardware -- whereas NetBIOS controls the
	essential functions of your input/output traffic via the network. Again, this is a bit
	of an exaggeration but it should help that paradigm shift. What is important to realize
	is that NetBIOS is a transport standard, not a protocol. Unfortunately, even technically
	brilliant people tend to interchange NetBIOS with terms like NetBEUI without a second
	thought; this will cause no end (and no doubt) of confusion.
	</p></li><li><p>
	NetBEUI: Acronym for the "NetBIOS Extended User Interface". Unlike NetBIOS, NetBEUI
	is a protocol, not a standard. It is also not routable, so traffic on one side of a
	router will be unable to communicate with the other side. Understanding NetBEUI is
	not essential to deciphering SMB; however it helps to point out that it is not the
	same as NetBIOS and to improve your score in trivia at parties. NetBEUI was originally
	referred to by Microsoft as "NBF", or "The Windows NT NetBEUI Frame protocol driver".
	It is not often heard from these days.
	</p></li><li><p>
	NBT: Acronym for "NetBIOS over TCP"; also known as "NetBT". Allows the continued use
	of NetBIOS traffic proxied over TCP/IP. As a result, NetBIOS names are made 
	to IP addresses and NetBIOS name types are conceptually equivalent to TCP/IP ports.
	This is how file and printer sharing are accomplished in Windows 95/98/ME. They 
	traditionally rely on three ports: NetBIOS Name Service (nbname) via UDP port 137, 
	NetBIOS Datagram Service (nbdatagram) via UDP port 138, and NetBIOS Session Service 
	(nbsession) via TCP port 139. All name resolution is done via WINS, NetBIOS broadcasts, 
	and DNS. NetBIOS over TCP is documented in RFC 1001 (Concepts and methods) and RFC 1002 
	(Detailed specifications).
	</p></li><li><p>
	W2K: Acronym for Windows 2000 Professional or Server
	</p></li><li><p>
	W3K: Acronym for Windows 2003 Server
	</p></li></ul></div><p>If you plan on getting help, make sure to subscribe to the Samba Mailing List (available at 
<ulink url="http://www.samba.org/">http://www.samba.org</ulink>). 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2858614"></a>Related Projects</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are currently two network filesystem client projects for Linux that are directly
related to Samba: SMBFS and CIFS VFS.  These are both available in the Linux kernel itself.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	SMBFS (Server Message Block File System) allows you to mount SMB shares (the protocol
	that Microsoft Windows and OS/2 Lan Manager use to share files and printers 
	over local networks) and access them just like any other Unix directory. This is useful 
	if you just want to mount such filesystems without being a SMBFS server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	CIFS VFS (Common Internet File System Virtual File System) is the successor to SMBFS, and
        is being actively developed for the upcoming version of the Linux kernel. The intent of this module
        is to provide advanced network file system functionality including support for dfs (hierarchical
	name space), secure per-user session establishment, safe distributed caching (oplock), 
	optional packet signing, Unicode and other internationalization improvements, and optional 
	Winbind (nsswitch) integration.
        </p></li></ul></div><p>
Again, it's important to note that these are implementations for client filesystems, and have
nothing to do with acting as a file and print server for SMB/CIFS clients.
</p><p>
There are other Open Source CIFS client implementations, such as the 
<ulink url="http://jcifs.samba.org/">jCIFS project</ulink>
which provides an SMB client toolkit written in Java.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2858693"></a>SMB Methodology</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Traditionally, SMB uses UDP port 137 (NetBIOS name service, or netbios-ns),
UDP port 138 (NetBIOS datagram service, or netbios-dgm), and TCP port 139 (NetBIOS
session service, or netbios-ssn). Anyone looking at their network with a good
packet sniffer will be amazed at the amount of traffic generated by just opening
up a single file. In general, SMB sessions are established in the following order:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	"TCP Connection" - establish 3-way handshake (connection) to port 139/tcp
    or 445/tcp.
	</p></li><li><p>
	"NetBIOS Session Request" - using the following "Calling Names": The local
    machine's NetBIOS name plus the 16th character 0x00; The server's NetBIOS
    name plus the 16th character 0x20
	</p></li><li><p>
	"SMB Negotiate Protocol" - determine the protocol dialect to use, which will
    be one of the following: PC Network Program 1.0 (Core) - share level security
    mode only; Microsoft Networks 1.03 (Core Plus) - share level security
    mode only; Lanman1.0 (LAN Manager 1.0) - uses Challenge/Response
    Authentication; Lanman2.1 (LAN Manager 2.1) - uses Challenge/Response
    Authentication; NT LM 0.12 (NT LM 0.12) - uses Challenge/Response
    Authentication
	</p></li><li><p>
	SMB Session Startup. Passwords are encrypted (or not) according to one of
    the following methods: Null (no encryption); Cleartext (no encryption); LM
    and NTLM; NTLM; NTLMv2
	</p></li><li><p>
	SMB Tree Connect: Connect to a share name (e.g., \\servername\share); Connect
    to a service type (e.g., IPC$ named pipe)
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
A good way to examine this process in depth is to try out 
<ulink url="http://www.securityfriday.com/ToolDownload/SWB/swb_doc.html">SecurityFriday's SWB program</ulink>.
It allows you to walk through the establishment of a SMB/CIFS session step by step.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2858782"></a>Epilogue</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
What's fundamentally wrong is that nobody ever had any taste when they
did it. Microsoft has been very much into making the user interface look good,
but internally it's just a complete mess. And even people who program for Microsoft
and who have had years of experience, just don't know how it works internally.
Worse, nobody dares change it. Nobody dares to fix bugs because it's such a
mess that fixing one bug might just break a hundred programs that depend on
that bug. And Microsoft isn't interested in anyone fixing bugs -- they're interested
in making money. They don't have anybody who takes pride in Windows 95 as an
operating system.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
People inside Microsoft know it's a bad operating system and they still
continue obviously working on it because they want to get the next version out
because they want to have all these new features to sell more copies of the
system.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
The problem with that is that over time, when you have this kind of approach,
and because nobody understands it, because nobody REALLY fixes bugs (other than
when they're really obvious), the end result is really messy. You can't trust
it because under certain circumstances it just spontaneously reboots or just
halts in the middle of something that shouldn't be strange. Normally it works
fine and then once in a blue moon for some completely unknown reason, it's dead,
and nobody knows why. Not Microsoft, not the experienced user and certainly
not the completely clueless user who probably sits there shivering thinking
"What did I do wrong?" when they didn't do anything wrong at all.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
That's what's really irritating to me."
</span>&#8221;</p><p>-- 
<ulink url="http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/boot.txt">Linus Torvalds, from an interview with BOOT Magazine, Sept 1998</ulink>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2858868"></a>Miscellaneous</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter is Copyright 2003 David Lechnyr (david at lechnyr dot com).
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. A copy of the license is available at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="install"></a>Chapter 2. How to Install and Test SAMBA</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Karl</span> <span class="surname">Auer</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:kauer@biplane.com.au">kauer@biplane.com.au</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Shearer</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2859057">Obtaining and Installing Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2859092">Configuring Samba (smb.conf)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2859129">Configuration file syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2859290">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867707">SWAT</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2867772">List Shares Available on the Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867838">Connect with a UNIX Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867956">Connect from a Remote SMB Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868048">What If Things Don't Work?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868080">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868092">Large Number of smbd Processes</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868201">Error Message: open_oplock_ipc</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868240">The network name cannot be found</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2859057"></a>Obtaining and Installing Samba</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Binary packages of Samba are included in almost any Linux or
	UNIX distribution. There are also some packages available at 
	<ulink url="http://samba.org/">the Samba homepage</ulink>. Refer to 
	the manual of your operating system for details on installing packages 
	for your specific operating system.
	</p><p>If you need to compile Samba from source, check 
	<link linkend="compiling">.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2859092"></a>Configuring Samba (smb.conf)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba's configuration is stored in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, which
	usually resides in <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smb.conf</tt> 
	or <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf</tt>. You can either 
	edit this file yourself or do it using one of the many graphical 
	tools that are available, such as the Web-based interface SWAT, that 
	is included with Samba.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2859129"></a>Configuration file syntax</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file uses the same syntax as the various old 
	.ini files in Windows 3.1: Each file consists of various sections, 
	which are started by putting the section name between brackets ([]) 
	on a new line. Each contains zero or more key/value-pairs seperated by an 
	equality sign (=). The file is just a plain-text file, so you can 
	open and edit it with your favorite editing tool.</p><p>Each section in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file represents a share 
	on the Samba server. The section &#8220;<span class="quote">global</span>&#8221; is special, since it 
	contains settings that apply to the whole Samba server and not 
	to one share in particular.</p><p><link linkend="smbconfminimal"> contains a very minimal <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2859191"></a>
</p><div class="example"><a name="smbconfminimal"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 2.1. A minimal smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = WKG</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = MYNAME</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[share1]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /tmp</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[share2]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /my_shared_folder</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Some random files</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2859290"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	There are sample configuration files in the examples subdirectory in the
	distribution. It is suggested you read them carefully so you can see how the options
	go together in practice. See the man page for all the options. 
	It might be worthwhile to start out with the smb.conf.default 
	configuration file and adapt it to your needs. It contains plenty of 
	comments.
	</p><p>
	The simplest useful configuration file would contain something like shown in
	<link linkend="simple-example">.
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2859327"></a>
	</p><div class="example"><a name="simple-example"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 2.2. Another simple smb.conf File</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = no</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
	</p><p>
	This will allow connections by anyone with an account on the server, using either
	their login name or <i class="parameter"><tt>homes</tt></i> as the service name.
	(Note: The workgroup that Samba should appear in must also be set. The default
	workgroup name is WORKGROUP.)
	</p><p>
	Make sure you put the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in the correct place.
	</p><p>
	For more information about security settings for the 
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> share please refer to 
	<link linkend="securing-samba">.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2859446"></a>Test Your Config File with <b class="command">testparm</b></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	It's important to validate the contents of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file using the <span class="application">testparm</span> program.
	If testparm runs correctly, it will list the loaded services. If not, it will give an error message.
	Make sure it runs correctly and that the services look reasonable before proceeding. Enter the command: 
	</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> testparm /etc/samba/smb.conf
	</pre><p>Testparm will parse your configuration file and report 
	any unknown parameters or incorrect syntax. </p><p>
	Always run testparm again whenever the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file is changed!
	</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2867707"></a>SWAT</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2867717"></a>
	SWAT is a Web-based interface that can be used to facilitate the configuration of Samba. 
	SWAT might not be available in the Samba package that shipped with your platform, 
	but in a separate package. Please read the SWAT manpage 
	on compiling, installing and configuring SWAT from source.
	</p><p>
	To launch SWAT, just run your favorite Web browser and point it to
	<ulink url="http://localhost:901/">http://localhost:901/</ulink>.
	Replace <i class="replaceable"><tt>localhost</tt></i> with the name of the computer on which
	Samba is running if that is a different computer than your browser.
	</p><p>
	SWAT can be used from a browser on any IP-connected machine, but be aware that connecting from a remote
	machine leaves your connection open to password sniffing as passwords will be sent over the wire in the clear. 
	</p><p>More information about SWAT can be found in <link linkend="SWAT">.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867772"></a>List Shares Available on the Server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	To list shares that are available from the configured Samba server execute the
	following command:
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient -L <i class="replaceable"><tt>yourhostname</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>You should see a list of shares available on your server. If you do not, then
	something is incorrectly configured. This method can also be used to see what shares 
	are available on other SMB servers, such as Windows 2000.</p><p>If you choose user-level security you may find that Samba requests a password
	before it will list the shares. See the <b class="command">smbclient</b> man page for details.
	You can force it to list the shares without a password by adding the option
	<tt class="option">-N</tt> to the command line. </p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867838"></a>Connect with a UNIX Client</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Enter the following command:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient <i class="replaceable"><tt> //yourhostname/aservice</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>Typically <i class="replaceable"><tt>yourhostname</tt></i> is the name of the host on which <span class="application">smbd</span>
	has been installed. The <i class="replaceable"><tt>aservice</tt></i> is any service that has been defined in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
	file. Try your user name if you just have a <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> section in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.</p><p>Example: If the UNIX host is called <i class="replaceable"><tt>bambi</tt></i> and a valid login name
	is <i class="replaceable"><tt>fred</tt></i>, you would type:</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //<i class="replaceable"><tt>bambi</tt></i>/<i class="replaceable"><tt>fred</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867956"></a>Connect from a Remote SMB Client</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Now that Samba is working correctly locally, you can try to 
	access it from other clients. Within a few minutes, the Samba host 
	should be listed in the Network Neighborhood on all Windows 
	clients of its subnet. Try browsing the server from another client
	or 'mounting' it.</p><p>Mounting disks from a DOS, Windows or OS/2 client can be done by running a command such as:</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use d: \\servername\service</tt></b>
</pre><p>Try printing, e.g.</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use lpt1:	\\servername\spoolservice</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>print filename</tt></b>
</pre></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868048"></a>What If Things Don't Work?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>You might want to read <link linkend="diagnosis">.
	If you are still stuck, refer to <link linkend="problems">.
	Samba has been successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide.
	It is unlikely that your particular problem is unique, so it might be
	productive to perform an Internet search to see if someone else has encountered
	your problem and has found a way to overcome it.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868080"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following questions and issues are raised repeatedly on the Samba mailing list.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868092"></a>Large Number of smbd Processes</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba consists of three core programs: <span class="application">nmbd</span>, <span class="application">smbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span>. <span class="application">nmbd</span> is the name server message daemon,
<span class="application">smbd</span> is the server message daemon, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> is the daemon that handles communication with Domain Controllers.
</p><p>
If Samba is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> running as a WINS server, then there will be one single instance of
 <span class="application">nmbd</span> running on your system. If it is running as a WINS server then there will be
two instances  one to handle the WINS requests.
</p><p>
<span class="application">smbd</span> handles all connection requests. It spawns a new process for each client
connection made. That is why you may see so many of them, one per client connection.
</p><p>
<span class="application">winbindd</span> will run as one or two daemons, depending on whether or not it is being
run in <span class="emphasis"><em>split mode</em></span> (in which case there will be two instances).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868201"></a>Error Message: open_oplock_ipc</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>An error message is observed in the log files when <span class="application">smbd</span> is started: &#8220;<span class="quote">open_oplock_ipc: Failed to get local UDP socket
	for address 100007f. Error was Cannot assign requested.</span>&#8221;</p><p>Your loopback device isn't working correctly. Make sure it is configured correctly. The loopback
	device is an internal (virtual) network device with the IP address <span class="emphasis"><em>127.0.0.1</em></span>.
	Read your OS documentation for details on how to configure the loopback on your system.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868240"></a>&#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">The network name cannot be found</span></span>&#8221;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This error can be caused by one of these misconfigurations:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>You specified an nonexisting path
			for the share in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.</p></li><li><p>The user you are trying to access the share with does not 
			have sufficient permissions to access the path for
			the share. Both read (r) and access (x) should be possible.</p></li><li><p>The share you are trying to access does not exist.</p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="FastStart"></a>Chapter 3. Fast Start for the Impatient</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2868338">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868338"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="type"></a>Server Configuration Basics</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="partintro" lang="en"><div><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2868365"></a>First Steps in Server Configuration</h1></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba can operate in various modes within SMB networks. This HOWTO section contains information on
configuring samba to function as the type of server your network requires. Please read this
section carefully.
</p><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>4. <a href="#ServerType">Server Types and Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868522">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868620">Server Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868708">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868813">User Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868936">Share Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869048">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869344">ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869451">Server Security (User Level Security)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2869727">Password Checking</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869923">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2869952">What Makes Samba a Server?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869991">What Makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870027">What Makes Samba a Domain Member?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870064">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="#samba-pdc">Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2852843">Basics of Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2852858">Domain Controller Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2871603">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2871980">Domain Control  Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872474">Samba ADS Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872512">Domain and Network Logon Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2872527">Domain Network Logon Service</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872962">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2873093">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873100">$ Cannot Be Included in Machine Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873184">Joining Domain Fails Because of Existing Machine Account</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873244">The System Cannot Log You On (C000019B)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873345">The Machine Trust Account Is Not Accessible</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873422">Account Disabled</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873454">Domain Controller Unavailable</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873477">Cannot Log onto Domain Member Workstation After Joining Domain</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="#samba-bdc">Backup Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874075">Essential Background Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2874103">MS Windows NT4-style Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874397">LDAP Configuration Notes</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874616">Active Directory Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874638">What Qualifies a Domain Controller on the Network?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874679">How does a Workstation find its Domain Controller?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2875291">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875313">Machine Accounts Keep Expiring</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875368">Can Samba Be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875402">How Do I Replicate the smbpasswd File?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875470">Can I Do This All with LDAP?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="#domain-member">Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875708">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876369">Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876636">On-the-Fly Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876716">Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#domain-member-server">Domain Member Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877448">Why Is This Better Than security = server?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877654">Configure smb.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877790">Configure /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-create-machine-account">Create the Computer Account</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-server">Testing Server Setup</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878363">Notes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2878399">Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878532">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878561">Cannot Add Machine Back to Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878595">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878759">I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href="#StandAloneServer">Stand-alone Servers</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878847">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878885">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878958">Example Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#RefDocServer">Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#SimplePrintServer">Central Print Serving</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2879591">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href="#ClientConfig">MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879654">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="ServerType"></a>Chapter 4. Server Types and Security Modes</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2868522">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868620">Server Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868708">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868813">User Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868936">Share Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869048">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869344">ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869451">Server Security (User Level Security)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2869727">Password Checking</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869923">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2869952">What Makes Samba a Server?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869991">What Makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870027">What Makes Samba a Domain Member?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870064">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter provides information regarding the types of server that Samba may be
configured to be. A Microsoft network administrator who wishes to migrate to or
use Samba will want to know the meaning, within a Samba context, of terms familiar to MS Windows
administrator. This means that it is essential also to define how critical security
modes function before we get into the details of how to configure the server itself.
</p><p>
The chapter provides an overview of the security modes of which Samba is capable
and how they relate to MS Windows servers and clients.
</p><p>
A question often asked is, &#8220;<span class="quote">Why would I want to use Samba?</span>&#8221; Most chapters contain a section
that highlights features and benefits. We hope that the information provided will help to
answer this question. Be warned though, we want to be fair and reasonable, so not all
features are positive towards Samba. The benefit may be on the side of our competition.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868522"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Two men were walking down a dusty road, when one suddenly kicked up a small red stone. It
hurt his toe and lodged in his sandal. He took the stone out and cursed it with a passion
and fury befitting his anguish. The other looked at the stone and said, &#8220;<span class="quote">This is a garnet.
I can turn that into a precious gem and some day it will make a princess very happy!</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
The moral of this tale: Two men, two very different perspectives regarding the same stone.
Like it or not, Samba is like that stone. Treat it the right way and it can bring great
pleasure, but if you are forced to use it and have no time for its secrets, then it can be
a source of discomfort.
</p><p>
Samba started out as a project that sought to provide interoperability for MS Windows 3.x
clients with a UNIX server. It has grown up a lot since its humble beginnings and now provides
features and functionality fit for large scale deployment. It also has some warts. In sections
like this one we tell of both.
</p><p>
So, what are the benefits of features mentioned in this chapter?
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Samba-3 can replace an MS Windows NT4 Domain Controller.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba-3 offers excellent interoperability with MS Windows NT4-style
	domains as well as natively with Microsoft Active Directory domains.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba-3 permits full NT4-style Interdomain Trusts.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba has security modes that permit more flexible
	authentication than is possible with MS Windows NT4 Domain Controllers.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba-3 permits use of multiple account database backends.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The account (password) database backends can be distributed
	and replicated using multiple methods. This gives Samba-3
	greater flexibility than MS Windows NT4 and in many cases a
	significantly higher utility than Active Directory domains
	with MS Windows 200x.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868620"></a>Server Types</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2868632"></a>
Administrators of Microsoft networks often refer to three
different type of servers:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Domain Controller</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li>Primary Domain Controller</li><li>Backup Domain Controller</li><li>ADS Domain Controller</li></ul></div></li><li><p>Domain Member Server</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li>Active Directory Domain Server</li><li>NT4 Style Domain Domain Server</li></ul></div></li><li><p>Stand-alone Server</p></li></ul></div><p>
The chapters covering Domain Control, Backup Domain Control and Domain Membership provide
pertinent information regarding Samba configuration for each of these server roles.
The reader is strongly encouraged to become intimately familiar with the information 
presented.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868708"></a>Samba Security Modes</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2868719"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2868728"></a>
In this section the function and purpose of Samba's security
modes are described. An accurate understanding of how Samba implements each security
mode as well as how to configure MS Windows clients for each mode will significantly
reduce user complaints and administrator heartache.
</p><p>
In the SMB/CIFS networking world, there are only two types of security: <span class="emphasis"><em>User Level</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>Share Level</em></span>. We refer to these collectively as <span class="emphasis"><em>security levels</em></span>.
In implementing these two security levels, Samba provides flexibilities
that are not available with Microsoft Windows NT4/200x servers. In actual fact, Samba implements
<span class="emphasis"><em>Share Level</em></span> security only one way, but has four ways of implementing
<span class="emphasis"><em>User Level</em></span> security. Collectively, we call the Samba implementations
<span class="emphasis"><em>Security Modes</em></span>. They are known as: <span class="emphasis"><em>SHARE</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>USER</em></span>,
<span class="emphasis"><em>DOMAIN</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>ADS</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>SERVER</em></span> modes.
They are documented in this chapter.
</p><p>
An SMB server tells the client at startup what security level it is running. There are two options:
Share Level and User Level. Which of these two the client receives affects the way the client then
tries to authenticate itself. It does not directly affect (to any great extent) the way the Samba
server does security. This may sound strange, but it fits in with the client/server approach of SMB.
In SMB everything is initiated and controlled by the client, and the server can only tell the client
what is available and whether an action is allowed.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868813"></a>User Level Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We will describe User Level Security first, as its simpler.
In User Level Security, the client will send a
session setup request directly following protocol negotiation.
This request provides a username and password. The server can either accept or reject that
username/password combination. At this stage the server has no idea what
share the client will eventually try to connect to, so it can't base the
<span class="emphasis"><em>accept/reject</em></span> on anything other than:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>the username/password.</p></li><li><p>the name of the client machine.</p></li></ol></div><p>
If the server accepts the username/password then the client expects to be able to
mount shares (using a <span class="emphasis"><em>tree connection</em></span>) without specifying a
password. It expects that all access rights will be as the username/password
specified in the <span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span>.
</p><p>
It is also possible for a client to send multiple <span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span>
requests. When the server responds, it gives the client a <span class="emphasis"><em>uid</em></span> to use
as an authentication tag for that username/password. The client can maintain multiple
authentication contexts in this way (WinDD is an example of an application that does this).
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2868894"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that sets user level security is:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
This is the default setting since Samba-2.2.x.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868936"></a>Share Level Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In Share Level security, the client authenticates
itself separately for each share. It sends a password along with each 
tree connection (share mount). It does not explicitly send a
username with this operation. The client expects a password to be associated
with each share, independent of the user. This means that Samba has to work out what
username the client probably wants to use. It is never explicitly sent the username.
Some commercial SMB servers such as NT actually associate passwords directly with
shares in Share Level security, but Samba always uses the UNIX authentication scheme
where it is a username/password pair that is authenticated, not a share/password pair.
</p><p>
To understand the MS Windows networking parallels, one should think
in terms of MS Windows 9x/Me where one can create a shared folder that provides read-only
or full access, with or without a password.
</p><p>
Many clients send a session setup even if the server is in Share Level security. They
normally send a valid username but no password. Samba records this username in a list
of possible usernames. When the client then does a tree connection it also adds to this list the name
of the share they try to connect to (useful for home directories) and any users
listed in the <a class="indexterm" name="id2868978"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>user</tt></i> parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
The password is then checked in turn against these possible usernames. If a match is found
then the client is authenticated as that user.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2869004"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that sets Share Level security is:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = share</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
There are reports that recent MS Windows clients do not like to work
with share mode security servers. You are strongly discouraged from using Share Level security.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869048"></a>Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2869060"></a>
When Samba is operating in <a class="indexterm" name="id2869068"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = domain mode,
the Samba server has a domain security trust account (a machine account) and causes
all authentication requests to be passed through to the Domain Controllers.
In other words, this configuration makes the Samba server a Domain Member server.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2869088"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Samba as a Domain Member Server
</em></span></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2869105"></a>
This method involves addition of the following parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = domain</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
In order for this method to work, the Samba server needs to join the MS Windows NT
security domain. This is done as follows:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2869156"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2869167"></a>
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>On the MS Windows NT Domain Controller, using
        the Server Manager, add a machine account for the Samba server.
        </p></li><li><p>On the UNIX/Linux system execute:</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc join -U administrator%password</tt></b></pre></li></ol></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Samba-2.2.4 and later can auto-join a Windows NT4-style Domain just by executing:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -j <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN_NAME</tt></i> -r <i class="replaceable"><tt>PDC_NAME</tt></i> \
	 -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>password</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>

Samba-3 can do the same by executing:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc join -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>password</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>
It is not necessary with Samba-3 to specify the <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN_NAME</tt></i> or the
<i class="replaceable"><tt>PDC_NAME</tt></i> as it figures this out from the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file settings.
</p></div><p>
Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be a standard UNIX account
for each user in order to assign a UID once the account has been authenticated by
the remote Windows DC. This account can be blocked to prevent logons by clients other than
MS Windows through means such as setting an invalid shell in the
<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry.
</p><p>
An alternative to assigning UIDs to Windows users on a Samba member server is
presented in <link linkend="winbind">.
</p><p>
For more information regarding Domain Membership, see <link linkend="domain-member">.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869344"></a>ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Both Samba-2.2, and Samba-3 can join an Active Directory domain. This is
possible if the domain is run in native mode. Active Directory in
native mode perfectly allows NT4-style Domain Members. This is contrary to
popular belief. Active Directory in native mode prohibits only the use of
Backup Domain Controllers running MS Windows NT4.
</p><p>
If you are using Active Directory, starting with Samba-3 you can
join as a native AD member. Why would you want to do that?
Your security policy might prohibit the use of NT-compatible
authentication protocols. All your machines are running Windows 2000
and above and all use Kerberos. In this case Samba as an NT4-style
domain would still require NT-compatible authentication data. Samba in
AD-member mode can accept Kerberos tickets.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2869374"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>realm = your.kerberos.REALM</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = ADS</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
The following parameter may be required:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>password server = your.kerberos.server</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
Please refer to <link linkend="domain-member"> and <link linkend="ads-member">
for more information regarding this configuration option.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869451"></a>Server Security (User Level Security)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Server Security Mode is left over from the time when Samba was not capable of acting
as a Domain Member server. It is highly recommended not to use this feature. Server
security mode has many drawbacks that include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Potential Account Lockout on MS Windows NT4/200x password servers.</p></li><li><p>Lack of assurance that the password server is the one specified.</p></li><li><p>Does not work with Winbind, which is particularly needed when storing profiles remotely.</p></li><li><p>This mode may open connections to the password server, and keep them open for extended periods.</p></li><li><p>Security on the Samba server breaks badly when the remote password server suddenly shuts down.</p></li><li><p>With this mode there is NO security account in the domain that the password server belongs to for the Samba server.</p></li></ul></div><p>
In Server Security Mode the Samba server reports to the client that it is in User Level
security. The client then does a session setup as described earlier.
The Samba server takes the username/password that the client sends and attempts to login to the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2869520"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> by sending exactly the same username/password that
it got from the client. If that server is in User Level Security and accepts the password,
then Samba accepts the client's connection. This allows the Samba server to use another SMB
server as the <a class="indexterm" name="id2869539"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i>.
</p><p>
You should also note that at the start of all this where the server tells the client
what security level it is in, it also tells the client if it supports encryption. If it
does, it supplies the client with a random cryptkey. The client will then send all
passwords in encrypted form. Samba supports this type of encryption by default.
</p><p>
The parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2869567"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server means that Samba reports to clients that
it is running in <span class="emphasis"><em>user mode</em></span> but actually passes off all authentication
requests to another <span class="emphasis"><em>user mode</em></span> server. This requires an additional
parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2869592"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> that points to the real authentication server.
The real authentication server can be another Samba server, or it can be a Windows NT server,
the latter being natively capable of encrypted password support.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When Samba is running in <span class="emphasis"><em>Server Security Mode</em></span> it is essential that
the parameter <span class="emphasis"><em>password server</em></span> is set to the precise NetBIOS machine
name of the target authentication server. Samba cannot determine this from NetBIOS name
lookups because the choice of the target authentication server is arbitrary and cannot
be determined from a domain name. In essence, a Samba server that is in
<span class="emphasis"><em>Server Security Mode</em></span> is operating in what used to be known as
workgroup mode.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2869636"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Using MS Windows NT as an Authentication Server
</em></span></p><p>
This method involves the additions of the following parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>password server = "NetBIOS_name_of_a_DC"</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
There are two ways of identifying whether or not a username and password pair is valid.
One uses the reply information provided as part of the authentication messaging
process, the other uses just an error code.
</p><p>
The downside of this mode of configuration is the fact that for security reasons Samba
will send the password server a bogus username and a bogus password and if the remote
server fails to reject the username and password pair then an alternative mode of
identification of validation is used. Where a site uses password lock out after a
certain number of failed authentication attempts this will result in user lockouts.
</p><p>
Use of this mode of authentication requires a standard UNIX account for the user.
This account can be blocked to prevent logons by non-SMB/CIFS clients.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2869727"></a>Password Checking</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows clients may use encrypted passwords as part of a challenge/response
authentication model (a.k.a. NTLMv1 and NTLMv2) or alone, or cleartext strings for simple
password-based authentication. It should be realized that with the SMB protocol,
the password is passed over the network either in plain-text or encrypted, but
not both in the same authentication request.
</p><p>
When encrypted passwords are used, a password that has been entered by the user
is encrypted in two ways:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>An MD4 hash of the unicode of the password
        string. This is known as the NT hash.
        </p></li><li><p>The password is converted to upper case,
        and then padded or truncated to 14 bytes. This string is
        then appended with 5 bytes of NULL characters and split to
        form two 56-bit DES keys to encrypt a &#8220;<span class="quote">magic</span>&#8221; 8-byte value.
        The resulting 16 bytes form the LanMan hash.
        </p></li></ul></div><p>
MS Windows 95 pre-service pack 1, MS Windows NT versions 3.x and version 4.0
pre-service pack 3 will use either mode of password authentication. All
versions of MS Windows that follow these versions no longer support plain
text passwords by default.
</p><p>
MS Windows clients have a habit of dropping network mappings that have been idle
for 10 minutes or longer. When the user attempts to use the mapped drive
connection that has been dropped, the client re-establishes the connection using
a cached copy of the password.
</p><p>
When Microsoft changed the default password mode, support was dropped for caching
of the plain-text password. This means that when the registry parameter is changed
to re-enable use of plain-text passwords it appears to work, but when a dropped
service connection mapping attempts to revalidate, this will fail if the remote
authentication server does not support encrypted passwords. It is definitely not
a good idea to re-enable plain-text password support in such clients.
</p><p>
The following parameters can be used to work around the issue of Windows 9x/Me clients
upper-casing usernames and passwords before transmitting them to the SMB server
when using cleartext authentication:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>password level = integer</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>username level = integer</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
By default Samba will convert to lower case the username before attempting to lookup the user
in the database of local system accounts. Because UNIX usernames conventionally
only contain lower-case characters, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2869850"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>username level</tt></i> parameter
is rarely needed.
</p><p>
However, passwords on UNIX systems often make use of mixed-case characters.
This means that in order for a user on a Windows 9x/Me client to connect to a Samba
server using cleartext authentication, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2869872"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i>
must be set to the maximum number of upper case letters that <span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span>
appear in a password. Note that if the server OS uses the traditional DES version
of crypt(), a <a class="indexterm" name="id2869893"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> of 8 will result in case
insensitive passwords as seen from Windows users. This will also result in longer
login times as Samba has to compute the permutations of the password string and
try them one by one until a match is located (or all combinations fail).
</p><p>
The best option to adopt is to enable support for encrypted passwords wherever
Samba is used. Most attempts to apply the registry change to re-enable plain-text
passwords will eventually lead to user complaints and unhappiness.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2869923"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We all make mistakes. It is okay to make mistakes, as long as they are made in the right places
and at the right time. A mistake that causes lost productivity is seldom tolerated, however a mistake
made in a developmental test lab is expected.
</p><p>
Here we look at common mistakes and misapprehensions that have been the subject of discussions
on the Samba mailing lists. Many of these are avoidable by doing your homework before attempting
a Samba implementation. Some are the result of a misunderstanding of the English language. The
English language, which has many phrases that are potentially vague and may be highly confusing
to those for whom English is not their native tongue.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869952"></a>What Makes Samba a Server?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To some the nature of the Samba <span class="emphasis"><em>security</em></span> mode is obvious, but entirely
wrong all the same. It is assumed that <a class="indexterm" name="id2869968"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server means that Samba
will act as a server. Not so! This setting means that Samba will <span class="emphasis"><em>try</em></span>
to use another SMB server as its source for user authentication alone.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869991"></a>What Makes Samba a Domain Controller?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2870009"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = domain does not really make Samba behave
as a Domain Controller. This setting means we want Samba to be a Domain Member.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870027"></a>What Makes Samba a Domain Member?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Guess! So many others do. But whatever you do, do not think that <a class="indexterm" name="id2870039"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user
makes Samba act as a Domain Member. Read the manufacturer's manual before the warranty expires. See 
<link linkend="domain-member"> for more information.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870064"></a>Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
Why does server_validate() simply give up rather than re-establish its connection to the
password server?  Though I am not fluent in the SMB protocol, perhaps the cluster server
process passes along to its client workstation the session key it receives from the password
server, which means the password hashes submitted by the client would not work on a subsequent
connection whose session key would be different. So server_validate() must give up.</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
Indeed. That's why <a class="indexterm" name="id2870093"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server
is at best a nasty hack. Please use <a class="indexterm" name="id2870107"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = domain;
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870120"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server mode is also known as pass-through authentication.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="samba-pdc"></a>Chapter 5. Domain Control</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Bannon</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dbannon@samba.org">dbannon@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Guenther</span> <span class="surname">Deschner</span></h3><span class="contrib">LDAP updates</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">SuSE<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2852843">Basics of Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2852858">Domain Controller Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2871603">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2871980">Domain Control  Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872474">Samba ADS Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872512">Domain and Network Logon Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2872527">Domain Network Logon Service</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872962">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2873093">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873100">$ Cannot Be Included in Machine Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873184">Joining Domain Fails Because of Existing Machine Account</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873244">The System Cannot Log You On (C000019B)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873345">The Machine Trust Account Is Not Accessible</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873422">Account Disabled</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873454">Domain Controller Unavailable</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873477">Cannot Log onto Domain Member Workstation After Joining Domain</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
There are many who approach MS Windows networking with incredible misconceptions.
That's okay, because it gives the rest of us plenty of opportunity to be of assistance.
Those who really want help would be well advised to become familiar with information
that is already available.
</p><p>
The reader is advised not to tackle this section without having first understood
and mastered some basics. MS Windows networking is not particularly forgiving of
misconfiguration. Users of MS Windows networking are likely to complain 
of persistent niggles that may be caused by a broken network configuration.
To a great many people, however, MS Windows networking starts with a Domain Controller
that in some magical way is expected to solve all network operational ills.
</p><p>
The diagram in <link linkend="domain-example"> shows a typical MS Windows Domain Security
network environment. Workstations A, B and C are representative of many physical MS Windows
network clients.
</p><div class="figure"><a name="domain-example"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 5.1. An Example Domain.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/domain.png" width="270" alt="An Example Domain."></div></div><p>
From the Samba mailing list one can readily identify many common networking issues.
If you are not clear on the following subjects, then it will do much good to read the 
sections of this HOWTO that deal with it. These are the most common causes of MS Windows
networking problems:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Basic TCP/IP configuration.</p></li><li><p>NetBIOS name resolution.</p></li><li><p>Authentication configuration.</p></li><li><p>User and group configuration.</p></li><li><p>Basic file and directory permission control in UNIX/Linux.</p></li><li><p>Understanding how MS Windows clients interoperate in a network
		environment.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Do not be put off; on the surface of it MS Windows networking seems so simple that anyone 
can do it. In fact, it is not a good idea to set up an MS Windows network with
inadequate training and preparation. But let's get our first indelible principle out of the
way: <span class="emphasis"><em>It is perfectly okay to make mistakes!</em></span> In the right place and at
the right time, mistakes are the essence of learning. It is very much not okay to make
mistakes that cause loss of productivity and impose an avoidable financial burden on an
organization.
</p><p>
Where is the right place to make mistakes? Only out of harm's way. If you are going to
make mistakes, then please do it on a test network, away from users and in such a way as
to not inflict pain on others. Do your learning on a test network.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2852572"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2852583"></a>
<span class="emphasis"><em>What is the key benefit of Microsoft Domain Security?</em></span>
</p><p>
In a word, <span class="emphasis"><em>Single Sign On</em></span>, or SSO for short. To many, this is the Holy
Grail of MS Windows NT and beyond networking. SSO allows users in a well-designed network
to log onto any workstation that is a member of the domain that their user account is in
(or in a domain that has an appropriate trust relationship with the domain they are visiting)
and they will be able to log onto the network and access resources (shares, files and printers)
as if they are sitting at their home (personal) workstation. This is a feature of the Domain
Security protocols.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2852620"></a>
The benefits of Domain Security are available to those sites that deploy a Samba PDC.
A Domain provides a unique network security identifier (SID). Domain user and group security
identifiers are comprised of the network SID plus a relative identifier (RID) that is unique to
the account. User and Group SIDs (the network SID plus the RID) can be used to create Access Control
Lists (ACLs) attached to network resources to provide organizational access control. UNIX systems
recognize only local security identifiers.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Network clients of an MS Windows Domain Security Environment must be Domain Members to be
able to gain access to the advanced features provided. Domain Membership involves more than just
setting the workgroup name to the Domain name. It requires the creation of a Domain trust account
for the workstation (called a machine account). Refer to <link linkend="domain-member">
for more information.
</p></div><p>
The following functionalities are new to the Samba-3 release:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Windows NT4 domain trusts.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2852677"></a>
	Adding users via the User Manager for Domains. This can be done on any MS Windows
	client using the <tt class="filename">Nexus.exe</tt> toolkit that is available from Microsoft's Web site.
	Samba-3 supports the use of the Microsoft Management Console for user management.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Introduces replaceable and multiple user account (authentication)
	backends. In the case where the backend is placed in an LDAP database,
	Samba-3 confers the benefits of a backend that can be distributed, replicated
	and is highly scalable.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Implements full Unicode support. This simplifies cross locale internationalization
	support. It also opens up the use of protocols that Samba-2.2.x had but could not use due
	to the need to fully support Unicode.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The following functionalities are not provided by Samba-3:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2852731"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2852740"></a>
	SAM replication with Windows NT4 Domain Controllers
	(i.e., a Samba PDC and a Windows NT BDC or vice versa). This means Samba 
	cannot operate as a BDC when the PDC is Microsoft-based or 
	replicate account data to Windows BDCs.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Acting as a Windows 2000 Domain Controller (i.e., Kerberos and 
	Active Directory). In point of fact, Samba-3 does have some
	Active Directory Domain Control ability that is at this time
	purely experimental that is certain to change as it becomes a
	fully supported feature some time during the Samba-3 (or later)
	life cycle. However, Active Directory is more then just SMB 
	it's also LDAP, Kerberos, DHCP, and other protocols (with proprietary
	extensions, of course).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The Windows 200x/XP MMC (Computer Management) Console can not be used
	to manage a Samba-3 server. For this you can use only the MS Windows NT4
	Domain Server manager and the MS Windows NT4 Domain User Manager. Both are
	part of the SVRTOOLS.EXE package mentioned later.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Windows 9x/Me/XP Home clients are not true members of a domain for reasons outlined
in this chapter. The protocol for support of Windows 9x/Me style network (domain) logons
is completely different from NT4/Windows 200x type domain logons and has been officially supported
for some time. These clients use the old LanMan Network Logon facilities that are supported
in Samba since approximately the Samba-1.9.15 series.
</p><p>
Samba-3 implements group mapping between Windows NT groups
and UNIX groups (this is really quite complicated to explain in a short space). This is 
discussed more fully in <link linkend="groupmapping">.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2852812"></a>
Samba-3, like an MS Windows NT4 PDC or a Windows 200x Active Directory, needs to store
user and Machine Trust Account information in a suitable backend datastore. 
Refer to <link linkend="machine-trust-accounts">. With Samba-3 there can be multiple
backends for this. A complete discussion of account database backends can be found in
<link linkend="passdb">.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2852843"></a>Basics of Domain Control</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Over the years, public perceptions of what Domain Control really is has taken on an
almost mystical nature. Before we branch into a brief overview of Domain Control,
there are three basic types of Domain Controllers.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2852858"></a>Domain Controller Types</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Primary Domain Controller</p></li><li><p>Backup Domain Controller</p></li><li><p>ADS Domain Controller</p></li></ul></div><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>Primary Domain Controller</em></span> or PDC plays an important role in MS 
Windows NT4. In Windows 200x Domain Control architecture, this role is held by Domain Controllers.
Folklore dictates that because of its role in the MS Windows
network, the Domain Controller should be the most powerful and most capable machine in the network.
As strange as it may seem to say this here, good overall network performance dictates that
the entire infrastructure needs to be balanced. It is advisable to invest more in Stand-alone
(Domain Member) servers than in the Domain Controllers.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2852909"></a>
In the case of MS Windows NT4-style domains, it is the PDC that initiates a new Domain Control database.
This forms a part of the Windows registry called the Security Account Manager (SAM). It plays a key
part in NT4-type domain user authentication and in synchronization of the domain authentication
database with Backup Domain Controllers. 
</p><p>
With MS Windows 200x Server-based Active Directory domains, one Domain Controller initiates a potential
hierarchy of Domain Controllers, each with their own area of delegated control. The master domain
controller has the ability to override any downstream controller, but a downline controller has
control only over its downline. With Samba-3, this functionality can be implemented using an
LDAP-based user and machine account backend.
</p><p>
New to Samba-3 is the ability to use a backend database that holds the same type of data as
the NT4-style SAM database (one of the registry files)<sup>[<a name="id2852943" href="#ftn.id2852943">1</a>]</sup>.
</p><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>Backup Domain Controller</em></span> or BDC plays a key role in servicing network
authentication requests. The BDC is biased to answer logon requests in preference to the PDC.
On a network segment that has a BDC and a PDC, the BDC will most likely service network
logon requests. The PDC will answer network logon requests when the BDC is too busy (high load).
A BDC can be promoted to a PDC. If the PDC is online at the time that a BDC is promoted to
PDC, the previous PDC is automatically demoted to a BDC. With Samba-3, this is not an automatic
operation; the PDC and BDC must be manually configured and changes also need to be made.
</p><p>
With MS Windows NT4, a decision is made at installation to determine what type of machine the server will be.
It is possible to promote a BDC to a PDC and vice versa. The only way
to convert a Domain Controller to a Domain Member server or a Stand-alone Server is to
reinstall it. The install time choices offered are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Primary Domain Controller</em></span>  the one that seeds the domain SAM.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Backup Domain Controller</em></span>  one that obtains a copy of the domain SAM.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Domain Member Server</em></span>  one that has no copy of the domain SAM, rather it obtains authentication from a Domain Controller for all access controls.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Stand-alone Server</em></span>  one that plays no part is SAM synchronization, has its own authentication database and plays no role in Domain Security.</p></li></ul></div><p>
With MS Windows 2000, the configuration of Domain Control is done after the server has been
installed. Samba-3 is capable of acting fully as a native member of a Windows 200x server
Active Directory domain.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2871535"></a>
New to Samba-3 is the ability to function fully as an MS Windows NT4-style Domain Controller,
excluding the SAM replication components. However, please be aware that Samba-3 also supports the
MS Windows 200x Domain Control protocols.
</p><p>
At this time any appearance that Samba-3 is capable of acting as an
<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain Controller</em></span> in native ADS mode is limited and experimental in nature.
This functionality should not be used until the Samba Team offers formal support for it.
At such a time, the documentation will be revised to duly reflect all configuration and
management requirements. Samba can act as a NT4-style DC in a Windows 2000/XP 
environment. However, there are certain compromises:

</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>No machine policy files.</li><li>No Group Policy Objects.</li><li>No synchronously executed AD logon scripts.</li><li>Can't use Active Directory management tools to manage users and machines.</li><li>Registry changes tattoo the main registry, while with AD they do not leave permanent changes in effect.</li><li>Without AD you cannot perform the function of exporting specific applications to specific users or groups.</li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2871603"></a>Preparing for Domain Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two ways that MS Windows machines may interact with each other, with other servers
and with Domain Controllers: either as <span class="emphasis"><em>Stand-alone</em></span> systems, more commonly
called <span class="emphasis"><em>Workgroup</em></span> members, or as full participants in a security system,
more commonly called <span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span> members.
</p><p>
It should be noted that <span class="emphasis"><em>Workgroup</em></span> membership involves no special configuration
other than the machine being configured so the network configuration has a commonly used name
for its workgroup entry. It is not uncommon for the name WORKGROUP to be used for this. With this
mode of configurationi, there are no Machine Trust Accounts and any concept of membership as such
is limited to the fact that all machines appear in the network neighborhood to be logically
grouped together. Again, just to be clear: <span class="emphasis"><em>workgroup mode does not involve security machine 
accounts</em></span>.
</p><p>
Domain Member machines have a machine account in the Domain accounts database. A special procedure
must be followed on each machine to effect Domain Membership. This procedure, which can be done
only by the local machine Administrator account, will create the Domain machine account (if it does
not exist), and then initializes that account. When the client first logs onto the
Domain it triggers a machine password change.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When Samba is configured as a Domain Controller, secure network operation demands that
all MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional clients should be configured as Domain Members.
If a machine is not made a member of the Domain, then it will operate like a workgroup
(Stand-alone) machine. Please refer to <link linkend="domain-member"> for
information regarding Domain Membership.
</p></div><p>
The following are necessary for configuring Samba-3 as an MS Windows NT4-style PDC for MS Windows
NT4/200x/XP clients:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Configuration of basic TCP/IP and MS Windows networking.</p></li><li><p>Correct designation of the Server Role (<a class="indexterm" name="id2871706"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user).</p></li><li><p>Consistent configuration of Name Resolution<sup>[<a name="id2871726" href="#ftn.id2871726">2</a>]</sup>.</p></li><li><p>Domain logons for Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional clients.</p></li><li><p>Configuration of Roaming Profiles or explicit configuration to force local profile usage.</p></li><li><p>Configuration of network/system policies.</p></li><li><p>Adding and managing domain user accounts.</p></li><li><p>Configuring MS Windows client machines to become Domain Members.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The following provisions are required to serve MS Windows 9x/Me clients:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Configuration of basic TCP/IP and MS Windows networking.</p></li><li><p>Correct designation of the server role (<a class="indexterm" name="id2871802"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user).</p></li><li><p>Network Logon Configuration (since Windows 9x/Me/XP Home are not technically domain
	members, they do not really participate in  the security aspects of Domain logons as such).</p></li><li><p>Roaming Profile Configuration.</p></li><li><p>Configuration of System Policy handling.</p></li><li><p>Installation of the network driver &#8220;<span class="quote">Client for MS Windows Networks</span>&#8221; and configuration
	to log onto the domain.</p></li><li><p>Placing Windows 9x/Me clients in User Level Security  if it is desired to allow
	all client share access to be controlled according to domain user/group identities.</p></li><li><p>Adding and managing domain user accounts.</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Roaming Profiles and System/Network policies are advanced network administration topics
that are covered in the <link linkend="ProfileMgmt"> and 
<link linkend="PolicyMgmt"> chapters of this document. However, these are not
necessarily specific to a Samba PDC as much as they are related to Windows NT networking concepts.
</p></div><p>
A Domain Controller is an SMB/CIFS server that:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Registers and advertises itself as a Domain Controller (through NetBIOS broadcasts
	as well as by way of name registrations either by Mailslot Broadcasts over UDP broadcast,
	to a WINS server over UDP unicast, or via DNS and Active Directory).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Provides the NETLOGON service. (This is actually a collection of services that runs over
	mulitple protocols. These include the LanMan Logon service, the Netlogon service,
	the Local Security Account service, and variations of them.)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Provides a share called NETLOGON.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
It is rather easy to configure Samba to provide these. Each Samba Domain Controller must provide
the NETLOGON service that Samba calls the <a class="indexterm" name="id2871932"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons</tt></i> functionality
(after the name of the parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file). Additionally, one server in a Samba-3
Domain must advertise itself as the Domain Master Browser<sup>[<a name="id2871956" href="#ftn.id2871956">3</a>]</sup>.
This causes the Primary Domain Controller to claim a domain-specific NetBIOS name that identifies it as a
Domain Master Browser for its given domain or workgroup. Local master browsers in the same domain or workgroup on
broadcast-isolated subnets then ask for a complete copy of the browse list for the whole wide area network.
Browser clients will then contact their Local Master Browser, and will receive the domain-wide browse list,
instead of just the list for their broadcast-isolated subnet.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2871980"></a>Domain Control  Example Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The first step in creating a working Samba PDC is to understand the parameters necessary
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. An example <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for acting as a PDC can be found in <link linkend="pdc-example">. 
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="pdc-example"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 5.1. smb.conf for being a PDC</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = BELERIAND</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = tdbsam</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 33</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>local master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path = \\%N\profiles\%u</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon drive = H:</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home = \\homeserver\%u\winprofile</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon script = logon.cmd</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>write list = ntadmin</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[profiles]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/lib/samba/profiles</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>create mask = 0600</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>directory mask = 0700</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
The basic options shown in <link linkend="pdc-example"> are explained as follows:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">passdb backend </span></dt><dd><p>
		This contains all the user and group account information. Acceptable values for a PDC
		are: <span class="emphasis"><em>smbpasswd, tdbsam, and ldapsam</em></span>. The &#8220;<span class="quote">guest</span>&#8221; entry provides
		default accounts and is included by default, there is no need to add it explicitly.</p><p>
		Where use of backup Domain Controllers (BDCs) is intended, the only logical choice is
		to use LDAP so the passdb backend can be distributed. The tdbsam and smbpasswd files
		cannot effectively be distributed and therefore should not be used.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Domain Control Parameters </span></dt><dd><p>
		The parameters <span class="emphasis"><em>os level, preferred master, domain master, security, 
		encrypt passwords, and domain logons</em></span> play a central role in assuring domain
		control and network logon support.</p><p>
		The <span class="emphasis"><em>os level</em></span> must be set at or above a value of 32. A Domain Controller
		must be the Domain Master Browser, must be set in <span class="emphasis"><em>user</em></span> mode security,
		must support Microsoft-compatible encrypted passwords, and must provide the network logon
		service (domain logons). Encrypted passwords must be enabled. For more details on how 
		to do this, refer to <link linkend="passdb">.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Environment Parameters </span></dt><dd><p>
		The parameters <span class="emphasis"><em>logon path, logon home, logon drive, and logon script</em></span> are
		environment support settings that help to facilitate client logon operations and that help
		to provide automated control facilities to ease network management overheads. Please refer
		to the man page information for these parameters.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">NETLOGON Share </span></dt><dd><p>
		The NETLOGON share plays a central role in domain logon and Domain Membership support.
		This share is provided on all Microsoft Domain Controllers. It is used to provide logon
		scripts, to store Group Policy files (NTConfig.POL), as well as to locate other common
		tools that may be needed for logon processing. This is an essential share on a Domain Controller.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">PROFILE Share </span></dt><dd><p>
		This share is used to store user desktop profiles. Each user must have a directory at the root
		of this share. This directory must be write-enabled for the user and must be globally read-enabled.
		Samba-3 has a VFS module called &#8220;<span class="quote">fake_permissions</span>&#8221; that may be installed on this share. This will
		allow a Samba administrator to make the directory read-only to everyone. Of course this is useful
		only after the profile has been properly created.
		</p></dd></dl></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The above parameters make for a full set of parameters that may define the server's mode
of operation. The following <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameters are the essentials alone:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = BELERIAND</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = User</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
The additional parameters shown in the longer listing above just makes for
a more complete explanation.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2872474"></a>Samba ADS Domain Control</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 is not, and cannot act as, an Active Directory Server. It cannot truly function as
an Active Directory Primary Domain Controller. The protocols for some of the functionality
of Active Directory Domain Controllers has been partially implemented on an experimental
only basis. Please do not expect Samba-3 to support these protocols. Do not depend
on any such functionality either now or in the future. The Samba Team may remove these
experimental features or may change their behavior. This is mentioned for the benefit of those
who have discovered secret capabilities in Samba-3 and who have asked when this functionality will be
completed. The answer is maybe or maybe never!
</p><p>
To be sure, Samba-3 is designed to provide most of the functionality that Microsoft Windows NT4-style
Domain Controllers have. Samba-3 does not have all the capabilities of Windows NT4, but it does have
a number of features that Windows NT4 domain contollers do not have. In short, Samba-3 is not NT4 and it
is not Windows Server 200x, it is not an Active Directory server. We hope this is plain and simple
enough for all to understand.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2872512"></a>Domain and Network Logon Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The subject of Network or Domain Logons is discussed here because it forms
an integral part of the essential functionality that is provided by a Domain Controller.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2872527"></a>Domain Network Logon Service</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All Domain Controllers must run the netlogon service (<span class="emphasis"><em>domain logons</em></span>
in Samba). One Domain Controller must be configured with <a class="indexterm" name="id2872544"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master</tt></i> = Yes
(the Primary Domain Controller); on all Backup Domain Controllers <a class="indexterm" name="id2872561"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master</tt></i> = No
must be set.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2872576"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="example"><a name="PDC-config"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 5.2. smb.conf for being a PDC</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = (Yes on PDC, No on BDCs)</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Network Logon Service</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = No</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2872672"></a>The Special Case of MS Windows XP Home Edition</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To be completely clear: If you want MS Windows XP Home Edition to integrate with your
MS Windows NT4 or Active Directory Domain Security, understand it cannot be done.
The only option is to purchase the upgrade from MS Windows XP Home Edition to
MS Windows XP Professional.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
MS Windows XP Home Edition does not have the ability to join any type of Domain
Security facility. Unlike MS Windows 9x/Me, MS Windows XP Home Edition also completely
lacks the ability to log onto a network.
</p></div><p>
Now that this has been said, please do not ask the mailing list or email any of the
Samba Team members with your questions asking how to make this work. It can't be done.
If it can be done, then to do so would violate your software license agreement with
Microsoft, and we recommend that you do not do that.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2872709"></a>The Special Case of Windows 9x/Me</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A domain and a workgroup are exactly the same in terms of network
browsing. The difference is that a distributable authentication
database is associated with a domain, for secure login access to a
network. Also, different access rights can be granted to users if they
successfully authenticate against a domain logon server. Samba-3 does this
now in the same way as MS Windows NT/200x.
</p><p>
The SMB client logging on to a domain has an expectation that every other
server in the domain should accept the same authentication information.
Network browsing functionality of domains and workgroups is identical and
is explained in this documentation under the browsing discussions.
It should be noted that browsing is totally orthogonal to logon support.
</p><p>
Issues related to the single-logon network model are discussed in this
section. Samba supports domain logons, network logon scripts and user
profiles for MS Windows for workgroups and MS Windows 9X/ME clients,
which are the focus of this section.
</p><p>
When an SMB client in a domain wishes to logon, it broadcasts requests for a
logon server. The first one to reply gets the job, and validates its
password using whatever mechanism the Samba administrator has installed.
It is possible (but ill advised ) to create a domain where the user
database is not shared between servers, i.e., they are effectively workgroup
servers advertising themselves as participating in a domain. This
demonstrates how authentication is quite different from but closely
involved with domains.
</p><p>
Using these features you can make your clients verify their logon via
the Samba server; make clients run a batch file when they logon to
the network and download their preferences, desktop and start menu.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
MS Windows XP Home edition is not able to join a domain and does not permit
the use of domain logons.
</em></span></p><p>
Before launching into the configuration instructions, it is 
worthwhile to look at how a Windows 9x/Me client performs a logon:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	The client broadcasts (to the IP broadcast address of the subnet it is in)
	a NetLogon request. This is sent to the NetBIOS name DOMAIN&lt;#1c&gt; at the
	NetBIOS layer. The client chooses the first response it receives, which
	contains the NetBIOS name of the logon server to use in the format of 
	<tt class="filename">\\SERVER</tt>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client connects to that server, logs on (does an SMBsessetupX) and
	then connects to the IPC$ share (using an SMBtconX).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client does a NetWkstaUserLogon request, which retrieves the name
	of the user's logon script. 
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then connects to the NetLogon share and searches for said script.	
	If it is found and can be read, it is retrieved and executed by the client.
	After this, the client disconnects from the NetLogon share.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client sends a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to retrieve
	the user's home share, which is used to search for profiles. Since the
	response to the NetUserGetInfo request does not contain much more than	
	the user's home share, profiles for Windows 9x clients must reside in the user
	home directory.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client connects to the user's home share and searches for the 
	user's profile. As it turns out, you can specify the user's home share as
	a sharename and path. For example, <tt class="filename">\\server\fred\.winprofile</tt>.
	If the profiles are found, they are implemented.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then disconnects from the user's home share and reconnects to
	the NetLogon share and looks for <tt class="filename">CONFIG.POL</tt>, the policies file. If this is
	found, it is read and implemented.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
The main difference between a PDC and a Windows 9x/Me logon server configuration is:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Password encryption is not required for a Windows 9x/Me logon server. But note
	that beginning with MS Windows 98 the default setting is that plain-text
	password support is disabled. It can be re-enabled with the registry
	changes that are documented in <link linkend="PolicyMgmt">.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Windows 9x/Me clients do not require and do not use Machine Trust Accounts.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
A Samba PDC will act as a Windows 9x/Me logon server; after all, it does provide the
network logon services that MS Windows 9x/Me expect to find.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Use of plain-text passwords is strongly discouraged. Where used they are easily detected
using a sniffer tool to examine network traffic.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2872962"></a>Security Mode and Master Browsers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a few comments to make in order to tie up some loose ends. There has been
much debate over the issue of whether it is okay to configure Samba as a Domain
Controller in security modes other than user. The only security mode that will
not work due to technical reasons is share-mode security. Domain and server mode
security are really just a variation on SMB User Level Security.
</p><p>
Actually, this issue is also closely tied to the debate on whether 
Samba must be the Domain Master Browser for its workgroup
when operating as a DC. While it may technically be possible
to configure a server as such (after all, browsing and domain logons
are two distinctly different functions), it is not a good idea to do
so. You should remember that the DC must register the DOMAIN&lt;#1b&gt; NetBIOS 
name. This is the name used by Windows clients to locate the DC.
Windows clients do not distinguish between the DC and the DMB.
A DMB is a Domain Master Browser  see <link linkend="DMB">.
For this reason, it is wise to configure the Samba DC as the DMB.
</p><p>
Now back to the issue of configuring a Samba DC to use a mode other than
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873016"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user. If a Samba host is
configured to use another SMB server or DC in order to validate user connection requests,
it is a fact that some other machine on the network (the <a class="indexterm" name="id2873033"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i>)
knows more about the user than the Samba host. About 99% of the time, this other host is
a Domain Controller. Now to operate in domain mode security, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2873050"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup</tt></i>
parameter must be set to the name of the Windows NT domain (which already has a Domain Controller).
If the domain does not already have a Domain Controller, you do not yet have a Domain.
</p><p>
Configuring a Samba box as a DC for a domain that already by definition has a
PDC is asking for trouble. Therefore, you should always configure the Samba DC
to be the DMB for its domain and set <a class="indexterm" name="id2873074"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user.
This is the only officially supported mode of operation.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2873093"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873100"></a>&#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221; Cannot Be Included in Machine Name</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A machine account, typically stored in <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>, takes the form of the machine
name with a &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221; appended. FreeBSD (and other BSD systems) will not create a user with a
&#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221; in the name.
</p><p>
The problem is only in the program used to make the entry. Once made, it works perfectly.
Create a user without the &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221;. Then use <b class="command">vipw</b> to edit the entry, adding
the &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221;. Or create the whole entry with vipw if you like; make sure you use a unique user login ID.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>The machine account must have the exact name that the workstation has.</div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The UNIX tool <b class="command">vipw</b> is a common tool for directly editing the <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> file.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873184"></a>Joining Domain Fails Because of Existing Machine Account</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">I get told, `You already have a connection to the Domain....' or `Cannot join domain, the
credentials supplied conflict with an existing set...' when creating a Machine Trust Account.</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
This happens if you try to create a Machine Trust Account from the machine itself and already have a
connection (e.g., mapped drive) to a share (or IPC$) on the Samba PDC. The following command
will remove all network drive connections:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use * /d</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Further, if the machine is already a &#8220;<span class="quote">member of a workgroup</span>&#8221; that 
is the same name as the domain you are joining (bad idea) you will 
get this message. Change the workgroup name to something else, it 
does not matter what, reboot, and try again.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873244"></a>The System Cannot Log You On (C000019B)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">I joined the domain successfully but after upgrading 
to a newer version of the Samba code I get the message, <span class="errorname">`The system 
cannot log you on (C000019B), Please try again or consult your 
system administrator</span> when attempting to logon.'</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873272"></a>
This occurs when the domain SID stored in the secrets.tdb database
is changed. The most common cause of a change in domain SID is when
the domain name and/or the server name (NetBIOS name) is changed.
The only way to correct the problem is to restore the original domain 
SID or remove the domain client from the domain and rejoin. The domain
SID may be reset using either the net or rpcclient utilities.
</p><p>
To reset or change the domain SID you can use the net command as follows:

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net getlocalsid 'OLDNAME'</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net setlocalsid 'SID'</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Workstation Machine Trust Accounts work only with the Domain (or network) SID. If this SID changes
Domain Members (workstations) will not be able to log onto the domain. The original Domain SID
can be recovered from the secrets.tdb file. The alternative is to visit each workstation to re-join
it to the domain.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873345"></a>The Machine Trust Account Is Not Accessible</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">When I try to join the domain I get the message, <span class="errorname">`The machine account 
for this computer either does not exist or is not accessible'</span>. What's 
wrong?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
This problem is caused by the PDC not having a suitable Machine Trust Account. 
If you are using the <a class="indexterm" name="id2873371"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script</tt></i> method to create 
accounts then this would indicate that it has not worked. Ensure the domain 
admin user system is working.
</p><p>
Alternately, if you are creating account entries manually then they 
have not been created correctly. Make sure that you have the entry 
correct for the Machine Trust Account in <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> file on the Samba PDC. 
If you added the account using an editor rather than using the smbpasswd 
utility, make sure that the account name is the machine NetBIOS name 
with a &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221; appended to it (i.e., computer_name$). There must be an entry 
in both /etc/passwd and the smbpasswd file.
</p><p>
Some people have also reported that inconsistent subnet masks between the Samba server and the NT 
client can cause this problem.  Make sure that these are consistent for both client and server.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873422"></a>Account Disabled</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W200x workstation,
I get a message about my account being disabled.</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Enable the user accounts with <b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -e <i class="replaceable"><tt>username</tt></i>
</tt></b>. This is normally done as an account is created.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873454"></a>Domain Controller Unavailable</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">Until a few minutes after Samba has started, clients get the error `Domain Controller Unavailable'</span>&#8221;</p><p>
A Domain Controller has to announce its role on the network. This usually takes a while. Be patient for up to fifteen minutes,
then try again.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873477"></a>Cannot Log onto Domain Member Workstation After Joining Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873489"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873497"></a>
After successfully joining the domain, user logons fail with one of two messages: one to the
effect that the Domain Controller cannot be found; the other claims that the account does not
exist in the domain or that the password is incorrect. This may be due to incompatible
settings between the Windows client and the Samba-3 server for <span class="emphasis"><em>schannel</em></span>
(secure channel) settings or <span class="emphasis"><em>smb signing</em></span> settings. Check your Samba
settings for <span class="emphasis"><em> client schannel, server schannel, client signing, server signing</em></span>
by executing:
</p><pre class="screen">
<b class="command">testparm -v | more</b> and looking for the value of these parameters.
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Also use the Microsoft Management Console  Local Security Settings. This tool is available from the
Control Panel. The Policy settings are found in the Local Policies/Securty Options area and are prefixed by
<span class="emphasis"><em>Secure Channel: ..., and Digitally sign ....</em></span>.
</p><p>
It is important that these be set consistently with the Samba-3 server settings.
</p></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"><link linkend="passdb"></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2871726" href="#id2871726">2</a>] </sup>See <link linkend="NetworkBrowsing">, and 
		<link linkend="integrate-ms-networks">.</p></div><div class="footnote"><link linkend="NetworkBrowsing"></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="samba-bdc"></a>Chapter 6. Backup Domain Control</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Volker</span> <span class="surname">Lendecke</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE">Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Guenther</span> <span class="surname">Deschner</span></h3><span class="contrib">LDAP updates</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">SuSE<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874075">Essential Background Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2874103">MS Windows NT4-style Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874397">LDAP Configuration Notes</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874616">Active Directory Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874638">What Qualifies a Domain Controller on the Network?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2874679">How does a Workstation find its Domain Controller?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2875291">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875313">Machine Accounts Keep Expiring</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875368">Can Samba Be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875402">How Do I Replicate the smbpasswd File?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2875470">Can I Do This All with LDAP?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Before you continue reading this section, please make sure that you are comfortable
with configuring a Samba Domain Controller as described in <link linkend="samba-pdc">.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2873684"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is one of the most difficult chapters to summarize. It does not matter what we say here
for someone will still draw conclusions and/or approach the Samba Team with expectations
that are either not yet capable of being delivered, or that can be achieved far more
effectively using a totally different approach. In the event that you should have a persistent
concern that is not addressed in this book, please email <ulink url="mailto:jht@samba.org">John H. Terpstra</ulink>
clearly setting out your requirements and/or question and we will do our best to provide a solution.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873717"></a>
Samba-3 is capable of acting as a Backup Domain Controller (BDC) to another Samba Primary Domain
Controller (PDC). A Samba-3 PDC can operate with an LDAP Account backend. The LDAP backend can be
either a common master LDAP server, or a slave server. The use of a slave LDAP server has the
benefit that when the master is down, clients may still be able to log onto the network.
This effectively gives Samba a high degree of scalability and is an effective solution
for large organizations. Do not use an LDAP slave server for a PDC, this may cause serious
stability and operational problems.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873743"></a>
While it is possible to run a Samba-3 BDC with non-LDAP backend, the administrator will
need to figure out precisely what is the best way to replicate (copy/distribute) the
user and machine accounts' backend.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873762"></a>
The use of a non-LDAP backend SAM database is particularly problematic because Domain Member
servers and workstations periodically change the Machine Trust Account password. The new
password is then stored only locally. This means that in the absence of a centrally stored
accounts database (such as that provided with an LDAP-based solution) if Samba-3 is running
as a BDC, the BDC instance of the Domain Member trust account password will not reach the
PDC (master) copy of the SAM. If the PDC SAM is then replicated to BDCs, this results in 
overwriting the SAM that contains the updated (changed) trust account password with resulting
breakage of the domain trust.
</p><p>
Considering the number of comments and questions raised concerning how to configure a BDC,
let's consider each possible option and look at the pros and cons for each possible solution.
<link linkend="pdc-bdc-table"> lists possible design configurations for a PDC/BDC infrastructure.
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873803"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873814"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873825"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2873836"></a>
</p><div class="table"><a name="pdc-bdc-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 6.1. Domain Backend Account Distribution Options</b></p><table summary="Domain Backend Account Distribution Options" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center"><col align="center"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">PDC Backend</th><th align="center">BDC Backend</th><th align="left">Notes/Discussion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><p>Master LDAP Server</p></td><td align="center"><p>Slave LDAP Server</p></td><td align="left"><p>The optimal solution that provides high integrity. The SAM will be
		replicated to a common master LDAP server.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p>Single Central LDAP Server</p></td><td align="center"><p>Single Central LDAP Server</p></td><td align="left"><p>
	A workable solution without fail-over ability. This is a useable solution, but not optimal. 
	</p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p>tdbsam</p></td><td align="center"><p>tdbsam + <b class="command">net rpc vampire</b></p></td><td align="left"><p>
	Does not work with Samba-3.0.0; may be implemented in a later release. The downside of this solution
	is that an external process will control account database integrity. This solution may appeal to sites
	that wish to avoid the complexity of LDAP. The <b class="command">net rpc vampire</b> is used to
	synchronize domain accounts from the PDC to the BDC.
	</p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p>tdbsam</p></td><td align="center"><p>tdbsam + <b class="command">rsync</b></p></td><td align="left"><p>
	Do not use this configuration.
	Does not work because the TDB files are live and data may not have been flushed to disk.
	Use <b class="command">rsync</b> to synchronize the TDB database files from the PDC to the BDC.
	</p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p>smbpasswd file</p></td><td align="center"><p>smbpasswd file</p></td><td align="left"><p>
	Do not use this configuration.
	Not an elegant solution due to the delays in synchronization.
	Use <b class="command">rsync</b> to synchronize the TDB database files from the PDC to the BDC.
	Can be made to work using a <b class="command">cron</b> job to synchronize data from the PDC to the BDC.
	</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2874075"></a>Essential Background Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A Domain Controller is a machine that is able to answer logon requests from network
workstations. Microsoft LanManager and IBM LanServer were two early products that
provided this capability. The technology has become known as the LanMan Netlogon service.
</p><p>
When MS Windows NT3.10 was first released, it supported a new style of Domain Control
and with it a new form of the network logon service that has extended functionality.
This service became known as the NT NetLogon Service. The nature of this service has
changed with the evolution of MS Windows NT and today provides a complex array of
services that are implemented over an intricate spectrum of technologies.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2874103"></a>MS Windows NT4-style Domain Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Whenever a user logs into a Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional Workstation,
the workstation connects to a Domain Controller (authentication server) to validate that
the username and password the user entered are valid. If the information entered
does not match account information that has been stored in the Domain
Control database (the SAM, or Security Account Manager database), a set of error
codes is returned to the workstation that has made the authentication request.
</p><p>
When the username/password pair has been validated, the Domain Controller
(authentication server) will respond with full enumeration of the account information
that has been stored regarding that user in the User and Machine Accounts database
for that Domain. This information contains a complete network access profile for
the user but excludes any information that is particular to the user's desktop profile,
or for that matter it excludes all desktop profiles for groups that the user may
belong to. It does include password time limits, password uniqueness controls,
network access time limits, account validity information, machine names from which the
user may access the network, and much more. All this information was stored in the SAM
in all versions of MS Windows NT (3.10, 3.50, 3.51, 4.0).
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2874147"></a>
The account information (user and machine) on Domain Controllers is stored in two files,
one containing the Security information and the other the SAM. These are stored in files
by the same name in the <tt class="filename">C:\Windows NT\System32\config</tt> directory. These
are the files that are involved in replication of the SAM database where Backup Domain
Controllers are present on the network.
</p><p>
There are two situations in which it is desirable to install Backup Domain Controllers:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	On the local network that the Primary Domain Controller is on, if there are many
	workstations and/or where the PDC is generally very busy. In this case the BDCs
	will pick up network logon requests and help to add robustness to network services.
	</p></li><li><p>
	At each remote site, to reduce wide area network traffic and to add stability to
	remote network operations. The design of the network, the strategic placement of
	Backup Domain Controllers, together with an implementation that localizes as much
	of network to client interchange as possible will help to minimize wide area network
	bandwidth needs (and thus costs).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The inter-operation of a PDC and its BDCs in a true Windows NT4 environemt is worth
mentioning here. The PDC contains the master copy of the SAM. In the event that an
administrator makes a change to the user account database while physically present
on the local network that has the PDC, the change will likely be made directly to
the PDC instance of the master copy of the SAM. In the event that this update may
be performed in a branch office, the change will likely be stored in a delta file
on the local BDC. The BDC will then send a trigger to the PDC to commence the process
of SAM synchronization. The PDC will then request the delta from the BDC and apply
it to the master SAM. The PDC will then contact all the BDCs in the Domain and
trigger them to obtain the update and then apply that to their own copy of the SAM.
</p><p>
Samba-3 can not participate in true SAM replication and is therefore not able to
employ precisely the same protocols used by MS Windows NT4. A Samba-3 BDC will
not create SAM update delta files. It will not inter-operate with a PDC (NT4 or Samba)
to synchronize the SAM from delta files that are held by BDCs.
</p><p>
Samba-3 cannot function as a BDC to an MS Windows NT4 PDC, and Samba-3 can not
function correctly as a PDC to an MS Windows NT4 BDC. Both Samba-3 and MS Windows
NT4 can function as a BDC to its own type of PDC.
</p><p>
The BDC is said to hold a <span class="emphasis"><em>read-only</em></span> of the SAM from which
it is able to process network logon requests and authenticate users. The BDC can
continue to provide this service, particularly while, for example, the wide area
network link to the PDC is down. A BDC plays a very important role in both the
maintenance of Domain Security as well as in network integrity.
</p><p>
In the event that the NT4 PDC should need to be taken out of service, or if it dies, 
one of the NT4 BDCs can be promoted to a PDC. If this happens while the original NT4 PDC is on
line, it is automatically demoted to an NT4 BDC. This is an important aspect of Domain
Controller management. The tool that is used to effect a promotion or a demotion is the
Server Manager for Domains. It should be noted that Samba-3 BDCs can not be promoted
in this manner because reconfiguration of Samba requires changes to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2874278"></a>Example PDC Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Beginning with Version 2.2, Samba officially supports domain logons for all current Windows clients,
including Windows NT4, 2003 and XP Professional. For Samba to be enabled as a PDC, some
parameters in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>-section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> have to be set.
Refer to <link linkend="minimalPDC"> for an example of the minimum required settings.
</p><div class="example"><a name="minimalPDC"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 6.1. Minimal smb.conf for a PDC in Use With a BDC  LDAP Server on PDC.</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = ldapsam://localhost:389</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
Several other things like a <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> and a
<i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i> share also need to be set along with
settings for the profile path, the user's home drive, and so on. This is not covered in this
chapter; for more information please refer to <link linkend="samba-pdc">.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2874397"></a>LDAP Configuration Notes</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When configuring a master and a slave LDAP server, it is advisable to use the master LDAP server
for the PDC and slave LDAP servers for the BDCs. It is not essential to use slave LDAP servers, however,
many administrators will want to do so in order to provide redundant services. Of course, one or more BDCs
may use any slave LDAP server. Then again, it is entirely possible to use a single LDAP server for the
entire network.
</p><p>
When configuring a master LDAP server that will have slave LDAP servers, do not forget to configure
this in the <tt class="filename">/etc/openldap/slapd.conf</tt> file. It must be noted that the DN of a
server certificate must use the CN attribute to name the server, and the CN must carry the servers'
fully qualified domain name. Additional alias names and wildcards may be present in the
subjectAltName certificate extension. More details on server certificate names are in RFC2830.
</p><p>
It does not really fit within the scope of this document, but a working LDAP installation is
basic to LDAP enabled Samba operation. When using an OpenLdap server with Transport Layer Security
(TLS), the machine name in <tt class="filename">/etc/ssl/certs/slapd.pem</tt> must be the
same as in <tt class="filename">/etc/openldap/sldap.conf</tt>. The Red Hat Linux startup script
creates the <tt class="filename">slapd.pem</tt> file with hostname &#8220;<span class="quote">localhost.localdomain.</span>&#8221;
It is impossible to access this LDAP server from a slave LDAP server (i.e., a Samba BDC) unless the
certificate is recreated with a correct hostname.
</p><p>
Do not install a Samba PDC on a OpenLDAP slave server. Joining client machines to the domain
will fail in this configuration because the change to the machine account in the LDAP tree
must take place on the master LDAP server. This is not replicated rapidly enough to the slave
server that the PDC queries. It therfore gives an error message on the client machine about
not being able to set up account credentials. The machine account is created on the LDAP server
but the password fields will be empty.
</p><p>
Possible PDC/BDC plus LDAP configurations include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	PDC+BDC -&gt; One Central LDAP Server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	PDC -&gt; LDAP master server, BDC -&gt; LDAP slave server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	PDC -&gt; LDAP master, with secondary slave LDAP server.
	</p><p>
	BDC -&gt; LDAP master, with secondary slave LDAP server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	PDC -&gt; LDAP master, with secondary slave LDAP server.
	</p><p>
	BDC -&gt; LDAP slave server, with secondary master LDAP server.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
In order to have a fall-back configuration (secondary) LDAP server one would specify
the secondary LDAP server in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown in <link linkend="mulitldapcfg">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="mulitldapcfg"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 6.2. Multiple LDAP Servers in smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://master.quenya.org</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldapsam:ldap://slave.quenya.org</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2874616"></a>Active Directory Domain Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As of the release of MS Windows 2000 and Active Directory, this information is now stored
in a directory that can be replicated and for which partial or full administrative control
can be delegated. Samba-3 is not able to be a Domain Controller within an Active Directory
tree, and it cannot be an Active Directory server. This means that Samba-3 also cannot
act as a Backup Domain Controller to an Active Directory Domain Controller.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2874638"></a>What Qualifies a Domain Controller on the Network?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Every machine that is a Domain Controller for the domain MIDEARTH has to register the NetBIOS
group name MIDEARTH&lt;#1c&gt; with the WINS server and/or by broadcast on the local network.
The PDC also registers the unique NetBIOS name MIDEARTH&lt;#1b&gt; with the WINS server.
The name type &lt;#1b&gt; name is normally reserved for the Domain Master Browser, a role
that has nothing to do with anything related to authentication, but the Microsoft Domain
implementation requires the Domain Master Browser to be on the same machine as the PDC.
</p><p>
Where a WINS server is not used, broadcast name registrations alone must suffice. Refer to
<link linkend="netdiscuss"> for more information regarding TCP/IP network protocols and how
 SMB/CIFS names are handled.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2874679"></a>How does a Workstation find its Domain Controller?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two different mechanisms to locate a domain controller, one method is used when
NetBIOS over TCP/IP is enabled and the other when it has been disabled in the TCP/IP
network configuration.
</p><p>
Where NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled, all name resolution involves the use of DNS, broadcast
messaging over UDP, as well as Active Directory communication technologies. In this type of
environment all machines require appropriate DNS entries. More information may be found in
<link linkend="adsdnstech">.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2874712"></a>NetBIOS Over TCP/IP Enabled</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
An MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional workstation in the domain MIDEARTH that wants a
local user to be authenticated has to find the Domain Controller for MIDEARTH. It does this
by doing a NetBIOS name query for the group name MIDEARTH&lt;#1c&gt;. It assumes that each
of the machines it gets back from the queries is a Domain Controller and can answer logon
requests. To not open security holes, both the workstation and the selected Domain Controller
authenticate each other. After that the workstation sends the user's credentials (name and
password) to the local Domain Controller for validation.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2874724"></a>NetBIOS Over TCP/IP Disabled</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
An MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional workstation in the realm <tt class="constant">quenya.org</tt>
that has a need to affect user logon authentication will locate the Domain Controller by 
requerying DNS servers for the <tt class="constant">_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.quenya.org</tt> record.
More information regarding this subject may be found in <link linkend="adsdnstech">.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2874791"></a>Backup Domain Controller Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The creation of a BDC requires some steps to prepare the Samba server before
<span class="application">smbd</span> is executed for the first time. These steps are outlines as follows:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2874812"></a>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The domain SID has to be the same on the PDC and the BDC. In Samba versions
	pre-2.2.5, the domain SID was stored in the file <tt class="filename">private/MACHINE.SID</tt>.
	The domain SID is now stored in the file <tt class="filename">private/secrets.tdb</tt>. This file
	is unique to each server and can not be copied from a PDC to a BDC, the BDC will generate
	a new SID at start-up. It will over-write the PDC domain SID with the newly created BDC SID.
	There is a procedure that will allow the BDC to aquire the Domain SID. This is described here.
	</p><p>
	To retrieve the domain SID from the PDC or an existing BDC and store it in the
	<tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt>, execute:
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc getsid</tt></b>
</pre></li><li><p>
	Specification of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2874890"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap admin dn</tt></i> is obligatory.
	This also requires the LDAP administration password to be set in the <tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt>
	using the <b class="command">smbpasswd -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>mysecret</tt></i></b>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Either <a class="indexterm" name="id2874928"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap suffix</tt></i> or
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2874941"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap idmap suffix</tt></i> must be specified in
	the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
	</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2874969"></a>
	The UNIX user database has to be synchronized from the PDC to the
	BDC. This means that both the <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> and
	<tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> have to be replicated from the PDC
	to the BDC. This can be done manually whenever changes are made. 
	Alternately, the PDC is set up as an NIS master server and the BDC as an NIS slave
	server. To set up the BDC as a mere NIS client would not be enough,
	as the BDC would not be able to access its user database in case of
	a PDC failure. NIS is by no means the only method to synchronize
	passwords. An LDAP solution would also work.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The Samba password database must be replicated from the PDC to the BDC.
	Although it is possible to synchronize the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt>
	file with <b class="command">rsync</b> and <b class="command">ssh</b>, this method
	is broken and flawed, and is therefore not recommended. A better solution
	is to set up slave LDAP servers for each BDC and a master LDAP server for the PDC.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The netlogon share has to be replicated from the PDC to the
	BDC. This can be done manually whenever login scripts are changed,
	or it can be done automatically using a <b class="command">cron</b> job
	that will replicate the directory structure in this share using a tool
	like <b class="command">rsync</b>.
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2875061"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Finally, the BDC has to be found by the workstations. This can be done by setting Samba as shown in <link linkend="minim-bdc">.
</p><div class="example"><a name="minim-bdc"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 6.3. Minimal setup for being a BDC</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://slave-ldap.quenya.org</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend = ldapsam:ldap://slave-ldap.quenya.org</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
In the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>-section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> of the BDC. This makes the BDC
only register the name SAMBA&lt;#1c&gt; with the WINS server. This is no
problem as the name SAMBA&lt;#1c&gt; is a NetBIOS group name that is meant to
be registered by more than one machine. The parameter
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875165"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master</tt></i> = no
forces the BDC not to register SAMBA&lt;#1b&gt; which as a unique NetBIOS
name is reserved for the Primary Domain Controller.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875191"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875200"></a>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend</tt></i> will redirect the <b class="command">winbindd</b> utility to
use the LDAP database to resolve all UIDs and GIDs for UNIX accounts.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875229"></a>
Samba-3 has introduced a new ID mapping facility. One of the features of this facility is that it
allows greater flexibility in how user and group IDs are handled in respect to NT Domain User and Group
SIDs. One of the new facilities provides for explicitly ensuring that UNIX/Linux UID and GID values
will be consistent on the PDC, all BDCs and all Domain Member servers. The parameter that controls this
is called <i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend</tt></i>. Please refer to the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for more information
regarding its behavior.
</p></div><p>
The use of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2875266"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend</tt></i> = ldap://master.quenya/org
option on a BDC only make sense where ldapsam is used on a PDC. The purpose for an LDAP based idmap backend is
also to allow a domain-member (without its own passdb backend) to use winbindd to resolve Windows network users
and groups to common UID/GIDs. In other words, this option is generally intended for use on BDCs and on Domain
Member servers.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2875291"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As this is a rather new area for Samba, there are not many examples that we may refer to.
Updates will be published as they become available and may be found in later Samba releases or
from the Samba web <ulink url="http://samba.org">site.</ulink>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2875313"></a>Machine Accounts Keep Expiring</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875324"></a>
This problem will occur when the passdb (SAM) files are copied  from a central
server but the local Backup Domain Controller is acting as a PDC. This results in the application of
Local Machine Trust Account password updates to the local SAM. Such updates 
are not copied back to the central server. The newer machine account password is then over
written when the SAM is re-copied from the PDC. The result is that the Domain Member machine
on start up will find that its passwords do not match the one now in the database and
since the startup security check will now fail, this machine will not allow logon attempts
to proceed and the account expiry error will be reported.
</p><p>
The solution is to use a more robust passdb backend, such as the ldapsam backend, setting up
a slave LDAP server for each BDC, and a master LDAP server for the PDC.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2875368"></a>Can Samba Be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875379"></a>
No. The native NT4 SAM replication protocols have not yet been fully implemented.
</p><p>
Can I get the benefits of a BDC with Samba?  Yes, but only to a Samba PDC.The
main reason for implementing a BDC is availability. If the PDC is a Samba
machine, a second Samba machine can be set up to service logon requests whenever
the PDC is down.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2875402"></a>How Do I Replicate the smbpasswd File?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875414"></a>
Replication of the smbpasswd file is sensitive. It has to be done whenever changes
to the SAM are made. Every user's password change is done in the smbpasswd file and
has to be replicated to the BDC. So replicating the smbpasswd file very often is necessary.
</p><p>
As the smbpasswd file contains plain text password equivalents, it must not be
sent unencrypted over the wire. The best way to set up smbpasswd replication from
the PDC to the BDC is to use the utility rsync. rsync can use ssh as a transport.
<b class="command">ssh</b> itself can be set up to accept <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span>
<b class="command">rsync</b> transfer without requiring the user to type a password.
</p><p>
As said a few times before, use of this method is broken and flawed. Machine trust 
accounts will go out of sync, resulting in a broken domain. This method is
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> recommended. Try using LDAP instead.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2875470"></a>Can I Do This All with LDAP?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The simple answer is yes. Samba's pdb_ldap code supports binding to a replica
LDAP server, and will also follow referrals and rebind to the master if it ever
needs to make a modification to the database. (Normally BDCs are read only, so
this will not occur often).
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="domain-member"></a>Chapter 7. Domain Membership</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Guenther</span> <span class="surname">Deschner</span></h3><span class="contrib">LDAP updates</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">SuSE<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2875708">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876369">Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876636">On-the-Fly Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876716">Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#domain-member-server">Domain Member Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877448">Why Is This Better Than security = server?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877654">Configure smb.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877790">Configure /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-create-machine-account">Create the Computer Account</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-server">Testing Server Setup</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878363">Notes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2878399">Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878532">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878561">Cannot Add Machine Back to Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878595">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878759">I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Domain Membership is a subject of vital concern. Samba must be able to
participate as a member server in a Microsoft Domain Security context, and
Samba must be capable of providing Domain machine member trust accounts,
otherwise it would not be able to offer a viable option for many users.
</p><p>
This chapter covers background information pertaining to Domain Membership,
the Samba configuration for it, and MS Windows client procedures for joining a
domain. Why is this necessary? Because both are areas in which there exists
within the current MS Windows networking world and particularly in the
UNIX/Linux networking and administration world, a considerable level of
misinformation, incorrect understanding and a lack of knowledge. Hopefully
this chapter will fill the voids.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2875708"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows workstations and servers that want to participate in Domain Security need to
be made Domain Members. Participating in Domain Security is often called 
<span class="emphasis"><em>Single Sign On</em></span> or <span class="acronym">SSO</span> for short. This
chapter describes the process that must be followed to make a workstation
(or another server  be it an <span class="application">MS Windows NT4 / 200x</span>
server) or a Samba server a member of an MS Windows Domain Security context.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875748"></a>
Samba-3 can join an MS Windows NT4-style domain as a native member server, an 
MS Windows Active Directory Domain as a native member server, or a Samba Domain
Control network. Domain Membership has many advantages:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875773"></a>
	MS Windows workstation users get the benefit of SSO.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Domain user access rights and file ownership/access controls can be set
	from the single Domain Security Account Manager (SAM) database 
	(works with Domain Member servers as well as with MS Windows workstations
	that are Domain Members).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Only <span class="application">MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional</span>
	workstations that are Domain Members can use network logon facilities.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Domain Member workstations can be better controlled through the use of
	Policy files (<tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>) and Desktop Profiles.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Through the use of logon scripts, users can be given transparent access to network
	applications that run off application servers.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Network administrators gain better application and user access management
	abilities because there is no need to maintain user accounts on any network
	client or server, other than the central Domain database 
	(either NT4/Samba SAM style Domain, NT4 Domain that is backended with an
	LDAP directory, or via an Active Directory infrastructure).
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="machine-trust-accounts"></a>MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875860"></a>
A Machine Trust Account is an account that is used to authenticate a client
machine (rather than a user) to the Domain Controller server. In Windows terminology,
this is known as a &#8220;<span class="quote">Computer Account.</span>&#8221; The purpose of the machine account
is to prevent a rogue user and Domain Controller from colluding to gain access to a 
domain member workstation.
</p><p>
The password of a Machine Trust Account acts as the shared secret for
secure communication with the Domain Controller. This is a security
feature to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same NetBIOS name
from joining the domain and gaining access to domain user/group
accounts. Windows NT/200x/XP Professional clients use machine trust
accounts, but Windows 9x/Me/XP Home clients do not. Hence, a
Windows 9x/Me/XP Home client is never a true member of a Domain
because it does not possess a Machine Trust Account, and, thus, has no
shared secret with the Domain Controller.
</p><p>
A Windows NT4 PDC stores each Machine Trust Account in the Windows Registry.
The introduction of MS Windows 2000 saw the introduction of Active Directory,
the new repository for Machine Trust Accounts. A Samba PDC, however, stores
each Machine Trust Account in two parts,
as follows:

</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	A Domain Security Account (stored in the 
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2875910"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> that has been configured in the
	<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. The precise nature of the account information that is
	stored depends on the type of backend database that has been chosen.
	</p><p>
	The older format of this data is the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> database
	that contains the UNIX login ID, the UNIX user identifier (UID), and the
	LanMan and NT encrypted passwords. There is also some other information in
	this file that we do not need to concern ourselves with here.
	</p><p>
	The two newer database types are called ldapsam, and
	tdbsam. Both store considerably more data than the
	older <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> file did. The extra information
	enables new user account controls to be implemented.
	</p></li><li><p>
	A corresponding UNIX account, typically stored in
	<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>. Work is in progress to allow a
	simplified mode of operation that does not require UNIX user accounts, but
	this may not be a feature of the early releases of Samba-3.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2875988"></a>
There are three ways to create Machine Trust Accounts:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Manual creation from the UNIX/Linux command line. Here, both the Samba and
	corresponding UNIX account are created by hand.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2876017"></a>
	Using the MS Windows NT4 Server Manager, either from an NT4 Domain Member
	server, or using the Nexus toolkit available from the Microsoft Web site.
	This tool can be run from any MS Windows machine as long as the user is
	logged on as the administrator account.
	</p></li><li><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">On-the-fly</span>&#8221; creation. The Samba Machine Trust Account is automatically
	created by Samba at the time the client is joined to the domain.
	(For security, this is the recommended method.) The corresponding UNIX
	account may be created automatically or manually. 
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876046"></a>Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The first step in manually creating a Machine Trust Account is to manually
create the corresponding UNIX account in <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>. 
This can be done using <b class="command">vipw</b> or another &#8220;<span class="quote">add user</span>&#8221; command
that is normally used to create new UNIX accounts. The following is an example for
a Linux-based Samba server:
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2876084"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2876092"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/sbin/useradd -g machines -d /dev/null -c <i class="replaceable"><tt>"machine nickname"</tt></i> \
   -s /bin/false <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>$ </tt></b>

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>passwd -l <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>$</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>In the above example above there is an existing system group &#8220;<span class="quote">machines</span>&#8221; which is used
as the primary group for all machine accounts. In the following examples the &#8220;<span class="quote">machines</span>&#8221; group has
numeric GID equal 100.</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2876166"></a>
On *BSD systems, this can be done using the <b class="command">chpass</b> utility:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chpass -a \
'<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>$:*:101:100::0:0:Windows <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin'</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry will list the machine name 
with a &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221; appended, will not have a password, will have a null shell and no 
home directory. For example, a machine named &#8220;<span class="quote">doppy</span>&#8221; would have an 
<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
doppy$:x:505:100:<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_nickname</tt></i>:/dev/null:/bin/false
</pre><p>
Above, <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_nickname</tt></i> can be any
descriptive name for the client, i.e., BasementComputer.
<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i> absolutely must be the NetBIOS
name of the client to be joined to the domain. The &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221; must be
appended to the NetBIOS name of the client or Samba will not recognize
this as a Machine Trust Account.
</p><p>
Now that the corresponding UNIX account has been created, the next step is to create 
the Samba account for the client containing the well-known initial 
Machine Trust Account password. This can be done using the 
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> command 
as shown here:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -a -m <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
where <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i> is the machine's NetBIOS
name. The RID of the new machine account is generated from the UID of 
the corresponding UNIX account.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Join the client to the domain immediately</h3><p>
Manually creating a Machine Trust Account using this method is the 
equivalent of creating a Machine Trust Account on a Windows NT PDC using 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2876343"></a>
the <span class="application">Server Manager</span>. From the time at which the 
account is created to the time the client joins the domain and 
changes the password, your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining 
your domain using a machine with the same NetBIOS name. A PDC inherently 
trusts members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user 
information to such clients. You have been warned!
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876369"></a>Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A working <a class="indexterm" name="id2876379"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script</tt></i> script is essential
for machine trust accounts to be automatically created. This applies no matter whether
one uses automatic account creation, or if one wishes to use the NT4 Domain Server Manager.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2876402"></a>
If the machine from which you are trying to manage the domain is an 
<span class="application">MS Windows NT4 workstation or MS Windows 200x/XP Professional</span>,
the tool of choice is the package called <b class="command">SRVTOOLS.EXE</b>. 
When executed in the target directory it will unpack <b class="command">SrvMgr.exe</b>
and <b class="command">UsrMgr.exe</b> (both are domain management tools for MS Windows NT4 workstation).
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2876447"></a>
If your workstation is a <span class="application">Microsoft Windows 9x/Me</span> family product
 you should download the <b class="command">Nexus.exe</b> package from the Microsoft web site.
When executed from the target directory this will unpack the same tools but for use on 
this platform.
</p><p>
Further information about these tools may be obtained from the following locations:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;173673">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;173673</ulink></td></tr><tr><td><ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;172540">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;172540</ulink></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
Launch the <b class="command">srvmgr.exe</b> (Server Manager for Domains) and follow these steps:
</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 7.1. Server Manager Account Machine Account Management</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
	From the menu select <span class="guimenu">Computer</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click <span class="guimenuitem">Select Domain</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click the name of the domain you wish to administer in the
	<span class="guilabel">Select Domain</span> panel and then click 
	<span class="guibutton">OK</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Again from the menu select <span class="guimenu">Computer</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Select <span class="guimenuitem">Add to Domain</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	In the dialog box, click the radio button to 
	<span class="guilabel">Add NT Workstation of Server</span>, then
	enter the machine name in the field provided, and click the 
	<span class="guibutton">Add</span> button.
	</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876636"></a>On-the-Fly Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The second (and recommended) way of creating Machine Trust Accounts is
simply to allow the Samba server to create them as needed when the client
is joined to the domain.
</p><p>Since each Samba Machine Trust Account requires a corresponding UNIX account, a method
for automatically creating the UNIX account is usually supplied; this requires configuration of the
add machine script option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. This method is not required, however, corresponding UNIX
accounts may also be created manually.
</p><p>
Here is an example for a Red Hat Linux system.
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># &lt;...remainder of parameters...&gt;</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 \</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>  -s /bin/false -M %u</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876716"></a>Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The procedure for making an MS Windows workstation or server a member of the domain varies
with the version of Windows.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2876728"></a>Windows 200x/XP Professional Client</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	When the user elects to make the client a Domain Member, Windows 200x prompts for
	an account and password that has privileges to create  machine accounts in the domain.
	A Samba Administrator Account (i.e., a Samba account that has <tt class="constant">root</tt> privileges on the
	Samba server) must be entered here; the operation will fail if an ordinary user
	account is given. 
	</p><p>
	For security reasons, the password for this Administrator Account should be set
	to a password that is other than that used for the root user in <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>.
	</p><p>
	The name of the account that is used to create Domain Member machine accounts can be
	anything the network administrator may choose. If it is other than <tt class="constant">root</tt>
	then this is easily mapped to <tt class="constant">root</tt> in the file named in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2876787"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>username map</tt></i> = /etc/samba/smbusers.
	</p><p>
	The session key of the Samba Administrator Account acts as an encryption key for setting the password of the machine trust
	account. The Machine Trust Account will be created on-the-fly, or updated if it already exists.
	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2876811"></a>Windows NT4 Client</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If the Machine Trust Account was created manually, on the
	Identification Changes menu enter the domain name, but do not
	check the box <span class="guilabel">Create a Computer Account in the Domain</span>.
	In this case, the existing Machine Trust Account is used to join the machine 
	to the domain.
	</p><p>
	If the Machine Trust Account is to be created on-the-fly, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain
	name and check the box <span class="guilabel">Create a Computer Account in the Domain</span>. In this case, joining
	the domain proceeds as above for Windows 2000 (i.e., you must supply a Samba Administrator Account when
	prompted).
	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2876852"></a>Samba Client</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>Joining a Samba client to a domain is documented in 
	<link linkend="domain-member-server">.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="domain-member-server"></a>Domain Member Server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This mode of server operation involves the Samba machine being made a member
of a domain security context. This means by definition that all user
authentication will be done from a centrally defined authentication regime. 
The authentication regime may come from an NT3/4-style (old domain technology)
server, or it may be provided from an Active Directory server (ADS) running on
MS Windows 2000 or later.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>
Of course it should be clear that the authentication backend itself could be
from any distributed directory architecture server that is supported by Samba.
This can be LDAP (from OpenLDAP), or Sun's iPlanet, or NetWare Directory
Server, and so on.
</em></span>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
When Samba is configured to use an LDAP, or other identity management and/or
directory service, it is Samba that continues to perform user and machine
authentication. It should be noted that the LDAP server does not perform
authentication handling in place of what Samba is designed to do.
</div><p>
Please refer to <link linkend="samba-pdc">, for more information regarding
how to create a domain machine account for a Domain Member server as well as for
information on how to enable the Samba Domain Member machine to join the domain
and be fully trusted by it.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876940"></a>Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p><link linkend="assumptions"> lists names that have been used in the remainder of this chapter.</p><div class="table"><a name="assumptions"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 7.1. Assumptions</b></p><table summary="Assumptions" border="1"><colgroup><col align="right"><col align="left"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="right">NetBIOS name:</td><td align="left">SERV1</td></tr><tr><td align="right">Windows 200x/NT domain name:</td><td align="left">MIDEARTH</td></tr><tr><td align="right">Domain's PDC NetBIOS name:</td><td align="left">DOMPDC</td></tr><tr><td align="right">Domain's BDC NetBIOS names:</td><td align="left">DOMBDC1 and DOMBDC2</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
First, you must edit your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.
</p><p>
	Change (or add) your 
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2877054"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> line in the [global] section 
of your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to read:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = domain</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
Next change the <a class="indexterm" name="id2877098"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup</tt></i> line in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>
section to read: 
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
This is the name of the domain we are joining.
</p><p>
You must also have the parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2877148"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i>
set to <tt class="constant">yes</tt> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.
This is the defaulty setting if this parameter is not specified. There is no need to specify this
parameter, but if it is specified in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, it must be set to <tt class="constant">Yes</tt>.
</p><p>
Finally, add (or modify) a <a class="indexterm" name="id2877186"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> line in the [global]
section to read: 
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
These are the primary and backup Domain Controllers Samba 
will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will 
try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to 
rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load 
among Domain Controllers.
</p><p>
Alternately, if you want smbd to automatically determine 
the list of Domain Controllers to use for authentication, you may 
set this line to be:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>password server = *</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
This method allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. The 
method either uses broadcast-based name resolution, performs a WINS database
lookup in order to find a Domain Controller against which to authenticate,
or locates the Domain Controller using DNS name resolution.
</p><p>
To join the domain, run this command:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net join -S DOMPDC -U<i class="replaceable"><tt>Administrator%password</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
If the <tt class="option">-S DOMPDC</tt> argument is not given, the domain name will be obtained from <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p><p>
The machine is joining the domain DOM, and the PDC for that domain (the only machine
that has write access to the domain SAM database) is DOMPDC, therefore use the <tt class="option">-S</tt>
option. The <i class="replaceable"><tt>Administrator%password</tt></i> is the login name and
password for an account that has the necessary privilege to add machines to the
domain. If this is successful, you will see the message in your terminal window the
text shown below. Where the older NT4 style domain architecture is used:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="computeroutput">Joined domain DOM.</tt>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Where Active Directory is used:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="computeroutput">Joined SERV1 to realm MYREALM.</tt>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Refer to the <b class="command">net</b> man page for further information.
</p><p>
This process joins the server to the domain without having to create the machine
trust account on the PDC beforehand.
</p><p>
This command goes through the machine account password change protocol, then writes
the new (random) machine account password for this Samba server into a file in the
same directory in which a smbpasswd file would be normally stored:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/private/secrets.tdb</tt>
or 
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/secrets.tdb</tt>.
</pre><p>
</p><p>
This file is created and owned by root and is not readable by any other user. It is
the key to the Domain-level security for your system, and should be treated as carefully 
as a shadow password file.
</p><p>
Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for clients to begin using domain
security. The way you can restart your Samba daemons depends on your distribution,
but in most cases the following will suffice:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>/etc/init.d/samba restart
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877448"></a>Why Is This Better Than <i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i>?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Currently, domain security in Samba does not free you from 
having to create local UNIX users to represent the users attaching 
to your server. This means that if Domain user <tt class="constant">DOM\fred
</tt> attaches to your Domain Security Samba server, there needs 
to be a local UNIX user fred to represent that user in the UNIX 
file system. This is similar to the older Samba security mode 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877476"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server,
where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows 
NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
</p><p>
Please refer to <link linkend="winbind">, for information on a system
to automatically assign UNIX UIDs and GIDs to Windows NT Domain users and groups.
</p><p>
The advantage to Domain-level security is that the 
authentication in Domain-level security is passed down the authenticated 
RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This 
means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in 
exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into 
a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource
domain PDC to an account domain PDC).
</p><p>
In addition, with <a class="indexterm" name="id2877522"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server, every Samba 
daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the 
authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain 
the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run 
out of available connections. With <a class="indexterm" name="id2877540"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = domain, 
however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long 
as is necessary to authenticate the user and then drop the connection, 
thus conserving PDC connection resources.
</p><p>
And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server 
authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication 
reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such 
as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, and so on. 
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Much of the text of this document was first published in the Web magazine 
<ulink url="http://www.linuxworld.com">LinuxWorld</ulink> as the article <ulink url="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html">http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html</ulink>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Doing the NIS/NT Samba</em></span>.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ads-member"></a>Samba ADS Domain Membership</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877614"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877622"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877634"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877642"></a>
This is a rough guide to setting up Samba-3 with Kerberos authentication against a
Windows 200x KDC. A familiarity with Kerberos is assumed.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877654"></a>Configure <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You must use at least the following three options in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>realm = your.kerberos.REALM</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = ADS</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># The following parameter need only be specified if present.</td></tr><tr><td># The default setting is not present is Yes.</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
In case samba cannot correctly identify the appropriate ADS server using the realm name, use the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877724"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>password server = your.kerberos.server</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
You do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> need a smbpasswd file, and older clients will be authenticated as 
if <a class="indexterm" name="id2877771"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = domain, although it will not do any harm and 
allows you to have local users not in the domain.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877790"></a>Configure <tt class="filename">/etc/krb5.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877806"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877814"></a>
With both MIT and Heimdal Kerberos, this is unnecessary, and may be detrimental. All ADS
domains will automatically create SRV records in the DNS zone <i class="parameter"><tt>_kerberos.REALM.NAME</tt></i> for
each KDC in the realm. MIT's, as well as Heimdal's, KRB5 libraries default to checking
for these records, so they will automatically find the KDCs. In addition,
<tt class="filename">krb5.conf</tt> only allows specifying a single KDC, even there if there is more
than one. Using the DNS lookup allows the KRB5 libraries to use whichever KDCs are available.
</p><p>
When manually configuring <tt class="filename">krb5.conf</tt>, the minimal configuration is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[libdefaults]
   default_realm = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM

	[realms]
	YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
	kdc = your.kerberos.server
	    }
</pre><p>
When using Heimdal versions before 0.6 use the following configuration settings:
</p><pre class="screen">
[libdefaults]
   default_realm      = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM
   default_etypes     = des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5
   default_etypes_des = des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5

        [realms]
        YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
        kdc = your.kerberos.server
            }
</pre><p>
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2877894"></a>
Test your config by doing a <b class="userinput"><tt>kinit
<i class="replaceable"><tt>USERNAME</tt></i>@<i class="replaceable"><tt>REALM</tt></i></tt></b> and
making sure that your password is accepted by the Win2000 KDC.
</p><p>
With Heimdal versions earlier than 0.6.x you only can use newly created accounts
in ADS or accounts that have had the password changed once after migration, or
in case of <tt class="constant">Administrator</tt> after installation. At the
moment, a Windows 2003 KDC can only be used with a Heimdal releases later than 0.6
(and no default etypes in krb5.conf). Unfortunatly this whole area is still
in a state of flux.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The realm must be in uppercase or you will get &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">Cannot find KDC for
requested realm while getting initial credentials</span></span>&#8221; error (Kerberos
is case-sensitive!).
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Time between the two servers must be synchronized. You will get a
&#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">kinit(v5): Clock skew too great while getting initial credentials</span></span>&#8221;
if the time difference is more than five minutes. 
</p></div><p>
Clock skew limits are configurable in the Kerberos protocols. The default setting is
five minutes.
</p><p>
You also must ensure that you can do a reverse DNS lookup on the IP
address of your KDC. Also, the name that this reverse lookup maps to
must either be the NetBIOS name of the KDC (i.e., the hostname with no
domain attached) or it can alternately be the NetBIOS name followed by the realm. 
</p><p>
The easiest way to ensure you get this right is to add a 
<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> entry mapping the IP address of your KDC to 
its NetBIOS name. If you do not get this correct then you will get a 
<span class="errorname">local error</span> when you try to join the realm.
</p><p>
If all you want is Kerberos support in <span class="application">smbclient</span> then you can skip
directly to <link linkend="ads-test-smbclient"> now. 
<link linkend="ads-create-machine-account"> and <link linkend="ads-test-server">
are needed only if you want Kerberos support for <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">winbindd</span>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ads-create-machine-account"></a>Create the Computer Account</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As a user who has write permission on the Samba private directory (usually root), run:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>net ads join -U Administrator%password</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
When making a Windows client a member of an ADS domain within a complex organization, you
may want to create the machine account within a particular organizational unit. Samba-3 permits
this to be done using the following syntax:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>  <b class="userinput"><tt>kinit Administrator@your.kerberos.REALM</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>net ads join &#8220;<span class="quote">organizational_unit</span>&#8221;</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
For example, you may want to create the machine account in a container called &#8220;<span class="quote">Servers</span>&#8221;
under the organizational directory &#8220;<span class="quote">Computers\BusinessUnit\Department</span>&#8221; like this:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>net ads join "Computers\BusinessUnit\Department\Servers"</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2878175"></a>Possible Errors</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="errorname">ADS support not compiled in</span></span></dt><dd><p>Samba must be reconfigured (remove config.cache) and recompiled
	(make clean all install) after the Kerberos libiraries and headers files are installed.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><span class="errorname">net ads join prompts for user name</span></span></dt><dd><p>You need to login to the domain using <b class="userinput"><tt>kinit
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>USERNAME</tt></i>@<i class="replaceable"><tt>REALM</tt></i></tt></b>.
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>USERNAME</tt></i> must be a user who has rights to add a machine
	to the domain. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Unsupported encryption/or checksum types</span></dt><dd><p>
	Make sure that the <tt class="filename">/etc/krb5.conf</tt> is correctly configured
	for the type and version of Kerberos installed on the system.
	</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ads-test-server"></a>Testing Server Setup</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If the join was successful, you will see a new computer account with the
NetBIOS name of your Samba server in Active Directory (in the &#8220;<span class="quote">Computers</span>&#8221;
folder under Users and Computers.
</p><p>
On a Windows 2000 client, try <b class="userinput"><tt>net use * \\server\share</tt></b>. You should
be logged in with Kerberos without needing to know a password. If this fails then run
<b class="userinput"><tt>klist tickets</tt></b>. Did you get a ticket for the server? Does it have
an encryption type of DES-CBC-MD5? 
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
Samba can use both DES-CBC-MD5 encryption as well as ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5 encoding.
</div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ads-test-smbclient"></a>Testing with <span class="application">smbclient</span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2878334"></a>
On your Samba server try to login to a Win2000 server or your Samba
server using <span class="application">smbclient</span> and Kerberos. Use <span class="application">smbclient</span> as usual, but
specify the <tt class="option">-k</tt> option to choose Kerberos authentication.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2878363"></a>Notes</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You must change administrator password at least once after DC 
install, to create the right encryption types.
</p><p>
Windows 200x does not seem to create the <i class="parameter"><tt>_kerberos._udp</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>_ldap._tcp</tt></i> in
the default DNS setup. Perhaps this will be fixed later in service packs.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878399"></a>Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba maps UNIX users and groups (identified by UIDs and GIDs) to Windows users and groups (identified by SIDs).
These mappings are done by the <i class="parameter"><tt>idmap</tt></i> subsystem of Samba.
</p><p>
In some cases it is useful to share these mappings between Samba Domain Members,
so <span class="emphasis"><em>name-&gt;id</em></span> mapping is identical on all machines.
This may be needed in particular when sharing files over both CIFS and NFS.
</p><p>To use the <span class="emphasis"><em>LDAP</em></span> <i class="parameter"><tt>ldap idmap suffix</tt></i>, set:</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap idmap suffix = ou=Idmap,dc=quenya,dc=org</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>See the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page entry for the <a class="indexterm" name="id2878474"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap idmap suffix</tt></i>
parameter for further information.</p><p>
Do not forget to specify also the <a class="indexterm" name="id2878493"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap admin dn</tt></i>
and to make certain to set the LDAP administrative password into the <tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt> using:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> smbpasswd -w ldap-admin-password
</pre></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878532"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the process of adding/deleting/re-adding Domain Member machine accounts, there are
many traps for the unwary player and many &#8220;<span class="quote">little</span>&#8221; things that can go wrong.
It is particularly interesting how often subscribers on the Samba mailing list have concluded
after repeated failed attempts to add a machine account that it is necessary to &#8220;<span class="quote">re-install</span>&#8221;
MS Windows on the machine. In truth, it is seldom necessary to reinstall because of this type
of problem. The real solution is often quite simple and with an understanding of how MS Windows
networking functions, it is easy to overcome.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2878561"></a>Cannot Add Machine Back to Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">A Windows workstation was re-installed. The original domain machine
account was deleted and added immediately. The workstation will not join the domain if I use 
the same machine name. Attempts to add the machine fail with a message that the machine already
exists on the network  I know it does not. Why is this failing?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
The original name is still in the NetBIOS name cache and must expire after machine account
deletion before adding that same name as a Domain Member again. The best advice is to delete
the old account and then add the machine with a new name.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2878595"></a>Adding Machine to Domain Fails</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">Adding a Windows 200x or XP Professional machine to the Samba PDC Domain fails with a
message that, <span class="errorname">`The machine could not be added at this time, there is a network problem.
Please try again later.'</span> Why?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
You should check that there is an <a class="indexterm" name="id2878622"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script</tt></i> in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file. If there is not, please add one that is appropriate for your OS platform. If a script
has been defined, you will need to debug its operation. Increase the <a class="indexterm" name="id2878646"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i>
in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file to level 10, then try to rejoin the domain. Check the logs to see which
operation is failing.
</p><p>
Possible causes include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The script does not actually exist, or could not be located in the path specified.
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Corrective action:</em></span> Fix it. Make sure when run manually
	that the script will add both the UNIX system account and the Samba SAM account.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The machine could not be added to the UNIX system accounts file <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>.
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Corrective action:</em></span> Check that the machine name is a legal UNIX
	system account name. If the UNIX utility <b class="command">useradd</b> is called,
	then make sure that the machine name you are trying to add can be added using this
	tool. <b class="command">Useradd</b> on some systems will not allow any upper case characters
	nor will it allow spaces in the name.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2878740"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script</tt></i> does not create the
machine account in the Samba backend database, it is there only to create a UNIX system
account to which the Samba backend database account can be mapped.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2878759"></a>I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Windows 2003 requires SMB signing. Client side SMB signing has been implemented in Samba-3.0.
	Set <a class="indexterm" name="id2878771"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>client use spnego</tt></i> = yes when communicating 
	with a Windows 2003 server.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="StandAloneServer"></a>Chapter 8. Stand-alone Servers</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2878847">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878885">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878958">Example Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#RefDocServer">Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#SimplePrintServer">Central Print Serving</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2879591">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><p>
Stand-alone Servers are independent of Domain Controllers on the network.
They are not Domain Members and function more like workgroup servers. In many
cases a Stand-alone Server is configured with a minimum of security control
with the intent that all data served will be readily accessible to all users.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878847"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Stand-alone Servers can be as secure or as insecure as needs dictate. They can
have simple or complex configurations. Above all, despite the hoopla about
Domain Security they remain a common installation.
</p><p>
If all that is needed is a server for read-only files, or for
printers alone, it may not make sense to effect a complex installation.
For example: A drafting office needs to store old drawings and reference
standards. Noone can write files to the server as it is legislatively
important that all documents remain unaltered. A share mode read-only Stand-alone
Server is an ideal solution.
</p><p>
Another situation that warrants simplicity is an office that has many printers
that are queued off a single central server. Everyone needs to be able to print
to the printers, there is no need to effect any access controls and no files will
be served from the print server. Again, a share mode Stand-alone Server makes
a great solution.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878885"></a>Background</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The term <span class="emphasis"><em>Stand-alone Server</em></span> means that it
will provide local authentication and access control for all resources
that are available from it. In general this means that there will be a
local user database. In more technical terms, it means resources
on the machine will be made available in either SHARE mode or in
USER mode.
</p><p>
No special action is needed other than to create user accounts. Stand-alone
servers do not provide network logon services. This means that machines that
use this server do not perform a domain logon to it. Whatever logon facility
the workstations are subject to is independent of this machine. It is, however,
necessary to accommodate any network user so the logon name they use will
be translated (mapped) locally on the Stand-alone Server to a locally known
user name. There are several ways this can be done.
</p><p>
Samba tends to blur the distinction a little in respect of what is
a Stand-alone Server. This is because the authentication database may be
local or on a remote server, even if from the SMB protocol perspective
the Samba server is not a member of a domain security context.
</p><p>
Through the use of Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) and the name service switcher (NSSWITCH),
which maintains the UNIX-user database) the source of authentication may reside on 
another server. We would be inclined to call this the authentication server.
This means that the Samba server may use the local UNIX/Linux system password database
(<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> or <tt class="filename">/etc/shadow</tt>), may use a
local smbpasswd file, or may use an LDAP backend, or even via PAM and Winbind another CIFS/SMB server
for authentication.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878958"></a>Example Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The examples, <link linkend="simplynice">, and link linkend="SimplePrintServer"/&gt;,
are designed to inspire simplicity. It is too easy to attempt a high level of creativity
and to introduce too much complexity in server and network design.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="RefDocServer"></a>Reference Documentation Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Configuration of a read-only data server that everyone can access is very simple.
<link linkend="simplynice"> is the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file that will do this. Assume that all the reference documents
are stored in the directory <tt class="filename">/export</tt>, and the documents are owned by a user other than
nobody. No home directories are shared, and there are no users in the <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>
UNIX system database. This is a simple system to administer.
</p><div class="example"><a name="simplynice"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 8.1. smb.conf for Reference Documentation Server</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>#  Global parameters</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = GANDALF</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = SHARE</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = guest</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = 192.168.1.1</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[data]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Data</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /export</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest only = Yes</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
In <link linkend="simplynice"> above, the machine name is set to GANDALF, the workgroup is set to the name
of the local workgroup (MIDEARTH) so the machine will appear together with systems with
which users are familiar. The only password backend required is the &#8220;<span class="quote">guest</span>&#8221; backend to allow default
unprivileged account names to be used. As there is a WINS server on this networki, we of obviously make use of it.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="SimplePrintServer"></a>Central Print Serving</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Configuration of a simple print server is easy if you have all the right tools
on your system.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><p class="title"><b> Assumptions:</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
	The print server must require no administration.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The print spooling and processing system on our print server will be CUPS.
	(Please refer to <link linkend="CUPS-printing"> for more information).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The print server will service only network printers. The network administrator
	will correctly configure the CUPS environment to support the printers.
	</p></li><li><p>
	All workstations will use only postscript drivers. The printer driver
	of choice is the one shipped with the Windows OS for the Apple Color LaserWriter.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
In this example our print server will spool all incoming print jobs to
<tt class="filename">/var/spool/samba</tt> until the job is ready to be submitted by
Samba to the CUPS print processor. Since all incoming connections will be as
the anonymous (guest) user, two things will be required:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Enabling Anonymous Printing</b></p><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The UNIX/Linux system must have a <b class="command">guest</b> account.
	The default for this is usually the account <b class="command">nobody</b>.
	To find the correct name to use for your version of Samba, do the 
	following:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -s -v | grep "guest account"</tt></b>
</pre><p>
	Make sure that this account exists in your system password
	database (<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The directory into which Samba will spool the file must have write
	access for the guest account. The following commands will ensure that
	this directory is available for use:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>mkdir /var/spool/samba</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown nobody.nobody /var/spool/samba</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chmod a+rwt /var/spool/samba</tt></b>
</pre><p>
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The contents of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file is shown in <link linkend="AnonPtrSvr">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="AnonPtrSvr"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 8.2. smb.conf for Anonymous Printing</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>#  Global parameters</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = MIDEARTH</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = GANDALF</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = SHARE</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = guest</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = No</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2879542"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2879553"></a>
On CUPS-enabled systems there is a facility to pass raw data directly to the printer without
intermediate processing via CUPS print filters. Where use of this mode of operation is desired,
it is necessary to configure a raw printing device. It is also necessary to enable the raw mime
handler in the <tt class="filename">/etc/mime.conv</tt> and <tt class="filename">/etc/mime.types</tt>
files. Refer to <link linkend="cups-raw">.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2879591"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The greatest mistake so often made is to make a network configuration too complex.
It pays to use the simplest solution that will meet the needs of the moment.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="ClientConfig"></a>Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2879654">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2879654"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="optional"></a>Advanced Configuration</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="partintro" lang="en"><div><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2879682"></a>Valuable Nuts and Bolts Information</h1></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba has several features that you might want or might not want to use. The chapters in this part each cover specific Samba features.
</p><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>10. <a href="#NetworkBrowsing">Network Browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879808">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="#netdiscuss">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870902">TCP/IP without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="#adsdnstech">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2871266">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#DMB">Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882657">DOMAIN Browsing Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing Samba to Be the Master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883073">Making Samba the Domain Master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883250">Note about Broadcast Addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883267">Multiple Interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883303">Use of the Remote Announce Parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883462">Use of the Remote Browse Sync Parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883539">WINS  The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883731">WINS Server Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884003">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884040">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2884125">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884138">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884219">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2884394">Technical Overview of Browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884448">Browsing Support in Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884579">Problem Resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884709">Cross-Subnet Browsing</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2885483">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2885497">How Can One Flush the Samba NetBIOS Name Cache without Restarting Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885564">Server Resources Can Not Be Listed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885620">I get an `Unable to browse the network' error</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885679">Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>11. <a href="#passdb">Account Information Databases</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886163">Backward Compatibility Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2886323">New Backends</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#passdbtech">Technical Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886715">Important Notes About Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2886952">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#idmapbackend">Mapping Common UIDs/GIDs on Distributed Machines</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#acctmgmttools">Account Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2887270">The smbpasswd Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2887857">Password Backends</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2887908">Plaintext</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2887948">smbpasswd  Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888074">tdbsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888128">ldapsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890210">MySQL</a></dt><dt><a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891304">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891310">Users Cannot Logon</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891353">Users Being Added to the Wrong Backend Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891445">Configuration of auth methods</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>12. <a href="#groupmapping">Group Mapping  MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2892074">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2892376">Default Users, Groups and Relative Identifiers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893011">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2893090">Configuration Scripts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893104">Sample smb.conf Add Group Script</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893239">Script to Configure Group Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2893347">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893361">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893430">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893456">Adding Domain Users to the Power Users Group</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>13. <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894048">File System Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894478">Managing Directories</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894573">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2894812">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2896108">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2896192">Share Permissions Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2896500">MS Windows Access Control Lists and UNIX Interoperability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2896509">Managing UNIX Permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896565">Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896647">Viewing File Ownership</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896786">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897037">Modifying File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897629">Interaction with the Standard Samba File Attribute Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2897717">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2897731">Users Cannot Write to a Public Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898158">File Operations Done as root with force user Set</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898213">MS Word with Samba Changes Owner of File</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>14. <a href="#locking">File and Record Locking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898467">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898524">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898671">Opportunistic Locking Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899379">Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899500">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899930">MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900155">Workstation Service Entries</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900183">Server Service Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2900262">Persistent Data Corruption</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900292">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900373">locking.tdb Error Messages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900406">Problems Saving Files in MS Office on Windows XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900427">Long Delays Deleting Files Over Network with XP SP1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2900458">Additional Reading</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>15. <a href="#securing-samba">Securing Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900637">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900682">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900766">Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900786">Using Host-Based Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900887">User-Based Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900946">Using Interface Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901029">Using a Firewall</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901086">Using IPC$ Share-Based Denials </a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901170">NTLMv2 Security</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2901229">Upgrading Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901253">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901272">Smbclient Works on Localhost, but the Network Is Dead</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901297">Why Can Users Access Home Directories of Other Users?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>16. <a href="#InterdomainTrusts">Interdomain Trust Relationships</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901653">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901682">Trust Relationship Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901765">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901793">Creating an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901865">Completing an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901924">Inter-Domain Trust Facilities</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2902123">Configuring Samba NT-Style Domain Trusts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#samba-trusted-domain">Samba as the Trusted Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902332">Samba as the Trusting Domain</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2902474">NT4-Style Domain Trusts with Windows 2000</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902580">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>17. <a href="#msdfs">Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902681">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902970">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903011">MSDFS UNIX Path Is Case-Critical</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>18. <a href="#printing">Classical Printing Support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903188">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903288">Technical Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903354">Client to Samba Print Job Processing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903425">Printing Related Configuration Parameters</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2903521">Simple Print Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903734">Verifing Configuration with testparm</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903850">Rapid Configuration Validation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2904190">Extended Printing Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2904542">Detailed Explanation Settings</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2906936">Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2907089">Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907232">The Obsoleted [printer$] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907332">Creating the [print$] Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907877">The [print$] Share Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2908048">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2908167">Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#inst-rpc">Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910041">Client Driver Installation Procedure</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910060">First Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910292">Setting Device Modes on New Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910635">Additional Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910743">Always Make First Client Connection as root or printer admin</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910927">Other Gotchas</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910952">Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911376">Supporting Large Numbers of Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911980">Error Message: Cannot connect under a different Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912087">Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912446">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912531">Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2912556">The Imprints Toolset</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2912594">What is Imprints?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912636">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912655">The Imprints Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912675">The Installation Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2912837">Adding Network Printers without User Interaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913162">The addprinter Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913208">Migration of Classical Printing to Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913384">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913407">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913415">I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913466">My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>19. <a href="#CUPS-printing">CUPS Printing Support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913595">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913602">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913653">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913705">Basic CUPS Support Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914049">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914245">More Complex CUPS smb.conf Settings</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2914612">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914632">Central Spooling vs. Peer-to-Peer Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914686">Raw Print Serving  Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914746">Installation of Windows Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2915221">Advanced Intelligent Printing with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915877">Ghostscript  the Software RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916020">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916096">Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916202">CUPS Also Uses PPDs for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2916232">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2916406">MIME Types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916810">Filtering  Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917004">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917114">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917238">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917435">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917514">rasterto [printers specific]</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917666">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918031">The Role of cupsomatic/foomatic</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918196">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918210">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918275">Raw Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918384">application/octet-stream Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918652">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for Non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919266">Examples for Filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919651">Sources of CUPS Drivers/PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919788">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2919880">Network Printing (Purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2919900">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919956">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920140">Network Printing (Windows Clients  UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920162">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920357">Samba Receiving Jobfiles and Passing Them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920446">Network PostScript RIP</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920548">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920608">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920689">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920707">Printer Drivers Running in Kernel Mode Cause Many
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920752">Workarounds Impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920773">CUPS: A Magical Stone?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920836">PostScript Drivers with No Major Problems  Even in Kernel
Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920901">Configuring CUPS for Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920920">cupsaddsmb: The Unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921036">Prepare Your smb.conf for cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921278">CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921567">Recognizing Different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921697">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921727">ESP Print Pro PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922094">Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922324">Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922468">Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922875">How to Recognize If cupsaddsmb Completed Successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922973">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923060">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923144">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923324">Avoiding Critical PostScript Driver Settings on the Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2923606">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923752">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923881">Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925432">Troubleshooting Revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2925844">Trivial Database Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925923">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925993">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926051">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2926196">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2926383">foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927179">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2927729">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2927771">Setting Up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927841">Correct and Incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927889">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928018">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928187">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928267">Future Developments</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2928322">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928553">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2928617">CUPS Configuration Settings Explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928890">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2928948">Printing from CUPS to Windows Attached Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929244">More CUPS-Filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929337">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2929343">Windows 9x/ME Client Can't Install Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929362">cupsaddsmb Keeps Asking for Root Password in Never-ending Loop</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929412">cupsaddsmb Errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929496">Client Can't Connect to Samba Printer</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929524">New Account Reconnection from Windows 200x/XP Troubles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929628">Avoid Being Connected to the Samba Server as the Wrong User</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929680">Upgrading to CUPS Drivers from Adobe Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929723">Can't Use cupsaddsmb on Samba Server Which Is a PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929762">Deleted Windows 200x Printer Driver Is Still Shown</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929800">Windows 200x/XP "Local Security Policies"</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929816">Administrator Cannot Install Printers for All Local Users</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929845">Print Change Notify Functions on NT-clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929873">WinXP-SP1</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929925">Print Options for All Users Can't Be Set on Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930240">Most Common Blunders in Driver Settings on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930302">cupsaddsmb Does Not Work with Newly Installed Printer</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930358">Permissions on /var/spool/samba/ Get Reset After Each Reboot</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930473">Print Queue Called lp Mis-handles Print Jobs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930530">Location of Adobe PostScript Driver Files for cupsaddsmb</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2930588">Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>20. <a href="#VFS">Stackable VFS modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2930792">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930810">Discussion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931062">Included Modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931069">audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931106">extd_audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#fakeperms">fake_perms</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931279">recycle</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931509">netatalk</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931554">VFS Modules Available Elsewhere</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931576">DatabaseFS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931637">vscan</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>21. <a href="#winbind">Winbind: Use of Domain Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931874">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931999">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932080">What Winbind Provides</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932156">Target Uses</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932186">How Winbind Works</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932215">Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932249">Microsoft Active Directory Services</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932275">Name Service Switch</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932410">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932488">User and Group ID Allocation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932521">Result Caching</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932558">Installation and Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932565">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932631">Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932714">Testing Things Out</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2934471">Conclusion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934490">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934544">NSCD Problem Warning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934590">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>22. <a href="#AdvancedNetworkManagement">Advanced Network Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934800">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934972">Remote Desktop Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934990">Remote Management from NoMachine.Com</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2935223">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935452">Adding Printers without User Intervention</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>23. <a href="#PolicyMgmt">System and Account Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935567">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2935660">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935794">Windows 9x/ME Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2935906">Windows NT4-Style Policy Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936048">MS Windows 200x/XP Professional Policies</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2936349">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936508">Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936523">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936619">Windows NT4/200x</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936643">Samba PDC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2936688">System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936833">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936847">Policy Does Not Work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>24. <a href="#ProfileMgmt">Desktop Profile Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936948">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936982">Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2937023">Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2937581">Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2938927">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP Workstations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939015">Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2939345">Mandatory Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939441">Creating and Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939493">Default Profile for Windows Users</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939523">MS Windows 9x/Me</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939674">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2940295">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2940861">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2940874">Configuring Roaming Profiles for a Few Users or Groups</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2940940">Cannot Use Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2941149">Changing the Default Profile</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>25. <a href="#pam">PAM-Based Distributed Authentication</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2941434">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2941758">Technical Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2941789">PAM Configuration Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2942786">Example System Configurations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943135">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943224">Remote CIFS Authentication Using winbindd.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943347">Password Synchronization Using pam_smbpass.so</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2943806">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2943820">pam_winbind Problem</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943930">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>26. <a href="#integrate-ms-networks">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2944182">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944206">Background Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944270">Name Resolution in a Pure UNIX/Linux World</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2944327">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944478">/etc/resolv.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944522">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944587">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2944702">Name Resolution as Used within MS Windows Networking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945054">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945120">The LMHOSTS File</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945368">HOSTS File</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945400">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945433">WINS Lookup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2945549">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945564">Pinging Works Only in One Way</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945606">Very Slow Network Connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945657">Samba Server Name Change Problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>27. <a href="#unicode">Unicode/Charsets</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945897">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945942">What Are Charsets and Unicode?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946022">Samba and Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946150">Conversion from Old Names</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946166">Japanese Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946304">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946311">CP850.so Can't Be Found</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>28. <a href="#Backup">Samba Backup Techniques</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946426">Note</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946440">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>29. <a href="#SambaHA">High Availability Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946510">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="NetworkBrowsing"></a>Chapter 10. Network Browsing</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">July 5, 1998</p></div><div><p class="pubdate">Updated: April 21, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2879808">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="#netdiscuss">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870902">TCP/IP without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="#adsdnstech">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2871266">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#DMB">Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882657">DOMAIN Browsing Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing Samba to Be the Master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883073">Making Samba the Domain Master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883250">Note about Broadcast Addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883267">Multiple Interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883303">Use of the Remote Announce Parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883462">Use of the Remote Browse Sync Parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883539">WINS  The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883731">WINS Server Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884003">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884040">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2884125">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884138">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884219">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2884394">Technical Overview of Browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884448">Browsing Support in Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884579">Problem Resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884709">Cross-Subnet Browsing</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2885483">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2885497">How Can One Flush the Samba NetBIOS Name Cache without Restarting Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885564">Server Resources Can Not Be Listed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885620">I get an `Unable to browse the network' error</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885679">Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This document contains detailed information as well as a fast track guide to
implementing browsing across subnets and/or across workgroups (or domains).
WINS is the best tool for resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses. WINS is
not involved in browse list handling except by way of name to address resolution.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
MS Windows 2000 and later versions can be configured to operate with no NetBIOS 
over TCP/IP. Samba-3 and later versions also support this mode of operation.
When the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP has been disabled, the primary
means for resolution of MS Windows machine names is via DNS and Active Directory.
The following information assumes that your site is running NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2879808"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Someone once referred to the past in these words &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="emphasis"><em>It was the best of times,
it was the worst of times.</em></span></span>&#8221; The more we look back, the more we long for what was and
hope it never returns.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2879832"></a>
For many MS Windows network administrators, that statement sums up their feelings about
NetBIOS networking precisely. For those who mastered NetBIOS networking, its fickle
nature was just par for the course. For those who never quite managed to tame its
lusty features, NetBIOS is like Paterson's Curse.
</p><p>
For those not familiar with botanical problems in Australia, Paterson's Curse,
<span class="emphasis"><em>Echium plantagineum</em></span>, was introduced to Australia from Europe during the mid-nineteenth
century. Since then it has spread rapidly. The high seed production, with densities of
thousands of seeds per square meter, a seed longevity of more than seven years, and an
ability to germinate at any time of year, given the right conditions, are some of the
features which make it such a persistent weed.
</p><p>
In this chapter we explore vital aspects of Server Message Block (SMB) networking with
a particular focus on SMB as implemented through running NetBIOS (Network Basic
Input/Output System) over TCP/IP. Since Samba does not implement SMB or NetBIOS over
any other protocols, we need to know how to configure our network environment and simply
remember to use nothing but TCP/IP on all our MS Windows network clients.
</p><p>
Samba provides the ability to implement a WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server)
and implements extensions to Microsoft's implementation of WINS. These extensions
help Samba to effect stable WINS operations beyond the normal scope of MS WINS.
</p><p>
WINS is exclusively a service that applies only to those systems
that run NetBIOS over TCP/IP. MS Windows 200x/XP have the capacity to operate with
support for NetBIOS disabled, in which case WINS is of no relevance. Samba supports this also.
</p><p>
For those networks on which NetBIOS has been disabled (i.e., WINS is not required)
the use of DNS is necessary for host name resolution.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2870309"></a>What Is Browsing?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To most people browsing means they can see the MS Windows and Samba servers
in the Network Neighborhood, and when the computer icon for a particular server is
clicked, it opens up and shows the shares and printers available on the target server.
</p><p>
What seems so simple is in fact a complex interaction of different technologies.
The technologies (or methods) employed in making all of this work include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>MS Windows machines register their presence to the network.</li><li>Machines announce themselves to other machines on the network.</li><li>One or more machine on the network collates the local announcements.</li><li>The client machine finds the machine that has the collated list of machines.</li><li>The client machine is able to resolve the machine names to IP addresses.</li><li>The client machine is able to connect to a target machine.</li></ul></div><p>
The Samba application that controls browse list management and name resolution is
called <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt>. The configuration parameters involved in nmbd's operation are:
</p><p>Browsing options: <a class="indexterm" name="id2870385"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i>(*),
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870399"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lm announce</tt></i>,
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870413"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lm interval</tt></i>,
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870426"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i>(*),
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870441"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>local master</tt></i>(*),
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870455"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master</tt></i>(*),
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870469"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browse list</tt></i>,
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870482"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>enhanced browsing</tt></i>.
</p><p>Name Resolution Method:
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870500"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order</tt></i>(*).
</p><p>WINS options:
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870518"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dns proxy</tt></i>,
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870532"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins proxy</tt></i>,
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870546"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server</tt></i>(*),
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870559"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i>(*),
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2870574"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins hook</tt></i>.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870592"></a>
For Samba, the WINS Server and WINS Support are mutually exclusive options. Those marked with
an (*) are the only options that commonly may need to be modified. Even if none of these
parameters is set, <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt> will still do its job.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="netdiscuss"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All MS Windows networking uses SMB-based messaging.  SMB messaging may be implemented with or without NetBIOS.
MS Windows 200x supports NetBIOS over TCP/IP for backwards compatibility. Microsoft appears intent on phasing
out NetBIOS support.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870632"></a>NetBIOS over TCP/IP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba implements NetBIOS, as does MS Windows NT/200x/XP, by encapsulating it over TCP/IP.
MS Windows products can do likewise. NetBIOS-based networking uses broadcast messaging to
effect browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP, this uses UDP-based messaging.
UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870653"></a>
Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870662"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870679"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.
</p><p>
Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology,
wherever possible <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt> should be configured on one machine as the WINS
server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
segment is configured with its own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
get cross-segment browsing to work is by using the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870718"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870730"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870738"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> and the <a class="indexterm" name="id2870752"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i>
parameters to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870777"></a>
If only one WINS server is used for an entire multi-segment network, then
the use of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2870787"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> and the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870801"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameters should not be necessary.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870820"></a>
As of Samba-3 WINS replication is being worked on. The bulk of the code has
been committed, but it still needs maturation. This is not a supported feature
of the Samba-3.0.0 release. Hopefully, this will become a supported feature
of one of the Samba-3 release series.
</p><p>
Right now Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that
when setting up Samba as a WINS server, there must only be one <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt>
configured as a WINS server on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS
servers for redundancy (one server per subnet) and then used 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870852"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2870866"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i>
to effect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means clients
will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to resolve names
on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the servers they can see
on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is mentioned as a practical
consideration (i.e., an &#8220;<span class="quote">if all else fails</span>&#8221; scenario).
</p><p>
Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
minutes to stabilize, particularly across network segments.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870902"></a>TCP/IP without NetBIOS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870914"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870922"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2870931"></a>
All TCP/IP-enabled systems use various forms of host name resolution. The primary
methods for TCP/IP hostname resolution involve either a static file (<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>)
or the Domain Name System (DNS). DNS is the technology that makes
the Internet usable. DNS-based host name resolution is supported by nearly all
TCP/IP-enabled systems. Only a few embedded TCP/IP systems do not support DNS.
</p><p>
When an MS Windows 200x/XP system attempts to resolve a host name to an IP address
it follows a defined path:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Checks the <tt class="filename">hosts</tt> file. It is located in
	<tt class="filename">C:\Windows NT\System32\Drivers\etc</tt>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Does a DNS lookup.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Checks the NetBIOS name cache.
        </p></li><li><p>
	Queries the WINS server.
        </p></li><li><p>
	Does a broadcast name lookup over UDP.
        </p></li><li><p>
				Looks up entries in LMHOSTS. It is located in 
        <tt class="filename">C:\Windows NT\System32\Drivers\etc</tt>.
        </p></li></ol></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2871033"></a>
Windows 200x/XP can register its host name with a Dynamic DNS server. You can
force register with a Dynamic DNS server in Windows 200x/XP using:
<b class="command">ipconfig /registerdns</b>.
</p><p>
With Active Directory (ADS), a correctly functioning DNS server is absolutely
essential. In the absence of a working DNS server that has been correctly configured,
MS Windows clients and servers will be unable to locate each other, so
consequently network services will be severely impaired.
</p><p>
The use of Dynamic DNS is highly recommended with Active Directory, in which case
the use of BIND9 is preferred for its ability to adequately support the SRV (service)
records that are needed for Active Directory.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="adsdnstech"></a>DNS and Active Directory</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2871086"></a>
Occasionally we hear from UNIX network administrators who want to use a UNIX-based Dynamic
DNS server in place of the Microsoft DNS server. While this might be desirable to some, the
MS Windows 200x DNS server is auto-configured to work with Active Directory. It is possible
to use BIND version 8 or 9, but it will almost certainly be necessary to create service records
so MS Active Directory clients can resolve host names to locate essential network services.
The following are some of the default service records that Active Directory requires:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
	This provides the address of the Windows NT PDC for the Domain.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
	Resolves the addresses of Global Catalog servers in the domain.
        </p></dd><dt><span class="term">_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>site</em></span>.sites.writable.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
	Provides list of Domain Controllers based on sites.
        </p></dd><dt><span class="term">_ldap._tcp.writable.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
	Enumerates list of Domain Controllers that have the writable copies of the Active Directory datastore.
        </p></dd><dt><span class="term">_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>GUID</em></span>.domains.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
	Entry used by MS Windows clients to locate machines using the Global Unique Identifier.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>Site</em></span>.gc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
	Used by MS Windows clients to locate site configuration dependent Global Catalog server.
	</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2871266"></a>How Browsing Functions</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows machines register their NetBIOS names 
(i.e., the machine name for each service type in operation) on start-up.
The exact method by which this name registration 
takes place is determined by whether or not the MS Windows client/server 
has been given a WINS server address, whether or not LMHOSTS lookup 
is enabled, or if DNS for NetBIOS name resolution is enabled, etc.
</p><p>
In the case where there is no WINS server, all name registrations as 
well as name lookups are done by UDP broadcast. This isolates name 
resolution to the local subnet, unless LMHOSTS is used to list all 
names and IP addresses. In such situations, Samba provides a means by 
which the Samba server name may be forcibly injected into the browse 
list of a remote MS Windows network (using the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2871296"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter).
</p><p>
Where a WINS server is used, the MS Windows client will use UDP 
unicast to register with the WINS server. Such packets can be routed 
and thus WINS allows name resolution to function across routed networks.
</p><p>
During the startup process an election will take place to create a 
Local Master Browser if one does not already exist. On each NetBIOS network 
one machine will be elected to function as the Domain Master Browser. This 
domain browsing has nothing to do with MS security Domain Control. 
Instead, the Domain Master Browser serves the role of contacting each local 
master browser (found by asking WINS or from LMHOSTS) and exchanging browse 
list contents. This way every master browser will eventually obtain a complete 
list of all machines that are on the network. Every 11 to 15 minutes an election 
is held to determine which machine will be the master browser. By the nature of 
the election criteria used, the machine with the highest uptime, or the 
most senior protocol version or other criteria, will win the election 
as Domain Master Browser.
</p><p>
Clients wishing to browse the network make use of this list, but also depend 
on the availability of correct name resolution to the respective IP 
address/addresses. 
</p><p>
Any configuration that breaks name resolution and/or browsing intrinsics 
will annoy users because they will have to put up with protracted 
inability to use the network services.
</p><p>
Samba supports a feature that allows forced synchronization of browse lists across
routed networks using the <a class="indexterm" name="id2871358"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i>
parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. This causes Samba to contact the local master
browser on a remote network and to request browse list synchronization. This
effectively bridges two networks that are separated by routers. The two remote
networks may use either broadcast-based name resolution or WINS-based name
resolution, but it should be noted that the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2871386"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter provides
browse list synchronization  and that is distinct from name to address
resolution. In other words, for cross-subnet browsing to function correctly it is
essential that a name-to-address resolution mechanism be provided. This mechanism
could be via DNS, <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>, and so on.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="DMB"></a>Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To configure cross-subnet browsing on a network containing machines
in a WORKGROUP, not an NT Domain, you need to set up one
Samba server to be the Domain Master Browser (note that this is not
the same as a Primary Domain Controller, although in an NT Domain the
same machine plays both roles). The role of a Domain Master Browser is
to collate the browse lists from Local Master Browsers on all the
subnets that have a machine participating in the workgroup. Without
one machine configured as a Domain Master Browser, each subnet would
be an isolated workgroup unable to see any machines on another
subnet. It is the presence of a Domain Master Browser that makes
cross-subnet browsing possible for a workgroup.
</p><p>
In a WORKGROUP environment the Domain Master Browser must be a
Samba server, and there must only be one Domain Master Browser per
workgroup name. To set up a Samba server as a Domain Master Browser,
set the following option in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section 
of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
The Domain Master Browser should preferably be the local master
browser for its own subnet. In order to achieve this, set the following
options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file as shown in <link linkend="dmbexample">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="dmbexample"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 10.1. Domain Master Browser smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>local master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 65</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
The Domain Master Browser may be the same machine as the WINS server, if necessary.
</p><p>
Next, you should ensure that each of the subnets contains a machine that can act as
a Local Master Browser for the workgroup. Any MS Windows NT/200x/XP machine should
be able to do this, as will Windows 9x/Me machines (although these tend to get
rebooted more often, so it is not such a good idea to use these). To make a Samba
server a Local Master Browser set the following options in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as
shown in <link linkend="lmbexample">:
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="lmbexample"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 10.2. Local master browser smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>local master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 65</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
Do not do this for more than one Samba server on each subnet, or they will war with
each other over which is to be the Local Master Browser.
</p><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2882511"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>local master</tt></i> parameter allows Samba to act as a
Local Master Browser. The <a class="indexterm" name="id2882528"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> causes <b class="command">nmbd</b>
to force a browser election on startup and the <a class="indexterm" name="id2882549"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i>
parameter sets Samba high enough so it should win any browser elections.
</p><p>
If you have an NT machine on the subnet that you wish to be the Local Master Browser, you can disable Samba from
becoming a Local Master Browser by setting the following options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown in <link linkend="nombexample">:
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="nombexample"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 10.3. smb.conf for not being a Master Browser</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>local master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 0</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882657"></a>DOMAIN Browsing Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you are adding Samba servers to a Windows NT Domain, then you must not set up a Samba server as a Domain Master Browser.
By default, a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller for a domain is also the Domain Master Browser for that domain. Network
browsing may break if a Samba server registers the domain master browser NetBIOS name (<i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i>&lt;1B&gt;)
with WINS instead of the PDC.
</p><p>
For subnets other than the one containing the Windows NT PDC, you may set up Samba servers as Local Master Browsers as
described. To make a Samba server a Local Master Browser, set the following options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section 
of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown in <link linkend="remsmb">:
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="remsmb"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 10.4. Local Master Browser smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>local master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 65</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
If you wish to have a Samba server fight the election with machines on the same subnet you
may set the <a class="indexterm" name="id2882779"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> parameter to lower levels.
By doing this you can tune the order of machines that will become Local Master Browsers if
they are running. For more details on this refer to <link linkend="browse-force-master">.
</p><p>
If you have Windows NT machines that are members of the domain on all subnets and you are
sure they will always be running, you can disable Samba from taking part in browser elections
and ever becoming a Local Master Browser by setting the following options in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown in <link linkend="xremmb">:
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="xremmb"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 10.5. smb.conf for not being a master browser</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>local master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 0</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="browse-force-master"></a>Forcing Samba to Be the Master</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Who becomes the master browser is determined by an election process using broadcasts. Each election packet contains a number of parameters
that determine what precedence (bias) a host should have in the election. By default Samba uses a low precedence and thus loses
elections to just about every Windows network server or client.
</p><p>
If you want Samba to win elections, set the <a class="indexterm" name="id2882928"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i>
global option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to a higher number. It defaults to zero. Using 34 would make it win
all elections every other system (except other samba systems).
</p><p>
An <a class="indexterm" name="id2882955"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> of two would make it beat Windows for Workgroups and Windows 9x/Me, but not MS Windows
NT/200x Server. An MS Windows NT/200x Server Domain Controller uses level 32. The maximum os level is 255.
</p><p>
If you want Samba to force an election on startup, set the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2882977"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> global option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>.
Samba will then have a slight advantage over other potential master browsers that are not Perferred Master Browsers.
Use this parameter with care, as if you have two hosts (whether they are Windows 9x/Me or
NT/200x/XP or Samba) on the same local subnet both set with <a class="indexterm" name="id2883007"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i>
to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, then periodically and continually they will force an election in order
to become the Local Master Browser.
</p><p>
If you want Samba to be a <span class="emphasis"><em>Domain Master Browser</em></span>, then it is recommended that
you also set <a class="indexterm" name="id2883036"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, because
Samba will not become a Domain Master Browser for the whole of your LAN or WAN if it is not also a
Local Master Browser on its own broadcast isolated subnet.
</p><p>
It is possible to configure two Samba servers to attempt to become the Domain Master Browser for a domain. The first server that comes
up will be the Domain Master Browser. All other Samba servers will attempt to become the Domain Master Browser every five minutes. They
will find that another Samba server is already the domain master browser and will fail. This provides automatic redundancy, should
the current Domain Master Browser fail.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883073"></a>Making Samba the Domain Master</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The domain master is responsible for collating the browse lists of multiple subnets so browsing can occur between subnets. You can
make Samba act as the Domain Master by setting <a class="indexterm" name="id2883087"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>domain master</tt></i> = yes
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. By default it will not be a Domain Master.
</p><p>
Do not set Samba to be the Domain Master for a workgroup that has the same name as an NT/200x Domain.
If Samba is configured to be the Domain Master for a workgroup that is present on the same
network as a Windows NT/200x domain that has the same name, network browsing problems will
certainly be experienced.
</p><p>
When Samba is the Domain Master and the Master Browser, it will listen for master
announcements (made roughly every twelve minutes) from Local Master Browsers on
other subnets and then contact them to synchronize browse lists.
</p><p>
If you want Samba to be the domain master, you should also set the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883132"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> high enough to make sure it wins elections, and
set <a class="indexterm" name="id2883147"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, to
get Samba to force an election on startup.
</p><p>
All servers (including Samba) and clients should be using a WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names. If your
clients are only using broadcasting to resolve NetBIOS names, then two things will occur:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Local Master Browsers will be unable to find a Domain Master Browser, as they will be looking only on the local subnet.
	</p></li><li><p>
	If a client happens to get hold of a domain-wide browse list and a user attempts to access a
	host in that list, it will be unable to resolve the NetBIOS name of that host.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
If, however, both Samba and your clients are using a WINS server, then:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Local master browsers will contact the WINS server and, as long as Samba has registered that it is a Domain Master Browser with the WINS
	server, the Local Master Browser will receive Samba's IP address as its Domain Master Browser.
	</p></li><li><p>
	When a client receives a domain-wide browse list and a user attempts to access a host in that list, it will contact the WINS server to
	resolve the NetBIOS name of that host. As long as that host has registered its NetBIOS name with the same WINS server, the user will
	be able to see that host. 
	</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883250"></a>Note about Broadcast Addresses</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If your network uses a 0 based broadcast address (for example, if it ends in a 0) then you will strike problems. Windows for Workgroups
does not seem to support a zeros broadcast and you will probably find that browsing and name lookups will not work.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883267"></a>Multiple Interfaces</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba supports machines with multiple network interfaces. If you have multiple interfaces, you will
need to use the <a class="indexterm" name="id2883279"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to configure them. 
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883303"></a>Use of the Remote Announce Parameter</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2883312"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter of 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> can be used to forcibly ensure
that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
The syntax of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2883337"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter is:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>

where:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i> and <i class="replaceable"><tt>e.f.g.h</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883407"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883418"></a>
		is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address or the broadcast address of the remote network.
		i.e., the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
		is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0). When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
		address of the remote network, every host will receive our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
		undesirable but may be necessary if we do not know the IP address of the remote LMB.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="replaceable"><tt>WORKGROUP</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>is optional and can be either our own workgroup or that of the remote network. If you use the
		workgroup name of the remote network, our NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
		they belong to that workgroup. This may cause name resolution problems and should be avoided.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883462"></a>Use of the Remote Browse Sync Parameter</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2883472"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter of 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is used to announce to another LMB that it must synchronize its NetBIOS name list with our
Samba LMB. This works only if the Samba server that has this option is
simultaneously the LMB on its network segment.
</p><p>
The syntax of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2883501"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter is:

</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync = a.b.c.d</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>

where <i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i> is either the IP address of the
remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883539"></a>WINS  The Windows Internetworking Name Server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Use of WINS (either Samba WINS or MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers its name together with a
name_type value for each of several types of service it has available.
It registers its name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
It also registers its name if it is running the LanManager compatible
server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.
</p><p>
All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
is added to the end of the name, thus creating a 16 character name. Any
name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
character. Thus, all NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
name_type information).
</p><p>
WINS can store these 16-character names as they get registered. A client
that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
name resolution cannot be used across network segments this type of
information can only be provided via WINS or via a statically configured
<tt class="filename">lmhosts</tt> file that must reside on all clients in the
absence of WINS.
</p><p>
WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronization by all
LMBs. LMBs must synchronize their browse list with the DMB (Domain Master
Browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify its DMB. By definition this
will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the Domain Master Browser
has nothing to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
master controller for browse list information only.
</p><p>
WINS will work correctly only if every client TCP/IP protocol stack
has been configured to use the WINS servers. Any client that has not been
configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast-based
name registration so WINS may never get to know about it. In any case,
machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
errors.
</p><p>
To configure Samba as a WINS server just add 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883632"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i> = yes to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file [global] section.
</p><p>
To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883660"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server</tt></i> = a.b.c.d
to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section.
</p><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>
Never use both <a class="indexterm" name="id2883692"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i> = yes together
with <a class="indexterm" name="id2883708"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server</tt></i> = a.b.c.d
particularly not using its own IP address. Specifying both will cause <span class="application">nmbd</span> to refuse to start!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883731"></a>WINS Server Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Either a Samba Server or a Windows NT Server machine may be set up
as a WINS server. To configure a Samba Server to be a WINS server you must
add to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file on the selected Server the following line to
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
Versions of Samba prior to 1.9.17 had this parameter default to
yes. If you have any older versions of Samba on your network it is
strongly suggested you upgrade to a recent version, or at the very
least set the parameter to &#8220;<span class="quote">no</span>&#8221; on all these machines.
</p><p>
Machines configured with <a class="indexterm" name="id2883794"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i> = yes will keep a list of 
all NetBIOS names registered with them, acting as a DNS for NetBIOS names.
</p><p>
It is strongly recommended to set up only one WINS server. Do not set the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883816"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i> = yes option on more than one Samba 
server.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883836"></a>
To configure Windows NT/200x Server as a WINS server, install and configure
the WINS service. See the Windows NT/200x documentation for details.
Windows NT/200x WINS servers can replicate to each other, allowing more
than one to be set up in a complex subnet environment. As Microsoft
refuses to document the replication protocols, Samba cannot currently
participate in these replications. It is possible in the future that
a Samba-to-Samba WINS replication protocol may be defined, in which
case more than one Samba machine could be set up as a WINS server.
Currently only one Samba server should have the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883858"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i> = yes parameter set.
</p><p>
After the WINS server has been configured, you must ensure that all
machines participating on the network are configured with the address
of this WINS server. If your WINS server is a Samba machine, fill in
the Samba machine IP address in the <span class="guilabel">Primary WINS Server</span> field of
the <span class="guilabel">Control Panel-&gt;Network-&gt;Protocols-&gt;TCP-&gt;WINS Server</span> dialogs
in Windows 9x/Me or Windows NT/200x. To tell a Samba server the IP address
of the WINS server, add the following line to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
all <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> files:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = &lt;name or IP address&gt;</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
where &lt;name or IP address&gt; is either the DNS name of the WINS server
machine or its IP address.
</p><p>
This line must not be set in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file of the Samba
server acting as the WINS server itself. If you set both the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883955"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support</tt></i> = yes option and the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2883970"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server</tt></i> = &lt;name&gt; option then
<b class="command">nmbd</b> will fail to start.
</p><p>
There are two possible scenarios for setting up cross-subnet browsing.
The first details setting up cross-subnet browsing on a network containing
Windows 9x/Me, Samba and Windows NT/200x machines that are not configured as
part of a Windows NT Domain. The second details setting up cross-subnet
browsing on networks that contain NT Domains.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884003"></a>WINS Replication</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2884015"></a>
Samba-3 permits WINS replication through the use of the <tt class="filename">wrepld</tt> utility.
This tool is not currently capable of being used as it is still in active development.
As soon as this tool becomes moderately functional, we will prepare man pages and enhance this
section of the documentation to provide usage and technical details.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884040"></a>Static WINS Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Adding static entries to your Samba WINS server is actually fairly easy.
All you have to do is add a line to <tt class="filename">wins.dat</tt>, typically
located in <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/var/locks</tt>.
</p><p>
Entries in <tt class="filename">wins.dat</tt> take the form of:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
"NAME#TYPE" TTL ADDRESS+ FLAGS
</pre><p>

where NAME is the NetBIOS name, TYPE is the NetBIOS type, TTL is the
time-to-live as an absolute time in seconds, ADDRESS+ is one or more
addresses corresponding to the registration and FLAGS are the NetBIOS
flags for the registration.
</p><p>
A typical dynamic entry looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
"MADMAN#03" 1055298378 192.168.1.2 66R
</pre><p>

To make it static, all that has to be done is set the TTL to 0, like this:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
"MADMAN#03" 0 192.168.1.2 66R
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Though this method works with early Samba-3 versions, there is a
possibility that it may change in future versions if WINS replication
is added.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2884125"></a>Helpful Hints</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following hints should be carefully considered as they are stumbling points
for many new network administrators.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884138"></a>Windows Networking Protocols</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Do not use more than one protocol on MS Windows machines.
</p></div><p>
A common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
one protocol on an MS Windows machine.
</p><p>
Every NetBIOS machine takes part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
of precedence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
Windows NT will be biased so the most suitable machine will predictably
win and thus retain its role.
</p><p>
The election process is &#8220;<span class="quote">fought out</span>&#8221; so to speak over every NetBIOS network
interface. In the case of a Windows 9x/Me machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols, the election will be
decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x/Me machine is
the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
9x/Me will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP-only machines will
fail.
</p><p>
Windows 95, 98, 98se, and Me are referred to generically as Windows 9x/Me.
The Windows NT4, 200x, and XP use common protocols. These are roughly
referred to as the Windows NT family, but it should be recognized that 2000 and
XP/2003 introduce new protocol extensions that cause them to behave 
differently from MS Windows NT4. Generally, where a server does not support
the newer or extended protocol, these will fall back to the NT4 protocols.
</p><p>
The safest rule of all to follow is: use only one protocol!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884219"></a>Name Resolution Order</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>WINS  the best tool.</li><li>LMHOSTS  static and hard to maintain.</li><li>Broadcast  uses UDP and cannot resolve names across remote segments.</li></ul></div><p>
Alternative means of name resolution include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Static <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>  hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info.</li><li>DNS  is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.</li></ul></div><p>
Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and avoid broadcast name
resolution traffic. The <i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order</tt></i> parameter is of great help here.
The syntax of the <i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order</tt></i> parameter is:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order = wins lmhosts  	(eliminates bcast and host)</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
The default is:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>name resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
where &#8220;<span class="quote">host</span>&#8221; refers to the native methods used by the UNIX system
to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
controlled by <tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt>, <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> and <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2884394"></a>Technical Overview of Browsing</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SMB networking provides a mechanism by which clients can access a list
of machines in a network, a so-called <a class="indexterm" name="id2884407"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browse list</tt></i>. This list
contains machines that are ready to offer file and/or print services
to other machines within the network. Thus it does not include
machines that aren't currently able to do server tasks. The browse
list is heavily used by all SMB clients. Configuration of SMB
browsing has been problematic for some Samba users, hence this
document.
</p><p>
MS Windows 2000 and later versions, as with Samba-3 and later versions, can be
configured to not use NetBIOS over TCP/IP. When configured this way,
it is imperative that name resolution (using DNS/LDAP/ADS) be correctly
configured and operative. Browsing will not work if name resolution
from SMB machine names to IP addresses does not function correctly.
</p><p>
Where NetBIOS over TCP/IP is enabled, use of a WINS server is highly
recommended to aid the resolution of NetBIOS (SMB) names to IP addresses.
WINS allows remote segment clients to obtain NetBIOS name_type information
that cannot be provided by any other means of name resolution.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884448"></a>Browsing Support in Samba</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba facilitates browsing. The browsing is supported by <span class="application">nmbd</span>
and is also controlled by options in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
Samba can act as a local browse master for a workgroup and the ability
to support domain logons and scripts is now available.
</p><p>
Samba can also act as a Domain Master Browser for a workgroup. This
means that it will collate lists from Local Master Browsers into a
wide area network server list. In order for browse clients to
resolve the names they may find in this list, it is recommended that
both Samba and your clients use a WINS server.
</p><p>
Do not set Samba to be the Domain Master for a workgroup that has the same
name as an NT Domain. On each wide area network, you must only ever have one
Domain Master Browser per workgroup, regardless of whether it is NT, Samba
or any other type of domain master that is providing this service.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<b class="command">nmbd</b> can be configured as a WINS server, but it is not
necessary to specifically use Samba as your WINS server. MS Windows
NT4, Server or Advanced Server 200x can be configured as
your WINS server. In a mixed NT/200x server and Samba environment on
a Wide Area Network, it is recommended that you use the Microsoft
WINS server capabilities. In a Samba-only environment, it is
recommended that you use one and only one Samba server as the WINS server.
</p></div><p>
To get browsing to work you need to run nmbd as usual, but will need
to use the <a class="indexterm" name="id2884522"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
to control what workgroup Samba becomes a part of.
</p><p>
Samba also has a useful option for a Samba server to offer itself for
browsing on another subnet. It is recommended that this option is only
used for &#8220;<span class="quote">unusual</span>&#8221; purposes: announcements over the Internet, for
example. See <a class="indexterm" name="id2884556"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> in the 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page. 
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884579"></a>Problem Resolution</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If something does not work, the <tt class="filename">log.nmbd</tt> file will help
to track down the problem. Try a <a class="indexterm" name="id2884598"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> of 2 or 3 for finding
problems. Also note that the current browse list usually gets stored
in text form in a file called <tt class="filename">browse.dat</tt>.
</p><p>
If it does not work, you should still be able to
type the server name as <tt class="filename">\\SERVER</tt> in <b class="command">filemanager</b>, then
press enter and <b class="command">filemanager</b> should display the list of available shares.
</p><p>
Some people find browsing fails because they do not have the global
<a class="indexterm" name="id2884652"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> set to a valid account. Remember that the
IPC$ connection that lists the shares is done as guest and, thus, you must have a valid guest account.
</p><p>
MS Windows 2000 and later (as with Samba) can be configured to disallow
anonymous (i.e., guest account) access to the IPC$ share. In that case, the
MS Windows 2000/XP/2003 machine acting as an SMB/CIFS client will use the
name of the currently logged-in user to query the IPC$ share. MS Windows
9x/Me clients are not able to do this and thus will not be able to browse
server resources.
</p><p>
The other big problem people have is that their broadcast address,
netmask or IP address is wrong (specified with the <a class="indexterm" name="id2884687"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces</tt></i> option
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>)
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884709"></a>Cross-Subnet Browsing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2884721"></a>
Since the release of Samba 1.9.17 (alpha1), Samba has supported the
replication of browse lists across subnet boundaries. This section
describes how to set this feature up in different settings.
</p><p>
To see browse lists that span TCP/IP subnets (i.e., networks separated
by routers that do not pass broadcast traffic), you must set up at least
one WINS server. The WINS server acts as a DNS for NetBIOS names. This will
allow NetBIOS name-to-IP address translation to be completed by a direct
query of the WINS server. This is done via a directed UDP packet on
port 137 to the WINS server machine. The WINS server avoids the necessity
of default NetBIOS name-to-IP address translation, which is done
using UDP broadcasts from the querying machine. This means that machines
on one subnet will not be able to resolve the names of machines on
another subnet without using a WINS server.
</p><p>
Remember, for browsing across subnets to work correctly, all machines,
be they Windows 95, Windows NT or Samba servers, must have the IP address
of a WINS server given to them by a DHCP server, or by manual configuration 
(for Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT/200x/XP, this is in the TCP/IP Properties, under Network 
settings); for Samba, this is in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2884771"></a>Behavior of Cross-Subnet Browsing</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Cross-subnet Browsing is a complicated dance, containing multiple
moving parts. It has taken Microsoft several years to get the code
that achieves this correct, and Samba lags behind in some areas.
Samba is capable of cross-subnet browsing when configured correctly.
</p><p>
Consider a network set up as <link linkend="browsing1">.
</p><div class="figure"><a name="browsing1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 10.1. Cross-Subnet Browsing Example.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/browsing1.png" width="270" alt="Cross-Subnet Browsing Example."></div></div><p>
This consists of 3 subnets (1, 2, 3) connected by two routers
(R1, R2) which do not pass broadcasts. Subnet 1 has five machines
on it, subnet 2 has four machines, subnet 3 has four machines. Assume
for the moment that all machines are configured to be in the
same workgroup (for simplicity's sake). Machine N1_C on subnet 1
is configured as Domain Master Browser (i.e., it will collate the
browse lists for the workgroup). Machine N2_D is configured as
WINS server and all the other machines are configured to register
their NetBIOS names with it.
</p><p>
As these machines are booted up, elections for master browsers
will take place on each of the three subnets. Assume that machine
N1_C wins on subnet 1, N2_B wins on subnet 2, and N3_D wins on
subnet 3. These machines are known as Local Master Browsers for
their particular subnet. N1_C has an advantage in winning as the
Local Master Browser on subnet 1 as it is set up as Domain Master
Browser.
</p><p>
On each of the three networks, machines that are configured to 
offer sharing services will broadcast that they are offering
these services. The Local Master Browser on each subnet will
receive these broadcasts and keep a record of the fact that
the machine is offering a service. This list of records is
the basis of the browse list. For this case, assume that
all the machines are configured to offer services, so all machines
will be on the browse list.
</p><p>
For each network, the Local Master Browser on that network is
considered &#8220;<span class="quote">authoritative</span>&#8221; for all the names it receives via
local broadcast. This is because a machine seen by the Local Master
Browser via a local broadcast must be on the same network as the
Local Master Browser and thus is a &#8220;<span class="quote">trusted</span>&#8221;
and &#8220;<span class="quote">verifiable</span>&#8221; resource. Machines on other networks that
the Local Master Browsers learn about when collating their
browse lists have not been directly seen. These records are
called &#8220;<span class="quote">non-authoritative.</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
At this point the browse lists appear as shown in <link linkend="browsubnet"> (these are 
the machines you would see in your network neighborhood if you looked in it on a particular network right now).
</p><p>
</p><div class="table"><a name="browsubnet"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.1. Browse Subnet Example 1</b></p><table summary="Browse Subnet Example 1" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
</p><p>
At this point all the subnets are separate, and no machine is seen across any of the subnets.
</p><p>
Now examine subnet 2. As soon as N2_B has become the Local
Master Browser it looks for a Domain Master Browser with which to synchronize
its browse list. It does this by querying the WINS server
(N2_D) for the IP address associated with the NetBIOS name 
WORKGROUP&lt;1B&gt;. This name was registered by the Domain Master
Browser (N1_C) with the WINS server as soon as it was started.
</p><p>
Once N2_B knows the address of the Domain Master Browser, it
tells it that is the Local Master Browser for subnet 2 by
sending a <span class="emphasis"><em>MasterAnnouncement</em></span> packet as a UDP port 138 packet.
It then synchronizes with it by doing a <span class="emphasis"><em>NetServerEnum2</em></span> call. This
tells the Domain Master Browser to send it all the server
names it knows about. Once the Domain Master Browser receives
the <span class="emphasis"><em>MasterAnnouncement</em></span> packet, it schedules a synchronization
request to the sender of that packet. After both synchronizations
are complete the browse lists look as shown in <link linkend="brsbex">:
</p><div class="table"><a name="brsbex"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.2. Browse Subnet Example 2</b></p><table summary="Browse Subnet Example 2" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="justify">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="justify">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="justify">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), 
N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="justify">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
Servers with an (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
</p><p>
At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
subnets 1 or 2 will see all the servers on both, users on
subnet 3 will still only see the servers on their own subnet.
</p><p>
The same sequence of events that occurred for N2_B now occurs
for the Local Master Browser on subnet 3 (N3_D). When it
synchronizes browse lists with the Domain Master Browser (N1_A)
it gets both the server entries on subnet 1, and those on
subnet 2. After N3_D has synchronized with N1_C and vica versa,
the browse lists will appear as shown in <link linkend="brsex2">.
</p><div class="table"><a name="brsex2"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.3. Browse Subnet Example 3</b></p><table summary="Browse Subnet Example 3" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="justify">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="justify">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, 
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="justify">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), 
N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="justify">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(*), 
N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
Servers with an (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
</p><p>
At this point, users looking in their network neighborhood on
subnets 1 or 3 will see all the servers on all subnets, while users on
subnet 2 will still only see the servers on subnets 1 and 2, but not 3.
</p><p>
Finally, the Local Master Browser for subnet 2 (N2_B) will sync again
with the Domain Master Browser (N1_C) and will receive the missing
server entries. Finally, as when a steady state (if no machines
are removed or shut off) has been achieved, the browse lists will appear
as shown in <link linkend="brsex3">.
</p><div class="table"><a name="brsex3"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.4. Browse Subnet Example 4</b></p><table summary="Browse Subnet Example 4" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="justify">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="justify">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), 
N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="justify">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), 
N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), 
N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="justify">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(*), 
N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N2_A(*), N2_B(*), 
N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
Servers with an (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
</p><p>
Synchronizations between the Domain Master Browser and Local
Master Browsers will continue to occur, but this should remain a
steady state operation.
</p><p>
If either router R1 or R2 fails, the following will occur:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Names of computers on each side of the inaccessible network fragments
	will be maintained for as long as 36 minutes in the network neighborhood
	lists.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Attempts to connect to these inaccessible computers will fail, but the
	names will not be removed from the network neighborhood lists.
	</p></li><li><p>
	If one of the fragments is cut off from the WINS server, it will only
	be able to access servers on its local subnet using subnet-isolated
	broadcast NetBIOS name resolution. The effects are similar to that of
	losing access to a DNS server.
	</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2885483"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Many questions are asked on the mailing lists regarding browsing. The majority of browsing
problems originate from incorrect configuration of NetBIOS name resolution. Some are of
particular note.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2885497"></a>How Can One Flush the Samba NetBIOS Name Cache without Restarting Samba?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2885510"></a>
Samba's <b class="command">nmbd</b> process controls all browse list handling. Under normal circumstances it is
safe to restart <b class="command">nmbd</b>. This will effectively flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache and cause it
to be rebuilt. This does not make certain that a rogue machine name will not re-appear
in the browse list. When <b class="command">nmbd</b> is taken out of service, another machine on the network will
become the Browse Master. This new list may still have the rogue entry in it. If you really
want to clear a rogue machine from the list, every machine on the network will need to be
shut down and restarted after all machines are down. Failing a complete restart, the only
other thing you can do is wait until the entry times out and is then flushed from the list.
This may take a long time on some networks (perhaps months).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2885564"></a>Server Resources Can Not Be Listed</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">My Client Reports &#8216;<span class="quote">This server is not configured to list shared resources</span>&#8217;</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Your guest account is probably invalid for some reason. Samba uses the
guest account for browsing in <b class="command">smbd</b>. Check that your guest account is
valid.
</p><p>Also see <a class="indexterm" name="id2885596"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2885620"></a>I get an <span class="errorname">`Unable to browse the network'</span> error</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>This error can have multiple causes:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2885636"></a>
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>There is no Local Master Browser. Configure <span class="application">nmbd</span> 
			or any other machine to serve as Local Master Browser.</p></li><li><p>You cannot log onto the machine that is the local master 
			browser. Can you logon to it as a guest user? </p></li><li><p>There is no IP connectivity to the Local Master Browser. 
			Can you reach it by broadcast?</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2885679"></a>Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
<a class="indexterm" name="id2885692"></a>
There are only two machines on a test network. One a Samba server, the other a Windows XP machine.
Authentication and logons work perfectly, but when I try to explore shares on the Samba server, the
Windows XP client becomes unrespsonsive. Sometimes it does not respond for some minutes. Eventually,
Windows Explorer will respond and displays files and directories without problem.
display file and directory.</span>&#8221;
</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
But, the share is immediately available from a command shell (<b class="command">cmd</b>, followed by 
exploration with dos command. Is this a Samba problem or is it a Windows problem? How can I solve this?
</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Here are a few possibilities:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Bad Networking Hardware</span></dt><dd><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2885747"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2885755"></a>
		Most common defective hardware problems center around low cost or defective HUBs, routers,
		Network Interface Controllers (NICs) and bad wiring. If one piece of hardware is defective
		the whole network may suffer. Bad networking hardware can cause data corruption. Most bad
		networking hardware problems are accompanied by an increase in apparent network traffic,
		but not all.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">The Windows XP WebClient</span></dt><dd><p>
		A number of sites have reported similar slow network browsing problems and found that when
		the WebClient service is turned off, the problem dissapears. This is certainly something
		that should be explored as it is a simple solution  if it works.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Inconsistent WINS Configuration</span></dt><dd><p>
		This type of problem is common when one client is configured to use a WINS server (that is
		a TCP/IP configuration setting) and there is no WINS server on the network. Alternately,
		this will happen is there is a WINS server and Samba is not configured to use it. The use of
		WINS is highly recommended if the network is using NetBIOS over TCP/IP protocols. If use
		of NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled on all clients, Samba should not be configured as a WINS
		server neither should it be configured to use one.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Incorrect DNS Configuration</span></dt><dd><p>
		If use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled, Active Directory is in use and the DNS server
		has been incorrectly configured. Refer <link linkend="adsdnstech"> for more information.
		</p></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="passdb"></a>Chapter 11. Account Information Databases</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Guenther</span> <span class="surname">Deschner</span></h3><span class="contrib">LDAP updates</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">SuSE<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:gd@suse.de">gd@suse.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Olivier (lem)</span> <span class="surname">Lemaire</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">IDEALX<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:olem@IDEALX.org">olem@IDEALX.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 24, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886163">Backward Compatibility Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2886323">New Backends</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#passdbtech">Technical Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2886715">Important Notes About Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2886952">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#idmapbackend">Mapping Common UIDs/GIDs on Distributed Machines</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#acctmgmttools">Account Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2887270">The smbpasswd Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2887857">Password Backends</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2887908">Plaintext</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2887948">smbpasswd  Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888074">tdbsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888128">ldapsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890210">MySQL</a></dt><dt><a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891304">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891310">Users Cannot Logon</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891353">Users Being Added to the Wrong Backend Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891445">Configuration of auth methods</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Samba-3 implements a new capability to work concurrently with multiple account backends.
The possible new combinations of password backends allows Samba-3 a degree of flexibility
and scalability that previously could be achieved only with MS Windows Active Directory.
This chapter describes the new functionality and how to get the most out of it.
</p><p>
In the development of Samba-3, a number of requests were received to provide the
ability to migrate MS Windows NT4 SAM accounts to Samba-3 without the need to provide
matching UNIX/Linux accounts. We called this the <span class="emphasis"><em>Non-UNIX Accounts (NUA)</em></span>
capability. The intent was that an administrator could decide to use the <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span>
backend and by simply specifying <a class="indexterm" name="id2886083"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> = tdbsam_nua,
this would allow Samba-3 to implement a solution that did not use UNIX accounts per se. Late
in the development cycle, the team doing this work hit upon some obstacles that prevents this
solution from being used. Given the delays with the Samba-3 release, a decision was made to not
deliver this functionality until a better method of recognizing NT Group SIDs from NT User
SIDs could be found. This feature may return during the life cycle for the Samba-3 series.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Samba-3 does not support Non-UNIX Account (NUA) operation for user accounts.
Samba-3 does support NUA operation for machine accounts.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2886115"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 provides for complete backward compatibility with Samba-2.2.x functionality
as follows:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886128"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886139"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886150"></a>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2886163"></a>Backward Compatibility Backends</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Plain Text</span></dt><dd><p>
			This option uses nothing but the UNIX/Linux <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>
			style backend. On systems that have Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
			support, all PAM modules are supported. The behavior is just as it was with
			Samba-2.2.x, and the protocol limitations imposed by MS Windows clients
			apply likewise. Please refer to <link linkend="passdbtech"> for more information
			regarding the limitations of Plain Text password usage.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">smbpasswd</span></dt><dd><p>
			This option allows continued use of the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt>
			file that maintains a plain ASCII (text) layout that includes the MS Windows
			LanMan and NT encrypted passwords as well as a field that stores some
			account information. This form of password backend does not store any of
			the MS Windows NT/200x SAM (Security Account Manager) information required to
			provide the extended controls that are needed for more comprehensive 
			interoperation with MS Windows NT4/200x servers.
			</p><p>
			This backend should be used only for backward compatibility with older
			versions of Samba. It may be deprecated in future releases.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ldapsam_compat (Samba-2.2 LDAP Compatibility)</span></dt><dd><p>
			There is a password backend option that allows continued operation with
			an existing OpenLDAP backend that uses the Samba-2.2.x LDAP schema extension.
			This option is provided primarily as a migration tool, although there is
			no reason to force migration at this time. This tool will eventually
			be deprecated.
			</p></dd></dl></div></div><p>
Samba-3 introduces a number of new password backend capabilities.
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886278"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886289"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886300"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886311"></a>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2886323"></a>New Backends</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">tdbsam</span></dt><dd><p>
			This backend provides a rich database backend for local servers. This
			backend is not suitable for multiple Domain Controllers (i.e., PDC + one
			or more BDC) installations.
			</p><p>
			The <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span> password backend stores the old <span class="emphasis"><em>
			smbpasswd</em></span> information plus the extended MS Windows NT / 200x
			SAM information into a binary format TDB (trivial database) file.
			The inclusion of the extended information makes it possible for Samba-3
			to implement the same account and system access controls that are possible
			with MS Windows NT4/200x-based systems.
			</p><p>
			The inclusion of the <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span> capability is a direct
			response to user requests to allow simple site operation without the overhead
			of the complexities of running OpenLDAP. It is recommended to use this only
			for sites that have fewer than 250 users. For larger sites or implementations,
			the use of OpenLDAP or of Active Directory integration is strongly recommended.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ldapsam</span></dt><dd><p>
			This provides a rich directory backend for distributed account installation.	
			</p><p>
			Samba-3 has a new and extended LDAP implementation that requires configuration
			of OpenLDAP with a new format Samba schema. The new format schema file is
			included in the <tt class="filename">examples/LDAP</tt> directory of the Samba distribution.
			</p><p>
			The new LDAP implementation significantly expands the control abilities that
			were possible with prior versions of Samba. It is now possible to specify
			&#8220;<span class="quote">per user</span>&#8221; profile settings, home directories, account access controls, and
			much more. Corporate sites will see that the Samba Team has listened to their
			requests both for capability and to allow greater scalability.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">mysqlsam (MySQL based backend)</span></dt><dd><p>
			It is expected that the MySQL-based SAM will be very popular in some corners.
			This database backend will be of considerable interest to sites that want to
			leverage existing MySQL technology.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">xmlsam (XML based datafile)</span></dt><dd><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886469"></a>
			Allows the account and password data to be stored in an XML format
			data file. This backend cannot be used for normal operation, it can only 
			be used in conjunction with <b class="command">pdbedit</b>'s pdb2pdb 
			functionality. The DTD that is used might be subject to changes in the future.
			</p><p>
			The <i class="parameter"><tt>xmlsam</tt></i> option can be useful for account migration between database
			backends or backups. Use of this tool will allow the data to be edited before migration
			into another backend format.
			</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="passdbtech"></a>Technical Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Old Windows clients send plain text passwords over the wire. Samba can check these
	passwords by encrypting them and comparing them to the hash stored in the UNIX user database.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886532"></a>	
	Newer Windows clients send encrypted passwords (so-called Lanman and NT hashes) over 
	the wire, instead of plain text passwords. The newest clients will send only encrypted
	passwords and refuse to send plain text passwords, unless their registry is tweaked.
	</p><p>
	These passwords can't be converted to UNIX-style encrypted passwords. Because of that,
	you can't use the standard UNIX user database, and you have to store the Lanman and NT
	hashes somewhere else.
	</p><p>
	In addition to differently encrypted passwords, Windows also stores certain data for each
	user that is not stored in a UNIX user database. For example, workstations the user may logon from,
	the location where the user's profile is stored, and so on. Samba retrieves and stores this
	information using a <a class="indexterm" name="id2886561"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>. Commonly available backends are LDAP, plain text
	file, and MySQL. For more information, see the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> regarding the 
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2886585"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> parameter.
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="idmap-sid2uid"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 11.1. IDMAP: Resolution of SIDs to UIDs.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/idmap-sid2uid.png" width="270" alt="IDMAP: Resolution of SIDs to UIDs."></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2886646"></a>
	The resolution of SIDs to UIDs is fundamental to correct operation of Samba. In both cases shown, if winbindd is not running, or cannot
	be contacted, then only local SID/UID resolution is possible. See <link linkend="idmap-sid2uid"> and
	<link linkend="idmap-uid2sid">.
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="idmap-uid2sid"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 11.2. IDMAP: Resolution of UIDs to SIDs.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/idmap-uid2sid.png" width="270" alt="IDMAP: Resolution of UIDs to SIDs."></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2886715"></a>Important Notes About Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The UNIX and SMB password encryption techniques seem similar on the surface. This
		similarity is, however, only skin deep. The UNIX scheme typically sends cleartext
		passwords over the network when logging in. This is bad. The SMB encryption scheme
		never sends the cleartext password over the network but it does store the 16 byte 
		hashed values on disk. This is also bad. Why? Because the 16 byte hashed values
		are a &#8220;<span class="quote">password equivalent.</span>&#8221; You cannot derive the user's password from them, but
		they could potentially be used in a modified client to gain access to a server.
		This would require considerable technical knowledge on behalf of the attacker but
		is perfectly possible. You should thus treat the datastored in whatever passdb
		backend you use (smbpasswd file, LDAP, MYSQL) as though it contained the cleartext
		passwords of all your users. Its contents must be kept secret and the file should
		be protected accordingly.
		</p><p>
		Ideally, we would like a password scheme that involves neither plain text passwords
		on the network nor on disk. Unfortunately, this is not available as Samba is stuck with
		having to be compatible with other SMB systems (Windows NT, Windows for Workgroups, Windows 9x/Me).
		</p><p>
		Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 3 changed the default setting so plaintext passwords
		are disabled from being sent over the wire. This mandates either the use of encrypted
		password support or editing the Windows NT registry to re-enable plaintext passwords.
		</p><p>
		The following versions of Microsoft Windows do not support full domain security protocols,
		although they may log onto a domain environment:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>MS DOS Network client 3.0 with the basic network redirector installed.</li><li>Windows 95 with the network redirector update installed.</li><li>Windows 98 [Second Edition].</li><li>Windows Me.</li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
 		MS Windows XP Home does not have facilities to become a Domain Member and it cannot participate in domain logons.
		</p></div><p>
		The following versions of MS Windows fully support domain security protocols.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Windows NT 3.5x.</li><li>Windows NT 4.0.</li><li>Windows 2000 Professional.</li><li>Windows 200x Server/Advanced Server.</li><li>Windows XP Professional.</li></ul></div><p>
		All current releases of Microsoft SMB/CIFS clients support authentication via the
		SMB Challenge/Response mechanism described here. Enabling cleartext authentication
		does not disable the ability of the client to participate in encrypted authentication.
		Instead, it allows the client to negotiate either plain text or encrypted password
		handling.
		</p><p>
		MS Windows clients will cache the encrypted password alone. Where plain text passwords
		are re-enabled through the appropriate registry change, the plain text password is never
		cached. This means that in the event that a network connections should become disconnected
		(broken), only the cached (encrypted) password will be sent to the resource server to
		effect an auto-reconnect. If the resource server does not support encrypted passwords the
		auto-reconnect will fail. Use of encrypted passwords is strongly advised.
		</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2886861"></a>Advantages of Encrypted Passwords</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Plaintext passwords are not passed across 
				the network. Someone using a network sniffer cannot just 
				record passwords going to the SMB server.</p></li><li><p>Plaintext passwords are not stored anywhere in
				memory or on disk.</p></li><li><p>Windows NT does not like talking to a server 
				that does not support encrypted passwords. It will refuse 
				to browse the server if the server is also in User Level 
				security mode. It will insist on prompting the user for the 
				password on each connection, which is very annoying. The
				only things you can do to stop this is to use SMB encryption.
				</p></li><li><p>Encrypted password support allows automatic share
				(resource) reconnects.</p></li><li><p>Encrypted passwords are essential for PDC/BDC
				operation.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2886916"></a>Advantages of Non-Encrypted Passwords</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Plaintext passwords are not kept 
				on disk, and are not cached in memory. </p></li><li><p>Uses same password file as other UNIX 
				services such as Login and FTP.</p></li><li><p>Use of other services (such as Telnet and FTP) that
				send plain text passwords over the network, so sending them for SMB
				is not such a big deal.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2886952"></a>Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and UNIX</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Every operation in UNIX/Linux requires a user identifier (UID), just as in
	MS Windows NT4/200x this requires a Security Identifier (SID). Samba provides
	two means for mapping an MS Windows user to a UNIX/Linux UID.
	</p><p>
	First, all Samba SAM (Security Account Manager database) accounts require
	a UNIX/Linux UID that the account will map to. As users are added to the account
	information database, Samba will call the <a class="indexterm" name="id2886975"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add user script</tt></i>
	interface to add the account to the Samba host OS. In essence all accounts in
	the local SAM require a local user account.
	</p><p>
	The second way to effect Windows SID to UNIX UID mapping is via the
	<span class="emphasis"><em>idmap uid</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>idmap gid</em></span> parameters in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
	Please refer to the man page for information about these parameters.
	These parameters are essential when mapping users from a remote SAM server.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="idmapbackend"></a>Mapping Common UIDs/GIDs on Distributed Machines</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba-3 has a special facility that makes it possible to maintain identical UIDs and GIDs
	on all servers in a distributed network. A distributed network is one where there exists
	a PDC, one or more BDCs and/or one or more Domain Member servers. Why is this important?
	This is important if files are being shared over more than one protocol (e.g., NFS) and where
	users are copying files across UNIX/Linux systems using tools such as <b class="command">rsync</b>.
	</p><p>
	The special facility is enabled using a parameter called <i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend</tt></i>.
	The default setting for this parameter is an empty string. Technically it is possible to use
	an LDAP based idmap backend for UIDs and GIDs, but it makes most sense when this is done for
	network configurations that also use LDAP for the SAM backend. A sample use is shown in
	<link linkend="idmapbackendexample">.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887079"></a>
</p><div class="example"><a name="idmapbackendexample"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 11.1. Example configuration with the LDAP idmap backend</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend = ldapsam:ldap://ldap-server.quenya.org:636</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend = ldapsam:ldaps://ldap-server.quenya.org</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
	</p><p>
	A network administrator who wants to make significant use of LDAP backends will sooner or later be
	exposed to the excellent work done by PADL Software. PADL <ulink url="http://www.padl.com">http://www.padl.com</ulink> have
	produced and released to open source an array of tools that might be of interest. These tools include:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>nss_ldap:</em></span> An LDAP Name Service Switch module to provide native
		name service support for AIX, Linux, Solaris, and other operating systems. This tool
		can be used for centralized storage and retrieval of UIDs/GIDs.
		</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>pam_ldap:</em></span> A PAM module that provides LDAP integration for UNIX/Linux
		system access authentication.
		</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>idmap_ad:</em></span> An IDMAP backend that supports the Microsoft Services for
		UNIX RFC 2307 schema available from their web
		<ulink url="http://www.padl.com/download/xad_oss_plugins.tar.gz">site</ulink>.
		</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="acctmgmttools"></a>Account Management Tools</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887241"></a>
Samba provides two tools for management of user and machine accounts. These tools are
called <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> and <b class="command">pdbedit</b>. A third tool is under
development but is not expected to ship in time for Samba-3.0.0. The new tool will be a TCL/TK
GUI tool that looks much like the MS Windows NT4 Domain User Manager. Hopefully this will
be announced in time for the Samba-3.0.1 release.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2887270"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>smbpasswd</em></span> Command</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The smbpasswd utility is similar to the <b class="command">passwd</b>
		or <b class="command">yppasswd</b> programs. It maintains the two 32 byte password
		fields in the passdb backend.
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> works in a client-server mode where it contacts the
		local smbd to change the user's password on its behalf. This has enormous benefits.
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> has the capability to change passwords on Windows NT
		servers (this only works when the request is sent to the NT Primary Domain Controller
		if changing an NT Domain user's password).
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> can be used to:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887339"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887347"></a>
		
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><span class="emphasis"><em>add</em></span> user or machine accounts.</li><li><span class="emphasis"><em>delete</em></span> user or machine accounts.</li><li><span class="emphasis"><em>enable</em></span> user or machine accounts.</li><li><span class="emphasis"><em>disable</em></span> user or machine accounts.</li><li><span class="emphasis"><em>set to NULL</em></span> user passwords.</li><li><span class="emphasis"><em>manage interdomain trust accounts.</em></span></li></ul></div><p>
		To run smbpasswd as a normal user just type:
		</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">Old SMB password: </tt><b class="userinput"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>
		For <i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i>, type old value here or press return if
		there is no old password.
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">New SMB Password: </tt><b class="userinput"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>new secret</tt></i></tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">Repeat New SMB Password: </tt><b class="userinput"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>new secret</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>
		</p><p>
		If the old value does not match the current value stored for that user, or the two
		new values do not match each other, then the password will not be changed.
		</p><p>
		When invoked by an ordinary user, the command will only allow the user to change his or her own
		SMB password.
		</p><p>
		When run by root, <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> may take an optional argument specifying
		the user name whose SMB password you wish to change. When run as root, <b class="command">smbpasswd</b>
		does not prompt for or check the old password value, thus allowing root to set passwords 
		for users who have forgotten their passwords.
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> is designed to work in the way familiar to UNIX
		users who use the <b class="command">passwd</b> or <b class="command">yppasswd</b> commands.
		While designed for administrative use, this tool provides essential User Level
		password change capabilities.
		</p><p>
		For more details on using <b class="command">smbpasswd</b>, refer to the man page (the
		definitive reference).
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="pdbeditthing"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>pdbedit</em></span> Command</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887585"></a>
		<b class="command">pdbedit</b> is a tool that can be used only by root. It is used to
		manage the passdb backend. <b class="command">pdbedit</b> can be used to:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887608"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887616"></a>

		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>add, remove or modify user accounts.</li><li>list user accounts.</li><li>migrate user accounts.</li></ul></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887650"></a>
		The <b class="command">pdbedit</b> tool is the only one that can manage the account
		security and policy settings. It is capable of all operations that smbpasswd can
		do as well as a super set of them.
		</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887672"></a>
		One particularly important purpose of the <b class="command">pdbedit</b> is to allow
		the migration of account information from one passdb backend to another. See the
		<link linkend="XMLpassdb"> password backend section of this chapter.
		</p><p>
		The following is an example of the user account information that is stored in
		a tdbsam password backend. This listing was produced by running:
		</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -Lv met</tt></b>
UNIX username:        met
NT username:
Account Flags:        [UX         ]
User SID:             S-1-5-21-1449123459-1407424037-3116680435-2004
Primary Group SID:    S-1-5-21-1449123459-1407424037-3116680435-1201
Full Name:            Melissa E Terpstra
Home Directory:       \\frodo\met\Win9Profile
HomeDir Drive:        H:
Logon Script:         scripts\logon.bat
Profile Path:         \\frodo\Profiles\met
Domain:               MIDEARTH
Account desc:
Workstations:         melbelle
Munged dial:
Logon time:           0
Logoff time:          Mon, 18 Jan 2038 20:14:07 GMT
Kickoff time:         Mon, 18 Jan 2038 20:14:07 GMT
Password last set:    Sat, 14 Dec 2002 14:37:03 GMT
Password can change:  Sat, 14 Dec 2002 14:37:03 GMT
Password must change: Mon, 18 Jan 2038 20:14:07 GMT
</pre><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887745"></a>
		The <b class="command">pdbedit</b> tool allows migration of authentication (account)
		databases from one backend to another. For example: To migrate accounts from an
		old <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> database to a <i class="parameter"><tt>tdbsam</tt></i>
		backend:
		</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Set the <a class="indexterm" name="id2887787"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> = tdbsam, smbpasswd.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Execute:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -i smbpassed -e tdbsam</tt></b>
</pre><p>
			</p></li><li><p>
			Now remove the <i class="parameter"><tt>smbpasswd</tt></i> from the passdb backend
			configuration in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
			</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2887857"></a>Password Backends</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba offers the greatest flexibility in backend account database design of any SMB/CIFS server
technology available today. The flexibility is immediately obvious as one begins to explore this
capability.
</p><p>
It is possible to specify not only multiple different password backends, but even multiple
backends of the same type. For example, to use two different tdbsam databases:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = tdbsam:/etc/samba/passdb.tdb \</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>tdbsam:/etc/samba/old-passdb.tdb</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2887908"></a>Plaintext</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Older versions of Samba retrieved user information from the UNIX user database 
		and eventually some other fields from the file <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smbpasswd</tt>
		or <tt class="filename">/etc/smbpasswd</tt>. When password encryption is disabled, no 
		SMB specific data is stored at all. Instead all operations are conducted via the way
		that the Samba host OS will access its <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> database.
		Linux systems For example, all operations are done via PAM.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2887948"></a>smbpasswd  Encrypted Password Database</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2887962"></a>
		Traditionally, when configuring <a class="indexterm" name="id2887973"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i> = yes in Samba's <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, user account
		information such as username, LM/NT password hashes, password change times, and account
		flags have been stored in the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd(5)</tt> file. There are several
		disadvantages to this approach for sites with large numbers of users (counted
		in the thousands).
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		The first problem is that all lookups must be performed sequentially. Given that
		there are approximately two lookups per domain logon (one for a normal
		session connection such as when mapping a network drive or printer), this
		is a performance bottleneck for large sites. What is needed is an indexed approach
		such as used in databases.
		</p></li><li><p>
		The second problem is that administrators who desire to replicate a smbpasswd file
		to more than one Samba server were left to use external tools such as
		<b class="command">rsync(1)</b> and <b class="command">ssh(1)</b> and wrote custom,
		in-house scripts.
		</p></li><li><p>
		Finally, the amount of information that is stored in an smbpasswd entry leaves
		no room for additional attributes such as a home directory, password expiration time,
		or even a Relative Identifier (RID).
		</p></li></ul></div><p>
		As a result of these deficiencies, a more robust means of storing user attributes
		used by smbd was developed. The API which defines access to user accounts
		is commonly referred to as the samdb interface (previously this was called the passdb
		API, and is still so named in the Samba CVS trees). 
		</p><p>
		Samba provides an enhanced set of passdb backends that overcome the deficiencies
		of the smbpasswd plain text database. These are tdbsam, ldapsam and xmlsam.
		Of these, ldapsam will be of most interest to large corporate or enterprise sites.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2888074"></a>tdbsam</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2888086"></a>
		Samba can store user and machine account data in a &#8220;<span class="quote">TDB</span>&#8221; (Trivial Database).
		Using this backend does not require any additional configuration. This backend is
		recommended for new installations that do not require LDAP.
		</p><p>
		As a general guide, the Samba Team does not recommend using the tdbsam backend for sites
		that have 250 or more users. Additionally, tdbsam is not capable of scaling for use
		in sites that require PDB/BDC implementations that require replication of the account
		database. Clearly, for reason of scalability, the use of ldapsam should be encouraged.
		</p><p>
		The recommendation of a 250 user limit is purely based on the notion that this
		would generally involve a site that has routed networks, possibly spread across
		more than one physical location. The Samba Team has not at this time established
		the performance based scalability limits of the tdbsam architecture.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2888128"></a>ldapsam</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2888139"></a>
		There are a few points to stress that the ldapsam does not provide. The LDAP
		support referred to in this documentation does not include:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A means of retrieving user account information from
			an Windows 200x Active Directory server.</p></li><li><p>A means of replacing /etc/passwd.</p></li></ul></div><p>
		The second item can be accomplished by using LDAP NSS and PAM modules. LGPL
		versions of these libraries can be obtained from 
		<ulink url="http://www.padl.com/">PADL Software</ulink>.
		More information about the configuration of these packages may be found at
		<ulink url="http://safari.oreilly.com/?XmlId=1-56592-491-6">
		LDAP, System Administration; Gerald Carter by O'Reilly; Chapter 6: Replacing NIS."</ulink>
		</p><p>
		This document describes how to use an LDAP directory for storing Samba user
		account information traditionally stored in the smbpasswd(5) file. It is
		assumed that the reader already has a basic understanding of LDAP concepts
		and has a working directory server already installed. For more information
		on LDAP architectures and directories, please refer to the following sites:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><ulink url="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</ulink></p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory">Sun iPlanet Directory Server</ulink></p></li></ul></div><p>
		Two additional Samba resources which may prove to be helpful are:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The <ulink url="http://www.unav.es/cti/ldap-smb/ldap-smb-3-howto.html">Samba-PDC-LDAP-HOWTO</ulink>
			maintained by Ignacio Coupeau.</p></li><li><p>The NT migration scripts from <ulink url="http://samba.idealx.org/">IDEALX</ulink> that are
			geared to manage users and group in such a Samba-LDAP Domain Controller configuration.
			</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2888276"></a>Supported LDAP Servers</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The LDAP ldapsam code has been developed and tested using the OpenLDAP 2.0 and 2.1 server and
			client libraries. The same code should work with Netscape's Directory Server and client SDK.
			However, there are bound to be compile errors and bugs. These should not be hard to fix.
			Please submit fixes via the process outlined in <link linkend="bugreport">.
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2888300"></a>Schema and Relationship to the RFC 2307 posixAccount</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			Samba-3.0 includes the necessary schema file for OpenLDAP 2.0 in
			<tt class="filename">examples/LDAP/samba.schema</tt>. The sambaSamAccount objectclass is given here:
			</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
objectclass (1.3.6.1.4.1.7165.2.2.6 NAME 'sambaSamAccount' SUP top AUXILIARY
    DESC 'Samba-3.0 Auxiliary SAM Account'
    MUST ( uid $ sambaSID )
    MAY  ( cn $ sambaLMPassword $ sambaNTPassword $ sambaPwdLastSet $
          sambaLogonTime $ sambaLogoffTime $ sambaKickoffTime $
          sambaPwdCanChange $ sambaPwdMustChange $ sambaAcctFlags $
          displayName $ sambaHomePath $ sambaHomeDrive $ sambaLogonScript $
          sambaProfilePath $ description $ sambaUserWorkstations $
          sambaPrimaryGroupSID $ sambaDomainName ))
</pre><p>
</p><p>
			The <tt class="filename">samba.schema</tt> file has been formatted for OpenLDAP 2.0/2.1.
			The Samba Team owns the OID space used by the above schema and recommends its use.
			If you translate the schema to be used with Netscape DS, please submit the modified
			schema file as a patch to <ulink url="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</ulink>.
			</p><p>
			Just as the smbpasswd file is meant to store information that provides information additional to  a
			user's <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry, so is the sambaSamAccount object
			meant to supplement the UNIX user account information. A sambaSamAccount is a
			<tt class="constant">AUXILIARY</tt> objectclass so it can be used to augment existing
			user account information in the LDAP directory, thus providing information needed
			for Samba account handling. However, there are several fields (e.g., uid) that overlap
			with the posixAccount objectclass outlined in RFC2307. This is by design.
			</p><p>
			In order to store all user account information (UNIX and Samba) in the directory,
			it is necessary to use the sambaSamAccount and posixAccount objectclasses in
			combination. However, smbd will still obtain the user's UNIX account
			information via the standard C library calls (e.g., getpwnam(), et al).
			This means that the Samba server must also have the LDAP NSS library installed
			and functioning correctly. This division of information makes it possible to
			store all Samba account information in LDAP, but still maintain UNIX account
			information in NIS while the network is transitioning to a full LDAP infrastructure.
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2888413"></a>OpenLDAP Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			To include support for the sambaSamAccount object in an OpenLDAP directory
			server, first copy the samba.schema file to slapd's configuration directory.
			The samba.schema file can be found in the directory <tt class="filename">examples/LDAP</tt>
			in the Samba source distribution.
			</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp samba.schema /etc/openldap/schema/</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
			Next, include the <tt class="filename">samba.schema</tt> file in <tt class="filename">slapd.conf</tt>.
			The sambaSamAccount object contains two attributes that depend on other schema
			files. The <i class="parameter"><tt>uid</tt></i> attribute is defined in <tt class="filename">cosine.schema</tt> and
			the <i class="parameter"><tt>displayName</tt></i> attribute is defined in the <tt class="filename">inetorgperson.schema</tt>
			file. Both of these must be included before the <tt class="filename">samba.schema</tt> file.
			</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
## /etc/openldap/slapd.conf

## schema files (core.schema is required by default)
include	           /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema

## needed for sambaSamAccount
include            /etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/samba.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema
....
</pre><p>
</p><p>
		It is recommended that you maintain some indices on some of the most useful attributes,
		as in the following example, to speed up searches made on sambaSamAccount objectclasses
		(and possibly posixAccount and posixGroup as well):
		</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
# Indices to maintain
## required by OpenLDAP
index objectclass             eq

index cn                      pres,sub,eq
index sn                      pres,sub,eq
## required to support pdb_getsampwnam
index uid                     pres,sub,eq
## required to support pdb_getsambapwrid()
index displayName             pres,sub,eq

## uncomment these if you are storing posixAccount and
## posixGroup entries in the directory as well
##index uidNumber               eq
##index gidNumber               eq
##index memberUid               eq

index   sambaSID              eq
index   sambaPrimaryGroupSID  eq
index   sambaDomainName       eq
index   default               sub
</pre><p>
</p><p>
		Create the new index by executing:
		</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>./sbin/slapindex -f slapd.conf
</pre><p>
</p><p>
		Remember to restart slapd after making these changes:
		</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/etc/init.d/slapd restart</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2888621"></a>Initialize the LDAP Database</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Before you can add accounts to the LDAP database you must create the account containers
		that they will be stored in. The following LDIF file should be modified to match your
		needs (DNS entries, and so on):
		</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
# Organization for Samba Base
dn: dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
dc: quenya
o: Quenya Org Network
description: The Samba-3 Network LDAP Example

# Organizational Role for Directory Management
dn: cn=Manager,dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: organizationalRole
cn: Manager
description: Directory Manager

# Setting up container for users
dn: ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalUnit
ou: People

# Setting up admin handle for People OU
dn: cn=admin,ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org
cn: admin
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalRole
objectclass: simpleSecurityObject
userPassword: {SSHA}c3ZM9tBaBo9autm1dL3waDS21+JSfQVz

# Setting up container for groups
dn: ou=Groups,dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalUnit
ou: People

# Setting up admin handle for Groups OU
dn: cn=admin,ou=Groups,dc=quenya,dc=org
cn: admin
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalRole
objectclass: simpleSecurityObject
userPassword: {SSHA}c3ZM9tBaBo9autm1dL3waDS21+JSfQVz

# Setting up container for computers
dn: ou=Computers,dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalUnit
ou: People

# Setting up admin handle for Computers OU
dn: cn=admin,ou=Computers,dc=quenya,dc=org
cn: admin
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalRole
objectclass: simpleSecurityObject
userPassword: {SSHA}c3ZM9tBaBo9autm1dL3waDS21+JSfQVz
</pre><p>
</p><p>
		The userPassword shown above should be generated using <b class="command">slappasswd</b>.
		</p><p>
		The following command will then load the contents of the LDIF file into the LDAP
		database.
		</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>slapadd -v -l initldap.dif</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
		Do not forget to secure your LDAP server with an adequate access control list
		as well as an admin password.
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		Before Samba can access the LDAP server you need to store the LDAP admin password
		into the Samba-3 <tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt> database by:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><p>
		</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2888762"></a>Configuring Samba</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The following parameters are available in smb.conf only if your
			version of Samba was built with LDAP support. Samba automatically builds with LDAP support if the
			LDAP libraries are found.
			</p><p>LDAP related smb.conf options: 
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888780"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> = ldapsam:url,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888795"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap admin dn</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888808"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap delete dn</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888822"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap filter</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888836"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap group suffix</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888850"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap idmap suffix</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888864"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap machine suffix</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888878"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap passwd sync</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888892"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888906"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap suffix</tt></i>,
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2888919"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap user suffix</tt></i>,
		</p><p>
			These are described in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man
			page and so will not be repeated here. However, a sample <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file for
			use with an LDAP directory could appear as shown in <link linkend="confldapex">.
			</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="confldapex"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 11.2. Configuration with LDAP</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = MORIA</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup = NOLDOR</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># ldap related parameters</td></tr><tr><td># define the DN to use when binding to the directory servers</td></tr><tr><td># The password for this DN is not stored in smb.conf. Rather it</td></tr><tr><td># must be set by using 'smbpasswd -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>secretpw</tt></i>' to store the</td></tr><tr><td># passphrase in the secrets.tdb file. If the "ldap admin dn" values</td></tr><tr><td># change, this password will need to be reset.</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap admin dn = "cn=Manager,ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org"</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># Define the SSL option when connecting to the directory</td></tr><tr><td># ('off', 'start tls', or 'on' (default))</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl = start tls</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># syntax: passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://server-name[:port]</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://frodo.quenya.org</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># smbpasswd -x delete the entire dn-entry</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap delete dn = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># the machine and user suffix added to the base suffix</td></tr><tr><td># wrote WITHOUT quotes. NULL suffixes by default</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap user suffix = ou=People</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap group suffix = ou=Groups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap machine suffix = ou=Computers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># Trust UNIX account information in LDAP</td></tr><tr><td>#  (see the smb.conf manpage for details)</td></tr><tr><td>#  specify the base DN to use when searching the directory</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap suffix = ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>#  generally the default ldap search filter is ok</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap filter = (&amp;(uid=%u)(objectclass=sambaSamAccount))</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2889191"></a>Accounts and Groups Management</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2889203"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2889212"></a>

			As user accounts are managed through the sambaSamAccount objectclass, you should
			modify your existing administration tools to deal with sambaSamAccount attributes.
			</p><p>
			Machine accounts are managed with the sambaSamAccount objectclass, just
			like users accounts. However, it is up to you to store those accounts
			in a different tree of your LDAP namespace. You should use
			&#8220;<span class="quote">ou=Groups,dc=quenya,dc=org</span>&#8221; to store groups and
			&#8220;<span class="quote">ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org</span>&#8221; to store users. Just configure your
			NSS and PAM accordingly (usually, in the <tt class="filename">/etc/openldap/sldap.conf</tt>
			configuration file).
			</p><p>
			In Samba-3, the group management system is based on POSIX
			groups. This means that Samba makes use of the posixGroup objectclass.
			For now, there is no NT-like group system management (global and local
			groups). Samba-3 knows only about <tt class="constant">Domain Groups</tt>
			and, unlike MS Windows 2000 and Active Directory, Samba-3 does not
			support nested groups. 
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2889269"></a>Security and sambaSamAccount</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			There are two important points to remember when discussing the security
			of sambaSamAccount entries in the directory.
			</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Never</em></span> retrieve the lmPassword or
				ntPassword attribute values over an unencrypted LDAP session.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Never</em></span> allow non-admin users to
				view the lmPassword or ntPassword attribute values.</p></li></ul></div><p>
			These password hashes are cleartext equivalents and can be used to impersonate
			the user without deriving the original cleartext strings. For more information
			on the details of LM/NT password hashes, refer to the
			<link linkend="passdb"> section of this chapter.
			</p><p>
			To remedy the first security issue, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2889328"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl</tt></i> <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter defaults
			to require an encrypted session (<a class="indexterm" name="id2889350"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl</tt></i> = on) using
			the default port of <tt class="constant">636</tt>
			when contacting the directory server. When using an OpenLDAP server, it
			is possible to use the use the StartTLS LDAP extended  operation in the place of
			LDAPS. In either case, you are strongly discouraged to disable this security
			(<a class="indexterm" name="id2889371"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl</tt></i> = off).
			</p><p>
			Note that the LDAPS protocol is deprecated in favor of the LDAPv3 StartTLS
			extended operation. However, the OpenLDAP library still provides support for
			the older method of securing communication between clients and servers.
			</p><p>
			The second security precaution is to prevent non-administrative users from
			harvesting password hashes from the directory. This can be done using the
			following ACL in <tt class="filename">slapd.conf</tt>:
			</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
## allow the "ldap admin dn" access, but deny everyone else
access to attrs=lmPassword,ntPassword
     by dn="cn=Samba Admin,ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org" write
     by * none
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2889427"></a>LDAP Special Attributes for sambaSamAccounts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The sambaSamAccount objectclass is composed of the attributes shown in <link linkend="attribobjclPartA">, and <link linkend="attribobjclPartB">.
			</p><p>
			</p><div class="table"><a name="attribobjclPartA"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.1. Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)  Part A</b></p><table summary="Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)  Part A" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaLMPassword</tt></td><td align="justify">The LANMAN password 16-byte hash stored as a character
						representation of a hexadecimal string.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaNTPassword</tt></td><td align="justify">The NT password hash 16-byte stored as a character
						representation of a hexadecimal string.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaPwdLastSet</tt></td><td align="justify">The integer time in seconds since 1970 when the
						<tt class="constant">sambaLMPassword</tt> and <tt class="constant">sambaNTPassword</tt> attributes were last set.
				</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaAcctFlags</tt></td><td align="justify">String of 11 characters surrounded by square brackets []
						representing account flags such as U (user), W (workstation), X (no password expiration),
						I (Domain trust account), H (Home dir required), S (Server trust account),
						and D (disabled).</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaLogonTime</tt></td><td align="justify">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaLogoffTime</tt></td><td align="justify">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaKickoffTime</tt></td><td align="justify">Specifies the time (UNIX time format) when the user
				will be locked down and cannot login any longer. If this attribute is ommited, then the account will never expire.
				If you use this attribute together with `shadowExpire' of the `shadowAccount' objectClass, will enable accounts to	
				expire completly on an exact date.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaPwdCanChange</tt></td><td align="justify">Specifies the time (UNIX time format) from which on the user is allowed to
				change his password. If attribute is not set, the user will be free to change his password whenever he wants.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaPwdMustChange</tt></td><td align="justify">Specifies the time (UNIX time format) since when the user is
				forced to change his password. If this value is set to `0', the user will have to change his password at first login.
				If this attribute is not set, then the password will never expire.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaHomeDrive</tt></td><td align="justify">Specifies the drive letter to which to map the
				UNC path specified by sambaHomePath. The drive letter must be specified in the form &#8220;<span class="quote">X:</span>&#8221;
				where X is the letter of the drive to map. Refer to the &#8220;<span class="quote">logon drive</span>&#8221; parameter in the
				smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaLogonScript</tt></td><td align="justify">The sambaLogonScript property specifies the path of
				the user's logon script, .CMD, .EXE, or .BAT file. The string can be null. The path
				is relative to the netlogon share. Refer to the <a class="indexterm" name="id2889659"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon script</tt></i> parameter in the
				<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaProfilePath</tt></td><td align="justify">Specifies a path to the user's profile.
				This value can be a null string, a local absolute path, or a UNC path. Refer to the
				<a class="indexterm" name="id2889693"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaHomePath</tt></td><td align="justify">The sambaHomePath property specifies the path of
				the home directory for the user. The string can be null. If sambaHomeDrive is set and specifies
				a drive letter, sambaHomePath should be a UNC path. The path must be a network
				UNC path of the form <tt class="filename">\\server\share\directory</tt>. This value can be a null string.
				Refer to the <b class="command">logon home</b> parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information.
				</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
			</p><p>
			</p><div class="table"><a name="attribobjclPartB"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.2. Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)  Part B</b></p><table summary="Attributes in the sambaSamAccount objectclass (LDAP)  Part B" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaUserWorkstations</tt></td><td align="justify">Here you can give a comma-seperated list of machines
				on which the user is allowed to login. You may observe problems when you try to connect to an Samba Domain Member.
				Bacause Domain Members are not in this list, the Domain Controllers will reject them. Where this attribute is ommited,
				the default implies no restrictions.
				</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaSID</tt></td><td align="justify">The security identifier(SID) of the user.
				The Windows equivalent of UNIX UIDs.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaPrimaryGroupSID</tt></td><td align="justify">The Security IDentifier (SID) of the primary group
				of the user.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">sambaDomainName</tt></td><td align="justify">Domain the user is part of.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
			</p><p>
			The majority of these parameters are only used when Samba is acting as a PDC of
			a domain (refer to <link linkend="samba-pdc">, for details on
			how to configure Samba as a Primary Domain Controller). The following four attributes
			are only stored with the sambaSamAccount entry if the values are non-default values:
			</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>sambaHomePath</li><li>sambaLogonScript</li><li>sambaProfilePath</li><li>sambaHomeDrive</li></ul></div><p>
			These attributes are only stored with the sambaSamAccount entry if
			the values are non-default values. For example, assume MORIA has now been
			configured as a PDC and that <a class="indexterm" name="id2889896"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> = \\%L\%u was defined in
			its <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. When a user named &#8220;<span class="quote">becky</span>&#8221; logons to the domain,
			the <a class="indexterm" name="id2889922"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> string is expanded to \\MORIA\becky.
			If the smbHome attribute exists in the entry &#8220;<span class="quote">uid=becky,ou=People,dc=samba,dc=org</span>&#8221;,
			this value is used. However, if this attribute does not exist, then the value
			of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2889943"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> parameter is used in its place. Samba
			will only write the attribute value to the directory entry if the value is
			something other than the default (e.g., <tt class="filename">\\MOBY\becky</tt>).
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2889969"></a>Example LDIF Entries for a sambaSamAccount</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The following is a working LDIF that demonstrates the use of the SambaSamAccount objectclass:
			</p><p>
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
	dn: uid=guest2, ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org
	sambaLMPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7
	sambaPwdMustChange: 2147483647
	sambaPrimaryGroupSID: S-1-5-21-2447931902-1787058256-3961074038-513
	sambaNTPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE
	sambaPwdLastSet: 1010179124
	sambaLogonTime: 0
	objectClass: sambaSamAccount
	uid: guest2
	sambaKickoffTime: 2147483647
	sambaAcctFlags: [UX         ]
	sambaLogoffTime: 2147483647
	sambaSID: S-1-5-21-2447931902-1787058256-3961074038-5006
	sambaPwdCanChange: 0
	</pre><p>
	</p><p>
			The following is an LDIF entry for using both the sambaSamAccount and
			posixAccount objectclasses:
			</p><p>
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
	dn: uid=gcarter, ou=People,dc=quenya,dc=org
	sambaLogonTime: 0
	displayName: Gerald Carter
	sambaLMPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE
	sambaPrimaryGroupSID: S-1-5-21-2447931902-1787058256-3961074038-1201
	objectClass: posixAccount
	objectClass: sambaSamAccount
	sambaAcctFlags: [UX         ]
	userPassword: {crypt}BpM2ej8Rkzogo
	uid: gcarter
	uidNumber: 9000
	cn: Gerald Carter
	loginShell: /bin/bash
	logoffTime: 2147483647
	gidNumber: 100
	sambaKickoffTime: 2147483647
	sambaPwdLastSet: 1010179230
	sambaSID: S-1-5-21-2447931902-1787058256-3961074038-5004
	homeDirectory: /home/moria/gcarter
	sambaPwdCanChange: 0
	sambaPwdMustChange: 2147483647
	sambaNTPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7
</pre><p>
	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2890036"></a>Password Synchronization</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Samba-3 and later can update the non-samba (LDAP) password stored with an account. When
		using pam_ldap, this allows changing both UNIX and Windows passwords at once.
		</p><p>The <a class="indexterm" name="id2890054"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap passwd sync</tt></i> options can have the  values shown in
		<link linkend="ldappwsync">.</p><div class="table"><a name="ldappwsync"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.3. Possible <span class="emphasis"><em>ldap passwd sync</em></span> values</b></p><table summary="Possible ldap passwd sync values" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Value</th><th align="center">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">yes</td><td align="justify"><p>When the user changes his password, update
			       <tt class="constant">ntPassword</tt>, <tt class="constant">lmPassword</tt>
			       and the <tt class="constant">password</tt> fields.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left">no</td><td align="justify"><p>Only update <tt class="constant">ntPassword</tt> and <tt class="constant">lmPassword</tt>.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left">only</td><td align="justify"><p>Only update the LDAP password and let the LDAP server worry about the other fields.
			This option is only available on some LDAP servers. Only when the LDAP server
			supports LDAP_EXOP_X_MODIFY_PASSWD.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>More information can be found in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> manpage.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2890210"></a>MySQL</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2890221"></a>
	Every so often someone will come along with a great new idea. Storing user accounts in a
	SQL backend is one of them. Those who want to do this are in the best position to know what the
	specific benefits are to them. This may sound like a cop-out, but in truth we cannot attempt
	to document every little detail why certain things of marginal utility to the bulk of
	Samba users might make sense to the rest. In any case, the following instructions should help
	the determined SQL user to implement a working system.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2890253"></a>Creating the Database</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			You can set up your own table and specify the field names to pdb_mysql (see below
			for the column names) or use the default table. The file <tt class="filename">examples/pdb/mysql/mysql.dump</tt> 
			contains the correct queries to create the required tables. Use the command:

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>mysql -u<i class="replaceable"><tt>username</tt></i> -h<i class="replaceable"><tt>hostname</tt></i> -p<i class="replaceable"><tt>password</tt></i> \
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>databasename</tt></i> &lt; <tt class="filename">/path/to/samba/examples/pdb/mysql/mysql.dump</tt></tt></b>
</pre><p>
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2890319"></a>Configuring</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>This plugin lacks some good documentation, but here is some brief infoormation. Add the following to the
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2890331"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> variable in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = [other-plugins] mysql:identifier [other-plugins]</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
			</p><p>The identifier can be any string you like, as long as it does not collide with 
			the identifiers of other plugins or other instances of pdb_mysql. If you 
			specify multiple pdb_mysql.so entries in <a class="indexterm" name="id2890374"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>, you also need to 
			use different identifiers.
			</p><p>
			Additional options can be given through the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section.
			Refer to <link linkend="mysqlpbe">.
			</p><div class="table"><a name="mysqlpbe"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.4. Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend</b></p><table summary="Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Field</th><th align="justify">Contents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">mysql host</td><td align="justify">Host name, defaults to `localhost'</td></tr><tr><td align="left">mysql password</td><td align="justify"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">mysql user</td><td align="justify">Defaults to `samba'</td></tr><tr><td align="left">mysql database</td><td align="justify">Defaults to `samba'</td></tr><tr><td align="left">mysql port</td><td align="justify">Defaults to 3306</td></tr><tr><td align="left">table</td><td align="justify">Name of the table containing the users</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
			Since the password for the MySQL user is stored in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, you should make the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file 
			readable only to the user who runs Samba. This is considered a security bug and will soon be fixed.
			</p></div><p>Names of the columns are given in <link linkend="moremysqlpdbe">. The default column names can be found in the example table dump.
			 </p><p>
			</p><div class="table"><a name="moremysqlpdbe"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.5. MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend</b></p><table summary="MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Field</th><th align="left">Type</th><th align="justify">Contents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">logon time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">UNIX time stamp of last logon of user</td></tr><tr><td align="left">logoff time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">UNIX time stamp of last logoff of user</td></tr><tr><td align="left">kickoff time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">UNIX time stamp of moment user should be kicked off workstation (not enforced)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">pass last set time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">UNIX time stamp of moment password was last set</td></tr><tr><td align="left">pass can change time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">UNIX time stamp of moment from which password can be changed</td></tr><tr><td align="left">pass must change time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">UNIX time stamp of moment on which password must be changed</td></tr><tr><td align="left">username column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">UNIX username</td></tr><tr><td align="left">domain column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">NT domain user belongs to</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nt username column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">NT username</td></tr><tr><td align="left">fullname column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Full name of user</td></tr><tr><td align="left">home dir column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">UNIX homedir path</td></tr><tr><td align="left">dir drive column</td><td align="left">varchar(2)</td><td align="justify">Directory drive path (e.g., &#8220;<span class="quote">H:</span>&#8221;)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">logon script column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Batch file to run on client side when logging on</td></tr><tr><td align="left">profile path column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Path of profile</td></tr><tr><td align="left">acct desc column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Some ASCII NT user data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">workstations column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Workstations user can logon to (or NULL for all)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">unknown string column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Unknown string</td></tr><tr><td align="left">munged dial column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left">user sid column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">NT user SID</td></tr><tr><td align="left">group sid column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">NT group SID</td></tr><tr><td align="left">lanman pass column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Encrypted lanman password</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nt pass column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Encrypted nt passwd</td></tr><tr><td align="left">plain pass column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="justify">Plaintext password</td></tr><tr><td align="left">acct ctrl column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">NT user data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">unknown 3 column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left">logon divs column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left">hours len column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left">bad password count column</td><td align="left">int(5)</td><td align="justify">Number of failed password tries before disabling an account</td></tr><tr><td align="left">logon count column</td><td align="left">int(5)</td><td align="justify">Number of logon attempts</td></tr><tr><td align="left">unknown 6 column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="justify">Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
		</p><p>
			You can put a colon (:) after the name of each column, which 
			should specify the column to update when updating the table. You can also
			specify nothing behind the colon. Then the field data will not be updated. Setting a column name to <i class="parameter"><tt>NULL</tt></i> means the field should not be used.
			</p><p>An example configuration can be found in <link linkend="mysqlsam">.
			</p><div class="example"><a name="mysqlsam"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 11.3. Example configuration for the MySQL passdb backend</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = mysql:foo</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:mysql user = samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:mysql password = abmas</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:mysql database = samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># domain name is static and can't be changed</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:domain column = 'MYWORKGROUP':</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># The fullname column comes from several other columns</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:fullname column = CONCAT(firstname,' ',surname):</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># Samba should never write to the password columns</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:lanman pass column = lm_pass:</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:nt pass column = nt_pass:</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># The unknown 3 column is not stored</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>foo:unknown 3 column = NULL</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2891133"></a>Using Plaintext Passwords or Encrypted Password</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2891146"></a>
			I strongly discourage the use of plaintext passwords, however, you can use them.
			</p><p>
			If you would like to use plaintext passwords, set
			`identifier:lanman pass column' and `identifier:nt pass column' to
			`NULL' (without the quotes) and `identifier:plain pass column' to the
			name of the column containing the plaintext passwords. 
			</p><p>
			If you use encrypted passwords, set the 'identifier:plain pass
			column' to 'NULL' (without the quotes). This is the default.
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2891173"></a>Getting Non-Column Data from the Table</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			It is possible to have not all data in the database by making some `constant'.
			</p><p>
			For example, you can set `identifier:fullname column' to
			something like <b class="command">CONCAT(Firstname,' ',Surname)</b>
			</p><p>
			Or, set `identifier:workstations column' to:
			<b class="command">NULL</b></p><p>See the MySQL documentation for more language constructs.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="XMLpassdb"></a>XML</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2891233"></a>
		This module requires libxml2 to be installed.</p><p>The usage of pdb_xml is fairly straightforward. To export data, use:
		</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2891255"></a>
			<tt class="prompt">$ </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -e xml:filename</tt></b>
		</p><p>
		(where filename is the name of the file to put the data in)
		</p><p>
		To import data, use:
		<tt class="prompt">$ </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -i xml:filename</tt></b>
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2891304"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2891310"></a>Users Cannot Logon</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">I've installed Samba, but now I can't log on with my UNIX account! </span>&#8221;</p><p>Make sure your user has been added to the current Samba <a class="indexterm" name="id2891328"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>. Read the section <link linkend="acctmgmttools"> for details.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2891353"></a>Users Being Added to the Wrong Backend Database</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	A few complaints have been received from users that just moved to Samba-3. The following
	<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file entries were causing problems, new accounts were being added to the old
	smbpasswd file, not to the tdbsam passdb.tdb file:
	</p><p>
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = smbpasswd, tdbsam</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr></table><p>
	</p><p>
	Samba will add new accounts to the first entry in the <span class="emphasis"><em>passdb backend</em></span>
	parameter entry. If you want to update to the tdbsam, then change the entry to:
	</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = tdbsam, smbpasswd</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2891445"></a>Configuration of <i class="parameter"><tt>auth methods</tt></i></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	When explicitly setting an <a class="indexterm" name="id2891462"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>auth methods</tt></i> parameter,
	<i class="parameter"><tt>guest</tt></i> must be specified as the first entry on the line,
	for example, <a class="indexterm" name="id2891485"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>auth methods</tt></i> = guest sam.
	</p><p>
	This is the exact opposite of the requirement for the <a class="indexterm" name="id2891504"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>
	option, where it must be the <span class="emphasis"><em>LAST</em></span> parameter on the line.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="groupmapping"></a>Chapter 12. Group Mapping  MS Windows and UNIX</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jean François</span> <span class="surname">Micouleau</span></h3></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2892074">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2892376">Default Users, Groups and Relative Identifiers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893011">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2893090">Configuration Scripts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893104">Sample smb.conf Add Group Script</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893239">Script to Configure Group Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2893347">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2893361">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893430">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2893456">Adding Domain Users to the Power Users Group</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2891621"></a>
	Starting with Samba-3, new group mapping functionality is available to create associations
	between Windows group SIDs and UNIX groups. The <b class="command">groupmap</b> subcommand
	included with the <span class="application">net</span> tool can be used to manage these associations.
	</p><p>
	The new facility for mapping NT Groups to UNIX system groups allows the administrator to decide
	which NT Domain Groups are to be exposed to MS Windows clients. Only those NT Groups that map
	to a UNIX group that has a value other than the default (<tt class="constant">-1</tt>) will be exposed
	in group selection lists in tools that access domain users and groups.
	</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2891671"></a>
	The <i class="parameter"><tt>domain admin group</tt></i> parameter has been removed in Samba-3 and should no longer
	be specified in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. This parameter was used to give the listed users membership in the
	<tt class="constant">Domain Admins</tt> Windows group which gave local admin rights on their workstations
	(in default configurations).
	</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2891703"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba allows the administrator to create MS Windows NT4/200x group accounts and to
	arbitrarily associate them with UNIX/Linux group accounts.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2891721"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2891730"></a>
	Group accounts can be managed using the MS Windows NT4 or MS Windows 200x/XP Professional MMC tools.
	Appropriate interface scripts should be provided in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> if it is desired that UNIX/Linux system
	accounts should be automatically created when these tools are used. In the absence of these scripts, and
	so long as <b class="command">winbindd</b> is running, Samba group accounts that are created using these
	tools will be allocated UNIX UIDs/GIDs from the ID range specified by the
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2891760"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap uid</tt></i>/<a class="indexterm" name="id2891773"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap gid</tt></i>
	parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="idmap-sid2gid"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 12.1. IDMAP: group SID to GID resolution.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/idmap-sid2gid.png" width="270" alt="IDMAP: group SID to GID resolution."></div></div><div class="figure"><a name="idmap-gid2sid"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 12.2. IDMAP: GID resolution to matching SID.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/idmap-gid2sid.png" width="270" alt="IDMAP: GID resolution to matching SID."></div></div><p>
	In both cases, when winbindd is not running, only locally resolvable groups can be recognized. Please refer to
	<link linkend="idmap-sid2gid"> and <link linkend="idmap-gid2sid">. The <b class="command">net groupmap</b> is
	used to establish UNIX group to NT SID mappings as shown in <link linkend="idmap-store-gid2sid">.
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="idmap-store-gid2sid"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 12.3. IDMAP storing group mappings.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/idmap-store-gid2sid.png" width="270" alt="IDMAP storing group mappings."></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2891976"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2891983"></a>
	Administrators should be aware that where <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> group interface scripts make
	direct calls to the UNIX/Linux system tools (the shadow utilities, <b class="command">groupadd</b>,
	<b class="command">groupdel</b>, and <b class="command">groupmod</b>), the resulting UNIX/Linux group names will be subject
	to any limits imposed by these tools. If the tool does not allow upper case characters
	or space characters, then the creation of an MS Windows NT4/200x style group of
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Engineering Managers</em></span> will attempt to create an identically named
	UNIX/Linux group, an attempt that will of course fail.
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2892035"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2892044"></a>
	There are several possible work-arounds for the operating system tools limitation. One
	method is to use a script that generates a name for the UNIX/Linux system group that
	fits the operating system limits, and that then just passes the UNIX/Linux group ID (GID)
	back to the calling Samba interface. This will provide a dynamic work-around solution.
	</p><p>
	Another work-around is to manually create a UNIX/Linux group, then manually create the
	MS Windows NT4/200x group on the Samba server and then use the <b class="command">net groupmap</b>
	tool to connect the two to each other.
	</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2892074"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	When installing <span class="application">MS Windows NT4/200x</span> on a computer, the installation
	program creates default users and groups, notably the <tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group,
	and gives that group privileges necessary privileges to perform essential system tasks,
	such as the ability to change the date and time or to kill (or close) any process running on the
	local machine.
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2892106"></a>
	The <tt class="constant">Administrator</tt> user is a member of the <tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group, and thus inherits
	<tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group privileges. If a <tt class="constant">joe</tt> user is created to be a member of the
	<tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group, <tt class="constant">joe</tt> has exactly the same rights as the user,
	<tt class="constant">Administrator</tt>.
	</p><p>
	When an MS Windows NT4/200x/XP machine is made a Domain Member, the &#8220;<span class="quote">Domain Admins</span>&#8221; group of the
	PDC is added to the local <tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group of the workstation. Every member of the
	<tt class="constant">Domain Administrators</tt> group inherits the rights of the local <tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group when
	logging on the workstation.
	</p><p>
	The following steps describe how to make Samba PDC users members of the <tt class="constant">Domain Admins</tt> group?
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
		Create a UNIX group (usually in <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt>), let's call it <tt class="constant">domadm</tt>.
		</p></li><li><p>
		Add to this group the users that must be &#8220;<span class="quote">Administrators</span>&#8221;. For example,
		if you want <tt class="constant">joe, john</tt> and <tt class="constant">mary</tt> to be administrators,
		your entry in <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> will look like this:
		</p><pre class="programlisting">
		domadm:x:502:joe,john,mary
		</pre><p>
		</p></li><li><p>
		Map this domadm group to the &#8220;<span class="quote">Domain Admins</span>&#8221; group by running the command:
		</p><p>
	</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap add ntgroup=&#8220;<span class="quote">Domain Admins</span>&#8221; UNIXgroup=domadm</tt></b>
	</pre><p>
	</p><p>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2892288"></a>
		The quotes around &#8220;<span class="quote">Domain Admins</span>&#8221; are necessary due to the space in the group name.
		Also make sure to leave no white-space surrounding the equal character (=).
		</p></li></ol></div><p>
	Now <tt class="constant">joe, john</tt> and <tt class="constant">mary</tt> are domain administrators.
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2892321"></a>
	It is possible to map any arbitrary UNIX group to any Windows NT4/200x group as well as
	making any UNIX group a Windows domain group. For example, if you wanted to include a
	UNIX group (e.g., acct) in an ACL on a local file or printer on a Domain Member machine,
	you would flag that group as a domain group by running the following on the Samba PDC:
	</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap add rid=1000 ntgroup="Accounting" UNIXgroup=acct</tt></b>
</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	Be aware that the RID parameter is a unsigned 32-bit integer that should
	normally start at 1000. However, this RID must not overlap with any RID assigned
	to a user. Verification for this is done differently depending on the passdb backend
	you are using. Future versions of the tools may perform the verification automatically,
	but for now the burden is on you.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2892376"></a>Default Users, Groups and Relative Identifiers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2892387"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2892398"></a>
	When first installed, Microsoft Windows NT4/200x/XP are preconfigured with certain User, Group, and
	Alias entities. Each has a well-known Relative Identifier (RID). These must be preserved for continued
	integrity of operation. Samba must be provisioned with certain essential Domain Groups that require
	the appropriate RID value. When Samba-3 is configured to use <tt class="constant">tdbsam</tt> the essential
	Domain Groups are automatically created. It is the LDAP administrators' responsibility to create
	(provision) the default NT Groups.
	</p><p>
	Each essential Domain Group must be assigned its respective well-kown RID. The default Users, Groups,
	Aliases, and RIDs are shown in <link linkend="WKURIDS">.
	</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
	When the <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> uses LDAP (<tt class="constant">ldapsam</tt>) it is the
	admininstrators' responsibility to create the essential Domain Groups, and to assign each its default RID.
	</div><p>
	It is permissible to create any Domain Group that may be necessary, just make certain that the essential
	Domain Groups (well known) have been created and assigned its default RID. Other groups you create may
	be assigned any arbitrary RID you care to use.
	</p><p>
	Be sure to map each Domain Group to a UNIX system group. That is the only way to ensure that the group
	will be available for use as an NT Domain Group.
	</p><p>
	</p><div class="table"><a name="WKURIDS"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 12.1. Well-Known User Default RIDs</b></p><table summary="Well-Known User Default RIDs" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"><col align="left"><col align="center"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Well-Known Entity</th><th align="left">RID</th><th align="left">Type</th><th align="center">Essential</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Domain Administrator</td><td align="left">500</td><td align="left">User</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Guest</td><td align="left">501</td><td align="left">User</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain KRBTGT</td><td align="left">502</td><td align="left">User</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Admins</td><td align="left">512</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">Yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Users</td><td align="left">513</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">Yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Guests</td><td align="left">514</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">Yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Computers</td><td align="left">515</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Controllers</td><td align="left">516</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Certificate Admins</td><td align="left">517</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Schema Admins</td><td align="left">518</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Enterprise Admins</td><td align="left">519</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain Policy Admins</td><td align="left">520</td><td align="left">Group</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Admins</td><td align="left">544</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin users</td><td align="left">545</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Guests</td><td align="left">546</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Power Users</td><td align="left">547</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Account Operators</td><td align="left">548</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin System Operators</td><td align="left">549</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Print Operators</td><td align="left">550</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Backup Operators</td><td align="left">551</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin Replicator</td><td align="left">552</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Builtin RAS Servers</td><td align="left">553</td><td align="left">Alias</td><td align="center">No</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2893011"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		You can list the various groups in the mapping database by executing
		<b class="command">net groupmap list</b>. Here is an example:
		</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2893033"></a><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap list</tt></b>
Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-512) -&gt; domadmin
Domain Users (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-513) -&gt; domuser
Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-514) -&gt; domguest
</pre><p>
		</p><p>
		For complete details on <b class="command">net groupmap</b>, refer to the net(8) man page.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2893090"></a>Configuration Scripts</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Everyone needs tools. Some of us like to create our own, others prefer to use canned tools
	(i.e., prepared by someone else for general use). 
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2893104"></a>Sample <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Add Group Script</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A script to create complying group names for use by the Samba group interfaces
		is provided in <link linkend="smbgrpadd.sh">.
		</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2893133"></a><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="smbgrpadd.sh"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 12.1. smbgrpadd.sh</b></p><pre class="programlisting">

#!/bin/bash

# Add the group using normal system groupadd tool.
groupadd smbtmpgrp00

thegid=`cat /etc/group | grep smbtmpgrp00 | cut -d ":" -f3`

# Now change the name to what we want for the MS Windows networking end
cp /etc/group /etc/group.bak
cat /etc/group.bak | sed s/smbtmpgrp00/$1/g &gt; /etc/group

# Now return the GID as would normally happen.
echo $thegid
exit 0
</pre></div><p>
</p><p>
		The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> entry for the above script would be something like that in <link linkend="smbgrpadd">.
</p><div class="example"><a name="smbgrpadd"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 12.2. Configuration of smb.conf for the add group script.</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>add group script = /path_to_tool/smbgrpadd.sh %g</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr></table></div><p>
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2893239"></a>Script to Configure Group Mapping</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		In our example we have created a UNIX/Linux group called <span class="emphasis"><em>ntadmin</em></span>.
		Our script will create the additional groups <span class="emphasis"><em>Orks</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Elves</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>Gnomes</em></span>.
		It is a good idea to save this shell script for later re-use just in case you ever need to rebuild your mapping database.
		For the sake of concenience we elect to save this script as a file called <tt class="filename">initGroups.sh</tt>.
		This script is given in <link linkend="set-group-map">.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2893293"></a>
</p><div class="example"><a name="set-group-map"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 12.3. Script to Set Group Mapping</b></p><pre class="programlisting">
#!/bin/bash

net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Admins" unixgroup=ntadmin
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Guests" unixgroup=nobody

groupadd Orks
groupadd Elves
groupadd Gnomes

net groupmap add ntgroup="Orks"   unixgroup=Orks   type=d
net groupmap add ntgroup="Elves"  unixgroup=Elves  type=d
net groupmap add ntgroup="Gnomes" unixgroup=Gnomes type=d
</pre></div><p>
</p><p>
	Of course it is expected that the administrator will modify this to suit local needs.
	For information regarding the use of the <b class="command">net groupmap</b> tool please
	refer to the man page.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2893347"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
At this time there are many little surprises for the unwary administrator. In a real sense
it is imperative that every step of automated control scripts must be carefully tested
manually before putting them into active service.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2893361"></a>Adding Groups Fails</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This is a common problem when the <b class="command">groupadd</b> is called directly
		by the Samba interface script for the <a class="indexterm" name="id2893381"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add group script</tt></i> in
		the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
		</p><p>
		The most common cause of failure is an attempt to add an MS Windows group account
		that has either an upper case character and/or a space character in it.
		</p><p>
		There are three possible work-arounds. First, use only group names that comply
		with the limitations of the UNIX/Linux <b class="command">groupadd</b> system tool.
		Second, it involves the use of the script mentioned earlier in this chapter, and
		third is the option is to manually create a UNIX/Linux group account that can substitute
		for the MS Windows group name, then use the procedure listed above to map that group
		to the MS Windows group.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2893430"></a>Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2893438"></a><p>
		Samba-3 does not support nested groups from the MS Windows control environment.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2893456"></a>Adding <span class="emphasis"><em>Domain Users</em></span> to the <span class="emphasis"><em>Power Users</em></span> Group</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
		What must I do to add Domain Users to the Power Users group?
		</span>&#8221;</p><a class="indexterm" name="id2893478"></a><p>
		The Power Users group is a group that is local to each Windows 200x/XP Professional workstation.
		You cannot add the Domain Users group to the Power Users group automatically, it must be done on
		each workstation by logging in as the local workstation <span class="emphasis"><em>administrator</em></span> and
		then using the following procedure:
		</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Click <span class="guimenu">Start -&gt; Control Panel -&gt; Users and Passwords</span>.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Click the <span class="guimenuitem">Advanced</span> tab.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Click the <span class="guibutton">Advanced</span> button.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Click <tt class="constant">Groups</tt>.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Double click <tt class="constant">Power Users</tt>. This will launch the panel to add users or groups
			to the local machine <tt class="constant">Power Uses</tt> group.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Click the <span class="guibutton">Add</span> button.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Select the domain from which the <tt class="constant">Domain Users</tt> group is to be added.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Double click the <tt class="constant">Domain Users</tt> group.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Click the <span class="guibutton">Ok</span> button. If a logon box is presented during this process 
			please remember to enter the connect as <tt class="constant">DOMAIN\UserName</tt>. i.e., For the
			domain <tt class="constant">MIDEARTH</tt> and the user <tt class="constant">root</tt> enter
			<tt class="constant">MIDEARTH\root</tt>.
			</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="AccessControls"></a>Chapter 13. File, Directory and Share Access Controls</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawing</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 10, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894048">File System Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894478">Managing Directories</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2894573">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2894812">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2896108">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2896192">Share Permissions Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2896500">MS Windows Access Control Lists and UNIX Interoperability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2896509">Managing UNIX Permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896565">Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896647">Viewing File Ownership</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896786">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897037">Modifying File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897629">Interaction with the Standard Samba File Attribute Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2897717">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2897731">Users Cannot Write to a Public Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898158">File Operations Done as root with force user Set</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898213">MS Word with Samba Changes Owner of File</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2893778"></a>
Advanced MS Windows users are frequently perplexed when file, directory and share manipulation of
resources shared via Samba do not behave in the manner they might expect. MS Windows network
administrators are often confused regarding network access controls and how to
provide users with the access they need while protecting resources from unauthorized access.
</p><p>
Many UNIX administrators are unfamiliar with the MS Windows environment and in particular
have difficulty in visualizing what the MS Windows user wishes to achieve in attempts to set file
and directory access permissions. 
</p><p>
The problem lies in the differences in how file and directory permissions and controls work
between the two environments. This difference is one that Samba cannot completely hide, even
though it does try to bridge the chasm to a degree.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2893814"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2893822"></a>

POSIX Access Control List technology has been available (along with Extended Attributes)
for UNIX for many years, yet there is little evidence today of any significant use. This
explains to some extent the slow adoption of ACLs into commercial Linux products. MS Windows
administrators are astounded at this, given that ACLs were a foundational capability of the now
decade-old MS Windows NT operating system.
</p><p>
The purpose of this chapter is to present each of the points of control that are possible with
Samba-3 in the hope that this will help the network administrator to find the optimum method
for delivering the best environment for MS Windows desktop users.
</p><p>
This is an opportune point to mention that Samba was created to provide a means of interoperability
and interchange of data between differing operating environments. Samba has no intent to change
UNIX/Linux into a platform like MS Windows. Instead the purpose was and is to provide a sufficient
level of exchange of data between the two environments. What is available today extends well
beyond early plans and expectations, yet the gap continues to shrink.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2893864"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba offers a lot of flexibility in file system access management. These are the key access control
	facilities present in Samba today:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Samba Access Control Facilities</b></p><ul type="disc"><li><p>
				<a class="indexterm" name="id2893891"></a>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>UNIX File and Directory Permissions</em></span>
		</p><p>
			Samba honors and implements UNIX file system access controls. Users
			who access a Samba server will do so as a particular MS Windows user.
			This information is passed to the Samba server as part of the logon or
			connection setup process. Samba uses this user identity to validate
			whether or not the user should be given access to file system resources
			(files and directories). This chapter provides an overview for those
			to whom the UNIX permissions and controls are a little strange or unknown.
			</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba Share Definitions</em></span>
		</p><p>
			In configuring share settings and controls in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file,
			the network administrator can exercise overrides to native file
			system permissions and behaviors. This can be handy and convenient
			to effect behavior that is more like what MS Windows NT users expect
			but it is seldom the <span class="emphasis"><em>best</em></span> way to achieve this.
			The basic options and techniques are described herein.
			</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba Share ACLs</em></span>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2893976"></a>
		</p><p>
			Just like it is possible in MS Windows NT to set ACLs on shares
			themselves, so it is possible to do this in Samba.
			Few people make use of this facility, yet it remains on of the
			easiest ways to affect access controls (restrictions) and can often
			do so with minimum invasiveness compared with other methods.
			</p></li><li><p>
				<a class="indexterm" name="id2894004"></a>
				<a class="indexterm" name="id2894015"></a>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>MS Windows ACLs through UNIX POSIX ACLs</em></span>
		</p><p>
			The use of POSIX ACLs on UNIX/Linux is possible only if the underlying
			operating system supports them. If not, then this option will not be
			available to you. Current UNIX technology platforms have native support
			for POSIX ACLs. There are patches for the Linux kernel that also provide
			this. Sadly, few Linux platforms ship today with native ACLs and
			Extended Attributes enabled. This chapter has pertinent information
			for users of platforms that support them.
			</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2894048"></a>File System Access Controls</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Perhaps the most important recognition to be made is the simple fact that MS Windows NT4/200x/XP
implement a totally divergent file system technology from what is provided in the UNIX operating system
environment. First we consider what the most significant differences are, then we look
at how Samba helps to bridge the differences.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2894066"></a>MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2894078"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2894086"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2894094"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2894105"></a>

	Samba operates on top of the UNIX file system. This means it is subject to UNIX file system conventions
	and permissions. It also means that if the MS Windows networking environment requires file system
	behavior that differs from UNIX file system behavior then somehow Samba is responsible for emulating
	that in a transparent and consistent manner.
	</p><p>
	It is good news that Samba does this to a large extent and on top of that provides a high degree
	of optional configuration to override the default behavior. We look at some of these over-rides,
	but for the greater part we will stay within the bounds of default behavior. Those wishing to explore
	the depths of control ability should review the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
	</p><p>The following compares file system features for UNIX with those of Microsoft Windows NT/200x:
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2894146"></a>
	
	</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Name Space</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows NT4/200x/XP files names may be up to 254 characters long, and UNIX file names
		may be 1023 characters long. In MS Windows, file extensions indicate particular file types,
		in UNIX this is not so rigorously observed as all names are considered arbitrary. 
		</p><p>
		What MS Windows calls a folder, UNIX calls a directory.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Case Sensitivity</span></dt><dd><p>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2894203"></a>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2894211"></a>
		MS Windows file names are generally upper case if made up of 8.3 (8 character file name
		and 3 character extension. File names that are longer than 8.3 are case preserving and case
		insensitive.
		</p><p>
		UNIX file and directory names are case sensitive and case preserving. Samba implements the
		MS Windows file name behavior, but it does so as a user application. The UNIX file system
		provides no mechanism to perform case insensitive file name lookups. MS Windows does this
		by default. This means that Samba has to carry the processing overhead to provide features
		that are not native to the UNIX operating system environment.
		</p><p>
		Consider the following. All are unique UNIX names but one single MS Windows file name:
		</p><pre class="screen">
				MYFILE.TXT
				MyFile.txt
				myfile.txt
		</pre><p>
		So clearly, in an MS Windows file name space these three files cannot co-exist, but in UNIX
		they can.
		</p><p>
		So what should Samba do if all three are present? That which is lexically first will be
		accessible to MS Windows users, the others are invisible and unaccessible  any
		other solution would be suicidal.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Directory Separators</span></dt><dd><p>
				<a class="indexterm" name="id2894285"></a>
		MS Windows and DOS uses the backslash <tt class="constant">\</tt> as a directory delimiter, and UNIX uses
		the forward-slash <tt class="constant">/</tt> as its directory delimiter. This is handled transparently by Samba.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Drive Identification</span></dt><dd><p>
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2894322"></a>
		MS Windows products support a notion of drive letters, like <b class="command">C:</b> to represent
		disk partitions. UNIX has no concept of separate identifiers for file partitions, each
		such file system is mounted to become part of the overall directory tree.
		The UNIX directory tree begins at <tt class="constant">/</tt> just like the root of a DOS drive is specified as
		<tt class="constant">C:\</tt>.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">File Naming Conventions</span></dt><dd><p>
			<a class="indexterm" name="id2894369"></a>
		MS Windows generally never experiences file names that begin with a dot (<tt class="constant">.</tt>) while in UNIX these
		are commonly found in a user's home directory. Files that begin with a dot (<tt class="constant">.</tt>) are typically
		either start-up files for various UNIX applications, or they may be files that contain
		start-up configuration data.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Links and Short-Cuts</span></dt><dd><p>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2894408"></a>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2894420"></a>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2894431"></a>
		MS Windows make use of &#8220;<span class="quote">links and short-cuts</span>&#8221; that are actually special types of files that will
		redirect an attempt to execute the file to the real location of the file. UNIX knows of file and directory
		links, but they are entirely different from what MS Windows users are used to.
		</p><p>
		Symbolic links are files in UNIX that contain the actual location of the data (file or directory). An
		operation (like read or write) will operate directly on the file referenced. Symbolic links are also
		referred to as &#8220;<span class="quote">soft links.</span>&#8221; A hard link is something that MS Windows is not familiar with. It allows
		one physical file to be known simultaneously by more than one file name.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
	There are many other subtle differences that may cause the MS Windows administrator some temporary discomfort
	in the process of becoming familiar with UNIX/Linux. These are best left for a text that is dedicated to the
	purpose of UNIX/Linux training and education.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2894478"></a>Managing Directories</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	There are three basic operations for managing directories: <b class="command">create, delete, rename</b>.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="id2894498"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.1. Managing Directories with UNIX and Windows</b></p><table summary="Managing Directories with UNIX and Windows" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Action</th><th align="center">MS Windows Command</th><th align="center">UNIX Command</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">create</td><td align="center">md folder</td><td align="center">mkdir folder</td></tr><tr><td align="center">delete</td><td align="center">rd folder</td><td align="center">rmdir folder</td></tr><tr><td align="center">rename</td><td align="center">rename oldname newname</td><td align="center">mv oldname newname</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2894573"></a>File and Directory Access Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2894584"></a>
	The network administrator is strongly advised to read foundational training manuals and reference materials
	regarding file and directory permissions maintenance. Much can be achieved with the basic UNIX permissions
	without having to resort to more complex facilities like POSIX Access Control Lists (ACLs) or Extended
	Attributes (EAs).
	</p><p>
	UNIX/Linux file and directory access permissions involves setting three primary sets of data and one control set.
	A UNIX file listing looks as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -la</tt></b>
total 632
drwxr-xr-x   13 maryo   gnomes      816 2003-05-12 22:56 .
drwxrwxr-x   37 maryo   gnomes     3800 2003-05-12 22:29 ..
dr-xr-xr-x    2 maryo   gnomes       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado02
drwxrwxrwx    2 maryo   gnomes       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado03
drw-rw-rw-    2 maryo   gnomes       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado04
d-w--w--w-    2 maryo   gnomes       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado05
dr--r--r--    2 maryo   gnomes       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado06
drwsrwsrwx    2 maryo   gnomes       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado08
----------    1 maryo   gnomes     1242 2003-05-12 22:31 mydata00.lst
--w--w--w-    1 maryo   gnomes     7754 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata02.lst
-r--r--r--    1 maryo   gnomes    21017 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata04.lst
-rw-rw-rw-    1 maryo   gnomes    41105 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata06.lst
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>
</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	The columns above represent (from left to right): permissions, number of hard links to file, owner, group, size (bytes), access date, access time, file name.
	</p><p>
		An overview of the permissions field can be found in <link linkend="access1">.
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="access1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 13.1. Overview of UNIX permissions field.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/access1.png" width="270" alt="Overview of UNIX permissions field."></div></div><p>
	Any bit flag may be unset. An unset bit flag is the equivalent of &#8220;<span class="quote">cannot</span>&#8221; and is represented as a &#8220;<span class="quote">-</span>&#8221; character.

	</p><div class="example"><a name="id2894724"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 13.1. Example File</b></p><pre class="programlisting">
		-rwxr-x---   Means: The owner (user) can read, write, execute
		                    the group can read and execute
		                    everyone else cannot do anything with it.
		</pre></div><p>

	</p><p>
	Additional possibilities in the [type] field are: c = character device, b = block device, p = pipe device, s = UNIX Domain Socket.
	</p><p>
	The letters <tt class="constant">rwxXst</tt> set permissions for the user, group and others as: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x),
	execute  only  if  the  file  is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s),
	sticky (t).
	</p><p>
	When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may be unlinked (deleted) or renamed only by root or their owner. 
	Without the sticky  bit, anyone able to write to the directory can delete or rename files. The sticky bit is commonly found on
	directories, such as <tt class="filename">/tmp</tt>, that are world-writable.
	</p><p>
	When the set user or group ID bit (s) is set on a directory, then all files created within it will be owned by the user and/or
	group whose `set user or group' bit is set. This can be helpful in setting up directories for which it is desired that
	all users who are in a group should be able to write to and read from a file, particularly when it is undesirable for that file
	to be exclusively owned by a user whose primary group is not the group that all such users belong to.
	</p><p>
	When a directory is set <tt class="constant">drw-r-----</tt> this means that the owner can read and create (write) files in it, but because
	the (x) execute flags are not set, files cannot be listed (seen) in the directory by anyone. The group can read files in the
	directory but cannot create new files. If files in the directory are set to be readable and writable for the group, then
	group members will be able to write to (or delete) them.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2894812"></a>Share Definition Access Controls</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2894823"></a>
The following parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file sections define a share control or effect access controls.
Before using any of the following options, please refer to the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2894851"></a>User and Group-Based Controls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	User and group-based controls can prove quite useful. In some situations it is distinctly desirable to affect all
	file system operations as if a single user were doing so. The use of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2894866"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> and 
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2894879"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force group</tt></i> behavior will achieve this. In other situations it may be necessary to effect a
	paranoia level of control to ensure that only particular authorized persons will be able to access a share or
	its contents. Here the use of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2894897"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>valid users</tt></i> or the
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2894910"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>invalid users</tt></i> may be most useful.
	</p><p>
	As always, it is highly advisable to use the least difficult to maintain and the least ambiguous method for
	controlling access. Remember, when you leave the scene someone else will need to provide assistance and
	if he finds too great a mess or does not understand what you have done, there is risk of
	Samba being removed and an alternative solution being adopted.
	</p><p>
		<link linkend="ugbc"> enumerates these controls.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="ugbc"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.2. User and Group Based Controls</b></p><table summary="User and Group Based Controls" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Control Parameter</th><th align="center">Description - Action - Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895024"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>admin users</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			List of users who will be granted administrative privileges on the share.
			They will do all file operations as the super-user (root). 
			Any user in this list will be able to do anything they like on the share,
			irrespective of file permissions.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895053"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force group</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Specifies a UNIX group name that will be assigned as the default primary group
			for all users connecting to this service.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895080"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Specifies a UNIX user name that will be assigned as the default user for all users connecting to this service.
			This is useful for sharing files. Incorrect use can cause security problems.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895109"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			If this parameter is set for a service, then no password is required to connect to the service. Privileges will be 
			those of the  guest account.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895136"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>invalid users</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			List of users that should not be allowed to login to this service.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895162"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>only user</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Controls whether connections with usernames not in the user list will be allowed.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895189"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read list</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			List of users that are given read-only access to a service. Users in this list
			will not be given write access, no matter what the  read only  option is set to. 
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895217"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Refer to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information -- this is a complex and potentially misused parameter.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895249"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>valid users</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			List of users that should be allowed to login to this service.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895276"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>write list</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			List of users that are given read-write access to a service.
			</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2895301"></a>File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The following file and directory permission-based controls, if misused, can result in considerable difficulty to
	diagnose causes of misconfiguration. Use them sparingly and carefully. By gradually introducing each one by one,
	undesirable side effects may be detected. In the event of a problem, always comment all of them out and then gradually
	reintroduce them in a controlled way.
	</p><p>
		Refer to <link linkend="fdpbc"> for information regarding the parameters that may be used to affect file and
	directory permission-based access controls.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="fdpbc"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.3. File and Directory Permission Based Controls</b></p><table summary="File and Directory Permission Based Controls" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Control Parameter</th><th align="center">Description - Action - Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895407"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>create mask</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Refer to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895439"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>directory mask</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			The octal modes used when converting DOS modes to UNIX modes when creating UNIX directories.
			See also: directory security mask.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895465"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos filemode</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Enabling this parameter allows a user who has write access to the file to modify the permissions on it.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895492"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force create mode</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			This parameter specifies a set of UNIX mode bit permissions that will always be set on a file created by Samba.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895519"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory mode</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			This parameter specifies a set of UNIX mode bit permissions that will always be set on a directory created by Samba.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895547"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client is manipulating UNIX permissions on a directory.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895575"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client manipulates UNIX permissions.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895602"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hide unreadable</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Prevents clients from seeing the existence of files that cannot be read.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895628"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hide unwriteable files</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Prevents clients from seeing the existence of files that cannot be written to. Unwriteable directories are shown as usual. 
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895656"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			This parameter controls whether smbd will attempt to map UNIX permissions into Windows NT access control lists.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895683"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client is manipulating the UNIX permissions on a file.
			</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2895710"></a>Miscellaneous Controls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The following are documented because of the prevalence of administrators creating inadvertent barriers to file
	access by not understanding the full implications of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file settings. See <link linkend="mcoc">.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="mcoc"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.4. Other Controls</b></p><table summary="Other Controls" border="1"><colgroup><col align="justify"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Control Parameter</th><th align="center">Description - Action - Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895805"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>case sensitive</tt></i>, <a class="indexterm" name="id2895819"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>default case</tt></i>, <a class="indexterm" name="id2895833"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>short preserve case</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			This means that all file name lookup will be done in a case sensitive manner. 
			Files will be created with the precise file name Samba received from the MS Windows client.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895861"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>csc policy</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Client Side Caching Policy - parallels MS Windows client side file caching capabilities.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895888"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dont descend</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Allows specifying a comma-delimited list of directories that the server should always show as empty.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895915"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos filetime resolution</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			This option is mainly used as a compatibility option for Visual C++ when used against Samba shares.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895942"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos filetimes</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			DOS and Windows allow users to change file time stamps if they can write to the file. POSIX semantics prevent this.
			This option allows DOS and Windows behavior.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2895970"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>fake oplocks</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Oplocks are the way that SMB clients get permission from a server to locally cache file operations. If a server grants an
			oplock, the client is free to assume that it is the only one accessing the file and it will aggressively cache file data.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2896000"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hide dot files</tt></i>, <a class="indexterm" name="id2896014"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hide files</tt></i>, <a class="indexterm" name="id2896028"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>veto files</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			Note: MS Windows Explorer allows over-ride of files marked as hidden so they will still be visible.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2896054"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read only</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			If this parameter is yes, then users of a service may not create or modify files in the service's directory.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><a class="indexterm" name="id2896081"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>veto files</tt></i></td><td align="justify"><p>
			List of files and directories that are neither visible nor accessible.
			</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2896108"></a>Access Controls on Shares</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2896119"></a>
	This section deals with how to configure Samba per share access control restrictions.
	By default, Samba sets no restrictions on the share itself. Restrictions on the share itself
	can be set on MS Windows NT4/200x/XP shares. This can be an effective way to limit who can
	connect to a share. In the absence of specific restrictions the default setting is to allow
	the global user <tt class="constant">Everyone - Full Control</tt> (full control, change and read).
	</p><p>
	At this time Samba does not provide a tool for configuring access control setting on the share
	itself. Samba does have the capacity to store and act on access control settings, but  the only
	way to create those settings is to use either the NT4 Server Manager or the Windows 200x MMC for
	Computer Management.
	</p><p>
	Samba stores the per share access control settings in a file called <tt class="filename">share_info.tdb</tt>.
	The location of this file on your system will depend on how Samba was compiled. The default location
	for Samba's tdb files is under <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/var</tt>. If the <tt class="filename">tdbdump</tt>
	utility has been compiled and installed on your system, then you can examine the contents of this file
	by executing: <b class="command">tdbdump share_info.tdb</b> in the directory containing the tdb files.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896192"></a>Share Permissions Management</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The best tool for the task is platform dependant. Choose the best tool for your environment.
		</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896205"></a>Windows NT4 Workstation/Server</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The tool you need to use to manage share permissions on a Samba server is the NT Server Manager.
			Server Manager is shipped with Windows NT4 Server products but not with Windows NT4 Workstation.
			You can obtain the NT Server Manager for MS Windows NT4 Workstation from Microsoft  see details below.
			</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 13.1. Instructions</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Launch the <span class="application">NT4 Server Manager</span>, click on the Samba server you want to administer. From the menu
			select <span class="guimenu">Computer</span>, then click on <span class="guimenuitem">Shared Directories</span>.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Click on the share that you wish to manage, then click the <span class="guilabel">Properties</span> tab. then click
			the <span class="guilabel">Permissions</span> tab. Now you can add or change access control settings as you wish.
			</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896294"></a>Windows 200x/XP</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			On <span class="application">MS Windows NT4/200x/XP</span> system access control lists on the share itself are set using native
			tools, usually from File Manager. For example, in Windows 200x, right click on the shared folder,
			then select <span class="guimenuitem">Sharing</span>, then click on <span class="guilabel">Permissions</span>. The default 
			Windows NT4/200x permission allows &#8220;<span class="quote">Everyone</span>&#8221; full control on the share.
			</p><p>
			MS Windows 200x and later versions come with a tool called the <span class="application">Computer Management</span> snap-in for the
			Microsoft Management Console (MMC). This tool is located by clicking on <span class="guimenu">Control Panel -&gt;
			Administrative Tools -&gt; Computer Management</span>.
			</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 13.2. Instructions</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
			After launching the MMC with the Computer Management snap-in, click the menu item <span class="guimenuitem">Action</span>,
			and select <span class="guilabel">Connect to another computer</span>. If you are not logged onto a domain you will be prompted
			to enter a domain login user identifier and a password. This will authenticate you to the domain.
			If you are already logged in with administrative privilege, this step is not offered.
			</p></li><li><p>
			If the Samba server is not shown in the <span class="guilabel">Select Computer</span> box, type in the name of the target
			Samba server in the field <span class="guilabel">Name:</span>. Now click the on <span class="guibutton">[+]</span> next to 
			<span class="guilabel">System Tools</span>, then on the <span class="guibutton">[+]</span> next to <span class="guilabel">Shared Folders</span> in the 
			left panel.
			</p></li><li><p>
			In the right panel, double-click on the share on which you wish to set access control permissions.
			Then click the tab <span class="guilabel">Share Permissions</span>. It is now possible to add access control entities
			to the shared folder. Remember to set what type of access (full control, change, read) you
			wish to assign for each entry.
			</p></li></ol></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
			Be careful. If you take away all permissions from the <tt class="constant">Everyone</tt> user without removing this user,
			effectively no user will be able to access the share. This is a result of what is known as
			ACL precedence. Everyone with <span class="emphasis"><em>no access</em></span> means that <tt class="constant">MaryK</tt> who is part of the group 
			<tt class="constant">Everyone</tt> will have no access even if she is given explicit full control access.
			</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2896500"></a>MS Windows Access Control Lists and UNIX Interoperability</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896509"></a>Managing UNIX Permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2896520"></a>
		Windows NT clients can use their native security settings dialog box to view and modify the
		underlying UNIX permissions.
		</p><p>
		This ability is careful not to compromise the security of the UNIX host on which Samba is running, and 
		still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba administrator can set.
		</p><p>
		Samba does not attempt to go beyond POSIX ACLs, so the various finer-grained access control
		options provided in Windows are actually ignored.
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		All access to UNIX/Linux system files via Samba is controlled by the operating system file access controls.
		When trying to figure out file access problems, it is vitally important to find the identity of the Windows
		user as it is presented by Samba at the point of file access. This can best be determined from the
		Samba log files.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896565"></a>Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		From an NT4/2000/XP client, right click on any file or directory in a Samba-mounted drive letter
		or UNC path. When the menu pops up, click on the <span class="guilabel">Properties</span> entry at the bottom
		of the menu. This brings up the file <tt class="constant">Properties</tt> dialog box. Click on the 
		<span class="guilabel">Security</span> tab and you will see three buttons: <span class="guibutton">Permissions</span>,
		<span class="guibutton">Auditing</span>, and <span class="guibutton">Ownership</span>. The <span class="guibutton">Auditing</span>
		button will cause either an error message <span class="errorname">`A requested privilege is not held by the client'</span>
		to appear if the user is not the NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an Administrator
		to add auditing requirements to a file if the user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is
		non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only useful button, the <span class="guibutton">Add</span>
		button, will not currently allow a list of users to be seen.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896647"></a>Viewing File Ownership</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Clicking on the <span class="guibutton">Ownership</span> button brings up a dialog box telling you who owns
		the given file. The owner name will be displayed like this:
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">&#8220;<span class="quote">SERVER\user (Long name)</span>&#8221;</b>
		</p><p>
		<i class="replaceable"><tt>SERVER</tt></i> is the NetBIOS name of the Samba server, <i class="replaceable"><tt>user</tt></i>
		is the user name of the UNIX user who owns the file, and <i class="replaceable"><tt>(Long name)</tt></i> is the
		descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the GECOS field of the UNIX password database).
		Click on the <span class="guibutton">Close </span> button to remove this dialog.
		</p><p>
		If the parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2896711"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> is set to <tt class="constant">false</tt>,
		the file owner will be shown as the NT user <span class="emphasis"><em>Everyone</em></span>.
		</p><p>
		The <span class="guibutton">Take Ownership</span> button will not allow you to change the ownership of this file to
		yourself (clicking it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are currently logged onto
		the NT client cannot be found). The reason for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privileged
		operation in UNIX, available only to the <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> user. As clicking on this button causes
		NT to attempt to change the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT clienti, this will
		not work with Samba at this time.</p><p>
		There is an NT <b class="command">chown</b> command that will work with Samba and allow a user with Administrator privilege connected 
		to a Samba server as root to change the ownership of files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS 
		or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <span class="application">Seclib</span> NT security library written
		by Jeremy Allison of the Samba Team, and is available from the main Samba FTP site.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896786"></a>Viewing File or Directory Permissions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The third button is the <span class="guibutton">Permissions</span> button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box
		that shows both the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. The owner is displayed like this:
		</p><p><b class="command"><i class="replaceable"><tt>SERVER</tt></i>\
				<i class="replaceable"><tt>user</tt></i> 
				<i class="replaceable"><tt>(Long name)</tt></i></b></p><p>Where <i class="replaceable"><tt>SERVER</tt></i> is the NetBIOS name of the Samba server,
		<i class="replaceable"><tt>user</tt></i> is the user name of the UNIX user who owns the file, and
		<i class="replaceable"><tt>(Long name)</tt></i> is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
		GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</p><p>
		If the parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2896850"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> is set to <tt class="constant">false</tt>,
		the file owner will be shown as the NT user <tt class="constant">Everyone</tt> and the permissions will be
		shown as NT &#8220;<span class="quote">Full Control</span>&#8221;.
		</p><p>
		The permissions field is displayed differently for files and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions 
		are displayed first.
		</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896885"></a>File Permissions</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>The standard UNIX user/group/world triplet and the corresponding <tt class="constant">read, write, execute</tt> permissions 
			triplets are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL with the &#8220;<span class="quote">r</span>&#8221;, &#8220;<span class="quote">w</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">x</span>&#8221; bits mapped into the corresponding 
			NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into the global NT group <tt class="constant">Everyone</tt>, followed 
			by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT 
			<span class="guiicon">user</span> icon and an NT <span class="guiicon">local group</span> icon, respectively, followed by the list 
			of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</p><p>Because many UNIX permission sets do not map into common NT names such as <tt class="constant">read</tt>,
			<tt class="constant">change</tt> or <tt class="constant">full control</tt>, usually the permissions will be prefixed
			by the words <tt class="constant">Special Access</tt> in the NT display list.</p><p>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed for a particular UNIX user group or world component? In order 
			to  allow &#8220;<span class="quote">no permissions</span>&#8221; to be seen and modified Samba then overloads the NT <tt class="constant">Take Ownership</tt> ACL attribute 
			(which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with no permissions as having the NT <b class="command">O</b> bit set. 
			This was chosen, of course, to make it look like a zero, meaning zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this is 
			given below.</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896994"></a>Directory Permissions</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two different sets of permissions. The first set is the ACL set on the
			directory itself, which is usually displayed in the first set of parentheses in the normal <tt class="constant">RW</tt> 
			NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described 
			above, and is displayed in the same way.</p><p>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <tt class="constant">
			inherited</tt> permissions that any file created within this directory would inherit.</p><p>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file 
			created by Samba on this share would receive.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2897037"></a>Modifying File or Directory Permissions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple 
		as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and 
		clicking on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>. However, there are 
		limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions 
		with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS 
		attributes that need to also be taken into account.</p><p>If the parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2897066"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i>
		is set to <tt class="constant">false</tt>, any attempt to set 
		security permissions will fail with an <span class="errorname">`Access Denied'
		</span> message.</p><p>The first thing to note is that the <span class="guibutton">Add</span> 
		button will not return a list of users in Samba (it will give 
		an error message saying <span class="errorname">`The remote procedure call failed 
		and did not execute'</span>). This means that you can only 
		manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in 
		the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the 
		only permissions that UNIX actually has.</p><p>If a permission triplet (either user, group, or world) 
		is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, 
		then when the <span class="guibutton">OK</span> button is pressed it will 
		be applied as &#8220;<span class="quote">no permissions</span>&#8221; on the UNIX side. If you then 
		view the permissions again, the &#8220;<span class="quote">no permissions</span>&#8221; entry will appear 
		as the NT <b class="command">O</b> flag, as described above. This 
		allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once 
		you have removed them from a triplet component.</p><p>As UNIX supports only the &#8220;<span class="quote">r</span>&#8221;, &#8220;<span class="quote">w</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">x</span>&#8221; bits of 
		an NT ACL, if other NT security attributes such as <tt class="constant">Delete Access</tt> are
		selected they will be ignored when applied on the Samba server.</p><p>When setting permissions on a directory, the second 
		set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is 
		by default applied to all files within that directory. If this 
		is not what you want, you must uncheck the <span class="guilabel">Replace 
		permissions on existing files</span> checkbox in the NT 
		dialog before clicking on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p><p>If you wish to remove all permissions from a 
		user/group/world  component, you may either highlight the 
		component and click on the <span class="guibutton">Remove</span> button, 
		or set the component to only have the special <tt class="constant">Take
		Ownership</tt> permission (displayed as <b class="command">O
		</b>) highlighted.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2897220"></a>Interaction with the Standard Samba &#8220;<span class="quote">create mask</span>&#8221; Parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>There are four parameters that control interaction with the standard Samba <i class="parameter"><tt>create mask</tt></i> parameters.
		These are:

		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="indexterm" name="id2897249"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i></li><li><a class="indexterm" name="id2897264"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode</tt></i></li><li><a class="indexterm" name="id2897280"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>directory security mask</tt></i></li><li><a class="indexterm" name="id2897295"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode</tt></i></li></ul></div><p>

		</p><p>Once a user clicks on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to apply the 
		permissions, Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world 
		r/w/x triplet set, and then checks the changed permissions for a 
		file against the bits set in the  
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2897326"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i> parameter. Any bits that 
		were changed that are not set to &#8220;<span class="quote">1</span>&#8221; in this parameter are left alone 
		in the file permissions.</p><p>Essentially, zero bits in the <a class="indexterm" name="id2897350"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i>
		may be treated as a set of bits the user is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> 
		allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change.
		</p><p>If not explicitly set, this parameter defaults to the same value as 
		the <a class="indexterm" name="id2897376"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>create mask</tt></i> parameter. To allow a user to modify all the
		user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter to 0777.
		</p><p>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against the bits set in the 
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2897397"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode</tt></i> parameter. Any bits 
		that were changed that correspond to bits set to &#8220;<span class="quote">1</span>&#8221; in this parameter 
		are forced to be set.</p><p>Essentially, bits set in the <i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode</tt></i> parameter
		may be treated as a set of bits that, when modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be &#8220;<span class="quote">on</span>&#8221;.</p><p>If not explicitly set, this parameter defaults to the same value 
		as the <a class="indexterm" name="id2897441"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force create mode</tt></i> parameter.
		To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file
		with no restrictions set this parameter to 000. The
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2897458"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>force 
		security mode</tt></i> parameters are applied to the change 
		request in that order.</p><p>For a directory, Samba will perform the same operations as 
		described above for a file except it uses the parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>
		directory security mask</tt></i> instead of <i class="parameter"><tt>security 
		mask</tt></i>, and <i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode
		</tt></i> parameter instead of <i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode
		</tt></i>.</p><p>The <a class="indexterm" name="id2897519"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>directory security mask</tt></i> parameter 
		by default is set to the same value as the <i class="parameter"><tt>directory mask
		</tt></i> parameter and the <i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security 
		mode</tt></i> parameter by default is set to the same value as 
		the <a class="indexterm" name="id2897550"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory mode</tt></i> parameter.
		In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that 
		an administrator can set on a Samba share, while still allowing users 
		to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</p><p>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control
		in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and
		does not force any particular bits to be set &#8220;<span class="quote">on</span>&#8221;, then set the following
		parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in that share-specific section:
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask = 0777</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode = 0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>directory security mask = 0777</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode = 0</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2897629"></a>Interaction with the Standard Samba File Attribute Mapping</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as &#8220;<span class="quote">read 
		only</span>&#8221;) into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can 
		be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security 
		dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping.
		</p></div><p>If a file has no UNIX read access for the owner, it will show up
		as &#8220;<span class="quote">read only</span>&#8221; in the standard file attributes tabbed dialog.
		Unfortunately, this dialog is the same one that contains the security information
		in another tab.</p><p>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions
		to allow himself read access using the security dialog, clicks on
		<span class="guibutton">OK</span> to get back to the standard attributes tab 
		dialog, and clicks on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> on that dialog, then 
		NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what 
		the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting 
		permissions and clicking on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to get back to the 
		attributes dialog, you should always press <span class="guibutton">Cancel</span> 
		rather than <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to ensure that your changes 
		are not overridden.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2897717"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
File, directory and share access problems are common on the mailing list. The following
are examples taken from the mailing list in recent times.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2897731"></a>Users Cannot Write to a Public Share</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	We are facing some troubles with file/directory permissions. I can log on the domain as admin user(root),
	and there's a public share on which everyone needs to have permission to create/modify files, but only
	root can change the file, no one else can. We need to constantly go to the server to
	<b class="userinput"><tt>chgrp -R users *</tt></b> and <b class="userinput"><tt>chown -R nobody *</tt></b> to allow others users to change the file.
	</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	There are many ways to solve this problem and here are a few hints:
	</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Go to the top of the directory that is shared.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Set the ownership to what ever public owner and group you want
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>find 'directory_name' -type d -exec chown user.group {}\;
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>find 'directory_name' -type d -exec chmod 6775 'directory_name'
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>find 'directory_name' -type f -exec chmod 0775 {} \;
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>find 'directory_name' -type f -exec chown user.group {}\;
</pre><p>
			</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
			The above will set the <tt class="constant">sticky bit</tt> on all directories. Read your
			UNIX/Linux man page on what that does. It causes the OS to assign 
			to all files created in the directories the ownership of the 
			directory.
			</p></div></li><li><p>

			Directory is: <i class="replaceable"><tt>/foodbar</tt></i>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown jack.engr /foodbar</tt></b>
</pre><p>
			</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
				</p><p>This is the same as doing:</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown jack /foodbar</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chgrp engr /foodbar</tt></b>
</pre><p>
			</p></div></li><li><p>Now type: 

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chmod 6775 /foodbar</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -al /foodbar/..</tt></b>
</pre><p>

			</p><p>You should see:
</p><pre class="screen">
drwsrwsr-x  2 jack  engr    48 2003-02-04 09:55 foodbar
</pre><p>
			</p></li><li><p>Now type:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>su - jill</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cd /foodbar</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>touch Afile</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -al</tt></b>
</pre><p>
		</p><p>
		You should see that the file <tt class="filename">Afile</tt> created by Jill will have ownership
		and permissions of Jack, as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
-rw-r--r--  1 jack  engr     0 2003-02-04 09:57 Afile
</pre><p>
		</p></li><li><p>
		Now in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for the share add:
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force create mode = 0775</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force direcrtory mode = 6775</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		These procedures are needed only if your users are not members of the group
		you have used. That is if within the OS do not have write permission on the directory.
		</p></div><p>
		An alternative is to set in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> entry for the share:
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force user = jack</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force group = engr</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
		</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898158"></a>File Operations Done as <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> with <span class="emphasis"><em>force user</em></span> Set</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		When you have a user in <a class="indexterm" name="id2898177"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>admin users</tt></i>, Samba will always do file operations for
		this user as <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>, even if <a class="indexterm" name="id2898197"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> has been set.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898213"></a>MS Word with Samba Changes Owner of File</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Question:</em></span> &#8220;<span class="quote">When user B saves a word document that is owned by user A the updated file is now owned by user B.
		Why is Samba doing this? How do I fix this?</span>&#8221;
		</p><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> Word does the following when you modify/change a Word document: MS Word creates a NEW document with
		a temporary name, Word then closes the old document and deletes it, Word then renames the new document to the original document name.
		There is no mechanism by which Samba can in any way know that the new document really should be owned by the owners
		of the original file. Samba has no way of knowing that the file will be renamed by MS Word. As far as Samba is able
		to tell, the file that gets created is a NEW file, not one that the application (Word) is updating.
		</p><p>
		There is a work-around to solve the permissions problem. That work-around involves understanding how you can manage file
		system behavior from within the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, as well as understanding how UNIX file systems work. Set on the directory
		in which you are changing Word documents: <b class="command">chmod g+s `directory_name'</b> This ensures that all files will
		be created with the group that owns the directory. In <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> share declaration section set:
		</p><p>
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force create mode = 0660</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory mode = 0770</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
		</p><p>
		These two settings will ensure that all directories and files that get created in the share will be read/writable by the
		owner and group set on the directory itself.
		</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="locking"></a>Chapter 14. File and Record Locking</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Eric</span> <span class="surname">Roseme</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">HP Oplocks Usage Recommendations Whitepaper<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:eric.roseme@hp.com">eric.roseme@hp.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2898467">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898524">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898671">Opportunistic Locking Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899379">Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899500">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899930">MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900155">Workstation Service Entries</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900183">Server Service Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2900262">Persistent Data Corruption</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900292">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900373">locking.tdb Error Messages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900406">Problems Saving Files in MS Office on Windows XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900427">Long Delays Deleting Files Over Network with XP SP1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2900458">Additional Reading</a></dt></dl></div><p>
One area that causes trouble for many network administrators is locking.
The extent of the problem is readily evident from searches over the Internet.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2898467"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba provides all the same locking semantics that MS Windows clients expect
and that MS Windows NT4/200x servers also provide.
</p><p>
The term <span class="emphasis"><em>locking</em></span> has exceptionally broad meaning and covers
a range of functions that are all categorized under this one term.
</p><p>
Opportunistic locking is a desirable feature when it can enhance the
perceived performance of applications on a networked client. However, the
opportunistic locking protocol is not robust and, therefore, can
encounter problems when invoked beyond a simplistic configuration or
on extended slow or faulty networks. In these cases, operating
system management of opportunistic locking and/or recovering from
repetitive errors can offset the perceived performance advantage that
it is intended to provide.
</p><p>
The MS Windows network administrator needs to be aware that file and record
locking semantics (behavior) can be controlled either in Samba or by way of registry
settings on the MS Windows client.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Sometimes it is necessary to disable locking control settings on both the Samba
server as well as on each MS Windows client!
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2898524"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two types of locking that need to be performed by an SMB server.
The first is <span class="emphasis"><em>record locking</em></span> that allows a client to lock
a range of bytes in a open file. The second is the <span class="emphasis"><em>deny modes</em></span>
that are specified when a file is open.
</p><p>
Record locking semantics under UNIX are very different from record locking under
Windows. Versions of Samba before 2.2 have tried to use the native fcntl() UNIX
system call to implement proper record locking between different Samba clients.
This cannot be fully correct for several reasons. The simplest is the fact
that a Windows client is allowed to lock a byte range up to 2^32 or 2^64,
depending on the client OS. The UNIX locking only supports byte ranges up to 2^31.
So it is not possible to correctly satisfy a lock request above 2^31. There are
many more differences, too many to be listed here.
</p><p>
Samba 2.2 and above implements record locking completely independent of the
underlying UNIX system. If a byte range lock that the client requests happens
to fall into the range of 0-2^31, Samba hands this request down to the UNIX system.
All other locks cannot be seen by UNIX, anyway.
</p><p>
Strictly speaking, an SMB server should check for locks before every read and write call on
a file. Unfortunately with the way fcntl() works, this can be slow and may overstress
the <b class="command">rpc.lockd</b>. This is almost always unnecessary as clients are supposed to
independently make locking calls before reads and writes if locking is
important to them. By default, Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked
to by a client, but if you set <a class="indexterm" name="id2898591"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>strict locking</tt></i> = yes, it
will make lock checking calls on <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> read and write call.
</p><p>
You can also disable byte range locking completely by using
<a class="indexterm" name="id2898615"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>locking</tt></i> = no.
This is useful for those shares that do not support locking or do not need it
(such as CDROMs). In this case, Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to
tell clients that everything is okay.
</p><p>
The second class of locking is the <span class="emphasis"><em>deny modes</em></span>. These 
are set by an application when it opens a file to determine what types of
access should be allowed simultaneously with its open. A client may ask for
<tt class="constant">DENY_NONE</tt>, <tt class="constant">DENY_READ</tt>, 
<tt class="constant">DENY_WRITE</tt>, or <tt class="constant">DENY_ALL</tt>. There are also special compatibility
modes called <tt class="constant">DENY_FCB</tt> and <tt class="constant">DENY_DOS</tt>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898671"></a>Opportunistic Locking Overview</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Opportunistic locking (Oplocks) is invoked by the Windows file system
(as opposed to an API) via registry entries (on the server and the client)
for the purpose of enhancing network performance when accessing a file
residing on a server. Performance is enhanced by caching the file
locally on the client that allows:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Read-ahead:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The client reads the local copy of the file, eliminating network latency.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Write caching:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The client writes to the local copy of the file, eliminating network latency.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Lock caching:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The client caches application locks locally, eliminating network latency.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
The performance enhancement of oplocks is due to the opportunity of
exclusive access to the file  even if it is opened with deny-none 
because Windows monitors the file's status for concurrent access from
other processes.
</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>Windows defines 4 kinds of Oplocks:</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term">Level1 Oplock</span></dt><dd><p>
		The redirector sees that the file was opened with deny
                none (allowing concurrent access), verifies that no
                other process is accessing the file, checks that
                oplocks are enabled, then grants deny-all/read-write/exclusive
                access to the file. The client now performs
                operations on the cached local file.
		</p><p>
		If a second process attempts to open the file, the open
                is deferred while the redirector &#8220;<span class="quote">breaks</span>&#8221; the original
                oplock. The oplock break signals the caching client to
                write the local file back to the server, flush the
                local locks and discard read-ahead data. The break is
                then complete, the deferred open is granted, and the
                multiple processes can enjoy concurrent file access as
                dictated by mandatory or byte-range locking options.
                However, if the original opening process opened the
                file with a share mode other than deny-none, then the
                second process is granted limited or no access, despite
                the oplock break.
                </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Level2 Oplock</span></dt><dd><p>
		Performs like a Level1 oplock, except caching is only
                operative for reads. All other operations are performed
                on the server disk copy of the file.
                </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Filter Oplock</span></dt><dd><p>
		Does not allow write or delete file access.
                </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Batch Oplock</span></dt><dd><p>
		Manipulates file openings and closings and allows caching
                of file attributes.
                </p></dd></dl></div><p>
An important detail is that oplocks are invoked by the file system, not
an application API. Therefore, an application can close an oplocked
file, but the file system does not relinquish the oplock. When the
oplock break is issued, the file system then simply closes the file in
preparation for the subsequent open by the second process.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Opportunistic locking</em></span> is actually an improper name for this feature.
The true benefit of this feature is client-side data caching, and
oplocks is merely a notification mechanism for writing data back to the
networked storage disk. The limitation of opportunistic locking is the
reliability of the mechanism to process an oplock break (notification)
between the server and the caching client. If this exchange is faulty
(usually due to timing out for any number of reasons), then the
client-side caching benefit is negated.
</p><p>
The actual decision that a user or administrator should consider is
whether it is sensible to share among multiple users data that will
be cached locally on a client. In many cases the answer is no.
Deciding when to cache or not cache data is the real question, and thus
&#8220;<span class="quote">opportunistic locking</span>&#8221; should be treated as a toggle for client-side
caching. Turn it &#8220;<span class="quote">on</span>&#8221; when client-side caching is desirable and
reliable. Turn it &#8220;<span class="quote">off</span>&#8221; when client-side caching is redundant,
unreliable or counter-productive.
</p><p>
Opportunistic locking is by default set to &#8220;<span class="quote">on</span>&#8221; by Samba on all
configured shares, so careful attention should be given to each case to
determine if the potential benefit is worth the potential for delays.
The following recommendations will help to characterize the environment
where opportunistic locking may be effectively configured.
</p><p>
Windows opportunistic locking is a lightweight performance-enhancing
feature. It is not a robust and reliable protocol. Every
implementation of opportunistic locking should be evaluated as a
tradeoff between perceived performance and reliability. Reliability
decreases as each successive rule above is not enforced. Consider a
share with oplocks enabled, over a wide area network, to a client on a
South Pacific atoll, on a high-availability server, serving a
mission-critical multi-user corporate database during a tropical
storm. This configuration will likely encounter problems with oplocks.
</p><p>
Oplocks can be beneficial to perceived client performance when treated
as a configuration toggle for client-side data caching. If the data
caching is likely to be interrupted, then oplock usage should be
reviewed. Samba enables opportunistic locking by default on all
shares. Careful attention should be given to the client usage of
shared data on the server, the server network reliability and the
opportunistic locking configuration of each share.
In mission critical high availability environments, data integrity is
often a priority. Complex and expensive configurations are implemented
to ensure that if a client loses connectivity with a file server, a
failover replacement will be available immediately to provide
continuous data availability.
</p><p>
Windows client failover behavior is more at risk of application
interruption than other platforms because it is dependent upon an
established TCP transport connection. If the connection is interrupted
 as in a file server failover  a new session must be established.
It is rare for Windows client applications to be coded to recover
correctly from a transport connection loss, therefore, most applications
will experience some sort of interruption  at worst, abort and
require restarting.
</p><p>
If a client session has been caching writes and reads locally due to
opportunistic locking, it is likely that the data will be lost when the
application restarts or recovers from the TCP interrupt. When the TCP
connection drops, the client state is lost. When the file server
recovers, an oplock break is not sent to the client. In this case, the
work from the prior session is lost. Observing this scenario with
oplocks disabled and with the client writing data to the file server
real-time,  the failover will provide the data on disk as it
existed at the time of the disconnect.
</p><p>
In mission-critical high-availability environments, careful attention
should be given to opportunistic locking. Ideally, comprehensive
testing should be done with all affected applications with oplocks
enabled and disabled.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2898996"></a>Exclusively Accessed Shares</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Opportunistic locking is most effective when it is confined to shares
that are exclusively accessed by a single user, or by only one user at
a time. Because the true value of opportunistic locking is the local
client caching of data, any operation that interrupts the caching
mechanism will cause a delay.
</p><p>
Home directories are the most obvious examples of where the performance
benefit of opportunistic locking can be safely realized.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899021"></a>Multiple-Accessed Shares or Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As each additional user accesses a file in a share with opportunistic
locking enabled, the potential for delays and resulting perceived poor
performance increases. When multiple users are accessing a file on a
share that has oplocks enabled, the management impact of sending and
receiving oplock breaks and the resulting latency while other clients
wait for the caching client to flush data offset the performance gains
of the caching user.
</p><p>
As each additional client attempts to access a file with oplocks set,
the potential performance improvement is negated and eventually results
in a performance bottleneck.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899050"></a>UNIX or NFS Client-Accessed Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Local UNIX and NFS clients access files without a mandatory
file-locking mechanism. Thus, these client platforms are incapable of
initiating an oplock break request from the server to a Windows client
that has a file cached. Local UNIX or NFS file access can therefore
write to a file that has been cached by a Windows client, which
exposes the file to likely data corruption.
</p><p>
If files are shared between Windows clients, and either local UNIX 
or NFS users, turn opportunistic locking off.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899076"></a>Slow and/or Unreliable Networks</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The biggest potential performance improvement for opportunistic locking
occurs when the client-side caching of reads and writes delivers the
most differential over sending those reads and writes over the wire.
This is most likely to occur when the network is extremely slow,
congested, or distributed (as in a WAN). However, network latency also
has a high impact on the reliability of the oplock break
mechanism, and thus increases the likelihood of encountering oplock
problems that more than offset the potential perceived performance
gain. Of course, if an oplock break never has to be sent, then this is
the most advantageous scenario to utilize opportunistic locking.
</p><p>
If the network is slow, unreliable, or a WAN, then do not configure
opportunistic locking if there is any chance of multiple users
regularly opening the same file.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899109"></a>Multi-User Databases</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Multi-user databases clearly pose a risk due to their very nature 
they are typically heavily accessed by numerous users at random
intervals. Placing a multi-user database on a share with opportunistic
locking enabled will likely result in a locking management bottleneck
on the Samba server. Whether the database application is developed
in-house or a commercially available product, ensure that the share
has opportunistic locking disabled.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899134"></a>PDM Data Shares</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Process Data Management (PDM) applications such as IMAN, Enovia and
Clearcase are increasing in usage with Windows client platforms, and
therefore SMB datastores. PDM applications manage multi-user
environments for critical data security and access. The typical PDM
environment is usually associated with sophisticated client design
applications that will load data locally as demanded. In addition, the
PDM application will usually monitor the data-state of each client.
In this case, client-side data caching is best left to the local
application and PDM server to negotiate and maintain. It is
appropriate to eliminate the client OS from any caching tasks, and the
server from any oplock management, by disabling opportunistic locking on
the share.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899159"></a>Beware of Force User</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba includes an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter called <a class="indexterm" name="id2899178"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> that changes
the user accessing a share from the incoming user to whatever user is
defined by the smb.conf variable. If opportunistic locking is enabled
on a share, the change in user access causes an oplock break to be sent
to the client, even if the user has not explicitly loaded a file. In
cases where the network is slow or unreliable, an oplock break can
become lost without the user even accessing a file. This can cause
apparent performance degradation as the client continually reconnects
to overcome the lost oplock break.
</p><p>
Avoid the combination of the following: 
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2899215"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> share configuration.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Slow or unreliable networks
	</p></li><li><p>
	Opportunistic locking enabled
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899252"></a>Advanced Samba Opportunistic Locking Parameters</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba provides opportunistic locking parameters that allow the
administrator to adjust various properties of the oplock mechanism to
account for timing and usage levels. These parameters provide good
versatility for implementing oplocks in environments where they would
likely cause problems. The parameters are: 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2899269"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>oplock break wait time</tt></i>,
<a class="indexterm" name="id2899283"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>oplock contention limit</tt></i>.
</p><p>
For most users, administrators and environments, if these parameters
are required, then the better option is to simply turn oplocks off.
The Samba SWAT help text for both parameters reads: &#8220;<span class="quote">Do not change
this parameter unless you have read and understood the Samba oplock code.</span>&#8221;
This is good advice.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899313"></a>Mission-Critical High-Availability</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In mission-critical high-availability environments, data integrity is
often a priority. Complex and expensive configurations are implemented
to ensure that if a client loses connectivity with a file server, a
failover replacement will be available immediately to provide
continuous data availability.
</p><p>
Windows client failover behavior is more at risk of application
interruption than other platforms because it is dependant upon an
established TCP transport connection. If the connection is interrupted
 as in a file server failover  a new session must be established.
It is rare for Windows client applications to be coded to recover
correctly from a transport connection loss, therefore, most applications
will experience some sort of interruption  at worst, abort and
require restarting.
</p><p>
If a client session has been caching writes and reads locally due to
opportunistic locking, it is likely that the data will be lost when the
application restarts, or recovers from the TCP interrupt. When the TCP
connection drops, the client state is lost. When the file server
recovers, an oplock break is not sent to the client. In this case, the
work from the prior session is lost. Observing this scenario with
oplocks disabled, and the client was writing data to the file server
real-time, then the failover will provide the data on disk as it
existed at the time of the disconnect.
</p><p>
In mission-critical high-availability environments, careful attention
should be given to opportunistic locking. Ideally, comprehensive
testing should be done with all effected applications with oplocks
enabled and disabled.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2899379"></a>Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Opportunistic locking is a unique Windows file locking feature. It is
not really file locking, but is included in most discussions of Windows
file locking, so is considered a de facto locking feature.
Opportunistic locking is actually part of the Windows client file
caching mechanism. It is not a particularly robust or reliable feature
when implemented on the variety of customized networks that exist in
enterprise computing.
</p><p>
Like Windows, Samba implements opportunistic locking as a server-side
component of the client caching mechanism. Because of the lightweight
nature of the Windows feature design, effective configuration of
opportunistic locking requires a good understanding of its limitations,
and then applying that understanding when configuring data access for
each particular customized network and client usage state.
</p><p>
Opportunistic locking essentially means that the client is allowed to download and cache
a file on their hard drive while making changes; if a second client wants to access the
file, the first client receives a break and must synchronize the file back to the server.
This can give significant performance gains in some cases; some programs insist on
synchronizing the contents of the entire file back to the server for a single change.
</p><p>
Level1 Oplocks (also known as just plain &#8220;<span class="quote">oplocks</span>&#8221;) is another term for opportunistic locking.
</p><p>
Level2 Oplocks provides opportunistic locking for a file that will be treated as
<span class="emphasis"><em>read only</em></span>. Typically this is used on files that are read-only or
on files that the client has no initial intention to write to at time of opening the file.
</p><p>
Kernel Oplocks are essentially a method that allows the Linux kernel to co-exist with
Samba's oplocked files, although this has provided better integration of MS Windows network
file locking with the underlying OS, SGI IRIX and Linux are the only two OSs that are
oplock-aware at this time.
</p><p>
Unless your system supports kernel oplocks, you should disable oplocks if you are
accessing the same files from both UNIX/Linux and SMB clients. Regardless, oplocks should
always be disabled if you are sharing a database file (e.g., Microsoft Access) between
multiple clients, as any break the first client receives will affect synchronization of
the entire file (not just the single record), which will result in a noticeable performance
impairment and, more likely, problems accessing the database in the first place. Notably,
Microsoft Outlook's personal folders (*.pst) react quite badly to oplocks. If in doubt,
disable oplocks and tune your system from that point.
</p><p>
If client-side caching is desirable and reliable on your network, you will benefit from
turning on oplocks. If your network is slow and/or unreliable, or you are sharing your
files among other file sharing mechanisms (e.g., NFS) or across a WAN, or multiple people
will be accessing the same files frequently, you probably will not benefit from the overhead
of your client sending oplock breaks and will instead want to disable oplocks for the share.
</p><p>
Another factor to consider is the perceived performance of file access. If oplocks provide no
measurable speed benefit on your network, it might not be worth the hassle of dealing with them.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899500"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the following section we examine two distinct aspects of Samba locking controls.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899514"></a>Disabling Oplocks</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can disable oplocks on a per-share basis with the following:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[acctdata]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>oplocks = False</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>level2 oplocks = False</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
The default oplock type is Level1. Level2 oplocks are enabled on a per-share basis
in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
Alternately, you could disable oplocks on a per-file basis within the share:
</p><p>
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>veto oplock files = /*.mdb/*.MDB/*.dbf/*.DBF/</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
If you are experiencing problems with oplocks as apparent from Samba's log entries,
you may want to play it safe and disable oplocks and Level2 oplocks.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2899611"></a>Disabling Kernel Oplocks</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Kernel oplocks is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that notifies Samba (if
the UNIX kernel has the capability to send a Windows client an oplock
break) when a UNIX process is attempting to open the file that is
cached. This parameter addresses sharing files between UNIX and
Windows with oplocks enabled on the Samba server: the UNIX process
can open the file that is Oplocked (cached) by the Windows client and
the smbd process will not send an oplock break, which exposes the file
to the risk of data corruption. If the UNIX kernel has the ability to
send an oplock break, then the kernel oplocks parameter enables Samba
to send the oplock break. Kernel oplocks are enabled on a per-server
basis in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>kernel oplocks = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
The default is no.
</p><p>
Veto opLocks is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that identifies specific files for
which oplocks are disabled. When a Windows client opens a file that
has been configured for veto oplocks, the client will not be granted
the oplock, and all operations will be executed on the original file on
disk instead of a client-cached file copy. By explicitly identifying
files that are shared with UNIX processes and disabling oplocks for
those files, the server-wide Oplock configuration can be enabled to
allow Windows clients to utilize the performance benefit of file
caching without the risk of data corruption. Veto Oplocks can be
enabled on a per-share basis, or globally for the entire server, in the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown in <link linkend="far1">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="far1"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 14.1. Share with some files oplocked</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>veto oplock files = /filename.htm/*.txt/</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[share_name]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>veto oplock files = /*.exe/filename.ext/</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2899768"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>oplock break wait time</tt></i> is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter
that adjusts the time interval for Samba to reply to an oplock break request. Samba recommends:
&#8220;<span class="quote">Do not change this parameter unless you have read and understood the Samba oplock code.</span>&#8221;
Oplock break Wait Time can only be configured globally in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown below.
</p><p>
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>oplock break wait time =  0 (default)</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Oplock break contention limit</em></span> is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that limits the
response of the Samba server to grant an oplock if the configured
number of contending clients reaches the limit specified by the parameter. Samba recommends
&#8220;<span class="quote">Do not change this parameter unless you have read and understood the Samba oplock code.</span>&#8221;
Oplock break Contention Limit can be enable on a per-share basis, or globally for
the entire server, in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file as shown in <link linkend="far3">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="far3"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 14.2. Configuration with oplock break contention limit</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>oplock break contention limit =  2 (default)</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[share_name]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>oplock break contention limit =  2 (default)</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2899930"></a>MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is a known issue when running applications (like Norton Anti-Virus) on a Windows 2000/ XP
workstation computer that can affect any application attempting to access shared database files
across a network. This is a result of a default setting configured in the Windows 2000/XP
operating system known as <span class="emphasis"><em>opportunistic locking</em></span>. When a workstation
attempts to access shared data files located on another Windows 2000/XP computer,
the Windows 2000/XP operating system will attempt to increase performance by locking the
files and caching information locally. When this occurs, the application is unable to
properly function, which results in an &#8220;<span class="quote">Access Denied</span>&#8221;
 error message being displayed during network operations.
</p><p>
All Windows operating systems in the NT family that act as database servers for data files
(meaning that data files are stored there and accessed by other Windows PCs) may need to
have opportunistic locking disabled in order to minimize the risk of data file corruption.
This includes Windows 9x/Me, Windows NT, Windows 200x, and Windows XP.
</p><p>
If you are using a Windows NT family workstation in place of a server, you must also
disable opportunistic locking (oplocks) on that workstation. For example, if you use a
PC with the Windows NT Workstation operating system instead of Windows NT Server, and you
have data files located on it that are accessed from other Windows PCs, you may need to
disable oplocks on that system.
</p><p>
The major difference is the location in the Windows registry where the values for disabling
oplocks are entered. Instead of the LanManServer location, the LanManWorkstation location
may be used.
</p><p>
You can verify (change or add, if necessary) this registry value using the Windows
Registry Editor. When you change this registry value, you will have to reboot the PC
to ensure that the new setting goes into effect.
</p><p>
The location of the client registry entry for opportunistic locking has changed in
Windows 2000 from the earlier location in Microsoft Windows NT.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Windows 2000 will still respect the EnableOplocks registry value used to disable oplocks
in earlier versions of Windows.
</p></div><p>
You can also deny the granting of opportunistic locks by changing the following registry entries:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\MRXSmb\Parameters\

		OplocksDisabled REG_DWORD 0 or 1
		Default: 0 (not disabled)
</pre><p>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The OplocksDisabled registry value configures Windows clients to either request or not
request opportunistic locks on a remote file. To disable oplocks, the value of
 OplocksDisabled must be set to 1.
</p></div><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters

		EnableOplocks REG_DWORD 0 or 1
		Default: 1 (Enabled by Default)

		EnableOpLockForceClose REG_DWORD 0 or 1
		Default: 0 (Disabled by Default)
</pre><p>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The EnableOplocks value configures Windows-based servers (including Workstations sharing
files) to allow or deny opportunistic locks on local files.
</p></div><p>
To force closure of open oplocks on close or program exit, EnableOpLockForceClose must be set to 1.
</p><p>
An illustration of how Level2 oplocks work:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Station 1 opens the file requesting oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Since no other station has the file open, the server grants station 1 exclusive oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 2 opens the file requesting oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Since station 1 has not yet written to the file, the server asks station 1 to break
	to Level2 oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 1 complies by flushing locally buffered lock information to the server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 1 informs the server that it has Broken to Level2 Oplock (alternately,
	station 1 could have closed the file).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The server responds to station 2's open request, granting it Level2 oplock.
	Other stations can likewise open the file and obtain Level2 oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 2 (or any station that has the file open) sends a write request SMB.
	The server returns the write response.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The server asks all stations that have the file open to break to none, meaning no
	station holds any oplock on the file. Because the workstations can have no cached
	writes or locks at this point, they need not respond to the break-to-none advisory;
	all they need do is invalidate locally cashed read-ahead data.
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900155"></a>Workstation Service Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
	\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanWorkstation\Parameters

	UseOpportunisticLocking   REG_DWORD   0 or 1
	Default: 1 (true)
</pre><p>
This indicates whether the redirector should use opportunistic-locking (oplock) performance
enhancement. This parameter should be disabled only to isolate problems.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900183"></a>Server Service Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
	\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters

	EnableOplocks   REG_DWORD   0 or 1
	Default: 1 (true)
</pre><p>
This specifies whether the server allows clients to use oplocks on files. Oplocks are a
significant performance enhancement, but have the potential to cause lost cached
data on some networks, particularly wide area networks.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	MinLinkThroughput   REG_DWORD   0 to infinite bytes per second
	Default: 0
</pre><p>
This specifies the minimum link throughput allowed by the server before it disables
raw and opportunistic locks for this connection.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	MaxLinkDelay   REG_DWORD   0 to 100,000 seconds
	Default: 60
</pre><p>
This specifies the maximum time allowed for a link delay. If delays exceed this number,
the server disables raw I/O and opportunistic locking for this connection.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	OplockBreakWait   REG_DWORD   10 to 180 seconds
	Default: 35
</pre><p>
This specifies the time that the server waits for a client to respond to an oplock break
request. Smaller values can allow detection of crashed clients more quickly but can
potentially cause loss of cached data.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2900262"></a>Persistent Data Corruption</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have applied all of the settings discussed in this chapter but data corruption problems
and other symptoms persist, here are some additional things to check out.
</p><p>
We have credible reports from developers that faulty network hardware, such as a single
faulty network card, can cause symptoms similar to read caching and data corruption.
If you see persistent data corruption even after repeated reindexing, you may have to
rebuild the data files in question. This involves creating a new data file with the
same definition as the file to be rebuilt and transferring the data from the old file
to the new one. There are several known methods for doing this that can be found in
our Knowledge Base.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2900292"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In some sites, locking problems surface as soon as a server is installed; in other sites
locking problems may not surface for a long time. Almost without exception, when a locking
problem does surface it will cause embarrassment and potential data corruption.
</p><p>
Over the past few years there have been a number of complaints on the Samba mailing lists
that have claimed that Samba caused data corruption. Three causes have been identified
so far:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Incorrect configuration of opportunistic locking (incompatible with the application
	being used. This is a common problem even where MS Windows NT4 or MS Windows
	200x-based servers were in use. It is imperative that the software application vendors'
	instructions for configuration of file locking should be followed. If in doubt,
	disable oplocks on both the server and the client. Disabling of all forms of file
	caching on the MS Windows client may be necessary also.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Defective network cards, cables, or HUBs/Switched. This is generally a more
	prevalent factor with low cost networking hardware, although occasionally there
	have also been problems with incompatibilities in more up-market hardware.
	</p></li><li><p>
	There have been some random reports of Samba log files being written over data
	files. This has been reported by very few sites (about five in the past three years)
	and all attempts to reproduce the problem have failed. The Samba Team has been
	unable to catch this happening and thus has not been able to isolate any particular
	cause. Considering the millions of systems that use Samba, for the sites that have
	been affected by this as well as for the Samba Team this is a frustrating and
	a vexing challenge. If you see this type of thing happening, please create a bug
	report on Samba <ulink url="https://bugzilla.samba.org">Bugzilla</ulink> without delay.
	Make sure that you give as much information as you possibly can help isolate the
	cause and to allow replication of the problem (an essential step in problem isolation and correction).
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900373"></a>locking.tdb Error Messages</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	We are seeing lots of errors in the Samba logs, like:
<pre class="programlisting">
tdb(/usr/local/samba_2.2.7/var/locks/locking.tdb): rec_read bad magic
 0x4d6f4b61 at offset=36116
</pre>

	What do these mean?
	</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	This error indicated a corrupted tdb. Stop all instances of smbd, delete locking.tdb, and restart smbd.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900406"></a>Problems Saving Files in MS Office on Windows XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>This is a bug in Windows XP. More information can be 
		found in <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/?id=812937">Microsoft Knowledge Base article 812937.</ulink></p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900427"></a>Long Delays Deleting Files Over Network with XP SP1</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">It sometimes takes approximately 35 seconds to delete files over the network after XP SP1 has been applied.</span>&#8221;</p><p>This is a bug in Windows XP. More information can be found in <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/?id=811492">
				Microsoft Knowledge Base article 811492.</ulink></p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2900458"></a>Additional Reading</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You may want to check for an updated version of this white paper on our Web site from
time to time. Many of our white papers are updated as information changes. For those papers,
the last edited date is always at the top of the paper.
</p><p>
Section of the Microsoft MSDN Library on opportunistic locking: 
</p><p>
Opportunistic Locks, Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN), Windows Development &gt;
Windows Base Services &gt; Files and I/O &gt; SDK Documentation &gt; File Storage &gt; File Systems
&gt; About File Systems &gt; Opportunistic Locks, Microsoft Corporation.
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/storage_5yk3.asp">http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/storage_5yk3.asp</ulink>
</p><p>
	Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q224992 &#8220;<span class="quote">Maintaining Transactional Integrity 
with OPLOCKS</span>&#8221;,
Microsoft Corporation, April 1999, <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q224992">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q224992</ulink>.
</p><p>
Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q296264 &#8220;<span class="quote">Configuring Opportunistic Locking in Windows 2000</span>&#8221;,
Microsoft Corporation, April 2001, <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q296264">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q296264</ulink>.
</p><p>
Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q129202 &#8220;<span class="quote">PC Ext: Explanation of Opportunistic Locking on Windows NT</span>&#8221;,
Microsoft Corporation, April 1995, <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q129202">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q129202</ulink>.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="securing-samba"></a>Chapter 15. Securing Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 26, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2900637">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900682">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900766">Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2900786">Using Host-Based Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900887">User-Based Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900946">Using Interface Protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901029">Using a Firewall</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901086">Using IPC$ Share-Based Denials </a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901170">NTLMv2 Security</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2901229">Upgrading Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901253">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901272">Smbclient Works on Localhost, but the Network Is Dead</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901297">Why Can Users Access Home Directories of Other Users?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2900637"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This note was attached to the Samba 2.2.8 release notes as it contained an
important security fix. The information contained here applies to Samba
installations in general.
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
A new apprentice reported for duty to the chief engineer of a boiler house. He said, &#8220;<span class="quote">Here I am,
if you will show me the boiler I'll start working on it.</span>&#8221; Then engineer replied, &#8220;<span class="quote">You're leaning
on it!</span>&#8221;
</p></blockquote></div><p>
Security concerns are just like that. You need to know a little about the subject to appreciate
how obvious most of it really is. The challenge for most of us is to discover that first morsel
of knowledge with which we may unlock the secrets of the masters.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2900682"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are three levels at which security principals must be observed in order to render a site
at least moderately secure. They are the perimeter firewall, the configuration of the host
server that is running Samba and Samba itself.
</p><p>
Samba permits a most flexible approach to network security. As far as possible Samba implements
the latest protocols to permit more secure MS Windows file and print operations.
</p><p>
Samba may be secured from connections that originate from outside the local network. This may be
done using <span class="emphasis"><em>host-based protection</em></span> (using samba's implementation of a technology
known as &#8220;<span class="quote">tcpwrappers,</span>&#8221; or it may be done be using <span class="emphasis"><em>interface-based exclusion</em></span>
so <span class="application">smbd</span> will bind only to specifically permitted interfaces. It is also
possible to set specific share or resource-based exclusions, for example on the <i class="parameter"><tt>[IPC$]</tt></i>
auto-share. The <i class="parameter"><tt>[IPC$]</tt></i> share is used for browsing purposes as well as to establish
TCP/IP connections.
</p><p>
Another method by which Samba may be secured is by setting Access Control Entries (ACEs) in an Access 
Control List (ACL) on the shares themselves. This is discussed in <link linkend="AccessControls">.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2900766"></a>Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The key challenge of security is the fact that protective measures suffice at best
only to close the door on known exploits and breach techniques. Never assume that
because you have followed these few measures that the Samba server is now an impenetrable
fortress! Given the history of information systems so far, it is only a matter of time
before someone will find yet another vulnerability.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900786"></a>Using Host-Based Protection</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	In many installations of Samba, the greatest threat comes from outside
	your immediate network. By default, Samba will accept connections from
	any host, which means that if you run an insecure version of Samba on
	a host that is directly connected to the Internet you can be
	especially vulnerable.
	</p><p>
	One of the simplest fixes in this case is to use the <a class="indexterm" name="id2900807"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i> and
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2900820"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i> options in the Samba <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> configuration file to only
	allow access to your server from a specific range of hosts. An example might be:
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = 127.0.0.1 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	The above will only allow SMB connections from <tt class="constant">localhost</tt> (your own
	computer) and from the two private networks 192.168.2 and 192.168.3. All other
	connections will be refused as soon as the client sends its first packet. The refusal
	will be marked as <span class="errorname">not listening on called name</span> error.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900887"></a>User-Based Protection</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If you want to restrict access to your server to valid users only, then the following
	method may be of use. In the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section put:
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>valid users = @smbusers, jacko</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	This restricts all server access to either the user <span class="emphasis"><em>jacko</em></span>
	or to members of the system group <span class="emphasis"><em>smbusers</em></span>.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900946"></a>Using Interface Protection</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	By default, Samba will accept connections on any network interface that
	it finds on your system. That means if you have a ISDN line or a PPP
	connection to the Internet then Samba will accept connections on those
	links. This may not be what you want.
	</p><p>
	You can change this behavior using options like this:
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces = eth* lo</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>bind interfaces only = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	This tells Samba to only listen for connections on interfaces with a
	name starting with <tt class="constant">eth</tt> such as <tt class="constant">eth0, eth1</tt> plus on the loopback
	interface called <tt class="constant">lo</tt>. The name you will need to use depends on what
	OS you are using. In the above, I used the common name for Ethernet
	adapters on Linux.
	</p><p>
	If you use the above and someone tries to make an SMB connection to
	your host over a PPP interface called <tt class="constant">ppp0,</tt> then they will get a TCP
	connection refused reply. In that case, no Samba code is run at all as
	the operating system has been told not to pass connections from that
	interface to any Samba process.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901029"></a>Using a Firewall</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Many people use a firewall to deny access to services they do not
	want exposed outside their network. This can be a good idea,
	although I recommend using it in conjunction with the above
	methods so you are protected even if your firewall is not active
	for some reason.
	</p><p>
	If you are setting up a firewall, you need to know what TCP and
	UDP ports to allow and block. Samba uses the following:
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>UDP/137 - used by nmbd</td></tr><tr><td>UDP/138 - used by nmbd</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/139 - used by smbd</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/445 - used by smbd</td></tr></table><p>
	The last one is important as many older firewall setups may not be
	aware of it, given that this port was only added to the protocol in
	recent years. 
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901086"></a>Using IPC$ Share-Based Denials </h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If the above methods are not suitable, then you could also place a
	more specific deny on the IPC$ share that is used in the recently
	discovered security hole. This allows you to offer access to other
	shares while denying access to IPC$ from potentially untrustworthy
	hosts.
	</p><p>
	To do this you could use:
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[IPC$]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = 192.168.115.0/24 127.0.0.1</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	This instructs Samba that IPC$ connections are not allowed from
	anywhere except from the two listed network addresses (localhost and the 192.168.115
	subnet). Connections to other shares are still allowed. As the
	IPC$ share is the only share that is always accessible anonymously,
	this provides some level of protection against attackers that do not
	know a valid username/password for your host.
	</p><p>
	If you use this method, then clients will be given an <span class="errorname">`access denied'</span>
	reply when they try to access the IPC$ share. Those clients will not be able to
	browse shares, and may also be unable to access some other resources.  This is not
	recommended unless you cannot use one of the other methods listed above for some reason.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901170"></a>NTLMv2 Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	To configure NTLMv2 authentication, the following registry keys are worth knowing about:
	</p><p>
		</p><pre class="screen">
		[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa]
		"lmcompatibilitylevel"=dword:00000003
		</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	The value 0x00000003 means send NTLMv2 response only. Clients will use NTLMv2 authentication,
	use NTLMv2 session security if the server supports it. Domain Controllers accept LM,
	NTLM and NTLMv2 authentication.
	</p><p>
		</p><pre class="screen">
		[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\MSV1_0]
		"NtlmMinClientSec"=dword:00080000
		</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	The value 0x00080000 means permit only NTLMv2 session security. If either NtlmMinClientSec or
	NtlmMinServerSec is set to 0x00080000, the connection will fail if NTLMv2
	session security is not negotiated.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901229"></a>Upgrading Samba</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Please check regularly on <ulink url="http://www.samba.org/">http://www.samba.org/</ulink> for updates and
important announcements. Occasionally security releases are made and 
it is highly recommended to upgrade Samba when a security vulnerability
is discovered. Check with your OS vendor for OS specific upgrades.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901253"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If all of Samba and host platform configuration were really as intuitive as one might like them to be, this
section would not be necessary. Security issues are often vexing for a support person to resolve, not
because of the complexity of the problem, but for the reason that most administrators who post what turns
out to be a security problem request are totally convinced that the problem is with Samba.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901272"></a>Smbclient Works on Localhost, but the Network Is Dead</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	This is a common problem. Red Hat Linux (and others) installs a default firewall.
	With the default firewall in place, only traffic on the loopback adapter (IP address 127.0.0.1)
	is allowed through the firewall.
	</p><p>
	The solution is either to remove the firewall (stop it) or modify the firewall script to
	allow SMB networking traffic through. See section above in this chapter.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901297"></a>Why Can Users Access Home Directories of Other Users?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	We are unable to keep individual users from mapping to any other user's
	home directory once they have supplied a valid password! They only need
	to enter their own password. I have not found any method to configure
	Samba so that  users may map only their own home directory.
	</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
	User xyzzy can map his home directory. Once mapped user xyzzy can also map
	anyone else's home directory.
	</span>&#8221;</p><p>
	This is not a security flaw, it is by design. Samba allows users to have
	exactly the same access to the UNIX file system as when they were logged
	onto the UNIX box, except that it only allows such views onto the file 
	system as are allowed by the defined shares.
	</p><p>
	If your UNIX home directories are set up so that one user can happily <b class="command">cd</b>
	into another users directory and execute <b class="command">ls</b>, the UNIX security solution is to change file
	permissions on the user's home directories such that the <b class="command">cd</b> and <b class="command">ls</b> are denied.
	</p><p>
	Samba tries very hard not to second guess the UNIX administrators security policies, and
	trusts the UNIX admin to set the policies and permissions he or she desires.
	</p><p>
	Samba allows the behavior you require. Simply put the <a class="indexterm" name="id2901382"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>only user</tt></i> = %S
	option in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> share definition.
	</p><p>
	The <a class="indexterm" name="id2901406"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>only user</tt></i> works in conjunction with the <a class="indexterm" name="id2901421"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>users</tt></i> = list,
	so to get the behavior you require, add the line :
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>users = %S</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	this is equivalent to adding
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>valid users = %S</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
	to the definition of the <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> share, as recommended in
	the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="InterdomainTrusts"></a>Chapter 16. Interdomain Trust Relationships</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Rafal</span> <span class="surname">Szczesniak</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:mimir@samba.org">mimir@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawing</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Stephen</span> <span class="surname">Langasek</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:vorlon@netexpress.net">vorlon@netexpress.net</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2901653">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901682">Trust Relationship Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901765">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2901793">Creating an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901865">Completing an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2901924">Inter-Domain Trust Facilities</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2902123">Configuring Samba NT-Style Domain Trusts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#samba-trusted-domain">Samba as the Trusted Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902332">Samba as the Trusting Domain</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2902474">NT4-Style Domain Trusts with Windows 2000</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902580">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2901627"></a>
Samba-3 supports NT4-style domain trust relationships. This is a feature that many sites
will want to use if they migrate to Samba-3 from an NT4-style domain and do not want to
adopt Active Directory or an LDAP-based authentication backend. This section explains
some background information regarding trust relationships and how to create them. It is now
possible for Samba-3 to trust NT4 (and vice versa), as well as to create Samba-to-Samba 
trusts.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901653"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 can participate in Samba-to-Samba as well as in Samba-to-MS Windows NT4-style
trust relationships. This imparts to Samba similar scalability as with MS Windows NT4.
</p><p>
Given that Samba-3 has the capability to function with a scalable backend authentication
database such as LDAP, and given its ability to run in Primary as well as Backup Domain Control
modes, the administrator would be well advised to consider alternatives to the use of
Interdomain trusts simply because by the very nature of how this works it is fragile.
That was, after all, a key reason for the development and adoption of Microsoft Active Directory.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901682"></a>Trust Relationship Background</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows NT3/4 type security domains employ a non-hierarchical security structure.
The limitations of this architecture as it effects the scalability of MS Windows networking
in large organizations is well known. Additionally, the flat namespace that results from
this design significantly impacts the delegation of administrative responsibilities in
large and diverse organizations.
</p><p>
Microsoft developed Active Directory Service (ADS), based on Kerberos and LDAP, as a means
of circumventing the limitations of the older technologies. Not every organization is ready
or willing to embrace ADS. For small companies the older NT4-style domain security paradigm
is quite adequate, there remains an entrenched user base for whom there is no direct
desire to go through a disruptive change to adopt ADS.
</p><p>
With MS Windows NT, Microsoft introduced the ability to allow differing security domains
to effect a mechanism so users from one domain may be given access rights and privileges
in another domain. The language that describes this capability is couched in terms of
<span class="emphasis"><em>Trusts</em></span>. Specifically, one domain will <span class="emphasis"><em>trust</em></span> the users
from another domain. The domain from which users are available to another security domain is
said to be a trusted domain. The domain in which those users have assigned rights and privileges
is the trusting domain. With NT3.x/4.0 all trust relationships are always in one direction only,
thus if users in both domains are to have privileges and rights in each others' domain, then it is
necessary to establish two relationships, one in each direction.
</p><p>
In an NT4-style MS security domain, all trusts are non-transitive. This means that if there
are three domains (let's call them RED, WHITE and BLUE) where RED and WHITE have a trust
relationship, and WHITE and BLUE have a trust relationship, then it holds that there is no
implied trust between the RED and BLUE domains. Relationships are explicit and not
transitive.
</p><p>
New to MS Windows 2000 ADS security contexts is the fact that trust relationships are two-way
by default. Also, all inter-ADS domain trusts are transitive. In the case of the RED, WHITE and BLUE
domains above, with Windows 2000 and ADS the RED and BLUE domains can trust each other. This is
an inherent feature of ADS domains. Samba-3 implements MS Windows NT4-style Interdomain trusts
and interoperates with MS Windows 200x ADS security domains in similar manner to MS Windows NT4-style domains.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2901765"></a>Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two steps to creating an interdomain trust relationship. To effect a two-way trust
relationship, it is necessary for each domain administrator to create a trust account for the 
other domain to use in verifying security credentials.
<a class="indexterm" name="id2901782"></a>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901793"></a>Creating an NT4 Domain Trust</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For MS Windows NT4, all domain trust relationships are configured using the 
<span class="application">Domain User Manager</span>. This is done from the Domain User Manager Policies
entry on the menu bar. From the <span class="guimenu">Policy</span> menu, select
<span class="guimenuitem">Trust Relationships</span>. Next to the lower box labeled
<span class="guilabel">Permitted to Trust this Domain</span> are two buttons, <span class="guibutton">Add</span>
and <span class="guibutton">Remove</span>. The <span class="guibutton">Add</span> button will open a panel in which
to enter the name of the remote domain that will be able to assign access rights to users in 
your domain. You will also need to enter a password for this trust relationship, which the 
trusting domain will use when authenticating users from the trusted domain.
The password needs to be typed twice (for standard confirmation).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901865"></a>Completing an NT4 Domain Trust</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2901876"></a>
A trust relationship will work only when the other (trusting) domain makes the appropriate connections
with the trusted domain. To consummate the trust relationship, the administrator will launch the
Domain User Manager from the menu select <span class="guilabel">Policies</span>, then select
<span class="guilabel">Trust Relationships</span>, click on the <span class="guibutton">Add</span> button
next to the box that is labeled <span class="guilabel">Trusted Domains</span>. A panel will open in which
must be entered the name of the remote domain as well as the password assigned to that trust.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2901924"></a>Inter-Domain Trust Facilities</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2901935"></a>
A two-way trust relationship is created when two one-way trusts are created, one in each direction.
Where a one-way trust has been established between two MS Windows NT4 domains (let's call them
DomA and DomB), the following facilities are created:
</p><div class="figure"><a name="trusts1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 16.1. Trusts overview.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/trusts1.png" width="270" alt="Trusts overview."></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	DomA (completes the trust connection) <i class="parameter"><tt>Trusts</tt></i> DomB.
	</p></li><li><p>
	DomA is the <i class="parameter"><tt>Trusting</tt></i> domain.
	</p></li><li><p>
	DomB is the <i class="parameter"><tt>Trusted</tt></i> domain (originates the trust account).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Users in DomB can access resources in DomA.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Users in DomA cannot access resources in DomB.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Global groups from DomB can be used in DomA.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Global groups from DomA cannot be used in DomB.
	</p></li><li><p>
	DomB does appear in the logon dialog box on client workstations in DomA.
	</p></li><li><p>
	DomA does not appear in the logon dialog box on client workstations in DomB.
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Users/Groups in a trusting domain cannot be granted rights, permissions or access
	to a trusted domain.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The trusting domain can access and use accounts (Users/Global Groups) in the
	trusted domain.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Administrators of the trusted domain can be granted admininstrative rights in the 
	trusting domain.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Users in a trusted domain can be given rights and privileges in the trusting
	domain.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Trusted domain Global Groups can be given rights and permissions in the trusting
	domain.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Global Groups from the trusted domain can be made members in Local Groups on
	MS Windows Domain Member machines.
	</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902123"></a>Configuring Samba NT-Style Domain Trusts</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This description is meant to be a fairly short introduction about how to set up a Samba server so
that it can participate in interdomain trust relationships. Trust relationship support in Samba
is at an early stage, so do not be surprised if something does not function as it should.
</p><p>
Each of the procedures described below assumes the peer domain in the trust relationship is 
controlled by a Windows NT4 server. However, the remote end could just as well be another 
Samba-3  domain. It can be clearly seen, after reading this document, that combining 
Samba-specific parts of what's written below leads to trust between domains in a purely Samba 
environment.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="samba-trusted-domain"></a>Samba as the Trusted Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order to set the Samba PDC to be the trusted party of the relationship, you first need
to create a special account for the domain that will be the trusting party. To do that,
you can use the <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> utility. Creating the trusted domain account is 
similar to creating a trusted machine account. Suppose, your domain is
called SAMBA, and the remote domain is called RUMBA. The first step
will be to issue this command from your favorite shell:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -a -i rumba</tt></b>
New SMB password: <b class="userinput"><tt>XXXXXXXX</tt></b>
Retype SMB password: <b class="userinput"><tt>XXXXXXXX</tt></b>
Added user rumba$
</pre><p>

where <tt class="option">-a</tt> means to add a new account into the
passdb database and <tt class="option">-i</tt> means: &#8220;<span class="quote">create this
account with the InterDomain trust flag</span>&#8221;.
</p><p>
The account name will be &#8220;<span class="quote">rumba$</span>&#8221; (the name of the remote domain).
</p><p>
After issuing this command, you will be asked to enter the password for
the account. You can use any password you want, but be aware that Windows NT will
not change this password until seven days following account creation.
After the command returns successfully, you can look at the entry for the new account
(in the standard way as appropriate for your configuration) and see that account's name is
really RUMBA$ and it has the &#8220;<span class="quote">I</span>&#8221; flag set in the flags field. Now you are ready to confirm
the trust by establishing it from Windows NT Server.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2902267"></a>
Open <span class="application">User Manager for Domains</span> and from the
<span class="guimenu">Policies</span> menu, select <span class="guimenuitem">Trust Relationships...</span>.
Beside the <span class="guilabel">Trusted domains</span> list box click the
<span class="guimenu">Add...</span> button. You will be prompted for
the trusted domain name and the relationship password. Type in SAMBA, as this is
the name of the remote domain and the password used at the time of account creation.
Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> and, if everything went without incident, you will see 
the <tt class="computeroutput">Trusted domain relationship successfully 
established</tt> message.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2902332"></a>Samba as the Trusting Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This time activities are somewhat reversed. Again, we'll assume that your domain
controlled by the Samba PDC is called SAMBA and the NT-controlled domain is called RUMBA.
</p><p>
The very first step is to add an account for the SAMBA domain on RUMBA's PDC.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2902356"></a>
Launch the <span class="application">Domain User Manager</span>, then from the menu select
<span class="guimenu">Policies</span>, <span class="guimenuitem">Trust Relationships</span>.
Now, next to the <span class="guilabel">Trusted Domains</span> box press the <span class="guibutton">Add</span>
button and type in the name of the trusted domain (SAMBA) and the password to use in securing
the relationship.
</p><p>
The password can be arbitrarily chosen. It is easy to change the password
from the Samba server whenever you want. After confirming the password your account is
ready for use. Now its Samba's turn.
</p><p>
Using your favorite shell while being logged in as root, issue this command:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc trustdom establish rumba</tt></b>
</p><p>
You will be prompted for the password you just typed on your Windows NT4 Server box.
An error message <span class="errorname">`NT_STATUS_NOLOGON_INTERDOMAIN_TRUST_ACCOUNT'</span>
that may be reported periodically is of no concern and may safely be ignored.
It means the password you gave is correct and the NT4 Server says the account is ready for
interdomain connection and not for ordinary connection.  After that, be patient;
it can take a while (especially in large networks), but eventually you should see
the <tt class="computeroutput">Success</tt> message. Congratulations! Your trust
relationship has just been established.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
You have to run this command as root because you must have write access to
the <tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt> file.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902474"></a>NT4-Style Domain Trusts with Windows 2000</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Although <span class="application">Domain User Manager</span> is not present in Windows 2000, it is 
also possible to establish an NT4-style trust relationship with a Windows 2000 domain 
controller running in mixed mode as the trusting server. It should also be possible for 
Samba to trust a Windows 2000 server, however, more testing is still needed in this area.
</p><p>
After <link linkend="samba-trusted-domain"> as described above, open <span class="application">Active Directory Domains and 
Trusts</span> on the AD controller of the domain whose resources you wish Samba users 
to have access to. Remember that since NT4-style trusts are not transitive, if you want 
your users to have access to multiple mixed-mode domains in your AD forest, you will need to 
repeat this process for each of those domains. With <span class="application">Active Directory Domains 
and Trusts</span> open, right-click on the name of the Active Directory domain that 
will trust our Samba domain and choose <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>, then click on
the <span class="guilabel">Trusts</span> tab. In the upper part of the panel, you will see a list box 
labeled <span class="guilabel">Domains trusted by this domain:</span>, and an 
<span class="guilabel">Add...</span> button next to it. Press this button and just as with NT4, you 
will be prompted for the trusted domain name and the relationship password. Press OK and 
after a moment, Active Directory will respond with <tt class="computeroutput">The trusted domain has 
been added and the trust has been verified.</tt>  Your Samba users can now be 
granted acess to resources in the AD domain.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902580"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Interdomain trust relationships should not be attempted on networks that are unstable
or that suffer regular outages. Network stability and integrity are key concerns with
distributed trusted domains.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="msdfs"></a>Chapter 17. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Shirish</span> <span class="surname">Kalele</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team &amp; Veritas Software<br></span><div class="address"><p><br>
				<tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:samba@samba.org">samba@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt><br>
			</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">12 Jul 2000</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2902681">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902970">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903011">MSDFS UNIX Path Is Case-Critical</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902681"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The Distributed File System (DFS) provides a means of separating the logical
	view of files and directories that users see from the actual physical locations
	of these resources on the network. It allows for higher availability, smoother
	storage expansion, load balancing, and so on.
	</p><p>
	For information about DFS, refer to the 
<ulink url="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp">Microsoft documentation</ulink>.
	This document explains how to host a DFS tree on a UNIX machine (for DFS-aware
	clients to browse) using Samba.
	</p><p>
	To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the <tt class="option">--with-msdfs</tt>
	option. Once built, a Samba server can be made a DFS server by setting the global 
	Boolean <a class="indexterm" name="id2902723"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>host msdfs</tt></i>
	parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. You designate a share as a DFS
	root using the Share Level Boolean <a class="indexterm" name="id2902746"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>msdfs root</tt></i> parameter. A DFS root directory on Samba hosts DFS
	links in the form of symbolic links that point to other servers. For example, a symbolic link
	<tt class="filename">junction-&gt;msdfs:storage1\share1</tt> in the share directory acts
	as the DFS junction. When DFS-aware clients attempt to access the junction link,
	they are redirected to the storage location (in this case, <i class="parameter"><tt>\\storage1\share1</tt></i>).
	</p><p>
	DFS trees on Samba work with all DFS-aware clients ranging from Windows 95 to 200x.
	<link linkend="dfscfg"> shows how to setup a DFS tree on a Samba server.
	In the <tt class="filename">/export/dfsroot</tt> directory, you set up your DFS links to 
	other servers on the network.
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cd /export/dfsroot</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown root /export/dfsroot</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="dfscfg"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 17.1. smb.conf with DFS configured</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>netbios name = GANDALF</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>host msdfs   = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[dfs]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /export/dfsroot</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>msdfs root = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>You should set up the permissions and ownership of 
	the directory acting as the DFS root so that only designated 
	users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note 
	that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists 
	to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at 
	the link name. Finally, set up the symbolic links to point to the 
	network shares you want and start Samba.</p><p>Users on DFS-aware clients can now browse the DFS tree 
	on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing 
	links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client) 
	takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902970"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Windows clients need to be rebooted 
		if a previously mounted non-DFS share is made a DFS 
		root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a 
		new share and make it the DFS root.</p></li><li><p>Currently, there's a restriction that msdfs 
		symlink names should all be lowercase.</p></li><li><p>For security purposes, the directory 
		acting as the root of the DFS tree should have ownership 
		and permissions set so only designated users can 
		modify the symbolic links in the directory.</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903011"></a>MSDFS UNIX Path Is Case-Critical</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A network administrator sent advice to the Samba mailing list
		after a long sessions trying to determine why DFS was not working.
		His advice is worth noting.
		</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
		I spent some time trying to figure out why my particular
		dfs root wasn't working. I noted in the documenation that
		the symlink should be in all lowercase. It should be
		amended that the entire path to the symlink should all be
		in lowercase as well.
		</span>&#8221;</p><p>
		For example, I had a share defined as such:

		</p><pre class="screen">
		[pub]
			path = /export/home/Shares/public_share
			msdfs root = yes
		</pre><p>

		and I could not make my Windows 9x/Me (with the dfs client installed)
		follow this symlink:

		</p><pre class="screen">
			damage1 -&gt; msdfs:damage\test-share
		</pre><p>
		</p><p>
		Running a debug level of 10 reveals:

		</p><pre class="programlisting">
		[2003/08/20 11:40:33, 5] msdfs/msdfs.c:is_msdfs_link(176)
		  is_msdfs_link: /export/home/shares/public_share/* does not exist.
		</pre><p>

		Curious. So I changed the directory name from .../Shares/... to
		.../shares/... (along with my service definition) and it worked!
		</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="printing"></a>Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname"> Danka Deutschland GmbH <br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 31, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2903188">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903288">Technical Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903354">Client to Samba Print Job Processing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903425">Printing Related Configuration Parameters</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2903521">Simple Print Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2903734">Verifing Configuration with testparm</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2903850">Rapid Configuration Validation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2904190">Extended Printing Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2904542">Detailed Explanation Settings</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2906936">Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2907089">Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907232">The Obsoleted [printer$] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907332">Creating the [print$] Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2907877">The [print$] Share Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2908048">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2908167">Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#inst-rpc">Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910041">Client Driver Installation Procedure</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910060">First Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910292">Setting Device Modes on New Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910635">Additional Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910743">Always Make First Client Connection as root or printer admin</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910927">Other Gotchas</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910952">Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911376">Supporting Large Numbers of Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911980">Error Message: Cannot connect under a different Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912087">Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912446">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912531">Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2912556">The Imprints Toolset</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2912594">What is Imprints?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912636">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912655">The Imprints Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912675">The Installation Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2912837">Adding Network Printers without User Interaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913162">The addprinter Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913208">Migration of Classical Printing to Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913384">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913407">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913415">I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913466">My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2903188"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Printing is often a mission-critical service for the users. Samba can
provide this service reliably and seamlessly for a client network
consisting of Windows workstations.
</p><p>
A Samba print service may be run on a Stand-alone or Domain Member server,
side by side with file serving functions, or on a dedicated print server.
It can be made as tight or as loosely secured as needs dictate. Configurations
may be simple or complex. Available authentication schemes are essentially
the same as described for file services in previous chapters. Overall,
Samba's printing support is now able to replace an NT or Windows 2000
print server full-square, with additional benefits in many cases. Clients
may download and install drivers and printers through their familiar
&#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221; mechanism. Printer installations executed by
&#8220;<span class="quote">Logon Scripts</span>&#8221; are no problem. Administrators can upload and
manage drivers to be used by clients through the familiar &#8220;<span class="quote">Add Printer
Wizard</span>&#8221;. As an additional benefit, driver and printer management may
be run from the command line or through scripts, making it more efficient
in case of large numbers of printers. If a central accounting of print jobs
(tracking every single page and supplying the raw data for all sorts of
statistical reports) is required, this function is best supported by
the newer Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS)
as the print subsystem underneath the Samba hood.
</p><p>
This chapter deals with the foundations of Samba printing as they
are implemented by the more traditional UNIX (BSD- and System V-style)
printing systems. Many things covered in this chapter apply also to CUPS.
If you use CUPS, you may be tempted
to jump to the next chapter but you will certainly miss a few things if
you do. It is recommended that you read this chapter as well as <link linkend="CUPS-printing">.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Most of the following examples have been verified on Windows XP
Professional clients. Where this document describes the responses to
commands given, bear in mind that Windows 200x/XP clients are quite
similar, but may differ in minor details. Windows NT is somewhat different
again.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2903288"></a>Technical Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba's printing support always relies on the installed print subsystem
of the UNIX OS it runs on. Samba is a &#8220;<span class="quote">middleman.</span>&#8221; It takes
print files from Windows (or other SMB) clients and passes them to the real
printing system for further processing, therefore, it needs to communicate with
both sides: the Windows print clients and the UNIX printing system. Hence, we
must differentiate between the various client OS types, each of which behave
differently, as well as the various UNIX print subsystems, which themselves
have different features and are accessed differently.
</p><p>
This deals with the traditional way of UNIX printing. The next chapter
covers in great detail the more modern <span class="emphasis"><em>Common UNIX Printing
System</em></span> (CUPS).
</p><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>CUPS users, be warned: do not just jump on to the next
chapter. You might miss important information only found here!
</p></div><p>
It is apparent from postings on the Samba mailing list that print configuration
is one of the most problematic aspects of Samba administration today. Many
new Samba administrators have the impression that Samba performs some sort
of print processing. Rest assured, Samba does not peform any type of print
processing. It does not do any form of print filtering.
</p><p>
Samba obtains from its clients a data stream (print job) that it spools to a
local spool area. When the entire print job has been received, Samba invokes
a local UNIX/Linux print command and passes the spooled file to it. It is
up to the local system printing subsystems to correctly process the print
job and to submit it to the printer.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903354"></a>Client to Samba Print Job Processing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Successful printing from a Windows client via a Samba print server to a UNIX
printer involves six (potentially seven) stages:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Windows opens a connection to the printer share.</p></li><li><p>Samba must authenticate the user.</p></li><li><p>Windows sends a copy of the print file over the network
into Samba's spooling area.</p></li><li><p>Windows closes the connection.</p></li><li><p>Samba invokes the print command to hand the file over
to the UNIX print subsystem's spooling area.</p></li><li><p>The UNIX print subsystem processes the print job.</p></li><li><p>The print file may need to be explicitly deleted
from the Samba spooling area. This item depends on your print spooler
configuration settings.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903425"></a>Printing Related Configuration Parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of configuration parameters to control Samba's
printing behavior. Please refer to the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for an
overview of these. As with other parameters, there are Global Level
(tagged with a <span class="emphasis"><em>G</em></span> in the listings) and Service Level
(<span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>) parameters.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Global Parameters</span></dt><dd><p> These <span class="emphasis"><em>may not</em></span> go into
		individual share definitions. If they go in by error,
		the <b class="command">testparm</b> utility can discover this
		(if you run it) and tell you so.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Service Level Parameters</span></dt><dd><p> These may be specified in the
		<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
		In this case they define the default behavior of all individual
		or service level shares (provided they do not have a different
		setting defined for the same parameter, thus overriding the
		global default).
		</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2903521"></a>Simple Print Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<link linkend="simpleprc"> shows a simple printing configuration.
If you compare this with your own, you may find 
additional parameters that have been pre-configured by your OS
vendor. Below is a discussion and explanation of the
parameters. This example does not use many parameters.
However, in many environments these are enough to provide a valid
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file that enables all clients to print.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="simpleprc"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 18.1. Simple configuration with BSD printing</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
This is only an example configuration. Samba assigns default values to
all configuration parameters. The defaults are conservative
and sensible. When a parameter is specified in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, this
overwrites the default value. The <b class="command">testparm</b> utility when
run as root is capable of reporting all setting, both default as well as
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file settings. <b class="command">Testparm</b> gives warnings for all
misconfigured settings. The complete output is easily 340 lines and more,
so you may want to pipe it through a pager program.
</p><p>
The syntax for the configuration file is easy to grasp. You should
know that  is not very picky about its syntax. As has been explained
elsewhere in this document, Samba tolerates some spelling errors (such
as <a class="indexterm" name="id2903689"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browsable</tt></i> instead of
<a class="indexterm" name="id2903703"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable</tt></i>), and spelling is
case-insensitive. It is permissible to use <i class="parameter"><tt>Yes/No</tt></i>
or <i class="parameter"><tt>True/False</tt></i> for Boolean settings. Lists of names
may be separated by commas, spaces or tabs.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903734"></a>Verifing Configuration with <b class="command">testparm</b></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To see all (or at least most) printing-related settings in Samba, including
the implicitly used ones, try the command outlined below. This command greps
for all occurrences of <tt class="constant">lp, print, spool, driver, ports</tt>
and <tt class="constant">[</tt> in testparms output. This provides a convenient
overview of the running <b class="command">smbd</b> print configuration. This
command does not show individually created printer shares or the spooling
paths they may use. Here is the output of my Samba setup, with settings
shown in <link linkend="simpleprc">:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -s -v | egrep "(lp|print|spool|driver|ports|\[)"</tt></b>
 Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf
 Processing section "[homes]"
 Processing section "[printers]"
 
 [global]
        smb ports = 445 139
        lpq cache time = 10
        total print jobs = 0
        load printers = Yes
        printcap name = /etc/printcap
        disable spoolss = No
        enumports command =
        addprinter command = 
        deleteprinter command = 
        show add printer wizard = Yes
        os2 driver map =
        printer admin =
        min print space = 0
        max print jobs = 1000
        printable = No
        printing = bsd
        print command = lpr -r -P'%p' %s
        lpq command = lpq -P'%p'
        lprm command = lprm -P'%p' %j
        lppause command =
        lpresume command =
        printer name =
        use client driver = No

 [homes]

 [printers]
        path = /var/spool/samba
        printable = Yes
</pre><p>
</p><p>
You can easily verify which settings were implicitly added by Samba's
default behavior. <span class="emphasis"><em>Remember: it may
be important in your future dealings with Samba.</em></span>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> testparm in Samba-3 behaves differently from that in 2.2.x: used
without the &#8220;<span class="quote">-v</span>&#8221; switch it only shows you the settings actually
written into! To see the complete
configuration used, add the &#8220;<span class="quote">-v</span>&#8221; parameter to testparm.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2903850"></a>Rapid Configuration Validation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Should you need to troubleshoot at any stage, please always come back
to this point first and verify if <b class="command">testparm</b> shows the parameters you
expect. To give you a warning from personal experience,
try to just comment out the <a class="indexterm" name="id2903872"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers</tt></i>
parameter. If your 2.2.x system behaves like mine, you'll see this:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>grep "load printers" /etc/samba/smb.conf
        #  load printers = Yes
        # This setting is commented out!!
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>testparm -v /etc/samba/smb.conf | egrep "(load printers)"
        load printers = Yes
</pre><p>
I assumed that commenting out of this setting should prevent Samba from
publishing my printers, but it still did. It took some time to figure out
the reason. But I am no longer fooled ... at least not by this.
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>grep -A1 "load printers" /etc/samba/smb.conf</tt></b>
        load printers = No
        # The above setting is what I want!
        #  load printers = Yes
        # This setting is commented out!

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -s -v smb.conf.simpleprinting | egrep "(load printers)"</tt></b>
        load printers = No

</pre><p>
Only when the parameter is explicitly set to
<a class="indexterm" name="id2903964"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers</tt></i> = No
would Samba conform with my intentions. So, my strong advice is:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Never rely on commented out parameters.</p></li><li><p>Always set parameters explicitly as you intend them to
behave.</p></li><li><p>Use <b class="command">testparm</b> to uncover hidden
settings that might not reflect your intentions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The following is the most minimal configuration file:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cat /etc/samba/smb.conf-minimal</tt></b>
        [printers]
</pre><p>
This example should show that you can use testparm to test any Samba
configuration file. Actually, we encourage you <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
to change your working system (unless you know exactly what you are
doing). Don't rely on the assumption that changes will only take effect after
you re-start smbd!  This is not the case. Samba re-reads it every 60 seconds
and on each new client connection. You might have to face changes for your
production clients that you didn't intend to apply. You will now
note a few more interesting things; <b class="command">testparm</b> is useful to
identify what the Samba print configuration would be if you used this minimalistic
configuration. Here is what you can expect to find:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -v smb.conf-minimal | egrep "(print|lpq|spool|driver|ports|[)"</tt></b>
 Processing section "[printers]"
 WARNING: [printers] service MUST be printable!
 No path in service printers - using /tmp

        lpq cache time = 10
        total print jobs = 0
        load printers = Yes
        printcap name = /etc/printcap
        disable spoolss = No
        enumports command =
        addprinter command =
        deleteprinter command =
        show add printer wizard = Yes
        os2 driver map =
        printer admin =
        min print space = 0
        max print jobs = 1000
        printable = No
        printing = bsd
        print command = lpr -r -P%p %s
        lpq command = lpq -P%p
        printer name =
        use client driver = No

 [printers]
        printable = Yes

</pre><p>
testparm issued two warnings:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>We did not specify the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section as printable.</p></li><li><p>We did not tell Samba which spool directory to use.</p></li></ul></div><p>
However, this was not fatal and Samba will default to values that will
work. Please, do not rely on this and do not use this example. This was
included to encourage you to be careful to design and specify your setup to do
precisely what you require. The outcome on your system may vary for some
parameters given, since Samba may have been built with  different compile-time
options. <span class="emphasis"><em>Warning:</em></span> do not put a comment sign
<span class="emphasis"><em>at the end</em></span> of a valid line. It will cause the parameter
to be ignored (just as if you had put the comment sign at the front). At first
I regarded this as a bug in my Samba versions. But the man page clearly says:
&#8220;<span class="quote">Internal whitespace in a parameter value is retained verbatim.</span>&#8221;
This means that a line consisting of, for example:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td># This defines LPRng as the printing system</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = lprng</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
will regard the whole of the string after the
&#8220;<span class="quote"><tt class="constant">=</tt></span>&#8221; sign as the value you want to
define. This is an invalid value that will be ignored and a default
value will be
used in its place.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2904190"></a>Extended Printing Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In <link linkend="extbsdpr"> we show a more verbose example configuration
for print-related settings in a BSD-style printing environment. What follows
is a discussion and explanation of the various parameters. We chose to
use BSD-style printing here because it is still the most commonly used
system on legacy UNIX/Linux installations. New installations predominantly
use CUPS, which is discussed in a separate chapter. <link linkend="extbsdpr"> explicitly
names many parameters that do not need to be specified because they are set
by default. You could use a much leaner <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. Alternately, you can use
<b class="command">testparm</b> or <b class="command">SWAT</b> to optimize the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file to remove all parameters that are set at default.
</p><div class="example"><a name="extbsdpr"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 18.2. Extended BSD Printing Configuration</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>show add printer wizard = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = /etc/printcap</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = @ntadmin, root</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>total print jobs = 100</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq cache time = 20</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no       </tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[my_printer_name]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Printer with Restricted Access</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = kurt</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = 0.0.0.0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
This is an example configuration. You may not find all the settings that are in 
the confioguration file that was provided by the OS vendor. Samba configuration
parameters, if not explicitly set default to a sensible value.
To see all settings, as <tt class="constant">root</tt> use the <b class="command">testparm</b>
utility. <b class="command">testparm</b> gives warnings for misconfigured settings.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2904542"></a>Detailed Explanation Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following is a discussion of the settings from above shown example.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2904555"></a>The [global] Section</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section is one of four special
sections (along with [<i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i>,
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
and <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>...). The
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> contains all parameters which apply
to the server as a whole. It is the place for parameters that have only a
global meaning. It may also contain service level parameters that then define
default settings for all other sections and shares. This way you can simplify
the configuration and avoid setting the same value repeatedly. (Within each
individual section or share you may, however, override these globally set
share settings and specify other values).
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904616"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd </span></dt><dd><p>Causes Samba to use default print commands
		applicable for the BSD (also known as RFC 1179 style or LPR/LPD) printing
		system. In general, the <i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> parameter informs Samba about the
		print subsystem it should expect. Samba supports CUPS, LPD, LPRNG,
		SYSV, HPUX, AIX, QNX, and PLP. Each of these systems defaults to a
		different <a class="indexterm" name="id2904650"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> (and other queue control
		commands).</p><div class="caution" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Caution</h3><p>The <a class="indexterm" name="id2904669"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> parameter is
		normally a service level parameter. Since it is included here in the
		<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section, it will take effect for all
		printer shares that are not defined differently. Samba-3 no longer
		supports the SOFTQ printing system.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904699"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>Tells Samba to create automatically all
		available printer shares. Available printer shares are discovered by
		scanning the printcap file. All created printer shares are also loaded
		for browsing. If you use this parameter, you do not need to specify
		separate shares for each printer. Each automatically created printer
		share will clone the configuration options found in the
		<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section. (The <i class="parameter"><tt>load printers
		= no</tt></i> setting will allow you to specify each UNIX printer
		you want to share separately, leaving out some you do not want to be
		publicly visible and available).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904749"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>show add printer wizard</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>Setting is normally enabled by default (even if the parameter is not specified in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>).
		It causes the <span class="guiicon">Add Printer Wizard</span> icon to appear
		in the <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder of the Samba host's
		share listing (as shown in <span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood</span> or
		by the <b class="command">net view</b> command). To disable it, you need to
		explicitly set it to <tt class="constant">no</tt> (commenting it out
		will not suffice). The <i class="parameter"><tt>Add Printer Wizard</tt></i> lets you upload printer
		drivers to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and associate it
		with a printer (if the respective queue exists before the
		action), or exchange a printer's driver against any other previously
		uploaded driver.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904835"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>total print jobs</tt></i> = 100 </span></dt><dd><p>Sets the upper limit to 100 print jobs
		being active on the Samba server at any one time. Should a client
		submit a job that exceeds this number, a &#8220;<span class="quote">no more space
		available on server</span>&#8221; type of error message will be returned by
		Samba to the client. A setting of zero (the default) means there is
		<span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> limit at all.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904873"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name</tt></i> = /etc/printcap </span></dt><dd><p>Tells Samba where to look for a list of
		available printer names. Where CUPS is used, make sure that a printcap
		file is written. This is controlled by the <tt class="constant">Printcap</tt> directive in the 
		<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> file.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904911"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> = @ntadmin </span></dt><dd><p>Members of the ntadmin group should be able to add
		drivers and set printer properties (<tt class="constant">ntadmin</tt> is only an example name,
		it needs to be a valid UNIX group name); root is implicitly always a
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2904939"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>. The @ sign precedes group names in the
		<tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt>. A printer admin can do anything to
		printers via the remote administration interfaces offered by MS-RPC
		(see below). In larger installations, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2904963"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>
		parameter is normally a per-share parameter. This permits different groups to administer each printer share.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2904983"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq cache time</tt></i> = 20 </span></dt><dd><p>Controls the cache time for the results of the
		lpq command. It prevents the lpq command being called too often and
		reduces the load on a heavily used print server.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905010"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver</tt></i> = no </span></dt><dd><p>If set to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, only 
		takes effect for Windows NT/200x/XP clients (and not for Win 95/98/ME). Its
		default value is <tt class="constant">No</tt> (or <tt class="constant">False</tt>).
		It must <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> be enabled on print shares 
		(with a <tt class="constant">yes</tt> or <tt class="constant">true</tt> setting) that
		have valid drivers installed on the Samba server. For more detailed
		explanations see the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
	</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ptrsect"></a>The [printers] Section</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is the second special section. If a section with this name appears in
the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>, users are able to connect to any printer specified in the
Samba host's printcap file, because Samba on startup then creates a printer
share for every printername it finds in the printcap file. You could regard
this section as a general convenience shortcut to share all printers with
minimal configuration. It is also a container for settings that should
apply as default to all printers. (For more details see the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
man page.) Settings inside this container must be Share Level parameters.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905115"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>comment</tt></i> = All printers </span></dt><dd><p>
		The <a class="indexterm" name="id2905134"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>comment</tt></i> is shown next to the share if
		a client queries the server, either via <span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood</span> or with
		the <b class="command">net view</b> command to list available shares.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905168"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printable</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		The <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> service <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span>
		be declared as printable. If you specify otherwise, smbd will refuse to load  at
		startup. This parameter allows connected clients to open, write to and submit spool files
		into the directory specified with the <a class="indexterm" name="id2905203"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i>
		parameter for this service. It is used by Samba to differentiate printer shares from
		file shares. 
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905225"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /var/spool/samba </span></dt><dd><p>
		Must point to a directory used by Samba to spool incoming print files. <span class="emphasis"><em>It
		must not be the same as the spool directory specified in the configuration of your UNIX
		print subsystem!</em></span> The path typically points to a directory that is world
		writeable, with the &#8220;<span class="quote">sticky</span>&#8221; bit set to it.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905263"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable</tt></i> = no </span></dt><dd><p>
		Is always set to <tt class="constant">no</tt> if
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2905287"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printable</tt></i> = yes. It makes
		the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printer]</tt></i> share itself invisible in the list of
		available shares in a <b class="command">net view</b> command or in the Explorer browse
		list. (You will of course see the individual printers).
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905323"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		If this parameter is set to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, no password is required to
		connect to the printer's service. Access will be granted with the privileges of the
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2905349"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i>. On many systems the guest
		account will map to a user named &#8220;<span class="quote">nobody</span>&#8221;. This user will usually be found
		in the UNIX passwd file with an empty password, but with no valid UNIX login. (On some
		systems the guest account might not have the privilege to be able to print. Test this
		by logging in as your guest user using <b class="command">su - guest</b> and run a system
		print command like:
		</p><p>
		<b class="userinput"><tt>lpr -P printername /etc/motd</tt></b>
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905397"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>public</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		Is a synonym for <a class="indexterm" name="id2905417"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok</tt></i> = yes.
		Since we have <a class="indexterm" name="id2905431"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok</tt></i> = yes, it
		really does not need to be here. (This leads to the interesting question: &#8220;<span class="quote">What if I
		by accident have two contradictory settings for the same share?</span>&#8221; The answer is the
		last one encountered by Samba wins. Testparm does not complain about different settings
		of the same parameter for the same share. You can test this by setting up multiple
		lines for the <i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> parameter with different usernames,
		and then run testparm to see which one is actually used by Samba.)
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905470"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read only</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		Normally (for other types of shares) prevents users from creating or modifying files
		in the service's directory. However, in a &#8220;<span class="quote">printable</span>&#8221; service, it is
		<span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> allowed to write to the directory (if user privileges allow the
		connection), but only via print spooling operations. Normal write operations are not permitted.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905509"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable</tt></i> = no </span></dt><dd><p>
		Is a synonym for <a class="indexterm" name="id2905529"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read only</tt></i> = yes.
		</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905547"></a>Any [my_printer_name] Section</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If a section appears in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, which when given the parameter
<a class="indexterm" name="id2905565"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printable</tt></i> = yes causes Samba to configure it
as a printer share. Windows 9x/Me clients may have problems with connecting or loading printer drivers
if the share name has more than eight characters. Do not name a printer share with a name that may conflict
with an existing user or file share name. On Client connection requests, Samba always tries to find file
shares with that name first. If it finds one, it will connect to this and will not connect
to a printer with the same name!
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905596"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>comment</tt></i> = Printer with Restricted Access </span></dt><dd><p>
		The comment says it all.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905621"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /var/spool/samba_my_printer </span></dt><dd><p>
		Sets the spooling area for this printer to a directory other than the default. It is not
		necessary to set it differently, but the option is available.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905649"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> = kurt </span></dt><dd><p>
		The printer admin definition is different for this explicitly defined printer share from the general
		<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> share. It is not a requirement; we
		did it to show that it is possible.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905684"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		This makes the printer browseable so the clients may conveniently find it when browsing the
		<span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood</span>.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905719"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printable</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		See <link linkend="ptrsect">.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905751"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable</tt></i> = no </span></dt><dd><p>
		See <link linkend="ptrsect">.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905782"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i> = 10.160.50.,10.160.51. </span></dt><dd><p>
		Here we exercise a certain degree of access control by using the <a class="indexterm" name="id2905803"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2905817"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i>
		parameters. This is not by any means a safe bet. It is not a way to secure your
		printers. This line accepts all clients from a certain subnet in a first evaluation of
		access control.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905840"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i> = turbo_xp,10.160.50.23,10.160.51.60 </span></dt><dd><p>
		All listed hosts are not allowed here (even if they belong to the allowed subnets). As
		you can see, you could name IP addresses as well as NetBIOS hostnames here.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2905867"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok</tt></i> = no </span></dt><dd><p>
		This printer is not open for the guest account.
		</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905893"></a>Print Commands</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In each section defining a printer (or in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section),
a <i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> parameter may be defined. It sets a command to process the files
that have been placed into the Samba print spool directory for that printer. (That spool directory was,
if you remember, set up with the <a class="indexterm" name="id2905922"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> parameter). Typically,
this command will submit the spool file to the Samba host's print subsystem, using the suitable system
print command. But there is no requirement that this needs to be the case. For debugging or
some other reason, you may want to do something completely different than print the file. An example is a
command that just copies the print file to a temporary location for further investigation when you need
to debug printing. If you craft your own print commands (or even develop print command shell scripts),
make sure you pay attention to the need to remove the files from the Samba spool directory. Otherwise,
your hard disk may soon suffer from shortage of free space.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905951"></a>Default UNIX System Printing Commands</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You learned earlier on that Samba, in most cases, uses its built-in settings for many parameters
if it cannot find an explicitly stated one in its configuration file. The same is true for the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2905964"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>. The default print command varies depending
on the <a class="indexterm" name="id2905980"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> parameter setting. In the commands listed
below, you will notice some parameters of the form <span class="emphasis"><em>%X</em></span> where <span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span> is
<span class="emphasis"><em>p, s, J</em></span>, and so on. These letters stand for printer name, spoolfile and job ID, respectively.
They are explained in more detail further below. <link linkend="printOptions"> presents an overview of key
printing options but excludes the special case of CUPS that is discussed in <link linkend="CUPS-printing">.
</p><div class="table"><a name="printOptions"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 18.1. Default Printing Settings</b></p><table summary="Default Printing Settings" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Setting</th><th align="left">Default Printing Commands</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906092"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</td><td align="left">print command is <b class="command">lpr -r -P%p %s</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906122"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv|hpux</td><td align="left">print command is <b class="command">lp -c -P%p %s; rm %s</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906154"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = qnx</td><td align="left">print command is <b class="command">lp -r -P%p -s %s</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906184"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</td><td align="left">lpq command is <b class="command">lpq -P%p</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906215"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv|hpux</td><td align="left">lpq command is <b class="command">lpstat -o%p</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906245"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = qnx</td><td align="left">lpq command is <b class="command">lpq -P%p</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906276"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</td><td align="left">lprm command is <b class="command">lprm -P%p %j</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906306"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv|hpux</td><td align="left">lprm command is <b class="command">cancel %p-%j</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906337"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = qnx</td><td align="left">lprm command is <b class="command">cancel %p-%j</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906368"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</td><td align="left">lppause command is <b class="command">lp -i %p-%j -H hold</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906398"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv|hpux</td><td align="left">lppause command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906424"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = qnx</td><td align="left">lppause command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906449"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</td><td align="left">lpresume command is <b class="command">lp -i %p-%j -H resume</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906480"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv|hpux</td><td align="left">lpresume command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="indexterm" name="id2906505"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = qnx</td><td align="left">lpresume command   (...is empty)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
We excluded the special case of CUPS here, because it is discussed in the next chapter. For
<i class="parameter"><tt>printing = CUPS</tt></i>, if Samba is compiled against libcups, it uses the CUPS API to submit
jobs. (It is a good idea also to set <a class="indexterm" name="id2906543"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups
in case your <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> is set to write its autogenerated printcap file to an
unusual place). Otherwise, Samba maps to the System V printing commands with the -oraw option for printing,
i.e., it uses <b class="command">lp -c -d%p -oraw; rm %s</b>. With <i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i>,
and if Samba is compiled against libcups, any manually set print command will be ignored!
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2906585"></a>Custom Print Commands</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
After a print job has finished spooling to a service, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2906596"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>
 will be used by Samba via a <span class="emphasis"><em>system()</em></span> call to process the
spool file. Usually the command specified will submit the spool file to the host's printing subsystem. But
there is no requirement at all that this must be the case. The print subsystem may not remove the spool
file on its own. So whatever command you specify, you should ensure that the spool file is deleted after
it has been processed.
</p><p>
There is no difficulty with using your own customized print commands with the traditional printing
systems. However, if you do not wish to roll your own, you should be well informed about the default
built-in commands that Samba uses for each printing subsystem (see
Table 17.1). In all the
commands listed in the last paragraphs, you see parameters of the form <span class="emphasis"><em>%X</em></span>. These are
<span class="emphasis"><em>macros</em></span>, or shortcuts, used as placeholders for the names of real objects. At the time
of running a command with such a placeholder, Samba will insert the appropriate value automatically. Print
commands can handle all Samba macro substitutions. In regard to printing, the following ones do have
special relevance:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%s, %f</tt></i>  the path to the spool file name.</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%p</tt></i>  the appropriate printer name.</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%J</tt></i>  the job name as transmitted by the client.</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%c</tt></i>  the number of printed pages of the spooled job (if known).</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%z</tt></i>  the size of the spooled print job (in bytes).</p></li></ul></div><p>
The print command must contain at least one occurrence of <i class="parameter"><tt>%s</tt></i> or
the <i class="parameter"><tt>%f</tt></i>. The <i class="parameter"><tt>%p</tt></i> is optional. If no printer name is supplied,
the <i class="parameter"><tt>%p</tt></i> will be silently removed from the print command. In this case, the job is
sent to the default printer.
</p><p>
If specified in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section, the print command given will be
used for any printable service that does not have its own print command specified. If there is neither a
specified print command for a printable service nor a global print command, spool files will be created
but not processed! Most importantly, print files will not be removed, so they will consume disk space.
</p><p>
Printing may fail on some UNIX systems when using the &#8220;<span class="quote">nobody</span>&#8221; account. If this happens, create an
alternative guest account and give it the privilege to print. Set up this guest account in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section with the <i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> parameter.
</p><p>
You can form quite complex print commands. You need to realize that print commands are just
passed to a UNIX shell. The shell is able to expand the included environment variables as
usual. (The syntax to include a UNIX environment variable <i class="parameter"><tt>$variable</tt></i>
in the Samba print command is <i class="parameter"><tt>%$variable</tt></i>.) To give you a working
<a class="indexterm" name="id2906832"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> example, the following will log a print job
to <tt class="filename">/tmp/print.log</tt>, print the file, then remove it. The semicolon (&#8220;<span class="quote">;</span>&#8221;
is the usual separator for commands in shell scripts:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>print command = echo Printing %s &gt;&gt; /tmp/print.log; lpr -P %p %s; rm %s</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
You may have to vary your own command considerably from this example depending on how you normally print
files on your system. The default for the <a class="indexterm" name="id2906885"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>
parameter varies depending on the setting of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2906902"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i>
parameter. Another example is:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>print command = /usr/local/samba/bin/myprintscript %p %s</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2906936"></a>Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Prior to Samba-2.2.x, print server support for Windows clients was limited to <span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span>
printing calls. This is the same protocol level as Windows 9x/Me PCs offer when they share printers.
Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba started to support the native Windows NT printing mechanisms. These
are implemented via <span class="emphasis"><em>MS-RPC</em></span> (RPC = <span class="emphasis"><em>Remote Procedure Calls</em></span>
). MS-RPCs use the <span class="emphasis"><em>SPOOLSS</em></span> named pipe for all printing.
</p><p>
The additional functionality provided by the new SPOOLSS support includes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Support for downloading printer driver files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon
	demand (<span class="emphasis"><em>Point'n'Print</em></span>).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Uploading of printer drivers via the Windows NT <span class="emphasis"><em>Add Printer Wizard</em></span> (APW)
	or the <ulink url="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/">Imprints</ulink> tool set.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Support for the native MS-RPC printing calls such as
	StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), and so on.	(See the
	<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/">MSDN documentation</ulink> for more information on the
	Win32 printing API).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Support for NT <span class="emphasis"><em>Access Control Lists</em></span> (ACL) on printer objects.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Improved support for printer queue manipulation through the use of internal databases for spooled
	job information (implemented by various <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
A benefit of updating is that Samba-3 is able to publish its printers to Active Directory (or LDAP).
</p><p>
A fundamental difference exists between MS Windows NT print servers and Samba operation. Windows NT
permits the installation of local printers that are not shared. This is an artifact of the fact that
any Windows NT machine (server or client) may be used by a user as a workstation. Samba will publish all
printers that are made available, either by default or by specific declaration via printer-specific shares.
</p><p>
Windows NT/200x/XP Professional clients do not have to use the standard SMB printer share; they can
print directly to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC. This, of course, assumes that
the client has the necessary privileges on the remote host that serves the printer resource. The
default permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the Print permissions to the well-known
<span class="emphasis"><em>Everyone</em></span> group. (The older clients of type Windows 9x/Me can only print to shared
printers).
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907089"></a>Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is much confusion about what all this means. The question is often asked, &#8220;<span class="quote">Is it or is
it not necessary for printer drivers to be installed on a Samba host in order to support printing from
Windows clients?</span>&#8221; The answer to this is no, it is not necessary.
</p><p>
Windows NT/2000 clients can, of course, also run their APW to install drivers <span class="emphasis"><em>locally</em></span>
(which then connect to a Samba-served print queue). This is the same method used by Windows 9x/Me
clients. (However, a <span class="emphasis"><em>bug</em></span> existed in Samba 2.2.0 that made Windows NT/2000 clients
require that the Samba server possess a valid driver for the printer. This was fixed in Samba 2.2.1).
</p><p>
But it is a new capability to install the printer drivers into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share of the Samba server, and a big convenience, too. Then <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> clients
(including 95/98/ME) get the driver installed when they first connect to this printer share. The
<span class="emphasis"><em>uploading</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>depositing</em></span> of the driver into this
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and the following binding of this driver to an existing
Samba printer share can be achieved by different means:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Running the <span class="emphasis"><em>APW</em></span> on an NT/200x/XP Professional client (this does not work from 95/98/ME clients).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Using the <span class="emphasis"><em>Imprints</em></span> toolset.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Using the <span class="emphasis"><em>smbclient</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>rpcclient</em></span> commandline tools.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Using <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span> (only works for the CUPS
	printing system, not for LPR/LPD, LPRng, and so on).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Samba does not use these uploaded drivers in any way to process spooled files. These drivers are utilized
entirely by the clients who download and install them via the &#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221; mechanism
supported by Samba. The clients use these drivers to generate print files in the format the printer
(or the UNIX print system) requires. Print files received by Samba are handed over to the UNIX printing
system, which is responsible for all further processing, as needed.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907232"></a>The Obsoleted [printer$] Section</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Versions of Samba prior to 2.2 made it possible to use a share named
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[printer$]</tt></i>. This name was taken from the same named service created by
	Windows 9x/Me clients when a printer was shared by them. Windows 9x/Me printer servers always
	have a <i class="parameter"><tt>[printer$]</tt></i> service that provides read-only access (with
	no password required) to support printer driver downloads. However, Samba's initial
	implementation allowed for a parameter named <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver location</tt></i> to
	be used on a per share basis. This specified the location of the driver files associated with
	that printer. Another parameter named <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver</tt></i> provided a means of
	defining the printer driver name to be sent to the client.
	</p><p>
	These parameters, including the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver file</tt></i> parameter,
	are now removed and cannot be used in installations of Samba-3. The share name
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> is now used for the location of downloadable printer
	drivers. It is taken from the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> service created
	by Windows NT PCs when a printer is shared by them. Windows NT print servers always have a
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> service that provides read-write access (in the context
	of its ACLs) to support printer driver downloads and uploads. This does not mean Windows
	9x/Me clients are now thrown aside. They can use Samba's <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
	share support just fine.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907332"></a>Creating the [print$] Share</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order to support the uploading and downloading of printer driver files, you must first configure a
file share named <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. The public name of this share is hard coded
in the MS Windows clients. It cannot be renamed since Windows clients are programmed to search for a
service of exactly this name if they want to retrieve printer driver files.
</p><p>
You should modify the server's file to add the global parameters and create the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> file share (of course, some of the parameter values, such
as <a class="indexterm" name="id2907369"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> are arbitrary and should be replaced with appropriate values for your
site). See <link linkend="prtdollar">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="prtdollar"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 18.3. [print\$] example</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># members of the ntadmin group should be able to add drivers and set</td></tr><tr><td># printer properties. root is implicitly always a 'printer admin'.</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = @ntadmin</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Printer Driver Download Area</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /etc/samba/drivers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>write list = @ntadmin, root</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
Of course, you also need to ensure that the directory named by the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2907527"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> parameter exists on the UNIX file system.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907544"></a>[print$] Section Parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> is a special section in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. It contains settings relevant to
potential printer driver download and is used by windows clients for local print driver installation.
The following parameters are frequently needed in this share section:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2907581"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>comment</tt></i> = Printer Driver Download Area </span></dt><dd><p>
		The comment appears next to the share name if it is listed in a share list (usually Windows
		clients will not see it, but it will also appear up in a <b class="command">smbclient -L sambaserver
		</b> output).
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2907616"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /etc/samba/printers </span></dt><dd><p>
		Is the path to the location of the Windows driver file deposit from the UNIX point of view.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2907643"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable</tt></i> = no </span></dt><dd><p>
		Makes the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share invisible to clients from the
		<span class="guimenu">Network Neighborhood</span>. However, you can still mount it from any client
		using the <b class="command">net use g:\\sambaserver\print$</b> command in a DOS-box or the
		<span class="guimenu">Connect network drive menu&gt;</span> from Windows Explorer.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2907699"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		Gives read-only access to this share for all guest users. Access may be granted to
		download and install printer drivers on clients. The requirement for <i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok
		= yes</tt></i> depends on how your site is configured. If users will be guaranteed
		to have an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> 
		If all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to be authenticated by the Samba server
		(for example, if Samba authenticates via an NT domain server and the user has already been
		validated by the Domain Controller in order to logon to the Windows NT session), then guest
		access is not necessary. Of course, in a workgroup environment where you just want
		to print without worrying about silly accounts and security, then configure the share for
		guest access. You should consider adding <a class="indexterm" name="id2907746"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i> = Bad
		User in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section
		as well. Make sure you understand what this parameter does before using it.
		</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2907775"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read only</tt></i> = yes </span></dt><dd><p>
		Because we do not want everybody to upload driver files (or even change driver settings),
		we tagged this share as not writeable.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2907803"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>write list</tt></i> = @ntadmin, root </span></dt><dd><p>
		The <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> was made read-only by the previous
		setting so we should create a <i class="parameter"><tt>write list</tt></i> entry also. UNIX
		groups (denoted with a leading &#8220;<span class="quote">@</span>&#8221; character). Users listed here are allowed
		write-access (as an exception to the general public's read-only access), which they need to
		update files on the share. Normally, you will want to only name administrative-level user
		account in this setting. Check the file system permissions to make sure these accounts
		can copy files to the share. If this is a non-root account, then the account should also
		be mentioned in the global <a class="indexterm" name="id2907851"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>
		parameter. See the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information on configuring file shares.
		</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907877"></a>The [print$] Share Directory</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order for a Windows NT print server to support the downloading of driver files by multiple client
architectures, you must create several subdirectories within the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
service (i.e., the UNIX directory named by the <a class="indexterm" name="id2907898"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i>
parameter). These correspond to each of the supported client architectures. Samba follows this model as
well. Just like the name of the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share itself, the subdirectories
must be exactly the names listed below (you may leave out the subdirectories of architectures you do
not need to support).
</p><p>
Therefore, create a directory tree below the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share for each architecture you wish
to support like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[print$]--+
          |--W32X86           # serves drivers to Windows NT x86
          |--WIN40            # serves drivers to Windows 95/98
          |--W32ALPHA         # serves drivers to Windows NT Alpha_AXP
          |--W32MIPS          # serves drivers to Windows NT R4000
          |--W32PPC           # serves drivers to Windows NT PowerPC
</pre><p>
</p><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Required permissions</h3><p>
	In order to add a new driver to your Samba host, one of two conditions must hold true:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		The account used to connect to the Samba host must have a UID of 0 (i.e., a root account).
		</p></li><li><p>
		The account used to connect to the Samba host must be named in the <span class="emphasis"><em>printer admin</em></span>list.
		</p></li></ul></div><p>
	Of course, the connected account must still have write access to add files to the subdirectories beneath
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. Remember that all file shares are set to &#8220;<span class="quote">read-only</span>&#8221; by default.
	</p></div><p>
Once you have created the required <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> service and
associated subdirectories, go to a Windows NT 4.0/200x/XP client workstation. Open <span class="guiicon">Network
Neighborhood</span> or <span class="guiicon">My Network Places</span> and browse for the Samba host. Once you
have located the server, navigate to its <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder. You should see
an initial listing of printers that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2908048"></a>Installing Drivers into [print$]</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Have you successfully created the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>, and have your forced Samba
to re-read its <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file? Good. But you are not yet ready to use the new facility. The client driver
files need to be installed into this share. So far it is still an empty share. Unfortunately, it is
not enough to just copy the driver files over. They need to be
correctly installed so that appropriate
records for each driver will exist in the Samba internal databases so it can provide the correct
drivers as they are requested from MS Windows clients. And that is a bit tricky, to say the least. We
now discuss two alternative ways to install the drivers into <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Using the Samba commandline utility <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with its various subcommands (here:
	<b class="command">adddriver</b> and <b class="command">setdriver</b>) from any UNIX workstation.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Running a GUI (<span class="guiicon">Printer Properties</span> and <span class="guiicon">Add Printer Wizard</span>)
	from any Windows NT/200x/XP client workstation.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The latter option is probably the easier one (even if the process may seem a little bit weird at first).
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2908167"></a>Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder accessed from a
client's Explorer will have no real printer driver assigned to them. By default this driver name is set
to a null string. This must be changed now. The local <span class="guiicon">Add Printer Wizard</span> (APW), run from
NT/2000/XP clients, will help us in this task.
</p><p>
Installation of a valid printer driver is not straightforward. You must attempt
to view the printer properties for the printer to which you want the driver assigned. Open the Windows
Explorer, open <span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood</span>, browse to the Samba host, open Samba's <span class="guiicon">Printers</span>
folder, right-click on the printer icon and select <span class="guimenu">Properties...</span>. You are now trying to
view printer and driver properties for a queue that has this default <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> driver
assigned. This will result in the following error message:
</p><p><span class="errorname">
	Device settings cannot be displayed. The driver for the specified printer is not installed,
	only spooler properties will be displayed. Do you want to install the driver now?
	</span></p><p>
Do not click on <span class="guibutton">Yes</span>!  Instead, click on <span class="guibutton">No</span> in the error dialog.
Only now you will be presented with the printer properties window. From here, the way to assign a driver
to a printer is open to us. You now have the choice of:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Select a driver from the pop-up list of installed drivers. Initially this list will be empty.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click on <span class="guibutton">New Driver</span> to install a new printer driver (which will
	start up the APW).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Once the APW is started, the procedure is exactly the same as the one you are familiar with in Windows (we
assume here that you are familiar with the printer driver installations procedure on Windows NT). Make sure
your connection is, in fact, setup as a user with <a class="indexterm" name="id2908298"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>
privileges (if in doubt, use <b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check for this). If you wish to install
printer drivers for client operating systems other than <span class="application">Windows NT x86</span>,
you will need to use the <span class="guilabel">Sharing</span> tab of the printer properties dialog.
</p><p>
Assuming you have connected with an administrative (or root) account (as named by the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2908340"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> parameter), you will also be able to modify
other printer properties such as ACLs and default device settings using this dialog. For the default
device settings, please consider the advice given further in <link linkend="inst-rpc">.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="inst-rpc"></a>Installing Print Drivers Using <b class="command">rpcclient</b></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The second way to install printer drivers into <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> and set them
up in a valid way is to do it from the UNIX command line. This involves four distinct steps:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Gather info about required driver files and collect the files.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Deposit the driver files into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share's correct subdirectories
	(possibly by using <b class="command">smbclient</b>).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run the <b class="command">rpcclient</b> command line utility once with the <b class="command">adddriver</b>
	subcommand.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run <b class="command">rpcclient</b> a second time with the <b class="command">setdriver</b> subcommand.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
We provide detailed hints for each of these steps in the paragraphs that follow.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2908481"></a>Identifying Driver Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To find out about the driver files, you have two options. You could check the contents of the driver
CDROM that came with your printer. Study the <tt class="filename">*.inf</tt> files lcoated on the CDROM. This
may not be possible, since the <tt class="filename">*.inf</tt> file might be missing. Unfortunately, vendors have now started
to use their own installation programs. These installations packages are often in some Windows platform
archive format. Additionally, the files may be re-named during the installation process. This makes it
extremely difficult to identify the driver files required.
</p><p>
Then you only have the second option. Install the driver locally on a Windows client and
investigate which file names and paths it uses after they are installed. (You need to repeat
this procedure for every client platform you want to support. We show it here for the
<span class="application">W32X86</span> platform only, a name used by Microsoft for all Windows NT/200x/XP
clients.)
</p><p>
A good method to recognize the driver files is to print the test page from the driver's
<span class="guilabel">Properties</span> dialog (<span class="guilabel">General</span> tab). Then look at the list of
driver files named on the printout. You'll need to recognize what Windows (and Samba) are calling the
<span class="guilabel">Driver File</span>, <span class="guilabel">Data File</span>, <span class="guilabel">Config File</span>,
<span class="guilabel">Help File</span> and (optionally) the <span class="guilabel">Dependent Driver Files</span>
(this may vary slightly for Windows NT). You need to take a note of all file names for the next steps.
</p><p>
Another method to quickly test the driver filenames and related paths is provided by the
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> utility. Run it with <b class="command">enumdrivers</b> or with the
<b class="command">getdriver</b> subcommand, each at the <tt class="filename">3</tt> info level. In the following example,
<span class="emphasis"><em>TURBO_XP</em></span> is the name of the Windows PC (in this case it was a Windows XP Professional
laptop). I installed the driver locally to TURBO_XP, from a Samba server called <tt class="constant">KDE-BITSHOP</tt>.
We could run an interactive <b class="command">rpcclient</b> session; then we would get an
<b class="command">rpcclient /&gt;</b> prompt and would type the subcommands at this prompt. This is left as
a good exercise to the reader. For now, we use <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with the <tt class="option">-c</tt>
parameter to execute a single subcommand line and exit again. This is the method you would use if you
want to create scripts to automate the procedure for a large number of printers and drivers. Note the
different quotes used to overcome the different spaces in between words:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' -c \
	'getdriver "Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)" 3' TURBO_XP</tt></b>
cmd = getdriver "Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)" 3

[Windows NT x86]
Printer Driver Info 3:
  Version: [2]
  Driver Name: [Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)]
  Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
  Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01_de.DLL]
  Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.ppd]
  Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01U_de.DLL]
  Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01U_de.HLP]
  
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.DLL]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.INI]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.dat]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.cat]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.def]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.hre]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.vnd]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.hlp]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01Aux.dll]
  Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01_de.NTF]
  
  Monitorname: []
  Defaultdatatype: []
</pre><p>
You may notice that this driver has quite a large number of <span class="guilabel">Dependent files</span>
(there are worse cases, however). Also, strangely, the
<span class="guilabel">Driver File</span> is tagged here
<span class="guilabel">Driver Path</span>. We do not yet have support for the so-called
<span class="application">WIN40</span> architecture installed. This name is used by Microsoft for the Windows
9x/Me platforms. If we want to support these, we need to install the Windows 9x/Me driver files in
addition to those for <span class="application">W32X86</span> (i.e., the Windows NT72000/XP clients) onto a
Windows PC. This PC can also host the Windows 9x/Me drivers, even if it runs on Windows NT, 2000 or XP.
</p><p>
Since the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share is usually accessible through the <span class="guiicon">Network
Neighborhood</span>, you can also use the UNC notation from Windows Explorer to poke at it. The Windows
9x/Me driver files will end up in subdirectory <tt class="filename">0</tt> of the <tt class="filename">WIN40</tt>
directory. The full path to access them will be <tt class="filename">\\WINDOWSHOST\print$\WIN40\0\</tt>.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
More recent drivers on Windows 2000 and Windows XP are installed into the &#8220;<span class="quote">3</span>&#8221; subdirectory
instead of the &#8220;<span class="quote">2</span>&#8221;. The version 2 of drivers, as used in Windows NT, were running in Kernel
Mode. Windows 2000 changed this. While it still can use the Kernel Mode drivers (if this is enabled by
the Admin), its native mode for printer drivers is User Mode execution. This requires drivers designed
for this. These types of drivers install into the &#8220;<span class="quote">3</span>&#8221; subdirectory.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2908833"></a>Obtaining Driver Files from Windows Client [print$] Shares</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Now we need to collect all the driver files we identified in our previous step. Where do we get them
from? Well, why not retrieve them from the very PC and the same <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share that we investigated in our last step to identify the files? We can use <b class="command">smbclient</b>
to do this. We will use the paths and names that were leaked to us by <b class="command">getdriver</b>. The
listing is edited to include linebreaks for readability:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //TURBO_XP/print\$ -U'Danka%xxxx' \ 
   -c 'cd W32X86/2;mget HD*_de.* hd*ppd Hd*_de.* Hddm*dll HDN*Aux.DLL'</tt></b>

added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
Got a positive name query response from 10.160.50.8 ( 10.160.50.8 )
Domain=[DEVELOPMENT] OS=[Windows 5.1] Server=[Windows 2000 LAN Manager]
<tt class="prompt">Get file Hddm91c1_de.ABD? </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>n</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">Get file Hddm91c1_de.def? </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>y</tt></b>
getting file \W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.def of size 428 as Hddm91c1_de.def
<tt class="prompt">Get file Hddm91c1_de.DLL? </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>y</tt></b>
getting file \W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.DLL of size 876544 as Hddm91c1_de.DLL
[...]
</pre><p>
After this command is complete, the files are in our current local directory. You probably have noticed
that this time we passed several commands to the <tt class="option">-c</tt> parameter, separated by semi-colons.
This effects that all commands are executed in sequence on the remote Windows server before smbclient
exits again.
</p><p>
Remember to repeat the procedure for the <span class="application">WIN40</span> architecture should
you need to support Windows 9x/Me/XP clients. Remember too, the files for these architectures are in the
<tt class="filename">WIN40/0/</tt> subdirectory. Once this is complete, we can run <b class="command">smbclient ...
put</b> to store the collected files on the Samba server's <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2908990"></a>Installing Driver Files into [print$]</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We are now going to locate the driver files into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share. Remember, the UNIX path to this share has been defined
previously in your words missing here. You
also have created subdirectories for the different Windows client types you want to
support. Supposing your <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share maps to the UNIX path
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/</tt>, your driver files should now go here:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	For all Windows NT, 2000 and XP clients into <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</tt> but
	not (yet) into the <tt class="filename">2</tt> subdirectory.
	</p></li><li><p>
	For all Windows 95, 98 and ME clients into <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/WIN40/</tt> but not
	(yet) into the <tt class="filename">0</tt> subdirectory.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
We again use smbclient to transfer the driver files across the network. We specify the same files
and paths as were leaked to us by running <b class="command">getdriver</b> against the original
<span class="emphasis"><em>Windows</em></span> install. However, now we are going to store the files into a
<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba/UNIX</em></span> print server's <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share.
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -U'root%xxxx' -c \
  'cd W32X86; put HDNIS01_de.DLL; \
  put Hddm91c1_de.ppd; put HDNIS01U_de.DLL;        \
  put HDNIS01U_de.HLP; put Hddm91c1_de.DLL;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de.INI; put Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL;      \
  put Hddm91c1_de.dat; put Hddm91c1_de.dat;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de.def; put Hddm91c1_de.hre;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de.vnd; put Hddm91c1_de.hlp;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP; put HDNIS01Aux.dll;     \
  put HDNIS01_de.NTF'</tt></b>

added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
Got a positive name query response from 10.160.51.162 ( 10.160.51.162 )
Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
putting file HDNIS01_de.DLL as \W32X86\HDNIS01_de.DLL
putting file Hddm91c1_de.ppd as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.ppd
putting file HDNIS01U_de.DLL as \W32X86\HDNIS01U_de.DLL
putting file HDNIS01U_de.HLP as \W32X86\HDNIS01U_de.HLP
putting file Hddm91c1_de.DLL as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.DLL
putting file Hddm91c1_de.INI as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.INI
putting file Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL as \W32X86\Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL
putting file Hddm91c1_de.dat as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.dat
putting file Hddm91c1_de.dat as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.dat
putting file Hddm91c1_de.def as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.def
putting file Hddm91c1_de.hre as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.hre
putting file Hddm91c1_de.vnd as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.vnd
putting file Hddm91c1_de.hlp as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.hlp
putting file Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP
putting file HDNIS01Aux.dll as \W32X86\HDNIS01Aux.dll
putting file HDNIS01_de.NTF as \W32X86\HDNIS01_de.NTF
</pre><p>

Whew  that was a lot of typing! Most drivers are a lot smaller  many only having three generic
PostScript driver files plus one PPD. While we did retrieve the files from the <tt class="filename">2</tt>
subdirectory of the <tt class="filename">W32X86</tt> directory from the Windows box, we do not put them
(for now) in this same subdirectory of the Samba box. This relocation will automatically be done by the
<b class="command">adddriver</b> command, which we will run shortly (and do not forget to also put the files
for the Windows 9x/Me architecture into the <tt class="filename">WIN40/</tt> subdirectory should you need them).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2909199"></a><b class="command">smbclient</b> to Confirm Driver Installation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For now we verify that our files are there. This can be done with <b class="command">smbclient</b>, too
(but, of course, you can log in via SSH also and do this through a standard UNIX shell access):
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx' \
	-c 'cd W32X86; pwd; dir; cd 2; pwd; dir'</tt></b>
 added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
Got a positive name query response from 10.160.51.162 ( 10.160.51.162 )
Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.8a]

Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\
.                                  D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
..                                 D        0  Thu Apr 10 23:47:40 2003
2                                   D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:18 2003
HDNIS01Aux.dll                      A    15356  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL                   A    46966  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
HDNIS01_de.DLL                      A   434400  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
HDNIS01_de.NTF                      A   790404  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
Hddm91c1_de.DLL                     A   876544  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.INI                     A      101  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.dat                     A     5044  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.def                     A      428  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.hlp                     A    37699  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.hre                     A   323584  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.ppd                     A    26373  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de.vnd                     A    45056  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
HDNIS01U_de.DLL                     A   165888  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
HDNIS01U_de.HLP                     A    19770  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP                 A   228417  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
              40976 blocks of size 262144. 709 blocks available

Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\2\
.                                  D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:18 2003
..                                 D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
ADOBEPS5.DLL                        A   434400  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
laserjet4.ppd                       A     9639  Thu Apr 24 01:05:32 2003
ADOBEPSU.DLL                        A   109568  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
ADOBEPSU.HLP                        A    18082  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
PDFcreator2.PPD                     A    15746  Sun Apr 20 22:24:07 2003
              40976 blocks of size 262144. 709 blocks available
</pre><p>
Notice that there are already driver files present in the <tt class="filename">2</tt> subdirectory (probably
from a previous installation). Once the files for the new driver are there too, you are still a few
steps away from being able to use them on the clients. The only thing you could do now is to retrieve
them from a client just like you retrieve ordinary files from a file share, by opening print$ in Windows
Explorer. But that wouldn't install them per Point'n'Print. The reason
is: Samba does not yet know that
these files are something special, namely <span class="emphasis"><em>printer driver files</em></span> and it does not know
to which print queue(s) these driver files belong.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2909364"></a>Running <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with <b class="command">adddriver</b></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Next, you must tell Samba about the special category of the files you just uploaded into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. This is done by the <b class="command">adddriver</b>
command. It will prompt Samba to register the driver files into its internal TDB database files. The
following command and its output has been edited, again, for readability:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
  "dm9110:HDNIS01_de.DLL: \
  Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:HDNIS01U_de.HLP:   \
  NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,          \
  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,   \
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL, \
  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,                     \
  Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP' SAMBA-CUPS</tt></b>

cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
  "dm9110:HDNIS01_de.DLL:Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:   \
  HDNIS01U_de.HLP:NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI, \
  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,          \
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL,        \
  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP"

Printer Driver dm9110 successfully installed.
</pre><p>
After this step, the driver should be recognized by Samba on the print server. You need to be very
careful when typing the command. Don't exchange the order of the fields. Some changes would lead to
an <tt class="computeroutput">NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL</tt> error message. These become obvious. Other
changes might install the driver files successfully, but render the driver unworkable. So take care!
Hints about the syntax of the adddriver command are in the man page. The CUPS printing chapter 
provides a more detailed description, should you need it.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2909463"></a>Checking <b class="command">adddriver</b> Completion</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
One indication for Samba's recognition of the files as driver files is the <tt class="computeroutput">successfully
installed</tt> message. Another one is the fact that our files have been moved by the
<b class="command">adddriver</b> command into the <tt class="filename">2</tt> subdirectory. You can check this
again with <b class="command">smbclient</b>:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -Uroot%xx \
	-c 'cd W32X86;dir;pwd;cd 2;dir;pwd'</tt></b>
 added interface ip=10.160.51.162 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
 Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]

  Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\
  .                                  D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
  ..                                 D        0  Thu Apr 10 23:47:40 2003
  2                                   D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
                40976 blocks of size 262144. 731 blocks available 

  Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\2\
  .                                  D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
  ..                                 D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
  DigiMaster.PPD                      A   148336  Thu Apr 24 01:07:00 2003
  ADOBEPS5.DLL                        A   434400  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  laserjet4.ppd                       A     9639  Thu Apr 24 01:05:32 2003
  ADOBEPSU.DLL                        A   109568  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  ADOBEPSU.HLP                        A    18082  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  PDFcreator2.PPD                     A    15746  Sun Apr 20 22:24:07 2003
  HDNIS01Aux.dll                      A    15356  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL                   A    46966  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01_de.DLL                      A   434400  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01_de.NTF                      A   790404  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.DLL                     A   876544  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.INI                     A      101  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.dat                     A     5044  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.def                     A      428  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.hlp                     A    37699  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.hre                     A   323584  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.ppd                     A    26373  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd                     A    45056  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01U_de.DLL                     A   165888  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01U_de.HLP                     A    19770  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP                 A   228417  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
                40976 blocks of size 262144. 731 blocks available
</pre><p>
Another verification is that the timestamp of the printing TDB files is now updated
(and possibly their file size has increased).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2909586"></a>Check Samba for Driver Recognition</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Now the driver should be registered with Samba. We can easily verify this, and will do so in a
moment. However, this driver is not yet associated with a particular printer. We may check the driver
status of the files by at least three methods:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	From any Windows client browse Network Neighborhood, find the Samba host and open the Samba
	<span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder. Select any printer icon, right-click and select
	the printer <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>. Click the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span>
	tab. Here is a field indicating the driver for that printer. A drop-down menu allows you to
	change that driver (be careful not to do this unwittingly). You can use this list to view
	all drivers known to Samba. Your new one should be among them. (Each type of client will only
	see his own architecture's list. If you do not have every driver installed for each platform,
	the list will differ if you look at it from Windows95/98/ME or WindowsNT/2000/XP.)
	</p></li><li><p>
	From a Windows 200x/XP client (not Windows NT) browse <span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood</span>,
	search for the Samba server and open the server's <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder,
	right-click on the white background (with no printer highlighted). Select <span class="guimenuitem">Server
	Properties</span>. On the <span class="guilabel">Drivers</span> tab you will see the new driver
	listed. This view enables you to also inspect the list of files belonging to that driver
	(this does not work on Windows NT, but only on Windows 2000 and Windows XP; Windows NT does not
	provide the <span class="guimenuitem">Drivers</span> tab). An
	alternative and much quicker method for
	Windows 2000/XP to start this dialog is by typing into a DOS box (you must of course adapt the
	name to your Samba server instead of <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i>):
	</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /s /t2 /n\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p>
	From a UNIX prompt, run this command (or a variant thereof) where
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> is the name of the Samba host and xxxx represents the
	actual Samba password assigned to root:
	</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'enumdrivers' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b></p><p>
	You will see a listing of all drivers Samba knows about. Your new one should be among
	them. But it is only listed under the <i class="parameter"><tt>[Windows NT x86]</tt></i> heading, not under
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[Windows 4.0]</tt></i>, since you didn't install that part. Or did you?
	You will see a listing of all drivers Samba knows about. Your new one should be among them. In
	our example it is named <tt class="constant">dm9110</tt>. Note that the third column shows the other
	installed drivers twice, one time for each supported architecture. Our new driver only shows up
	for <span class="application">Windows NT 4.0 or 2000</span>. To have it present for <span class="application">Windows
	95, 98 and ME</span>, you'll have to repeat the whole procedure with the WIN40 architecture
	and subdirectory.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2909785"></a>Specific Driver Name Flexibility</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can name the driver as you like. If you repeat the <b class="command">adddriver</b> step with the same
files as before but with a different driver name, it will work the same:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx         \
  -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86"                     \
  "mydrivername:HDNIS01_de.DLL:              \
  Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:HDNIS01U_de.HLP:   \
  NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,          \
  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,   \
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL, \
  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP' SAMBA-CUPS
  </tt></b>

cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
 "mydrivername:HDNIS01_de.DLL:Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:\
  HDNIS01U_de.HLP:NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,           \
  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,                    \
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL,                  \
  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP"

Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed.
</pre><p>
You will be able to bind that driver to any print queue (however, you are responsible that
you associate drivers to queues that make sense with respect to target printers). You cannot run the
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> <b class="command">adddriver</b> command repeatedly. Each run consumes the
files you had put into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share by moving them into the
respective subdirectories. So you must execute an <b class="command">smbclient ... put</b> command before
each <b class="command">rpcclient ... adddriver</b> command.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2909888"></a>Running <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with the <b class="command">setdriver</b></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba needs to know which printer owns which driver. Create a mapping of the driver to a printer, and
store this info in Samba's memory, the TDB files. The <b class="command">rpcclient setdriver</b> command
achieves exactly this:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'setdriver dm9110 mydrivername' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 mydrivername

Successfully set dm9110 to driver mydrivername.
</pre><p>
Ah, no, I did not want to do that. Repeat, this time with the name I intended: 
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'setdriver dm9110 dm9110' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 dm9110
Successfully set dm9110 to driver dm9110.
</pre><p>
The syntax of the command is:
</p><pre class="screen">
<b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>sambapassword</tt></i>' -c 'setdriver <i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i> \
 <i class="replaceable"><tt>drivername</tt></i>' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-Hostname</tt></i></tt></b>. 
</pre><p>
Now we have done most of the work, but not all of it.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The <b class="command">setdriver</b> command will only succeed if the
printer is already known to Samba. A
bug in 2.2.x prevented Samba from recognizing freshly installed printers. You had to restart Samba,
or at least send an HUP signal to all running smbd processes to work around this: <b class="userinput"><tt>kill -HUP
`pidof smbd`</tt></b>.
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2910041"></a>Client Driver Installation Procedure</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As Don Quixote said: &#8220;<span class="quote">The proof of the pudding is in the eating.</span>&#8221; The proof
for our setup lies in the printing. So let's install the printer driver onto the client PCs. This is
not as straightforward as it may seem. Read on.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910060"></a>First Client Driver Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Especially important is the installation onto the first client PC (for each architectural platform
separately). Once this is done correctly, all further clients are easy to setup and shouldn't need further
attention. What follows is a description for the recommended first procedure. You work now from a client
workstation. You should guarantee that your connection is not unwittingly mapped to <span class="emphasis"><em>bad
user</em></span> nobody. In a DOS box type:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net use \\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\print$ /user:root</tt></b></p><p>
Replace root, if needed, by another valid <a class="indexterm" name="id2910100"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> user as given in
the definition. Should you already be connected as a different user, you will get an error message. There
is no easy way to get rid of that connection, because Windows does not seem to know a concept of logging
off from a share connection (do not confuse this with logging off from the local workstation; that is
a different matter). You can try to close all Windows file explorer
and Internet Explorer for Windows. As
a last resort, you may have to reboot. Make sure there is no automatic reconnection set up. It may be
easier to go to a different workstation and try from there. After you have made sure you are connected
as a printer admin user (you can check this with the <b class="command">smbstatus</b> command on Samba),
do this from the Windows workstation:
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Open <span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Browse to Samba server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Open its <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Highlight and right-click on the printer.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Select <span class="guimenuitem">Connect</span> (for Windows NT4/200x
	it is possibly <span class="guimenuitem">Install</span>).
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
A new printer (named <i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i> on Samba-server) should now have
appeared in your <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> Printer folder (check <span class="guimenu">Start</span> --
<span class="guimenuitem">Settings</span> -- <span class="guimenuitem">Control Panel</span> -- <span class="guiicon">Printers
and Faxes</span>).
</p><p>
Most likely you are now tempted to try to print a test page. After all, you now can open the printer
properties, and on the <span class="guimenu">General</span> tab there is a button offering to do just that. But
chances are that you get an error message saying <span class="errorname">Unable to print Test Page</span>. The
reason might be that there is not yet a valid Device Mode set for the driver, or that the &#8220;<span class="quote">Printer
Driver Data</span>&#8221; set is still incomplete.
</p><p>
You must make sure that a valid <i class="parameter"><tt>Device Mode</tt></i> is set for the
driver. We now explain what that means.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910292"></a>Setting Device Modes on New Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For a printer to be truly usable by a Windows NT/200x/XP client, it must possess:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	A valid <span class="emphasis"><em>Device Mode</em></span> generated by the driver for the printer (defining things
	like paper size, orientation and duplex settings).
	</p></li><li><p>
	A complete set of <span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver Data</em></span> generated by the driver.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
If either of these is incomplete, the clients can produce less than optimal output at best. In the
worst cases, unreadable garbage or nothing at all comes from the printer or it produces a harvest of
error messages when attempting to print. Samba stores the named values and all printing related information in
its internal TDB database files <tt class="filename">(ntprinters.tdb</tt>, <tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt> and <tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt>).
</p><p>
What do these two words stand for? Basically, the Device Mode and the set of Printer Driver Data is a
collection of settings for all print queue properties, initialized in a sensible way. Device Modes and
Printer Driver Data should initially be set on the print server (the Samba host) to healthy
values so the clients can start to use them immediately. How do we set these initial healthy values?
This can be achieved by accessing the drivers remotely from an NT (or 200x/XP) client, as is discussed
in the following paragraphs.
</p><p>
Be aware that a valid Device Mode can only be initiated by a
<a class="indexterm" name="id2910387"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>, or root
(the reason should be obvious). Device Modes can only be correctly
set by executing the printer driver program itself. Since Samba cannot execute this Win32 platform driver
code, it sets this field initially to NULL (which is not a valid setting for clients to use). Fortunately,
most drivers automatically generate the Printer Driver Data that is needed when they are uploaded to the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share with the help of the APW or rpcclient.
</p><p>
The generation and setting of a first valid Device Mode, however, requires some tickling from a client,
to set it on the Samba server. The easiest means of doing so is to simply change the page orientation on
the server's printer. This executes enough of the printer driver program on the client for the desired
effect to happen, and feeds back the new Device Mode to our Samba server. You can use the native Windows
NT/200x/XP printer properties page from a Window client for this:
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Browse the <span class="guiicon">Network Neighborhood.</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	Find the Samba server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Open the Samba server's <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Highlight the shared printer in question.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Right-click on the printer (you may already be here, if you followed the last section's description).
	</p></li><li><p>
	At the bottom of the context menu select <span class="guimenu">Properties</span> (if the menu still offers the 
	<span class="guimenuitem">Connect</span> entry further above, you
	need to click on that one first to achieve the driver
	installation as shown in the last section).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Go to the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span> tab; click on <span class="guibutton">Printing Defaults</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Change the <span class="guimenuitem">Portrait</span> page setting to <span class="guimenuitem">Landscape</span> (and back).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Make sure to apply changes between swapping the page orientation to cause the change to actually take effect.
	</p></li><li><p>
	While you are at it, you may also want to set the desired printing defaults here, which then apply to all future
	client driver installations on the remaining from now on.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
This procedure has executed the printer driver program on the client platform and fed back the correct
Device Mode to Samba, which now stored it in its TDB files. Once the driver is installed on the client,
you can follow the analogous steps by accessing the <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> <span class="guiicon">Printers</span>
folder, too, if you are a Samba printer admin user. From now on, printing should work as expected.
</p><p>
Samba includes a service level parameter name <i class="parameter"><tt>default devmode</tt></i> for generating a default
Device Mode for a printer. Some drivers will function well with Samba's default set of properties. Others
may crash the client's spooler service. So use this parameter with caution. It is always better to have
the client generate a valid device mode for the printer and store it on the server for you.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910635"></a>Additional Client Driver Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Every additional driver may be installed, along the lines described
above. Browse network, open the
<span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder on Samba server, right-click on <span class="guiicon">Printer</span> and choose
<span class="guimenuitem">Connect...</span>. Once this completes (should be not more than a few seconds,
but could also take a minute, depending on network conditions), you should find the new printer in your
client workstation local <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder.
</p><p>
You can also open your local <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder by
using this command on Windows 200x/XP Professional workstations:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 shell32.dll,SHHelpShortcuts_RunDLL PrintersFolder</tt></b></p><p>
or this command on Windows NT 4.0 workstations:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
rundll32 shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL MAIN.CPL @2
</tt></b></p><p>
You can enter the commands either inside a <span class="guilabel">DOS box</span> window or in the <span class="guimenuitem">Run
command...</span> field from the <span class="guimenu">Start</span> menu.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910743"></a>Always Make First Client Connection as root or &#8220;<span class="quote">printer admin</span>&#8221;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
After you installed the driver on the Samba server (in its <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share, you should always make sure that your first client installation completes correctly. Make it a
habit for yourself to build the very first connection from a client as <a class="indexterm" name="id2910767"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>. This is to make sure that:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	A first valid <span class="emphasis"><em>Device Mode</em></span> is really initialized (see above for more
	explanation details).
	</p></li><li><p>	
	The default print settings of your printer for all further client installations are as you want them.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Do this by changing the orientation to landscape, click on <span class="guiicon">Apply</span>, and then change it
back again. Next, modify the other settings (for example, you do not want the default media size set to
<span class="guiicon">Letter</span> when you are all using <span class="guiicon">A4</span>, right? You may want to set the
printer for <span class="guiicon">duplex</span> as the default, and so on).
</p><p>
To connect as root to a Samba printer, try this command from a Windows 200x/XP DOS box command prompt:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>runas /netonly /user:root "rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t3 /n 
	\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i>"</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
You will be prompted for root's Samba-password; type it, wait a few
seconds, click on <span class="guibutton">Printing
Defaults</span>, and proceed to set the job options that should be used as defaults by all
clients. Alternately, instead of root you can name one other member of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2910895"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> from the setting.
</p><p>
	Now all the other users downloading and installing the driver the same way (called
&#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221;) will have the same defaults set for them. If you miss this step
you'll get a lot of Help Desk calls from your users, but maybe you like to talk to people.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2910927"></a>Other Gotchas</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Your driver is installed. It is now ready for Point'n'Print
installation by the clients. You may have tried to download and use it
onto your first client machine, but
wait. Let's make sure you are acquainted first with a few tips and tricks you may find useful. For example,
suppose you did not set the defaults on the printer, as advised in the preceding
paragraphs. Your users complain about various issues (such as, &#8220;<span class="quote">We need to set the paper size
for each job from Letter to A4 and it will not store it.</span>&#8221;)
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910952"></a>Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The last sentence might be viewed with mixed feelings by some users and
admins. They have struggled for hours and could not arrive at a point
where their settings seemed to be saved. It is not their fault. The confusing
thing is that in the multi-tabbed dialog that pops up when you right-click
on the printer name and select <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>, you
can arrive at two dialogs that appear identical, each claiming that they help
you to set printer options in three different ways. Here is the definite
answer to the Samba default driver setting FAQ:
</p><p><b>&#8220;<span class="quote">I can not set and save default print options
for all users on Windows 200x/XP. Why not?</span>&#8221; </b>
How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way. (It is not easy to find out, though). There are three different
ways to bring you to a dialog that seems to set everything. All three
dialogs look the same, but only one
of them does what you intend. You need to be Administrator or Print Administrator to do this for all
users. Here is how I reproduce it in an XP Professional:

The following list needs periods after the letters and numbers:::::::::
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li><p>The first &#8220;<span class="quote">wrong</span>&#8221; way:
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer (<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on cupshost</em></span>) and
		select in context menu <span class="guimenu">Printing Preferences...</span></p></li><li><p>Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks like.</p></li></ol></div></li><li><p>The second &#8220;<span class="quote">wrong</span>&#8221; way:
		</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="guimenu">Printers</span> folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer (<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on
			cupshost</em></span>) and select in the context menu
			<span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span></p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guilabel">General</span>
			tab</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guibutton">Printing
			Preferences...</span></p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back
			to the parent dialog.</p></li></ol></div><p>
	</p></li><li><p>
	The third and correct way: (should you do this from the beginning, just carry out steps 1
	and 2 from the second method above).
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Click on the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span>
			tab. (If everything is &#8220;<span class="quote">grayed out,</span>&#8221; then you are not logged
			in as a user with enough privileges).</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guibutton">Printing
			Defaults</span> button.</p></li><li><p>On any of the two new tabs,
			click on the
			<span class="guilabel">Advanced</span> button.</p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Compare
			this one to the other. Are they
			identical looking comparing one from
			&#8220;<span class="quote">B.5</span>&#8221; and one from A.3".</p></li></ol></div></li></ol></div><p>
Do you see any difference in the two settings dialogs? I do not either. However, only the last one, which
you arrived at with steps C.1 through 6 will permanently save any settings which will then become the defaults
for new users. If you want all clients to have the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps as
administrator (<a class="indexterm" name="id2911239"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> in ) before
a client downloads the driver (the clients can later set their own per-user defaults
by following procedures A or B above). Windows 200x/XP allow per-user default settings and the ones the
administrator gives them, before they set up their own. The parents of the identically-looking dialogs have a slight difference in their window names; one is called <tt class="computeroutput">Default Print
Values for Printer Foo on Server Bar"</tt> (which is the one you need) and the other is called
&#8220;<span class="quote"><tt class="computeroutput">Print Settings for Printer Foo on Server Bar</tt></span>&#8221;. The last one is the one you
arrive at when you right-click on the printer and select <span class="guimenuitem">Print Settings...</span>. This
is the one that you were taught to use back in the days of Windows NT, so it is only natural to try the
same way with Windows 200x/XP. You would not dream that there is now a different path to arrive at an
identically looking, but functionally different, dialog to set defaults for all users.
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>Try (on Windows 200x/XP) to run this command (as a user with the right privileges):
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t3 /n\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printersharename</tt></i>
</tt></b></p><p>
To see the tab with the <span class="guilabel">Printing Defaults</span> button (the one you need),also run this command:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t0 /n\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printersharename</tt></i>
</tt></b></p><p>
To see the tab with the <span class="guilabel">Printing Preferences</span>
button (the one which does not set system-wide defaults), you can
start the commands from inside a DOS box" or from <span class="guimenu">Start</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Run</span>.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911376"></a>Supporting Large Numbers of Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
One issue that has arisen during the recent development phase of Samba is the need to support driver
downloads for hunderds of printers. Using Windows NT APW here is somewhat awkward (to say the least). If
you do not want to acquire RSS pains from the printer installation clicking orgy alone, you need
to think about a non-interactive script.
</p><p>
If more than one printer is using the same driver, the <b class="command">rpcclient setdriver</b>
command can be used to set the driver associated with an installed queue. If the driver is uploaded to
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> once and registered with the printing TDBs, it can be used by
multiple print queues. In this case, you just need to repeat the <b class="command">setprinter</b> subcommand of
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> for every queue (without the need to conduct the <b class="command">adddriver</b>
repeatedly). The following is an example of how this could be accomplished:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumdrivers'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumdrivers
 
 [Windows NT x86]
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [infotec  IS 2075 PCL 6]
 
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]
 
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)]
 
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [dm9110]

 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [mydrivername]

 [....]
</pre><p>

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumprinters'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumprinters
   flags:[0x800000]
   name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
   description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,,110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
   comment:[110 ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
 [....]
</pre><p>

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c \
  'setdriver <i class="replaceable"><tt>dm9110</tt></i> "<i class="replaceable"><tt>Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)</tt></i>"'</tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PPD)
 Successfully set dm9110 to driver Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS).
</pre><p>

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumprinters'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumprinters
   flags:[0x800000]
   name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
   description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS),\
     110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
   comment:[110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
 [....]
</pre><p>

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'setdriver <i class="replaceable"><tt>dm9110</tt></i> <i class="replaceable"><tt>mydrivername</tt></i>'</tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 mydrivername
 Successfully set dm9110 to mydrivername.
</pre><p>

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumprinters'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumprinters
   flags:[0x800000]
   name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
   description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,mydrivername,\
     110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
   comment:[110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
 [....]
</pre><p>
It may not be easy to recognize that the first call to <b class="command">enumprinters</b> showed the
&#8220;<span class="quote">dm9110</span>&#8221; printer with an empty string where the driver should have been listed (between
the 2 commas in the description field). After the <b class="command">setdriver</b> command
succeeded, all is well.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911674"></a>Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
By default, Samba exhibits all printer shares defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> in the <span class="guiicon">Printers</span>
folder. Also located in this folder is the Windows NT Add Printer Wizard icon. The APW will be shown only if:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The connected user is able to successfully execute an <b class="command">OpenPrinterEx(\\server)</b> with
	administrative privileges (i.e., root or <a class="indexterm" name="id2911719"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>).
	</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> Try this from a Windows 200x/XP DOS box command prompt:
	</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
	runas /netonly /user:root rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t0 /n \\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printersharename</tt></i>
	</tt></b></p><p>
	Click on <span class="guibutton">Printing Preferences</span>.
	</p></div></li><li><p>... contains the setting
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2911774"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>show add printer wizard</tt></i> = yes (the
	default).</p></li></ul></div><p>
The APW can do various things:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Upload a new driver to the Samba <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Associate an uploaded driver with an existing (but still driverless) print queue.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Exchange the currently used driver for an existing print queue with one that has been uploaded before.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Add an entirely new printer to the Samba host (only in conjunction with a working
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2911831"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add printer command</tt></i>. A corresponding
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2911847"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>delete printer command</tt></i> for removing entries from the
	<span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder may also be provided).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The last one (add a new printer) requires more effort than the previous ones. To use
the APW to successfully add a printer to a Samba server, the <a class="indexterm" name="id2911876"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add printer command</tt></i> must have a defined value. The program hook must successfully
add the printer to the UNIX print system (i.e., to <tt class="filename">/etc/printcap</tt>,
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/printers.conf</tt> or other appropriate files) and to <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> if necessary.
</p><p>
When using the APW from a client, if the named printer share does not exist, smbd will execute the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2911919"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add printer command</tt></i> and reparse to the to attempt to locate the new printer
share. If the share is still not defined, an error of <span class="errorname">Access Denied</span> is returned to
the client. The <a class="indexterm" name="id2911940"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>add printer command</tt></i> is executed
under the context of the connected user, not necessarily a root account. A <a class="indexterm" name="id2911956"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i> = bad user may have connected you unwittingly under the wrong
privilege. You should check it by using the <b class="command">smbstatus</b> command.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911980"></a>Error Message: &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">Cannot connect under a different Name</span></span>&#8221;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Once you are connected with the wrong credentials, there is no means to reverse the situation other than
to close all Explorer Windows, and perhaps reboot.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The <b class="command">net use \\SAMBA-SERVER\sharename /user:root</b> gives you an error message:
	&#8220;<span class="quote">Multiple connections to a server or a shared resource by the same user utilizing
	the several user names are not allowed. Disconnect all previous connections to the server,
	resp. the shared resource, and try again.</span>&#8221;
	</p></li><li><p>
	Every attempt to &#8220;<span class="quote">connect a network drive</span>&#8221; to <tt class="filename">\\SAMBASERVER\\print$</tt>
	to <tt class="constant">z:</tt> is countered by the pertinacious message: &#8220;<span class="quote">This
	network folder is currently connected under different credentials (username and password).
	Disconnect first any existing connection to this network share in order to connect again under
	a different username and password</span>&#8221;.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
So you close all connections. You try again. You get the same message. You check from the Samba side,
using <b class="command">smbstatus</b>. Yes, there are more connections. You kill them all. The client
still gives you the same error message. You watch the smbd.log file on a high debug level and try
reconnect. Same error message, but not a single line in the log. You start to wonder if there was a
connection attempt at all. You run ethereal and tcpdump while you try to connect. Result: not a single
byte goes on the wire. Windows still gives the error message. You close all Explorer windows and start it
again. You try to connect  and this times it works!  Windows seems to cache connection informtion somewhere and
does not keep it up-to-date (if you are unlucky you might need to reboot to get rid of the error message).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912087"></a>Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You need to be extremely careful when you take notes about the files and belonging to a particular
driver. Don't confuse the files for driver version &#8220;<span class="quote">0</span>&#8221; (for Windows 9x/Me, going into
<tt class="filename">[print$]/WIN/0/</tt>), driver version <tt class="filename">2</tt> (Kernel Mode driver for Windows NT,
going into <tt class="filename">[print$]/W32X86/2/</tt> may be used on Windows 200x/XP also), and
driver version &#8220;<span class="quote">3</span>&#8221; (non-Kernel Mode driver going into <tt class="filename">[print$]/W32X86/3/</tt>
cannot be used on Windows NT). Quite often these different driver versions contain
files that have the same name but actually are very different. If you look at them from
the Windows Explorer (they reside in <tt class="filename">%WINDOWS%\system32\spool\drivers\W32X86\</tt>),
you will probably see names in capital letters, while an <b class="command">enumdrivers</b> command from Samba
would show mixed or lower case letters. So it is easy to confuse them. If you install them manually using
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> and subcommands, you may even succeed without an error message. Only later,
when you try install on a client, you will encounter error messages like <tt class="computeroutput">This server
has no appropriate driver for the printer</tt>.
</p><p>
Here is an example. You are invited to look closely at the various files, compare their names and
their spelling, and discover the differences in the composition of the version 2 and 3 sets. Note: the
version 0 set contained 40 <i class="parameter"><tt>Dependentfiles</tt></i>, so I left it out for space reasons:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U 'Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i>' -c 'enumdrivers 3' 10.160.50.8 </tt></b>

 Printer Driver Info 3:
         Version: [3]
         Driver Name: [Canon iR8500 PS3]
         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
         Driver Path: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3g.dll]
         Datafile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\iR8500sg.xpd]
         Configfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3gui.dll]
         Helpfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3g.hlp]
 
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aucplmNT.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\ucs32p.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\tnl32.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aussdrv.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cnspdc.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aussapi.dat]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3407.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\CnS3G.cnt]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\NBAPI.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\NBIPC.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcview.exe]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcdspl.exe]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcedit.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcqm.exe]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcspl.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cfine32.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcr407.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\Cpcqm407.hlp]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcqm407.cnt]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3ggr.dll]
 
         Monitorname: []
         Defaultdatatype: []

 Printer Driver Info 3:
         Version: [2]
         Driver Name: [Canon iR5000-6000 PS3]
         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
         Driver Path: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3g.dll]
         Datafile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\IR5000sg.xpd]
         Configfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3gui.dll]
         Helpfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3g.hlp]
 
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\AUCPLMNT.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\aussdrv.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cnspdc.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\aussapi.dat]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3407.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\CnS3G.cnt]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\NBAPI.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\NBIPC.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3gum.dll]
 
         Monitorname: [CPCA Language Monitor2]
         Defaultdatatype: []

</pre><p>
If we write the &#8220;<span class="quote">version 2</span>&#8221; files and the &#8220;<span class="quote">version 3</span>&#8221; files
into different text files and compare the result, we see this
picture:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>sdiff 2-files 3-files</tt></b>


 cns3g.dll                     cns3g.dll
 iR8500sg.xpd                  iR8500sg.xpd
 cns3gui.dll                   cns3gui.dll
 cns3g.hlp                     cns3g.hlp
 AUCPLMNT.DLL                | aucplmNT.dll
                             &gt; ucs32p.dll
                             &gt; tnl32.dll
 aussdrv.dll                   aussdrv.dll
 cnspdc.dll                    cnspdc.dll
 aussapi.dat                   aussapi.dat
 cns3407.dll                   cns3407.dll
 CnS3G.cnt                     CnS3G.cnt
 NBAPI.DLL                     NBAPI.DLL
 NBIPC.DLL                     NBIPC.DLL
 cns3gum.dll                 | cpcview.exe
                             &gt; cpcdspl.exe 
                             &gt; cpcqm.exe
                             &gt; cpcspl.dll
                             &gt; cfine32.dll
                             &gt; cpcr407.dll
                             &gt; Cpcqm407.hlp
                             &gt; cpcqm407.cnt
                             &gt; cns3ggr.dll

</pre><p>

Do not be fooled! Driver files for each version with identical
names may be different in their content, as you can see from this size
comparison:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>for i in cns3g.hlp cns3gui.dll cns3g.dll; do                  \
           smbclient //10.160.50.8/print\$ -U 'Administrator%xxxx' \
           -c "cd W32X86/3; dir $i; cd .. ; cd 2; dir $i";      \
		   done</tt></b>

  CNS3G.HLP               A   122981  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
  CNS3G.HLP               A    99948  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

  CNS3GUI.DLL             A  1805824  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
  CNS3GUI.DLL             A  1785344  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

  CNS3G.DLL               A  1145088  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
  CNS3G.DLL               A    15872  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
</pre><p>
In my example were even more differences than shown here. Conclusion: you must be careful to select
the correct driver files for each driver version. Don't rely on the
names alone and don't interchange files
belonging to different driver versions.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912446"></a>Samba and Printer Ports</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Windows NT/2000 print servers associate a port with each printer. These normally take the form of
<tt class="filename">LPT1:</tt>, <tt class="filename">COM1:</tt>,
<tt class="filename">FILE:</tt>, and so on. Samba must also
support the concept of ports associated with a printer. By default, only one printer port, named &#8220;<span class="quote">Samba
Printer Port</span>&#8221;, exists on a system. Samba does not really need such a &#8220;<span class="quote">port</span>&#8221; in order
to print; rather it is a requirement of Windows clients. They insist on being told about an available
port when they request this information, otherwise they throw an error message at you. So Samba fakes the port
information to keep the Windows clients happy.
</p><p>
Samba does not support the concept of <tt class="constant">Printer Pooling</tt> internally either. Printer
Pooling assigns a logical printer to multiple ports as a form of load balancing or fail over.
</p><p>
If you require multiple ports be defined for some reason or another (my users and my boss should not know
that they are working with Samba), configure <a class="indexterm" name="id2912511"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>enumports command</tt></i>
which can be used to define an external program that generates a listing of ports on a system.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912531"></a>Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
So now the printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print well, some do not print at
all. Some jobs have problems with fonts, which do not look good. Some jobs print fast and some
are dead-slow. We cannot cover it all, but we want to encourage you to read the brief paragraph about
&#8220;<span class="quote">Avoiding the Wrong PostScript Driver Settings</span>&#8221; in the CUPS Printing part of this document.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2912556"></a>The Imprints Toolset</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the Windows NT Add Printer
Wizard. For complete information, please refer to the Imprints Web site at <ulink url="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/">http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</ulink> as well as the documentation
included with the imprints source distribution. This section only provides a brief introduction to
the features of Imprints.
</p><p>
Unfortunately, the Imprints toolset is no longer maintained. As of December 2000, the project is in
need of a new maintainer. The most important skill to have is Perl coding and an interest in MS-RPC-based
printing used in Samba. If you wish to volunteer, please coordinate
your efforts on the Samba technical
mailing list. The toolset is still in usable form, but only for a series of older printer models where
there are prepared packages to use. Packages for more up-to-date print devices are needed if Imprints
should have a future.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912594"></a>What is Imprints?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting these goals:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Providing a central repository of information regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Providing the tools necessary for creating the Imprints printer driver packages.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Providing an installation client that will obtain printer drivers from a central Internet (or intranet) Imprints Server
	repository and install them on remote Samba and Windows NT4 print servers.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912636"></a>Creating Printer Driver Packages</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt
also included with the Samba distribution for more information). In short, an Imprints driver package
is a gzipped tarball containing the driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the
installation client.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912655"></a>The Imprints Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Imprints server is really a database server that may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms. Each
printer entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual downloading of the package. Each
package is digitally signed via GnuPG which can be used to verify that
the package downloaded is actually
the one referred in the Imprints database. It is strongly recommended that this security check
not be disabled.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912675"></a>The Installation Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
More information regarding the Imprints installation client is available from the the documentation file
<tt class="filename">Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</tt> that is included with the Imprints source package. The Imprints
installation client comes in two forms:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A set of command line Perl scripts.</p></li><li><p>A GTK+ based graphical interface to the command line Perl scripts.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The installation client (in both forms) provides a means of querying the Imprints database server for
a matching list of known printer model names as well as a means to download and install the drivers on
remote Samba and Windows NT print servers.
</p><p>
The basic installation process is in four steps and Perl code is wrapped around smbclient and rpcclient.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	For each supported architecture for a given driver:
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory on the remote server.</p></li><li><p>smbclient: Upload the driver files.</p></li><li><p>rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC.</p></li></ol></div><p>
	</p></li><li><p>rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually create the printer.</p></li></ul></div><p>
One of the problems encountered when implementing the Imprints tool set was the name space issues between
various supported client architectures. For example, Windows NT includes a driver named &#8220;<span class="quote">Apple LaserWriter
II NTX v51.8</span>&#8221; and Windows 95 calls its version of this driver &#8220;<span class="quote">Apple LaserWriter II NTX</span>&#8221;.
</p><p>
The problem is how to know what client drivers have been uploaded for a printer. An astute reader will
remember that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes space for one printer driver name. A
quick look in the Windows NT 4.0 system registry at:
</p><p><tt class="filename">
 HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment
</tt></p><p>
will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver name. This is okay as Windows NT always requires
that at least the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present. Samba does not have the
requirement internally, therefore, &#8220;<span class="quote">How can you use the NT driver name if it has not already been installed?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel Windows NT and
95/98 printer drivers and that the NT driver is installed first.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2912837"></a>Adding Network Printers without User Interaction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following MS Knowledge Base article may be of some help if you need to handle Windows 2000
clients: <span class="emphasis"><em>How to Add Printers with No User Interaction in Windows 2000,</em></span> (<ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;189105">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;189105</ulink>).
It also applies to Windows XP Professional clients.
The ideas sketched out in this section are inspired by this article, which describes a commandline method that can be
applied to install network and local printers and their drivers. This is most useful if integrated in Logon
Scripts. You can see what options are available by typing in the command prompt (<b class="command">DOS box</b>):
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /?</tt></b></p><p>
A window pops up that shows you all of the commandline switches available. An extensive list of examples
is also provided. This is only for Win 200x/XP, it does not work on
Windows NT. Windows NT probably has
some other tools in the respective Resource Kit. Here is a suggestion about what a client logon script
might contain, with a short explanation of what the lines actually do (it works if 200x/XP Windows
clients access printers via Samba, and works for Windows-based print servers too):
</p><pre class="screen">
<b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /dn /n "\\cupsserver\infotec2105-IPDS" /q</tt></b>
<b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n "\\cupsserver\infotec2105-PS"</tt></b>
<b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /y /n "\\cupsserver\infotec2105-PS"</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Here is a list of the used commandline parameters: 
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">/dn</span></dt><dd><p>deletes a network printer</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/q</span></dt><dd><p>quiet modus</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/n</span></dt><dd><p>names a printer</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/in</span></dt><dd><p>adds a network printer connection</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/y</span></dt><dd><p>sets printer as default printer</p></dd></dl></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Line 1 deletes a possibly existing previous network printer <span class="emphasis"><em>infotec2105-IPDS</em></span>
	(which had used native Windows drivers with LPRng that were removed from the server that was
	converted to CUPS). The <b class="command">/q</b> at the end eliminates Confirm
	or error dialog boxes from popping up. They should not be presented to the user logging on.
	</p></li><li><p>	
	Line 2 adds the new printer
	<span class="emphasis"><em>infotec2105-PS</em></span> (which actually is the same
	physical device but is now run by the new CUPS printing system and associated with the
	CUPS/Adobe PS drivers). The printer and its driver must have been added to Samba prior to
	the user logging in (e.g., by a procedure as discussed earlier in this chapter, or by running
	<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b>). The driver is now auto-downloaded to the client PC where the
	user is about to log in.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Line 3 sets the default printer to this new network printer (there might be several other
	printers installed with this same method and some may be local as well, so we decide for a
	default printer). The default printer selection may, of course, be different for different users.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The second line only works if the printer <span class="emphasis"><em>infotec2105-PS</em></span> has an already working
print queue on the <tt class="constant">cupsserver</tt>, and if the
printer drivers have been successfully uploaded
(via the <b class="command">APW</b>, <b class="command">smbclient/rpcclient</b>, or <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b>)
into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> driver repository of Samba. Some Samba versions
prior to version 3.0 required a re-start of smbd after the printer install and the driver upload,
otherwise the script (or any other client driver download) would fail.
</p><p>
Since there no easy way to test for the existence of an installed network printer from the logon script,
do not bother checking, just allow the deinstallation/reinstallation to occur every time a user logs in;
it's really quick anyway (1 to 2 seconds).
</p><p>
The additional benefits for this are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	It puts in place any printer default setup changes automatically at every user logon.
	</p></li><li><p>
	It allows for &#8220;<span class="quote">roaming</span>&#8221; users' login into the domain from different workstations.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Since network printers are installed per user, this much simplifies the process of keeping the installation
up-to-date. The few extra seconds at logon time will not really be noticeable. Printers can be centrally
added, changed and deleted at will on the server with no user intervention required from the clients
(you just need to keep the logon scripts up-to-date).
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913162"></a>The <b class="command">addprinter</b> Command</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <b class="command">addprinter</b> command can be configured to be a shell script or program executed by
Samba. It is triggered by running the APW from a client against the Samba print server. The APW asks
the user to fill in several fields (such as printer name, driver to be used, comment, port monitor,
and so on). These parameters are passed on to Samba by the APW. If the addprinter command is designed in a
way that it can create a new printer (through writing correct printcap entries on legacy systems, or
execute the <b class="command">lpadmin</b> command on more modern systems) and create the associated share
in, then the APW will in effect really create a new printer on Samba and the UNIX print subsystem!
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913208"></a>Migration of Classical Printing to Samba</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The basic NT-style printer driver management has not changed considerably in 3.0 over the 2.2.x releases
(apart from many small improvements). Here migration should be quite easy, especially if you followed
previous advice to stop using deprecated parameters in your setup. For migrations from an existing 2.0.x
setup, or if you continued Windows 9x/Me-style printing in your Samba 2.2 installations, it is more of
an effort. Please read the appropriate release notes and the HOWTO Collection for Samba-2.2.x. You can
follow several paths. Here are possible scenarios for migration:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	You need to study and apply the new Windows NT printer and driver support. Previously used
	parameters <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver file</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver</tt></i>
	and <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver location</tt></i> are no longer supported.
	</p></li><li><p>
	If you want to take advantage of Windows NT printer driver support, you also need to migrate the
	Windows 9x/Me drivers to the new setup.
	</p></li><li><p>
	An existing <tt class="filename">printers.def</tt> file (the one specified in the now removed parameter
	<i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver file</tt></i>) will no longer work with Samba-3. In 3.0, smbd attempts
	to locate a Windows 9x/Me driver files for the printer in <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
	and additional settings in the TDB and only there; if it fails, it will <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
	(as 2.2.x used to do) drop down to using a <tt class="filename">printers.def</tt> (and all associated
	parameters). The make_printerdef tool is removed and there is no backward compatibility for this.
	</p></li><li><p>You need to install a Windows 9x/Me driver into the
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share for a printer on your Samba
	host. The driver files will be stored in the &#8220;<span class="quote">WIN40/0</span>&#8221; subdirectory of
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>, and some other settings and information go
	into the printing-related TDBs.</p></li><li><p>If you want to migrate an existing
	<tt class="filename">printers.def</tt> file into the new setup, the
	only current
	solution is to use the Windows NT APW to install the NT drivers
	and the 9x/Me drivers. This can be scripted using smbclient and
	rpcclient. See the Imprints installation client at:
	</p><p>
		<ulink url="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/">http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</ulink>
	</p><p>
	for an example. See also the discussion of rpcclient usage in the
	&#8220;<span class="quote">CUPS Printing</span>&#8221; section.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913384"></a>Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This will be addressed in a later update of this document. If you wish to volunteer your services to help
document this, please contact <ulink url="mail://jht@samba.org">John H Terpstra.</ulink>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913407"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913415"></a>I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Do not confuse the root password which is valid for the UNIX system (and in most cases stored in the
form of a one-way hash in a file named <tt class="filename">/etc/shadow</tt>), with the password used to
authenticate against Samba. Samba does not know the UNIX password. Root access to Samba resources
requires that a Samba account for root must first be created. This is done with the <b class="command">smbpasswd</b>
command as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> smbpasswd -a root
New SMB password: secret
Retype new SMB password: secret
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913466"></a>My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Do not use the existing UNIX print system spool directory for the Samba spool directory. It may seem
convenient and a savings of space, but it only leads to problems. The two must be separate.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="CUPS-printing"></a>Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Danka Deutschland GmbH <br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Ciprian</span> <span class="surname">Vizitiu</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawings</span><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:CVizitiu@gbif.org">CVizitiu@gbif.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawings</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> (3 June 2003) </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2913595">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913602">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913653">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913705">Basic CUPS Support Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914049">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914245">More Complex CUPS smb.conf Settings</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2914612">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914632">Central Spooling vs. Peer-to-Peer Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914686">Raw Print Serving  Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914746">Installation of Windows Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2915221">Advanced Intelligent Printing with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915877">Ghostscript  the Software RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916020">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916096">Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916202">CUPS Also Uses PPDs for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2916232">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2916406">MIME Types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2916810">Filtering  Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917004">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917114">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917238">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917435">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917514">rasterto [printers specific]</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917666">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918031">The Role of cupsomatic/foomatic</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918196">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918210">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918275">Raw Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918384">application/octet-stream Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918652">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for Non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919266">Examples for Filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919651">Sources of CUPS Drivers/PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919788">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2919880">Network Printing (Purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2919900">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2919956">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920140">Network Printing (Windows Clients  UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920162">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920357">Samba Receiving Jobfiles and Passing Them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920446">Network PostScript RIP</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920548">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920608">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920689">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920707">Printer Drivers Running in Kernel Mode Cause Many
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920752">Workarounds Impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920773">CUPS: A Magical Stone?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2920836">PostScript Drivers with No Major Problems  Even in Kernel
Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2920901">Configuring CUPS for Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2920920">cupsaddsmb: The Unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921036">Prepare Your smb.conf for cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921278">CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921567">Recognizing Different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921697">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921727">ESP Print Pro PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922094">Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922324">Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922468">Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922875">How to Recognize If cupsaddsmb Completed Successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2922973">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923060">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923144">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923324">Avoiding Critical PostScript Driver Settings on the Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2923606">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923752">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2923881">Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925432">Troubleshooting Revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2925844">Trivial Database Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925923">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925993">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926051">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2926196">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2926383">foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927179">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2927729">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2927771">Setting Up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927841">Correct and Incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927889">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928018">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928187">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928267">Future Developments</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2928322">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928553">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2928617">CUPS Configuration Settings Explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2928890">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2928948">Printing from CUPS to Windows Attached Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929244">More CUPS-Filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929337">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2929343">Windows 9x/ME Client Can't Install Driver</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929362">cupsaddsmb Keeps Asking for Root Password in Never-ending Loop</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929412">cupsaddsmb Errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929496">Client Can't Connect to Samba Printer</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929524">New Account Reconnection from Windows 200x/XP Troubles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929628">Avoid Being Connected to the Samba Server as the Wrong User</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929680">Upgrading to CUPS Drivers from Adobe Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929723">Can't Use cupsaddsmb on Samba Server Which Is a PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929762">Deleted Windows 200x Printer Driver Is Still Shown</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929800">Windows 200x/XP "Local Security Policies"</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929816">Administrator Cannot Install Printers for All Local Users</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929845">Print Change Notify Functions on NT-clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929873">WinXP-SP1</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929925">Print Options for All Users Can't Be Set on Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930240">Most Common Blunders in Driver Settings on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930302">cupsaddsmb Does Not Work with Newly Installed Printer</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930358">Permissions on /var/spool/samba/ Get Reset After Each Reboot</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930473">Print Queue Called lp Mis-handles Print Jobs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930530">Location of Adobe PostScript Driver Files for cupsaddsmb</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2930588">Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913595"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913602"></a>Features and Benefits</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The Common UNIX Print System (<ulink url="http://www.cups.org/">CUPS</ulink>)
		has become quite popular. All major Linux distributions now ship it as their default printing
		system. To many, it is still a mystical tool. Mostly, it just works.
		People tend to regard it as a &#8220;<span class="quote">black box</span>&#8221;
		that they do not want to look into as long as it works. But once
		there is a little problem, they are in trouble to find out where to
		start debugging it. Refer to the chapter &#8220;<span class="quote">Classical Printing</span>&#8221; that
		contains a lot of information that is relevant for CUPS.
		</p><p>
		CUPS sports quite a few unique and powerful features. While their
		basic functions may be grasped quite easily, they are also
		new. Because they are different from other, more traditional printing
		systems, it is best not to try and apply any prior knowledge about
		printing to this new system. Rather, try to understand CUPS
		from the beginning. This documentation will lead you to a
		complete understanding of CUPS. Let's start with the most basic
		things first.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913653"></a>Overview</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		CUPS is more than just a print spooling system. It is a complete
		printer management system that complies with the new
		Internet Printing Protocol (IPP). IPP is an industry
		and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
		standard for network printing. Many of its functions can be managed
		remotely (or locally) via a Web browser (giving you a
		platform-independent access to the CUPS print server). Additionally, it
		has the traditional command line and several more modern GUI interfaces
		(GUI interfaces developed by third parties, like KDE's
		overwhelming <ulink url="http://printing.kde.org/">KDEPrint</ulink>).
		</p><p>
		CUPS allows creation of &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; printers (i.e., no print file
		format translation) as well as &#8220;<span class="quote">smart</span>&#8221; printers (i.e., CUPS does
		file format conversion as required for the printer). In many ways
		this gives CUPS similar capabilities to the MS Windows print
		monitoring system. Of course, if you are a CUPS advocate, you would
		argue that CUPS is better! In any case, let us now move on to
		explore how one may configure CUPS for interfacing with MS Windows
		print clients via Samba.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913705"></a>Basic CUPS Support Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Printing with CUPS in the most basic <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setup in Samba-3.0 (as was true for 2.2.x) only needs two
	settings: <a class="indexterm" name="id2913725"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups and
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2913738"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups. CUPS does not need a printcap file.
	However, the <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> configuration file knows of two related directives that control
	how such a file will be automatically created and maintained by CUPS for the convenience of third-party
	applications (example: <i class="parameter"><tt>Printcap /etc/printcap</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>PrintcapFormat BSD</tt></i>).
	Legacy programs often require the existence of a printcap file containing printer names or they will refuse to
	print. Make sure CUPS is set to generate and maintain a printcap file. For details, see
	<b class="command">man cupsd.conf</b> and other CUPS-related documentation, like the wealth of documents on your CUPS server
	itself: <ulink url="http://localhost:631/documentation.html">http://localhost:631/documentation.html</ulink>.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913799"></a>Linking smbd with libcups.so</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Samba has a special relationship to CUPS. Samba can be compiled with CUPS library support.
		Most recent installations have this support enabled. Per default, CUPS linking is compiled
		into smbd and other Samba binaries. Of course, you can use CUPS even
		if Samba is not linked against <tt class="filename">libcups.so</tt>  but
		there are some differences in required or supported configuration.
		</p><p>
		When Samba is compiled against <tt class="filename">libcups</tt>, <a class="indexterm" name="id2913837"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups
		uses the CUPS API to list printers, submit jobs, query queues, and so on. Otherwise it maps to the System V
		commands with an additional <b class="command">-oraw</b> option for printing. On a Linux
		system, you can use the <b class="command">ldd</b> utility to find out details (ldd may not be present on
		other OS platforms, or its function may be embodied by a different command):
		</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ldd `which smbd`</tt></b>
libssl.so.0.9.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.6 (0x4002d000)
libcrypto.so.0.9.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.6 (0x4005a000)
libcups.so.2 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)
[....]
</pre><p>
		The line <tt class="computeroutput">libcups.so.2 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)</tt> shows
		there is CUPS support compiled into this version of Samba. If this is the case, and printing = cups
		is set, then <span class="emphasis"><em>any otherwise manually set print command in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is ignored</em></span>.
		This is an important point to remember!
		</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> Should it be necessary, for any reason, to set your own print commands, you can do this by setting
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2913932"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv. However, you will loose all the benefits
		of tight CUPS/Samba integration. When you do this you must manually configure the printing system commands
		(most important: 
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2913949"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>; other commands are
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2913963"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command</tt></i>,
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2913977"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpresume command</tt></i>,
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2913991"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq command</tt></i>,
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2914004"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lprm command</tt></i>,
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2914019"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>queuepause command</tt></i> and
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2914033"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>queue resume command</tt></i>).</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914049"></a>Simple <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Settings for CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			To summarize, <link linkend="cups-exam-simple"> shows simplest printing-related setup for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to enable basic CUPS support:
		</p><div class="example"><a name="cups-exam-simple"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 19.1. Simplest printing-related smb.conf</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root, @ntadmins</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
		This is all you need for basic printing setup for CUPS. It will print
		all graphic, text, PDF, and PostScript files submitted from Windows
		clients. However, most of your Windows users would not know how to
		send these kinds of files to print without opening a GUI
		application. Windows clients tend to have local printer drivers
		installed, and the GUI application's print buttons start a printer
		driver. Your users also rarely send files from the command
		line. Unlike UNIX clients, they hardly submit graphic, text or PDF
		formatted files directly to the spooler. They nearly exclusively print
		from GUI applications with a &#8220;<span class="quote">printer driver</span>&#8221; hooked in between the
		application's native format and the print-data-stream. If the backend
		printer is not a PostScript device, the print data stream is &#8220;<span class="quote">binary,</span>&#8221;
		sensible only for the target printer. Read on to learn which problem
		this may cause and how to avoid it.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914245"></a>More Complex CUPS <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		<link linkend="overridesettings"> is a slightly more complex printing-related setup
	for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. It enables general CUPS printing
	support for all printers, but defines one printer share, which is set
	up differently. 
	</p><div class="example"><a name="overridesettings"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 19.2. Overriding global CUPS settings for one printer</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root, @ntadmins</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[special_printer]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = A special printer with his own settings</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba-special</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap = lpstat</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>print command = echo "NEW: `date`: printfile %f" &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log ; \</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>echo "     `date`: p-%p s-%s f-%f" &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log ; \</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>echo "     `date`: j-%j J-%J z-%z c-%c" &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log : rm %f</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = kurt</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = 0.0.0.0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
	This special share is only there for testing purposes. It does not write the print job to a file. It just logs the job parameters
	known to Samba into the <tt class="filename">/tmp/smbprn.log</tt> file and deletes the jobfile. Moreover, the
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914554"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> of this share is &#8220;<span class="quote">kurt</span>&#8221; (not the &#8220;<span class="quote">@ntadmins</span>&#8221; group),
	guest access is not allowed, the share isn't published to the Network Neighborhood (so you need to know it is there), and it only
	allows access from only three hosts. To prevent CUPS kicking in and taking over the print jobs for that share, we need to set
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914581"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv and
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914595"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = lpstat.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2914612"></a>Advanced Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Before we delve into all the configuration options, let us clarify a few
	points. <span class="emphasis"><em>Network printing needs to be organized and setup
	correctly</em></span>. This frequently doesn't happen. Legacy systems
	or small business LAN environments often lack design and good housekeeping.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914632"></a>Central Spooling vs. &#8220;<span class="quote">Peer-to-Peer</span>&#8221; Printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2914648"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2914659"></a>
	Many small office or home networks, as well as badly organized larger
	environments, allow each client a direct access to available network
	printers. This is generally a bad idea. It often blocks one client's
	access to the printer when another client's job is printing. It might
	freeze the first client's application while it is waiting to get
	rid of the job. Also, there are frequent complaints about various jobs
	being printed with their pages mixed with each other. A better concept
	is the usage of a print server: it routes all jobs through one
	central system, which responds immediately, takes jobs from multiple
	concurrent clients at the same time, and in turn transfers them to the
	printer(s) in the correct order.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914686"></a>Raw Print Serving  Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914701"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914709"></a>
	Most traditionally configured UNIX print servers acting on behalf of
	Samba's Windows clients represented a really simple setup. Their only
	task was to manage the &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; spooling of all jobs handed to them by
	Samba. This approach meant that the Windows clients were expected to
	prepare the print job file that its ready to be sent to the printing
	device. Here is a native (vendor-supplied) Windows printer
	driver for the target device needed to be installed on each and every
	client.
	</p><p>
	It is possible to configure CUPS, Samba and your Windows clients in the
	same traditional and simple way. When CUPS printers are configured
	for RAW print-through mode operation, it is the responsibility of the
	Samba client to fully render the print job (file). The file must be
	sent in a format that is suitable for direct delivery to the
	printer. Clients need to run the vendor-provided drivers to do
	this. In this case, CUPS will not do any print file format conversion
	work.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914746"></a>Installation of Windows Client Drivers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The printer drivers on the Windows clients may be installed
	in two functionally different ways:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Manually install the drivers locally on each client,
	one by one; this yields the old <span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> style
	printing and uses a <tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\printershare</tt>
	type of connection.</p></li><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914787"></a>
			Deposit and prepare the drivers (for later download) on
			the print server (Samba); this enables the clients to use
	&#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221; to get drivers semi-automatically installed the
	first time they access the printer; with this method NT/200x/XP
	clients use the <span class="emphasis"><em>SPOOLSS/MS-RPC</em></span>
	type printing calls.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	The second method is recommended for use over the first.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="cups-raw"></a>Explicitly Enable &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; Printing for <span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914839"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914848"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914856"></a>
	If you use the first option (drivers are installed on the client
	side), there is one setting to take care of: CUPS needs to be told
	that it should allow &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; printing of deliberate (binary) file
	formats. The CUPS files that need to be correctly set for RAW mode
	printers to work are:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt></p></li></ul></div><p>
	Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must
	be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation.
	In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>, make sure this line is
	present:

	</p><pre class="programlisting">
	 application/octet-stream
	</pre><p>

	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914923"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914931"></a>

	In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>,
	have this line:

	<a class="indexterm" name="id2914947"></a>

	</p><pre class="programlisting">
		application/octet-stream   application/vnd.cups-raw   0   - 
	</pre><p>

	If these two files are not set up correctly for raw Windows client
	printing, you may encounter the dreaded <tt class="computeroutput">Unable to
	convert file 0</tt> in your CUPS error_log file. 
	</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Editing the <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt> and the
	<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file does not
	<span class="emphasis"><em>enforce</em></span> &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; printing, it only
	<span class="emphasis"><em>allows</em></span> it.
	</p></div><p><b>Background. </b>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915016"></a>
	CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones
	does not by default allow a user to send deliberate (possibly binary)
	data to printing devices. This could be easily abused to launch a
	&#8220;<span class="quote">Denial of Service</span>&#8221; attack on your printer(s), causing at least
	the loss of a lot of paper and ink. &#8220;<span class="quote">Unknown</span>&#8221; data are tagged by CUPS
	as <i class="parameter"><tt>MIME type: application/octet-stream</tt></i> and not
	allowed to go to the printer. By default, you can only send other
	(known) MIME types &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221;. Sending data &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; means that CUPS does not
	try to convert them and passes them to the printer untouched (see the next
	chapter for even more background explanations).
	</p><p>
	This is all you need to know to get the CUPS/Samba combo printing
	&#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; files prepared by Windows clients, which have vendor drivers
	locally installed. If you are not interested in background information about
	more advanced CUPS/Samba printing, simply skip the remaining sections
	of this chapter.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915075"></a>Driver Upload Methods</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	This section describes three familiar methods, plus one new one, by which
	printer drivers may be uploaded.
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915093"></a>
	If you want to use the MS-RPC type printing, you must upload the
	drivers onto the Samba server first (<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
	share). For a discussion on how to deposit printer drivers on the
	Samba host (so the Windows clients can download and use them via
	&#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221;), please refer to the previous chapter of this
	HOWTO Collection. There you will find a description or reference to
	three methods of preparing the client drivers on the Samba server:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915129"></a>
				The GUI, &#8220;<span class="quote">Add Printer Wizard</span>&#8221;
	<span class="emphasis"><em>upload-from-a-Windows-client</em></span>
	method.</p></li><li><p>The command line, &#8220;<span class="quote">smbclient/rpcclient</span>&#8221;
	upload-from-a-UNIX-workstation method.</p></li><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915163"></a>
			The Imprints Toolset
	method.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	These three methods apply to CUPS all the same. A new and more
	convenient way to load the Windows drivers into Samba is provided
	if you use CUPS:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915188"></a>
				the <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsaddsmb</tt></i>
	utility.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> is discussed in much detail further below. But we first
	explore the CUPS filtering system and compare the Windows and UNIX printing architectures.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2915221"></a>Advanced Intelligent Printing with PostScript Driver Download</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915233"></a>
	We now know
	how to set up a &#8220;<span class="quote">dump</span>&#8221; printserver, that is, a server which is spooling
	printjobs &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221;, leaving the print data untouched.
	</p><p>
	Possibly you need to setup CUPS in a smarter way. The reasons could
	be manifold:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Maybe your boss wants to get monthly statistics: Which
	printer did how many pages? What was the average data size of a job?
	What was the average print run per day? What are the typical hourly
	peaks in printing? Which department prints how much?</p></li><li><p>Maybe you are asked to setup a print quota system:
	Users should not be able to print more jobs, once they have surpassed
	a given limit per period.</p></li><li><p>Maybe your previous network printing setup is a mess
	and must be re-organized from a clean beginning.</p></li><li><p>Maybe you have experiencing too many &#8220;<span class="quote">blue screens</span>&#8221;
	originating from poorly debugged printer drivers running in NT &#8220;<span class="quote">kernel mode</span>&#8221;?</p></li></ul></div><p>
	These goals cannot be achieved by a raw print server. To build a
	server meeting these requirements, you'll first need to learn about
	how CUPS works and how you can enable its features.
	</p><p>
	What follows is the comparison of some fundamental concepts for
	Windows and UNIX printing; then follows a description of the
	CUPS filtering system, how it works and how you can tweak it.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="gdipost"></a>GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915336"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915345"></a>
	Network printing is one of the most complicated and error-prone
	day-to-day tasks any user or administrator may encounter. This is
	true for all OS platforms. And there are reasons for this.
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915361"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915369"></a>
	You can't expect most file formats to just throw them toward
	printers and they get printed. There needs to be a file format
	conversion in between. The problem is that there is no common standard for
	print file formats across all manufacturers and printer types. While
	PostScript (trademark held by Adobe) and, to an
	extent, PCL (trademark held by HP) have developed
	into semi-official &#8220;<span class="quote">standards</span>&#8221; by being the most widely used PDLs
	Page Description Languages (PDLs), there are still
	many manufacturers who &#8220;<span class="quote">roll their own</span>&#8221; (their reasons may be
	unacceptable license fees for using printer-embedded PostScript
	interpreters, and so on).
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915399"></a>Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915410"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915419"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915427"></a>
	In Windows OS, the format conversion job is done by the printer
	drivers. On MS Windows OS platforms all application programmers have
	at their disposal a built-in API, the Graphical Device
	Interface (GDI), as part and parcel of the OS itself to base
	themselves on. This GDI core is used as one common unified ground for
	all Windows programs to draw pictures, fonts and documents
	<span class="emphasis"><em>on screen</em></span> as well as <span class="emphasis"><em>on
	paper</em></span> (print). Therefore, printer driver developers can
	standardize on a well-defined GDI output for their own driver
	input. Achieving WYSIWYG (&#8220;<span class="quote">What You See Is What You Get</span>&#8221;) is
	relatively easy, because the on-screen graphic primitives, as well as
	the on-paper drawn objects, come from one common source. This source,
	the GDI, often produces a file format called Enhanced
	MetaFile (EMF). The EMF is processed by the printer driver and
	converted to the printer-specific file format.
	</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915470"></a>
	To the GDI foundation in MS Windows, Apple has chosen to
	put paper and screen output on a common foundation for their
	(BSD-UNIX-based, did you know?) Mac OS X and Darwin Operating
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915482"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915490"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915498"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915507"></a>
	Systems. Their <span class="emphasis"><em>Core Graphic Engine</em></span> uses a
	<span class="emphasis"><em>PDF</em></span> derivative for all display work.
	</p></div><p>

	</p><div class="figure"><a name="1small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.1. Windows printing to a local printer.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/1small.png" width="270" alt="Windows printing to a local printer."></div></div><p>
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915572"></a>UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915581"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915590"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915598"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915606"></a>
	In UNIX and Linux, there is no comparable layer built into the OS
	kernel(s) or the X (screen display) server. Every application is
	responsible for itself to create its print output. Fortunately, most
	use PostScript and that at least gives some common ground. Unfortunately,
	there are many different levels of quality for this PostScript. And
	worse, there is a huge difference (and no common root) in the way
	the same document is displayed on screen and how it is presented on
	paper. WYSIWYG is more difficult to achieve. This goes back to the
	time, decades ago, when the predecessors of X.org,
	designing the UNIX foundations and protocols for Graphical User
	Interfaces, refused to take responsibility for &#8220;<span class="quote">paper output</span>&#8221;
	also, as some had demanded at the time, and restricted itself to
	&#8220;<span class="quote">on-screen only.</span>&#8221; (For some years now, the &#8220;<span class="quote">Xprint</span>&#8221; project has been
	under development, attempting to build printing support into the X
	framework, including a PostScript and a PCL driver, but it is not yet
	ready for prime time.) You can see this unfavorable inheritance up to
	the present day by looking into the various &#8220;<span class="quote">font</span>&#8221; directories on your
	system; there are separate ones for fonts used for X display and fonts
	to be used on paper.
	</p><p><b>Background. </b>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915664"></a>
	The PostScript programming language is an &#8220;<span class="quote">invention</span>&#8221; by Adobe Inc.,
	but its specifications have been published to the full. Its strength
	lies in its powerful abilities to describe graphical objects (fonts,
	shapes, patterns, lines, curves, and dots), their attributes (color,
	linewidth) and the way to manipulate (scale, distort, rotate,
	shift) them. Because of its open specification, anybody with the
	skill can start writing his own implementation of a PostScript
	interpreter and use it to display PostScript files on screen or on
	paper. Most graphical output devices are based on the concept of
	&#8220;<span class="quote">raster images</span>&#8221; or &#8220;<span class="quote">pixels</span>&#8221; (one notable exception is pen
	plotters). Of course, you can look at a PostScript file in its textual
	form and you will be reading its PostScript code, the language
	instructions which need to be interpreted by a rasterizer. Rasterizers
	produce pixel images, which may be displayed on screen by a viewer
	program or on paper by a printer.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="post-and-ghost"></a>PostScript and Ghostscript</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915722"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915730"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915741"></a>
	So, UNIX is lacking a common ground for printing on paper and
	displaying on screen. Despite this unfavorable legacy for UNIX, basic
	printing is fairly easy if you have PostScript printers at your
	disposal. The reason is these devices have a built-in PostScript
	language &#8220;<span class="quote">interpreter,</span>&#8221; also called a Raster Image
	Processor (RIP) (which makes them more expensive than
	other types of printers); throw PostScript toward them, and they will
	spit out your printed pages. Their RIP is doing all the hard work of
	converting the PostScript drawing commands into a bitmap picture as
	you see it on paper, in a resolution as done by your printer. This is
	no different to PostScript printing a file from a Windows origin.
	</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915784"></a>
	Traditional UNIX programs and printing systems  while
	using PostScript  are largely not PPD-aware. PPDs are &#8220;<span class="quote">PostScript
		Printer Description</span>&#8221; files. They enable you to specify and control all
	options a printer supports: duplexing, stapling and punching. Therefore,
	UNIX users for a long time couldn't choose many of the supported
	device and job options, unlike Windows or Apple users. But now there
	is CUPS.
	</p></div><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="2small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.2. Printing to a PostScript printer.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/2small.png" width="270" alt="Printing to a PostScript printer."></div></div><p>
	</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915859"></a>
	However, there are other types of printers out there. These do not know
	how to print PostScript. They use their own Page Description
	Language (PDL, often proprietary). To print to them is much
	more demanding. Since your UNIX applications mostly produce
	PostScript, and since these devices do not understand PostScript, you
	need to convert the printfiles to a format suitable for your printer
	on the host before you can send it away.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915877"></a>Ghostscript  the Software RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915892"></a>
	Here is where Ghostscript kicks in. Ghostscript is
	the traditional (and quite powerful) PostScript interpreter used on
	UNIX platforms. It is a RIP in software, capable of doing a
	<span class="emphasis"><em>lot</em></span> of file format conversions for a very broad
	spectrum of hardware devices as well as software file formats.
	Ghostscript technology and drivers are what enable PostScript printing
	to non-PostScript hardware.
	</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="3small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.3. Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/3small.png" width="270" alt="Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers."></div></div><p>
	</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
	Use the &#8220;<span class="quote">gs -h</span>&#8221; command to check for all built-in &#8220;<span class="quote">devices</span>&#8221;
	of your Ghostscript version. If you specify a parameter of
	<i class="parameter"><tt>-sDEVICE=png256</tt></i> on your Ghostscript command
	line, you are asking Ghostscript to convert the input into a PNG
	file. Naming a &#8220;<span class="quote">device</span>&#8221; on the command line is the most important
	single parameter to tell Ghostscript exactly how it should render the
	input. New Ghostscript versions are released at fairly regular
	intervals, now by artofcode LLC. They are initially put under the
	&#8220;<span class="quote">AFPL</span>&#8221; license, but re-released under the GNU GPL as soon as the next
	AFPL version appears. GNU Ghostscript is probably the version
	installed on most Samba systems. But it has some deficiencies.
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2915995"></a>
	Therefore, ESP Ghostscript was developed as an
	enhancement over GNU Ghostscript, with lots of bug-fixes, additional
	devices and improvements. It is jointly maintained by developers from
	CUPS, Gimp-Print, MandrakeSoft, SuSE, RedHat, and Debian. It includes
	the &#8220;<span class="quote">cups</span>&#8221; device (essential to print to non-PS printers from CUPS).
	</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2916020"></a>PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2916032"></a>
	While PostScript in essence is a Page Description
	Language (PDL) to represent the page layout in a
	device-independent way, real-world print jobs are
	always ending up being output on hardware with device-specific
	features. To take care of all the differences in hardware and to
	allow for innovations, Adobe has specified a syntax and file format
	for PostScript Printer Description (PPD)
	files. Every PostScript printer ships with one of these files.
	</p><p>
	PPDs contain all the information about general and special features of the
	given printer model: Which different resolutions can it handle? Does
	it have a Duplexing Unit? How many paper trays are there? What media
	types and sizes does it take? For each item, it also names the special
	command string to be sent to the printer (mostly inside the PostScript
	file) in order to enable it.
	</p><p>
	Information from these PPDs is meant to be taken into account by the
	printer drivers. Therefore, installed as part of the Windows
	PostScript driver for a given printer is the printer's PPD. Where it
	makes sense, the PPD features are presented in the drivers' UI dialogs
	to display to the user a choice of print options. In the end, the
	user selections are somehow written (in the form of special
	PostScript, PJL, JCL or vendor-dependent commands) into the PostScript
	file created by the driver.
	</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2916079"></a>
	A PostScript file that was created to contain device-specific commands
	for achieving a certain print job output (e.g., duplexed, stapled and
	punched) on a specific target machine, may not print as expected, or
	may not be printable at all on other models; it also may not be fit
	for further processing by software (e.g., by a PDF distilling program).
	</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2916096"></a>Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	CUPS can handle all spec-compliant PPDs as supplied by the
	manufacturers for their PostScript models. Even if a
	vendor might not have mentioned our favorite
	OS in his manuals and brochures, you can safely trust this:
	<span class="emphasis"><em>If you get the Windows NT version of the PPD, you
	can use it unchanged in CUPS</em></span> and thus access the full
	power of your printer just like a Windows NT user could!
	</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
	To check the spec compliance of any PPD online, go to <ulink url="http://www.cups.org/testppd.php">http://www.cups.org/testppd.php</ulink>
	and upload your PPD. You will see the results displayed
	immediately. CUPS in all versions after 1.1.19 has a much more strict
	internal PPD parsing and checking code enabled; in case of printing
	trouble, this online resource should be one of your first pitstops.
	</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2916143"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2916152"></a>
	For real PostScript printers, <span class="emphasis"><em>do not</em></span> use the
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Foomatic</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span>
	PPDs from Linuxprinting.org. With these devices, the original
	vendor-provided PPDs are always the first choice!
	</p></div><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
	If you are looking for an original vendor-provided PPD of a specific
	device, and you know that an NT4 box (or any other Windows box) on
	your LAN has the PostScript driver installed, just use
	<b class="command">smbclient //NT4-box/print\$ -U username</b> to
	access the Windows directory where all printer driver files are
	stored. First look in the <tt class="filename">W32X86/2</tt> subdir for
	the PPD you are seeking.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2916202"></a>CUPS Also Uses PPDs for Non-PostScript Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	CUPS also uses specially crafted PPDs to handle non-PostScript
	printers. These PPDs are usually not available from the vendors (and
	no, you can't just take the PPD of a PostScript printer with the same
	model name and hope it works for the non-PostScript version too). To
	understand how these PPDs work for non-PS printers, we first need to
	dive deeply into the CUPS filtering and file format conversion
	architecture. Stay tuned.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2916232"></a>The CUPS Filtering Architecture</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The core of the CUPS filtering system is based on
Ghostscript. In addition to Ghostscript, CUPS
uses some other filters of its own. You (or your OS vendor) may have
plugged in even more filters. CUPS handles all data file formats under
the label of various MIME types. Every incoming
printfile is subjected to an initial
auto-typing. The auto-typing determines its given
MIME type. A given MIME type implies zero or more possible filtering
chains relevant to the selected target printer. This section discusses
how MIME types recognition and conversion rules interact. They are
used by CUPS to automatically setup a working filtering chain for any
given input data format.
</p><p>
If CUPS rasterizes a PostScript file natively to
a bitmap, this is done in two stages:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The first stage uses a Ghostscript device named &#8220;<span class="quote">cups</span>&#8221;
(this is since version 1.1.15) and produces a generic raster format
called &#8220;<span class="quote">CUPS raster</span>&#8221;.
</p></li><li><p>The second stage uses a &#8220;<span class="quote">raster driver</span>&#8221; that converts
		the generic CUPS raster to a device-specific raster.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Make sure your Ghostscript version has the &#8220;<span class="quote">cups</span>&#8221; device compiled in
(check with <b class="command">gs -h | grep cups</b>). Otherwise you
may encounter the dreaded <tt class="computeroutput">Unable to convert file
0</tt> in your CUPS error_log file. To have &#8220;<span class="quote">cups</span>&#8221; as a
device in your Ghostscript, you either need to patch GNU
Ghostscript and re-compile, or use <a class="indexterm" name="id2916325"></a><ulink url="http://www.cups.org/ghostscript.php">ESP Ghostscript</ulink>. The
superior alternative is ESP Ghostscript. It supports not just CUPS,
but 300 other devices too (while GNU Ghostscript supports only about
180). Because of this broad output device support, ESP Ghostscript is
the first choice for non-CUPS spoolers, too. It is now recommended by
Linuxprinting.org for all spoolers.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916353"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916362"></a>
CUPS printers may be setup to use external
rendering paths. One of the most common is provided by the
Foomatic/cupsomatic concept from <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/">Linuxprinting.org.</ulink> This
uses the classical Ghostscript approach, doing everything in one
step. It does not use the &#8220;<span class="quote">cups</span>&#8221; device, but one of the many
others. However, even for Foomatic/cupsomatic usage, best results and
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916387"></a>
broadest printer model support is provided by ESP Ghostscript (more
about cupsomatic/Foomatic, particularly the new version called now
<span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>, follows below).
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2916406"></a>MIME Types and CUPS Filters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916417"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2916428"></a>
CUPS reads the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>
(and all other files carrying a <tt class="filename">*.types</tt> suffix
in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain the MIME
type recognition rules that are applied when CUPS runs its
auto-typing routines. The rule syntax is explained in the man page
for <tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> and in the comments section of the
<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file itself. A simple rule reads
like this:

<a class="indexterm" name="id2916469"></a>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/pdf         pdf string(0,%PDF)
</pre><p>

This means if a filename has either a
<tt class="filename">.pdf</tt> suffix or if the magic
string <span class="emphasis"><em>%PDF</em></span> is right at the
beginning of the file itself (offset 0 from the start), then it is
a PDF file (<i class="parameter"><tt>application/pdf</tt></i>).
Another rule is this: 

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/postscript  ai eps ps string(0,%!) string(0,&lt;04&gt;%!)
</pre><p>

If the filename has one of the suffixes
<tt class="filename">.ai</tt>, <tt class="filename">.eps</tt>,
<tt class="filename">.ps</tt> or if the file itself starts with one of the
strings <span class="emphasis"><em>%!</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;04&gt;%!</em></span>, it
is a generic PostScript file
(<i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i>).
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Don't confuse the other mime.types files your system might be using
with the one in the <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/</tt> directory.
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
There is an important difference between two similar MIME types in
CUPS: one is <i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i>, the other is
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>. While
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i> is meant to be device
independent (job options for the file are still outside the PS file
content, embedded in command line or environment variables by CUPS),
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i> may have the job
options inserted into the PostScript data itself (where
applicable). The transformation of the generic PostScript
(<i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i>) to the device-specific version
(<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>) is the responsibility of the
CUPS <i class="parameter"><tt>pstops</tt></i> filter. pstops uses information
contained in the PPD to do the transformation.
</p></div><p>
CUPS can handle ASCII text, HP-GL, PDF, PostScript, DVI, and
many image formats (GIF. PNG, TIFF, JPEG, Photo-CD, SUN-Raster,
PNM, PBM, SGI-RGB, and more) and their associated MIME types
with its filters.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2916641"></a>MIME Type Conversion Rules</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916652"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916661"></a>
CUPS reads the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>
(and all other files named with a <tt class="filename">*.convs</tt>
suffix in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain
lines naming an input MIME type, an output MIME type, a format
conversion filter that can produce the output from the input type
and virtual costs associated with this conversion. One example line
reads like this:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/pdf         application/postscript   33   pdftops
</pre><p>

This means that the <i class="parameter"><tt>pdftops</tt></i> filter will take
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/pdf</tt></i> as input and produce
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i> as output; the virtual
cost of this operation is 33 CUPS-$. The next filter is more
expensive, costing 66 CUPS-$:

<a class="indexterm" name="id2916721"></a>

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/vnd.hp-HPGL application/postscript   66   hpgltops
</pre><p>

This is the <i class="parameter"><tt>hpgltops</tt></i>, which processes HP-GL
plotter files to PostScript.

<a class="indexterm" name="id2916745"></a>

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/octet-stream
</pre><p>

Here are two more examples: 

<a class="indexterm" name="id2916762"></a>

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/x-shell     application/postscript   33    texttops
 text/plain              application/postscript   33    texttops
</pre><p>

The last two examples name the <i class="parameter"><tt>texttops</tt></i> filter
to work on <i class="parameter"><tt>text/plain</tt></i> as well as on <i class="parameter"><tt>application/x-shell</tt></i>. (Hint:
This differentiation is needed for the syntax highlighting feature of
<i class="parameter"><tt>texttops</tt></i>).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2916810"></a>Filtering  Overview</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2916821"></a>
There are many more combinations named in <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt>. However, you
are not limited to use the ones pre-defined there. You can plug in any
filter you like into the CUPS framework. It must meet, or must be made
to meet, some minimal requirements. If you find (or write) a cool
conversion filter of some kind, make sure it complies to what CUPS
needs and put in the right lines in <tt class="filename">mime.types</tt>
and <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt>, then it will work seamlessly
inside CUPS.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2916859"></a>Filter requirements</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The mentioned &#8220;<span class="quote">CUPS requirements</span>&#8221; for filters are simple. Take
filenames or <tt class="filename">stdin</tt> as input and write to
<tt class="filename">stdout</tt>. They should take these 5 or 6 arguments:
<span class="emphasis"><em>printer job user title copies options [filename]</em></span>
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Printer </span></dt><dd><p>The name of the printer queue (normally this is the
name of the filter being run).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">job </span></dt><dd><p>The numeric job ID for the job being
printed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">user </span></dt><dd><p>The string from the originating-user-name
attribute.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">title </span></dt><dd><p>The string from the job-name attribute.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">copies </span></dt><dd><p>The numeric value from the number-copies
attribute.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">options </span></dt><dd><p>The job options.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">filename </span></dt><dd><p>(Optionally) The print request file (if missing,
filters expected data fed through <tt class="filename">stdin</tt>). In most
cases, it is easy to write a simple wrapper script around existing
filters to make them work with CUPS.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917004"></a>Prefilters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2917015"></a>
As previously stated, PostScript is the central file format to any UNIX-based
printing system. From PostScript, CUPS generates raster data to feed
non-PostScript printers.
</p><p>
But what happens if you send one of the supported non-PS formats
to print? Then CUPS runs &#8220;<span class="quote">pre-filters</span>&#8221; on these input formats to
generate PostScript first. There are pre-filters to create PS from
ASCII text, PDF, DVI, or HP-GL. The outcome of these filters is always
of MIME type <i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i> (meaning that
any device-specific print options are not yet embedded into the
PostScript by CUPS, and that the next filter to be called is
pstops). Another pre-filter is running on all supported image formats,
the <i class="parameter"><tt>imagetops</tt></i> filter. Its outcome is always of
MIME type <i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>
(not application/postscript), meaning it has the
print options already embedded into the file.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="4small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.4. Pre-filtering in CUPS to form PostScript.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/4small.png" width="270" alt="Pre-filtering in CUPS to form PostScript."></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917114"></a>pstops</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span> is the filter to convert
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i> to 
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>. It was said
above that this filter inserts all device-specific print options
(commands to the printer to ask for the duplexing of output, or
stapling and punching it, and so on) into the PostScript file.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="5small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.5. Adding device-specific print options.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/5small.png" width="270" alt="Adding device-specific print options."></div></div><p>
</p><p>
This is not all. Other tasks performed by it are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
Selecting the range of pages to be printed (if you choose to
print only pages &#8220;<span class="quote">3, 6, 8-11, 16, 19-21</span>&#8221;, or only the odd numbered
ones).
</p></li><li><p>
Putting 2 or more logical pages on one sheet of paper (the
so-called &#8220;<span class="quote">number-up</span>&#8221; function).
</p></li><li><p>Counting the pages of the job to insert the accounting
information into the <tt class="filename">/var/log/cups/page_log</tt>.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917238"></a>pstoraster</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> is at the core of the CUPS filtering
system. It is responsible for the first stage of the rasterization
process. Its input is of MIME type application/vnd.cups-postscript;
its output is application/vnd.cups-raster. This output format is not
yet meant to be printable. Its aim is to serve as a general purpose
input format for more specialized <span class="emphasis"><em>raster drivers</em></span>
that are able to generate device-specific printer data.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="6small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.6. PostScript to intermediate raster format.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/6small.png" width="270" alt="PostScript to intermediate raster format."></div></div><p>
</p><p>
CUPS raster is a generic raster format with powerful features. It is
able to include per-page information, color profiles, and more, to be
used by the following downstream raster drivers. Its MIME type is
registered with IANA and its specification is, of course, completely
open. It is designed to make it quite easy and inexpensive for
manufacturers to develop Linux and UNIX raster drivers for their
printer models, should they choose to do so. CUPS always takes care
for the first stage of rasterization so these vendors do not need to care
about Ghostscript complications (in fact, there is currently more
than one vendor financing the development of CUPS raster drivers).
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="7small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.7. CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/7small.png" width="270" alt="CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript."></div></div><p>
</p><p>
CUPS versions before version 1.1.15 were shipping a binary (or source
code) standalone filter, named <i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i>. <i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> was derived
from GNU Ghostscript 5.50, and could be installed besides and in
addition to any GNU or AFPL Ghostscript package without conflicting.
</p><p>
&gt;From version 1.1.15, this has changed. The functions for this have been
integrated back into Ghostscript (now based on GNU Ghostscript version
7.05). The <i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> filter is now a simple shell script calling
<b class="command">gs</b> with the <b class="command">-sDEVICE=cups</b>
parameter. If your Ghostscript does not show a success on asking for
<b class="command">gs -h |grep cups</b>, you might not be able to
print. Update your Ghostscript.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917435"></a>imagetops and imagetoraster</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the section about pre-filters, we mentioned the pre-filter
that generates PostScript from image formats. The <i class="parameter"><tt>imagetoraster</tt></i>
filter is used to convert directly from image to raster, without the
intermediate PostScript stage. It is used more often than the above
mentioned pre-filters. A summarizing flowchart of image file
filtering is shown in <link linkend="small8">.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="small8"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.8. Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/8small.png" width="270" alt="Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion."></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917514"></a>rasterto [printers specific]</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS ships with quite different raster drivers processing CUPS
raster. On my system I find in /usr/lib/cups/filter/ these:
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoalps</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertobj</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoepson</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoescp</tt></i>,
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertopcl</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoturboprint</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoapdk</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertodymo</tt></i>,
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoescp</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertohp</tt></i>, and
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>. Don't worry if you have less
than this; some of these are installed by commercial add-ons to CUPS
(like <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoturboprint</tt></i>), others (like
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>) by third-party driver
development projects (such as Gimp-Print) wanting to cooperate as
closely as possible with CUPS.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="small9"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.9. Raster to printer-specific formats.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/9small.png" width="270" alt="Raster to printer-specific formats."></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917666"></a>CUPS Backends</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The last part of any CUPS filtering chain is a backend. Backends
are special programs that send the print-ready file to the final
device. There is a separate backend program for any transfer
protocol of sending printjobs over the network, or for every local
interface. Every CUPS print queue needs to have a CUPS &#8220;<span class="quote">device-URI</span>&#8221;
associated with it. The device URI is the way to encode the backend
used to send the job to its destination. Network device-URIs are using
two slashes in their syntax, local device URIs only one, as you can
see from the following list. Keep in mind that local interface names
may vary much from my examples, if your OS is not Linux:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">usb </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to USB-connected printers. An
	example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
	<tt class="filename">usb:/dev/usb/lp0</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">serial </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to serially connected printers.
	An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
	<tt class="filename">serial:/dev/ttyS0?baud=11500</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">parallel </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to printers connected to the
	parallel port. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
	<tt class="filename">parallel:/dev/lp0</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">scsi </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to printers attached to the
	SCSI interface. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
	<tt class="filename">scsi:/dev/sr1</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">lpd </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to LPR/LPD connected network
	printers. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
	<tt class="filename">lpd://remote_host_name/remote_queue_name</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">AppSocket/HP JetDirect </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to AppSocket (a.k.a. "HP
	JetDirect") connected network printers. An example for the CUPS
	device-URI to use is:
	<tt class="filename">socket://10.11.12.13:9100</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ipp </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to IPP connected network
	printers (or to other CUPS servers). Examples for CUPS device-URIs
	to use are:
	<tt class="filename">ipp:://192.193.194.195/ipp</tt>
	(for many HP printers) or
	<tt class="filename">ipp://remote_cups_server/printers/remote_printer_name</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">http </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to HTTP connected printers.
	(The http:// CUPS backend is only a symlink to the ipp:// backend.)
	Examples for the CUPS device-URIs to use are:
	<tt class="filename">http:://192.193.194.195:631/ipp</tt>
	(for many HP printers) or
	<tt class="filename">http://remote_cups_server:631/printers/remote_printer_name</tt>.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">smb </span></dt><dd><p>
	This backend sends printfiles to printers shared by a Windows
	host. An example for CUPS device-URIs that may be used includes:
	</p><p>
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><tt class="filename">smb://workgroup/server/printersharename</tt></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="filename">smb://server/printersharename</tt></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="filename">smb://username:password@workgroup/server/printersharename</tt></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="filename">smb://username:password@server/printersharename</tt></td></tr></table><p>
	</p><p>
	The smb:// backend is a symlink to the Samba utility
	<i class="parameter"><tt>smbspool</tt></i> (does not ship with CUPS). If the
	symlink is not present in your CUPS backend directory, have your
	root user create it: <b class="command">ln -s `which smbspool'
	/usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</b>.
	</p></dd></dl></div><p>
It is easy to write your own backends as shell or Perl scripts, if you
need any modification or extension to the CUPS print system. One
reason could be that you want to create &#8220;<span class="quote">special</span>&#8221; printers that send
the printjobs as email (through a &#8220;<span class="quote">mailto:/</span>&#8221; backend), convert them to
PDF (through a &#8220;<span class="quote">pdfgen:/</span>&#8221; backend) or dump them to &#8220;<span class="quote">/dev/null</span>&#8221;. (In
fact I have the system-wide default printer set up to be connected to
a devnull:/ backend: there are just too many people sending jobs
without specifying a printer, or scripts and programs which do not name
a printer. The system-wide default deletes the job and sends a polite
email back to the $USER asking him to always specify the correct
printer name.)
</p><p>
Not all of the mentioned backends may be present on your system or
usable (depending on your hardware configuration). One test for all
available CUPS backends is provided by the <span class="emphasis"><em>lpinfo</em></span>
utility. Used with the <tt class="option">-v</tt> parameter, it lists
all available backends:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpinfo -v</tt></b>
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918031"></a>The Role of <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic/foomatic</tt></i></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2918046"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2918055"></a>
<i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> filters may be the most widely used on CUPS
installations. You must be clear about the fact that these were not
developed by the CUPS people. They are a third party add-on to
CUPS. They utilize the traditional Ghostscript devices to render jobs
for CUPS. When troubleshooting, you should know about the
difference. Here the whole rendering process is done in one stage,
inside Ghostscript, using an appropriate device for the target
printer. <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> uses PPDs that are generated from the Foomatic
Printer &amp; Driver Database at Linuxprinting.org.
</p><p>
You can recognize these PPDs from the line calling the
<i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> filter:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 *cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript  0  cupsomatic"
</pre><p>

You may find this line among the first 40 or so lines of the PPD
file. If you have such a PPD installed, the printer shows up in the
CUPS Web interface with a <i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic</tt></i> namepart for
the driver description. <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> is a Perl script that runs
Ghostscript with all the complicated command line options
auto-constructed from the selected PPD and command line options give to
the printjob.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2918132"></a>
	However, <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> is now deprecated. Its PPDs (especially the first
generation of them, still in heavy use out there) are not meeting the
Adobe specifications. You might also suffer difficulties when you try
to download them with &#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221; to Windows clients. A better
and more powerful successor is now in a stable beta-version: it is called <i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic-rip</tt></i>. To use
<i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic-rip</tt></i> as a filter with CUPS, you need the new-type PPDs. These
have a similar but different line:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 *cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript  0  foomatic-rip"
</pre><p>

The PPD generating engine at Linuxprinting.org has been revamped.
The new PPDs comply to the Adobe spec. On top, they also provide a
new way to specify different quality levels (hi-res photo, normal
color, grayscale, and draft) with a single click, whereas before you
could have required five or more different selections (media type,
resolution, inktype and dithering algorithm). There is support for
custom-size media built in. There is support to switch
print-options from page to page in the middle of a job. And the
best thing is the new foomatic-rip now works seamlessly with all
legacy spoolers too (like LPRng, BSD-LPD, PDQ, PPR and so on), providing
for them access to use PPDs for their printing.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918196"></a>The Complete Picture</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you want to see an overview of all the filters and how they
relate to each other, the complete picture of the puzzle is at the end
of this document.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918210"></a><tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS auto-constructs all possible filtering chain paths for any given
MIME type, and every printer installed. But how does it decide in
favor or against a specific alternative?  (There may often be cases
where there is a choice of two or more possible filtering chains for
the same target printer.) Simple. You may have noticed the figures in
the third column of the mime.convs file. They represent virtual costs
assigned to this filter. Every possible filtering chain will sum up to
a total &#8220;<span class="quote">filter cost.</span>&#8221; CUPS decides for the most &#8220;<span class="quote">inexpensive</span>&#8221; route.
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
The setting of <i class="parameter"><tt>FilterLimit 1000</tt></i> in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> will not allow more filters to
run concurrently than will consume a total of 1000 virtual filter
cost. This is an efficient way to limit the load of any CUPS
server by setting an appropriate &#8220;<span class="quote">FilterLimit</span>&#8221; value. A FilterLimit of
200 allows roughly one job at a time, while a FilterLimit of 1000 allows
approximately five jobs maximum at a time.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918275"></a>&#8220;<span class="quote">Raw</span>&#8221; Printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	You can tell CUPS to print (nearly) any file &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221;. &#8220;<span class="quote">Raw</span>&#8221; means it
	will not be filtered. CUPS will send the file to the printer &#8220;<span class="quote">as is</span>&#8221;
without bothering if the printer is able to digest it. Users need to
take care themselves that they send sensible data formats only. Raw
printing can happen on any queue if the &#8220;<span class="quote"><i class="parameter"><tt>-o raw</tt></i></span>&#8221; option is specified
on the command line. You can also set up raw-only queues by simply not
associating any PPD with it. This command:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -P rawprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -E</tt></b>
</pre><p>
	sets up a queue named &#8220;<span class="quote">rawprinter</span>&#8221;, connected via the &#8220;<span class="quote">socket</span>&#8221;
	protocol (a.k.a. &#8220;<span class="quote">HP JetDirect</span>&#8221;) to the device at IP address
11.12.1.3.14, using port 9100. (If you had added a PPD with
<b class="command">-P /path/to/PPD</b> to this command line, you would
have installed a &#8220;<span class="quote">normal</span>&#8221; print queue.
</p><p>
CUPS will automatically treat each job sent to a queue as a &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; one,
if it can't find a PPD associated with the queue. However, CUPS will
only send known MIME types (as defined in its own mime.types file) and
refuse others.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918384"></a>application/octet-stream Printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Any MIME type with no rule in the
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> file is regarded as unknown
or <i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i> and will not be
sent. Because CUPS refuses to print unknown MIME types per default,
you will probably have experienced the fact that print jobs originating
from Windows clients were not printed. You may have found an error
message in your CUPS logs like:
</p><p><tt class="computeroutput">
 Unable to convert file 0 to printable format for job
</tt></p><p>
To enable the printing of <i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i> files, edit
these two files:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt></p></li></ul></div><p>
Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must
be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation for
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i>. In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>
make sure this line is present:

<a class="indexterm" name="id2918481"></a>

</p><pre class="programlisting">
application/octet-stream
</pre><p>

This line (with no specific auto-typing rule set) makes all files
not otherwise auto-typed a member of <i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i>. In
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>, have this
line: 

</p><pre class="programlisting">
application/octet-stream   application/vnd.cups-raw   0   -
</pre><p>

<a class="indexterm" name="id2918522"></a>

This line tells CUPS to use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Null Filter</em></span>
(denoted as &#8220;<span class="quote">-</span>&#8221;, doing nothing at all) on
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i>, and tag the result as
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-raw</tt></i>. This last one is
always a green light to the CUPS scheduler to now hand the file over
to the backend connecting to the printer and sending it over.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Editing the <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt> and the
<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file does not
<span class="emphasis"><em>enforce</em></span> &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; printing, it only
<span class="emphasis"><em>allows</em></span> it.
</p></div><p><b>Background. </b>
CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones
does not by default allow one to send deliberate (possibly binary)
data to printing devices. (This could be easily abused to launch a
Denial of Service attack on your printer(s), causing at least the loss
of a lot of paper and ink...) &#8220;<span class="quote">Unknown</span>&#8221; data are regarded by CUPS
as <span class="emphasis"><em>MIME type</em></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>. While you
<span class="emphasis"><em>can</em></span> send data &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221;, the MIME type for these must
be one that is known to CUPS and an allowed one. The file
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> defines the &#8220;<span class="quote">rules</span>&#8221; of how CUPS
recognizes MIME types. The file
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt> decides which file
conversion filter(s) may be applied to which MIME types.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918652"></a>PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for Non-PS Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2918664"></a>
Originally PPDs were meant to be used for PostScript printers
only. Here, they help to send device-specific commands and settings
to the RIP which processes the jobfile. CUPS has extended this
scope for PPDs to cover non-PostScript printers too. This was not
difficult, because it is a standardized file format. In a way
it was logical too: CUPS handles PostScript and uses a PostScript
RIP (Ghostscript) to process the jobfiles. The only difference is:
a PostScript printer has the RIP built-in, for other types of
printers the Ghostscript RIP runs on the host computer.
</p><p>
PPDs for a non-PS printer have a few lines that are unique to
CUPS. The most important one looks similar to this:

<a class="indexterm" name="id2918689"></a>

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 *cupsFilter: application/vnd.cups-raster  66   rastertoprinter
</pre><p>

It is the last piece in the CUPS filtering puzzle. This line tells the
CUPS daemon to use as a last filter <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>. This filter
should be served as input an <i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-raster</tt></i> MIME type
file. Therefore, CUPS should auto-construct a filtering chain, which
delivers as its last output the specified MIME type. This is then
taken as input to the specified <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i> filter. After this
the last filter has done its work (<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i> is a Gimp-Print
filter), the file should go to the backend, which sends it to the
output device.
</p><p>
CUPS by default ships only a few generic PPDs, but they are good for
several hundred printer models. You may not be able to control
different paper trays, or you may get larger margins than your
specific model supports. See <link linkend="cups-ppds"> for summary information.
</p><div class="table"><a name="cups-ppds"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 19.1. PPDs shipped with CUPS</b></p><table summary="PPDs shipped with CUPS" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">PPD file</th><th align="justify">Printer type</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">deskjet.ppd</td><td align="justify">older HP inkjet printers and compatible</td></tr><tr><td align="left">deskjet2.ppd</td><td align="justify">newer HP inkjet printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">dymo.ppd</td><td align="justify">label printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">epson9.ppd</td><td align="justify">Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">epson24.ppd</td><td align="justify">Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">okidata9.ppd</td><td align="justify">Okidata 9pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">okidat24.ppd</td><td align="justify">Okidata 24pin impact printers and compatible </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stcolor.ppd</td><td align="justify">older Epson Stylus Color printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stcolor2.ppd</td><td align="justify">newer Epson Stylus Color printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stphoto.ppd</td><td align="justify">older Epson Stylus Photo printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">stphoto2.ppd</td><td align="justify">newer Epson Stylus Photo printers </td></tr><tr><td align="left">laserjet.ppd</td><td align="justify">all PCL printers. Further below is a discussion
			of several other driver/PPD-packages suitable for use with CUPS. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2918952"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</em></span> Versus <span class="emphasis"><em>native CUPS</em></span> Printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2918972"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2918980"></a>
Native CUPS rasterization works in two steps:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
First is the <i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> step. It uses the special CUPS
<a class="indexterm" name="id2919006"></a>
device from ESP Ghostscript 7.05.x as its tool.
</p></li><li><p>
Second comes the <i class="parameter"><tt>rasterdriver</tt></i> step. It uses various
device-specific filters; there are several vendors who provide good
quality filters for this step. Some are free software, some are
shareware/non-free and some are proprietary.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Often this produces better quality (and has several more
advantages) than other methods.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="cupsomatic-dia"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.10. cupsomatic/foomatic Processing versus Native CUPS.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/10small.png" width="270" alt="cupsomatic/foomatic Processing versus Native CUPS."></div></div><p>
</p><p>
One other method is the <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</tt></i>
way. Note that <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> made by the CUPS
developers. It is an independent contribution to printing development,
made by people from Linuxprinting.org <sup>[<a name="id2919110" href="#ftn.id2919110">4</a>]</sup>.
<i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> is no longer developed and maintained and is no longer
supported. It has now been replaced by
<i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic-rip</tt></i>. <i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic-rip</tt></i> is a complete re-write
of the old <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> idea, but very much improved and generalized to
other (non-CUPS) spoolers. An upgrade to foomatic-rip is strongly
advised, especially if you are upgrading to a recent version of CUPS,
too.
</p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2919157"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2919165"></a>
Both the <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> (old) and the <i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic-rip</tt></i> (new) methods from
Linuxprinting.org use the traditional Ghostscript print file
processing, doing everything in a single step. It therefore relies on
all the other devices built into Ghostscript. The quality is as
good (or bad) as Ghostscript rendering is in other spoolers. The
advantage is that this method supports many printer models not
supported (yet) by the more modern CUPS method.
</p><p>
Of course, you can use both methods side by side on one system (and
even for one printer, if you set up different queues) and find out
which works best for you.
</p><p>
<i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> kidnaps the printfile after the
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i> stage and
deviates it through the CUPS-external, system-wide Ghostscript
installation. Therefore the printfile bypasses the <i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> filter
(and also bypasses the CUPS-raster-drivers
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertosomething</tt></i>). After Ghostscript finished its rasterization,
<i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> hands the rendered file directly to the CUPS backend. The
flowchart in <link linkend="cupsomatic-dia"> illustrates the difference between native CUPS
rendering and the <i class="parameter"><tt>Foomatic/cupsomatic</tt></i> method.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2919266"></a>Examples for Filtering Chains</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here are a few examples of commonly occurring filtering chains to
illustrate the workings of CUPS.
</p><p>
Assume you want to print a PDF file to an HP JetDirect-connected
PostScript printer, but you want to print the pages 3-5, 7, 11-13
only, and you want to print them &#8220;<span class="quote">two-up</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">duplex</span>&#8221;:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Your print options (page selection as required, two-up,
duplex) are passed to CUPS on the command line.</p></li><li><p>The (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/pdf</tt></i>.</p></li><li><p>The file therefore must first pass the
<i class="parameter"><tt>pdftops</tt></i> pre-filter, which produces PostScript
MIME type <i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i> (a preview here
would still show all pages of the original PDF).</p></li><li><p>The file then passes the <i class="parameter"><tt>pstops</tt></i>
filter that applies the command line options: it selects the pages
2-5, 7 and 11-13, creates an imposed layout &#8220;<span class="quote">2 pages on 1 sheet</span>&#8221; and
inserts the correct &#8220;<span class="quote">duplex</span>&#8221; command (as defined in the printer's
PPD) into the new PostScript file; the file is now of PostScript MIME
type
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>.</p></li><li><p>The file goes to the <i class="parameter"><tt>socket</tt></i>
backend, which transfers the job to the printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	The resulting filter chain, therefore, is as drawn in <link linkend="pdftosocket">.
</p><div class="figure"><a name="pdftosocket"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.11. PDF to socket chain.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/pdftosocket.png" width="270" alt="PDF to socket chain."></div></div><p>
Assume your want to print the same filter to an USB-connected
Epson Stylus Photo printer installed with the CUPS
<tt class="filename">stphoto2.ppd</tt>. The first few filtering stages
are nearly the same:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Your print options (page selection as required, two-up,
duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline.</p></li><li><p>The (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/pdf</tt></i>.</p></li><li><p>The file must first pass the
<i class="parameter"><tt>pdftops</tt></i> pre-filter, which produces PostScript
MIME type <i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i> (a preview here
would still show all pages of the original PDF).</p></li><li><p>The file then passes the &#8220;<span class="quote">pstops</span>&#8221; filter that applies
the commandline options: it selects the pages 2-5, 7 and 11-13,
creates an imposed layout &#8220;<span class="quote">two pages on one sheet</span>&#8221; and inserts the
correct &#8220;<span class="quote">duplex</span>&#8221; command... (Oops  this printer and PPD
do not support duplex printing at all  so this option will
be ignored) into the new PostScript file; the file is now of PostScript
MIME type 
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>.</p></li><li><p>The file then passes the
		
<i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> stage and becomes MIME type
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/
cups-raster</tt></i>.</p></li><li><p>Finally, the <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoepson</tt></i> filter
does its work (as indicated in the printer's PPD), creating the
rinter-specific raster data and embedding any user-selected
print-options into the print data stream.</p></li><li><p>The file goes to the <i class="parameter"><tt>usb</tt></i> backend,
which transfers the job to the printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	The resulting filter chain therefore is as drawn in <link linkend="pdftoepsonusb">.
</p><div class="figure"><a name="pdftoepsonusb"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.12. PDF to USB chain.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/pdftoepsonusb.png" width="270" alt="PDF to USB chain."></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2919651"></a>Sources of CUPS Drivers/PPDs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
On the Internet you can now find many thousands of CUPS-PPD files
(with their companion filters), in many national languages
supporting more than thousand non-PostScript models.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><a class="indexterm" name="id2919667"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2919677"></a><ul type="disc"><li><p><ulink url="http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/">ESP
PrintPro</ulink> (commercial,
non-free) is packaged with more than three thousand PPDs, ready for
successful use &#8220;<span class="quote">out of the box</span>&#8221; on Linux, Mac OS X, IBM-AIX,
HP-UX, Sun-Solaris, SGI-IRIX, Compaq Tru64, Digital UNIX, and some
more commercial Unices (it is written by the CUPS developers
themselves and its sales help finance the further development of
CUPS, as they feed their creators).</p></li><li><p>The <ulink url="http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/">Gimp-Print-Project
</ulink> (GPL, free software)
provides around 140 PPDs (supporting nearly 400 printers, many driven
to photo quality output), to be used alongside the Gimp-Print CUPS
filters.</p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://www.turboprint.com/">TurboPrint
</ulink> (shareware, non-free) supports
roughly the same amount of printers in excellent
quality.</p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/">OMNI
</ulink>
(LPGL, free) is a package made by IBM, now containing support for more
than 400 printers, stemming from the inheritance of IBM OS/2 Know-How
ported over to Linux (CUPS support is in a beta-stage at
present).</p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/">HPIJS
</ulink> (BSD-style licenses, free)
supports around 150 of HP's own printers and is also providing
excellent print quality now (currently available only via the Foomatic
path).</p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/">Foomatic/cupsomatic
</ulink> (LPGL, free) from
Linuxprinting.org are providing PPDs for practically every Ghostscript
filter known to the world (including Omni, Gimp-Print and
HPIJS).</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2919788"></a>Printing with Interface Scripts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS also supports the usage of &#8220;<span class="quote">interface scripts</span>&#8221; as known from
System V AT&amp;T printing systems. These are often used for PCL
printers, from applications that generate PCL print jobs. Interface
scripts are specific to printer models. They have a similar role as
PPDs for PostScript printers. Interface scripts may inject the Escape
sequences as required into the print data stream, if the user has
chosen to select a certain paper tray, or print landscape, or use A3
paper, etc. Interfaces scripts are practically unknown in the Linux
realm. On HP-UX platforms they are more often used. You can use any
working interface script on CUPS too. Just install the printer with
the <b class="command">-i</b> option:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p pclprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 \
  -i /path/to/interface-script</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Interface scripts might be the &#8220;<span class="quote">unknown animal</span>&#8221; to many. However,
with CUPS they provide the easiest way to plug in your own
custom-written filtering script or program into one specific print
queue (some information about the traditional usage of interface scripts is
to be found at <ulink url="http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html">http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html</ulink>).
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2919880"></a>Network Printing (Purely Windows)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Network printing covers a lot of ground. To understand what exactly
goes on with Samba when it is printing on behalf of its Windows
clients, let's first look at a &#8220;<span class="quote">purely Windows</span>&#8221; setup: Windows clients
with a Windows NT print server.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2919900"></a>From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Windows clients printing to an NT-based print server have two
options. They may:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2919913"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2919922"></a>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Execute the driver locally and render the GDI output
			(EMF) into the printer-specific format on their own.
	</p></li><li><p>Send the GDI output (EMF) to the server, where the
driver is executed to render the printer specific
output.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	Both print paths are shown in the flowcharts in the figures below.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2919956"></a>Driver Execution on the Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the first case the print server must spool the file as raw,
meaning it shouldn't touch the jobfile and try to convert it in any
way. This is what a traditional UNIX-based print server can do too, and
at a better performance and more reliably than an NT print server. This
is what most Samba administrators probably are familiar with. One
advantage of this setup is that this &#8220;<span class="quote">spooling-only</span>&#8221; print server may
be used even if no driver(s) for UNIX are available it is sufficient
to have the Windows client drivers available; and installed on the
clients.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="small11"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.13. Print driver execution on the client.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/11small.png" width="270" alt="Print driver execution on the client."></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920029"></a>Driver Execution on the Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920038"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920046"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920055"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920063"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920071"></a>
The other path executes the printer driver on the server. The client
transfers print files in EMF format to the server. The server uses the
PostScript, PCL, ESC/P or other driver to convert the EMF file into
the printer-specific language. It is not possible for UNIX to do the
same. Currently, there is no program or method to convert a Windows
client's GDI output on a UNIX server into something a printer could
understand.
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="small12"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.14. Print driver execution on the server.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/12small.png" width="270" alt="Print driver execution on the server."></div></div><p>
</p><p>
However, there is something similar possible with CUPS. Read on.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2920140"></a>Network Printing (Windows Clients  UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since UNIX print servers <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span> execute the Win32
program code on their platform, the picture is somewhat
different. However, this does not limit your options all that
much. On the contrary, you may have a way here to implement printing
features that are not possible otherwise.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920162"></a>From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here is a simple recipe showing how you can take advantage of CUPS'
powerful features for the benefit of your Windows network printing
clients:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Let the Windows clients send PostScript to the CUPS
server.</p></li><li><p>Let the CUPS server render the PostScript into device-specific raster format.</p></li></ul></div><p>
This requires the clients to use a PostScript driver (even if the
printer is a non-PostScript model. It also requires that you have a
driver on the CUPS server.
</p><p>
First, to enable CUPS-based rinting through Samba the
following options should be set in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file [global]
section:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap = cups</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
When these parameters are specified, all manually set print directives
(like <a class="indexterm" name="id2920242"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>, or <a class="indexterm" name="id2920257"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command</tt></i>) in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> (as well as
in Samba itself) will be ignored. Instead, Samba will directly
interface with CUPS through its application program interface (API),
as long as Samba has been compiled with CUPS library (libcups)
support. If Samba has not been compiled with CUPS support, and if no
other print commands are set up, then printing will use the
<span class="emphasis"><em>System V</em></span> AT&amp;T command set, with the -oraw
option automatically passing through (if you want your own defined
print commands to work with a Samba that has CUPS support compiled in,
simply use <a class="indexterm" name="id2920295"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = sysv).
</p><p>
</p><div class="figure"><a name="13small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.15. Printing via CUPS/Samba server.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/13small.png" width="270" alt="Printing via CUPS/Samba server."></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920357"></a>Samba Receiving Jobfiles and Passing Them to CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> use its own spool directory (it is set
by a line similar to <a class="indexterm" name="id2920371"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /var/spool/samba,
in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> or
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printername]</tt></i> section of
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). Samba receives the job in its own
spool space and passes it into the spool directory of CUPS (the CUPS
spooling directory is set by the <i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot</tt></i>
directive, in a line that defaults to <i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot
/var/spool/cups</tt></i>). CUPS checks the access rights of its
spool dir and resets it to healthy values with every restart. We have
seen quite a few people who had used a common spooling space for Samba
and CUPS, and were struggling for weeks with this &#8220;<span class="quote">problem.</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
A Windows user authenticates only to Samba (by whatever means is
configured). If Samba runs on the same host as CUPS, you only need to
allow &#8220;<span class="quote">localhost</span>&#8221; to print. If they run on different machines, you
need to make sure the Samba host gets access to printing on CUPS.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2920446"></a>Network PostScript RIP</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section discusses the use of CUPS filters on the server  configuration where
clients make use of a PostScript driver with CUPS-PPDs.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920468"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920476"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920484"></a>
PPDs can control all print device options. They are usually provided
by the manufacturer, if you own a PostScript printer, that is. PPD
files (PostScript Printer Descriptions) are always a component of
PostScript printer drivers on MS Windows or Apple Mac OS systems. They
are ASCII files containing user-selectable print options, mapped to
appropriate PostScript, PCL or PJL commands for the target
printer. Printer driver GUI dialogs translate these options
&#8220;<span class="quote">on-the-fly</span>&#8221; into buttons and drop-down lists for the user to select.
</p><p>
CUPS can load, without any conversions, the PPD file from any Windows
(NT is recommended) PostScript driver and handle the options. There is
a Web browser interface to the print options (select <ulink url="http://localhost:631/printers/">http://localhost:631/printers/</ulink>
and click on one <span class="guibutton">Configure Printer</span> button to see
it), or a command line interface (see <b class="command">man lpoptions</b>
or see if you have <b class="command">lphelp</b> on your system). There are also some
different GUI frontends on Linux/UNIX, which can present PPD options
to users. PPD options are normally meant to be evaluated by the
PostScript RIP on the real PostScript printer.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920548"></a>PPDs for Non-PS Printers on UNIX</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920560"></a>
CUPS does not limit itself to &#8220;<span class="quote">real</span>&#8221; PostScript printers in its usage
of PPDs. The CUPS developers have extended the scope of the PPD
concept to also describe available device and driver options for
non-PostScript printers through CUPS-PPDs.
</p><p>
This is logical, as CUPS includes a fully featured PostScript
interpreter (RIP). This RIP is based on Ghostscript. It can process
all received PostScript (and additionally many other file formats)
from clients. All CUPS-PPDs geared to non-PostScript printers contain
an additional line, starting with the keyword
<i class="parameter"><tt>*cupsFilter</tt></i>. This line tells the CUPS print
system which printer-specific filter to use for the interpretation of
the supplied PostScript. Thus CUPS lets all its printers appear as
PostScript devices to its clients, because it can act as a PostScript
RIP for those printers, processing the received PostScript code into a
proper raster print format.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920608"></a>PPDs for Non-PS Printers on Windows</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920619"></a>
CUPS-PPDs can also be used on Windows-Clients, on top of a
&#8220;<span class="quote">core</span>&#8221; PostScript driver (now recommended is the "CUPS PostScript
Driver for WindowsNT/200x/XP"; you can also use the Adobe one, with
limitations). This feature enables CUPS to do a few tricks no other
spooler can do:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Act as a networked PostScript RIP (Raster Image
Processor), handling printfiles from all client platforms in a uniform
way.</p></li><li><p>Act as a central accounting and billing server, since
all files are passed through the pstops filter and are, therefore,
logged in the CUPS <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> file.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Note:</em></span> this cannot happen with &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; print jobs,
which always remain unfiltered per definition.</p></li><li><p>Enable clients to consolidate on a single PostScript
driver, even for many different target printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Using CUPS PPDs on Windows clients enables these to control
all print job settings just as a UNIX client can do.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2920689"></a>Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This setup may be of special interest to people experiencing major
problems in WTS environments. WTS often need a multitude of
non-PostScript drivers installed to run their clients' variety of
different printer models. This often imposes the price of much
increased instability.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920707"></a>Printer Drivers Running in &#8220;<span class="quote">Kernel Mode</span>&#8221; Cause Many
Problems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	In Windows NT printer drivers which run in &#8220;<span class="quote">Kernel
Mode</span>&#8221;, introduces a high risk for the stability of the system
if the driver is not really stable and well-tested. And there are a
lot of bad drivers out there! Especially notorious is the example
of the PCL printer driver that had an additional sound module
running, to notify users via soundcard of their finished jobs. Do I
need to say that this one was also reliably causing &#8220;<span class="quote">blue screens
of death</span>&#8221; on a regular basis?
</p><p>
PostScript drivers are generally well tested. They are not known
to cause any problems, even though they also run in kernel mode. This
might be because there have been so far only two different PostScript
drivers: the ones from Adobe and the one from Microsoft. Both are
well tested and are as stable as you can imagine on
Windows. The CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920752"></a>Workarounds Impose Heavy Limitations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In many cases, in an attempt to work around this problem, site
administrators have resorted to restricting the allowed drivers installed
on their WTS to one generic PCL and one PostScript driver. This,
however, restricts the clients in the number of printer options
available for them. Often they can't get out more than simplex
prints from one standard paper tray, while their devices could do much
better, if driven by a different driver!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920773"></a>CUPS: A &#8220;<span class="quote">Magical Stone</span>&#8221;?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920788"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920797"></a>
Using a PostScript driver, enabled with a CUPS-PPD, seems to be a very
elegant way to overcome all these shortcomings. There are, depending
on the version of Windows OS you use, up to three different PostScript
drivers available: Adobe, Microsoft and CUPS PostScript drivers. None
of them is known to cause major stability problems on WTS (even if
used with many different PPDs). The clients will be able to (again)
chose paper trays, duplex printing and other settings. However, there
is a certain price for this too: a CUPS server acting as a PostScript
RIP for its clients requires more CPU and RAM than when just acting as
a &#8220;<span class="quote">raw spooling</span>&#8221; device. Plus, this setup is not yet widely tested,
although the first feedbacks look very promising.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920836"></a>PostScript Drivers with No Major Problems  Even in Kernel
Mode</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920852"></a>
More recent printer drivers on W200x and XP no longer run in kernel mode
(unlike Windows NT). However, both operating systems can still
use the NT drivers, running in kernel mode (you can roughly tell which
is which as the drivers in subdirectory &#8220;<span class="quote">2</span>&#8221; of &#8220;<span class="quote">W32X86</span>&#8221; are &#8220;<span class="quote">old</span>&#8221;
ones). As was said before, the Adobe as well as the Microsoft
PostScript drivers are not known to cause any stability problems. The
CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. There is a simple
reason for this: The MS DDK (Device Development Kit) for Windows NT (which
used to be available at no cost to licensees of Visual Studio)
includes the source code of the Microsoft driver, and licensees of
Visual Studio are allowed to use and modify it for their own driver
development efforts. This is what the CUPS people have done. The
license does not allow them to publish the whole of the source code.
However, they have released the &#8220;<span class="quote">diff</span>&#8221; under the GPL, and if you are
the owner of an &#8220;<span class="quote">MS DDK for Windows NT,</span>&#8221; you can check the driver yourself.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2920901"></a>Configuring CUPS for Driver Download</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As we have said before, all previously known methods to prepare client
printer drivers on the Samba server for download and Point'n'Print
convenience of Windows workstations are working with CUPS, too. These
methods were described in the previous chapter. In reality, this is a
pure Samba business and only relates to the Samba/Windows client
relationship.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2920920"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>: The Unknown Utility</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2920935"></a>
The <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> utility (shipped with all current CUPS versions) is an
alternate method to transfer printer drivers into the Samba
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Remember, this share is where
clients expect drivers deposited and setup for download and
installation. It makes the sharing of any (or all) installed CUPS
printers quite easy. <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> can use the Adobe PostScript driver as
well as the newly developed CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/200x/XP. <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsaddsmb</tt></i> does
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work with arbitrary vendor printer drivers,
but only with the <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> driver files that are
named in its man page.
</p><p>
The CUPS printer driver is available from the CUPS download site. Its
package name is <tt class="filename">cups-samba-[version].tar.gz</tt> . It
is preferred over the Adobe drivers since it has a number of
advantages:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>It supports a much more accurate page
accounting.</p></li><li><p>It supports banner pages, and page labels on all
printers.</p></li><li><p>It supports the setting of a number of job IPP
attributes (such as job-priority, page-label and
job-billing).</p></li></ul></div><p>
However, currently only Windows NT, 2000 and XP are supported by the
CUPS drivers. You will also need to get the respective part of Adobe driver
if you need to support Windows 95, 98 and ME clients.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2921036"></a>Prepare Your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Prior to running <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b>, you need the settings in
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> as shown in <link linkend="cupsadd-ex">:
</p><div class="example"><a name="cupsadd-ex"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 19.3. smb.conf for cupsaddsmb usage</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All Printers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># setting depends on your requirements</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writable = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = root</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Printer Drivers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /etc/samba/drivers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>write list = root</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2921278"></a>CUPS &#8220;<span class="quote">PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</span>&#8221;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921293"></a>
CUPS users may get the exact same packages from <ulink url="http://www.cups.org/software.html">http://www.cups.org/software.html</ulink>.
It is a separate package from the CUPS base software files, tagged as
CUPS 1.1.x Windows NT/200x/XP Printer Driver for Samba
(tar.gz, 192k). The filename to download is
<tt class="filename">cups-samba-1.1.x.tar.gz</tt>. Upon untar and unzipping,
it will reveal these files:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tar xvzf cups-samba-1.1.19.tar.gz</tt></b>
cups-samba.install
cups-samba.license
cups-samba.readme
cups-samba.remove
cups-samba.ss
</pre><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921348"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921359"></a>
These have been packaged with the ESP meta packager software
EPM. The <tt class="filename">*.install</tt> and
<tt class="filename">*.remove</tt> files are simple shell scripts, which
untars the <tt class="filename">*.ss</tt> (the <tt class="filename">*.ss</tt> is
nothing else but a tar-archive, which can be untarred by &#8220;<span class="quote">tar</span>&#8221;
too). Then it puts the content into
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>. This content includes three
files:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tar tv cups-samba.ss</tt></b>
cupsdrvr.dll
cupsui.dll
cups.hlp  
</pre><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>cups-samba.install</tt></i> shell scripts are easy to
handle:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>./cups-samba.install</tt></b>
[....]
Installing software...
Updating file permissions...
Running post-install commands...
Installation is complete.       
</pre><p>
The script should automatically put the driver files into the
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt> directory.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Due to a bug, one recent CUPS release puts the
<tt class="filename">cups.hlp</tt> driver file
into<tt class="filename">/usr/share/drivers/</tt> instead of
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>. To work around this,
copy/move the file (after running the
<b class="command">./cups-samba.install</b> script) manually to the
correct place.
</p></div><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp /usr/share/drivers/cups.hlp /usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt></b>
</pre><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921543"></a>
This new CUPS PostScript driver is currently binary-only, but free of
charge. No complete source code is provided (yet). The reason is that
it has been developed with the help of the Microsoft Driver
Developer Kit (DDK) and compiled with Microsoft Visual
Studio 6. Driver developers are not allowed to distribute the whole of
the source code as free software. However, CUPS developers released
the &#8220;<span class="quote">diff</span>&#8221; in source code under the GPL, so anybody with a license of
Visual Studio and a DDK will be able to compile for him/herself.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2921567"></a>Recognizing Different Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The CUPS drivers do not support the older Windows 95/98/Me, but only
the Windows NT/2000/XP client.
</p><p>Windows NT, 2000 and XP are supported by:</p><p>
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>cups.hlp</li><li>cupsdrvr.dll</li><li>cupsui.dll</li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
Adobe drivers are available for the older Windows 95/98/Me as well as
the Windows NT/2000/XP clients. The set of files is different from the
different platforms.
</p><p>Windows 95, 98 and ME are supported by:</p><p>
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>ADFONTS.MFM</li><li>ADOBEPS4.DRV</li><li>ADOBEPS4.HLP</li><li>DEFPRTR2.PPD</li><li>ICONLIB.DLL</li><li>PSMON.DLL</li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>Windows NT, 2000 and XP are supported by:</p><p>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>ADOBEPS5.DLL</li><li>ADOBEPSU.DLL</li><li>ADOBEPSU.HLP</li></ul></div><p>

</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
If both the Adobe driver files and the CUPS driver files for the
support of Windows NT/200x/XP are present in FIXME, the Adobe ones will be ignored
and the CUPS ones will be used. If you prefer  for whatever reason
 to use Adobe-only drivers, move away the three CUPS driver files. The
Windows 9x/Me clients use the Adobe drivers in any case.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2921697"></a>Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Acquiring the Adobe driver files seems to be unexpectedly difficult
for many users. They are not available on the Adobe Web site as single
files and the self-extracting and/or self-installing Windows-.exe is
not easy to locate either. Probably you need to use the included
native installer and run the installation process on one client
once. This will install the drivers (and one Generic PostScript
printer) locally on the client. When they are installed, share the
Generic PostScript printer. After this, the client's
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share holds the Adobe files, from
where you can get them with smbclient from the CUPS host. 
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2921727"></a>ESP Print Pro PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921740"></a>
Users of the ESP Print Pro software are able to install their Samba
drivers package for this purpose with no problem. Retrieve the driver
files from the normal download area of the ESP Print Pro software
at <ulink url="http://www.easysw.com/software.html">http://www.easysw.com/software.html</ulink>.
You need to locate the link labelled &#8220;<span class="quote">SAMBA</span>&#8221; among the
<span class="guilabel">Download Printer Drivers for ESP Print Pro 4.x</span>
area and download the package. Once installed, you can prepare any
driver by simply highlighting the printer in the Printer Manager GUI
and select <span class="guilabel">Export Driver...</span> from the menu. Of
course you need to have prepared Samba beforehand to handle the
driver files; i.e., setup the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share, and so on. The ESP Print Pro package includes the CUPS driver files
as well as a (licensed) set of Adobe drivers for the Windows 95/98/Me
client family.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2921797"></a>Caveats to be Considered</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921809"></a>
Once you have run the install script (and possibly manually
moved the <tt class="filename">cups.hlp</tt> file to
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>), the driver is
ready to be put into Samba's <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share (which often maps to
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/</tt> and contains a subdirectory
tree with <span class="emphasis"><em>WIN40</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>W32X86</em></span> branches). You do this by running
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> (see also <b class="command">man cupsaddsmb</b> for
CUPS since release 1.1.16).
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921877"></a>
You may need to put root into the smbpasswd file by running
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b>; this is especially important if you
should run this whole procedure for the first time, and are not
working in an environment where everything is configured for
<span class="emphasis"><em>single sign on</em></span> to a Windows Domain Controller.
</p></div><p>
Once the driver files are in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share
and are initialized, they are ready to be downloaded and installed by
the Windows NT/200x/XP clients.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Win 9x/Me clients will not work with the CUPS PostScript driver. For
these you still need to use the <tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt>
drivers as previously stated.
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
It is not harmful if you still have the
<tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt> driver files from previous
installations in the <tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>
directory. The new <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> (from 1.1.16) will
automatically prefer its own drivers if it finds both.
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2921965"></a>
Should your Windows clients have had the old <tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt>
files for the Adobe PostScript driver installed, the download and
installation of the new CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/200x/XP
will fail at first. You need to wipe the old driver from the clients
first. It is not enough to &#8220;<span class="quote">delete</span>&#8221; the printer, as the driver files
will still be kept by the clients and re-used if you try to re-install
the printer. To really get rid of the Adobe driver files on the
clients, open the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span> folder (possibly via <span class="guilabel">Start &gt; Settings &gt; Control Panel &gt; Printers</span>),
right-click on the folder background and select <span class="guimenuitem">Server
Properties</span>. When the new dialog opens, select the
<span class="guilabel">Drivers</span> tab. On the list select the driver you
want to delete and click the <span class="guilabel">Delete</span>
button. This will only work if there is not one single printer left
that uses that particular driver. You need to &#8220;<span class="quote">delete</span>&#8221; all printers
using this driver in the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span> folder first. You will need
Administrator privileges to do this.
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922050"></a>
Once you have successfully downloaded the CUPS PostScript driver to a
client, you can easily switch all printers to this one by proceeding
as described in <link linkend="printing">. Either change
a driver for an existing printer by running the <span class="guilabel">Printer Properties</span>
dialog, or use <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with the
<b class="command">setdriver</b> subcommand.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2922094"></a>Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Are you interested in a comparison between the CUPS and the Adobe
PostScript drivers? For our purposes these are the most important
items that weigh in favor of the CUPS ones:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>No hassle with the Adobe EULA.</p></li><li><p>No hassle with the question &#8220;<span class="quote">Where do I
get the ADOBE*.* driver files from?</span>&#8221;</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922134"></a>
The Adobe drivers (on request of the printer PPD
associated with them) often put a PJL header in front of the main
PostScript part of the print file. Thus, the printfile starts with
<i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;1B &gt;%-12345X</tt></i> or
<i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;escape&gt;%-12345X</tt></i> instead
of <i class="parameter"><tt>%!PS</tt></i>). This leads to the
CUPS daemon auto-typing the incoming file as a print-ready file,
not initiating a pass through the <i class="parameter"><tt>pstops</tt></i> filter (to speak more
technically, it is not regarded as the generic MIME-type 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922177"></a>
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i>, but as
the more special MIME type
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922194"></a>
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/cups.vnd-postscript</tt></i>),
which therefore also leads to the page accounting in
<i class="parameter"><tt>/var/log/cups/page_log</tt></i> not
receiving the exact number of pages; instead the dummy page number
of &#8220;<span class="quote">1</span>&#8221; is logged in a standard setup).</p></li><li><p>The Adobe driver has more options to misconfigure the
PostScript generated by it (like setting it inadvertently to
<span class="guilabel">Optimize for Speed</span>, instead of
<span class="guilabel">Optimize for Portability</span>, which
could lead to CUPS being unable to process it).</p></li><li><p>The CUPS PostScript driver output sent by Windows
clients to the CUPS server is guaranteed to auto-type 
as the generic MIME type <i class="parameter"><tt>application/postscript</tt></i>,
thus passing through the CUPS <i class="parameter"><tt>pstops</tt></i> filter and logging the
correct number of pages in the <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> for
accounting and quota purposes.</p></li><li><p>The CUPS PostScript driver supports the sending of
additional standard (IPP) print options by Windows NT/200x/XP clients. Such
additional print options are: naming the CUPS standard
<span class="emphasis"><em>banner pages</em></span> (or the custom ones, should they be
installed at the time of driver download), using the CUPS
page-label option, setting a
job-priority, and setting the scheduled
time of printing (with the option to support additional
useful IPP job attributes in the future).</p></li><li><p>The CUPS PostScript driver supports the inclusion of
the new <i class="parameter"><tt>*cupsJobTicket</tt></i> comments at the
beginning of the PostScript file (which could be used in the future
for all sort of beneficial extensions on the CUPS side, but which will
not disturb any other applications as they will regard it as a comment
and simply ignore it).</p></li><li><p>The CUPS PostScript driver will be the heart of the
fully fledged CUPS IPP client for Windows NT/200x/XP to be released soon
(probably alongside the first beta release for CUPS
1.2).</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2922324"></a>Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922335"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922343"></a>
The <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> command copies the needed files into your
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Additionally, the PPD
associated with this printer is copied from
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/ppd/</tt> to
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. There the files wait for convenient
Windows client installations via Point'n'Print. Before we can run the
command successfully, we need to be sure that we can authenticate
toward Samba. If you have a small network, you are probably using user-level
security (<a class="indexterm" name="id2922384"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user). 
</p><p>
Here is an example of a successfully run <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> command: 
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U root infotec_IS2027</tt></b>
Password for root required to access localhost via Samba: <b class="userinput"><tt>['secret']</tt></b>
</pre><p>
To share <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> printers and drivers, use the
<tt class="option">-a</tt> parameter instead of a printer name. Since
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> &#8220;<span class="quote">exports</span>&#8221; the printer drivers to Samba, it should be
obvious that it only works for queues with a CUPS driver associated.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2922468"></a>Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922480"></a>
Probably you want to see what's going on. Use the
<tt class="option">-v</tt> parameter to get a more verbose output. The
output below was edited for better readability: all &#8220;<span class="quote">\</span>&#8221; at the end of
a line indicate that I inserted an artificial line break plus some
indentation here:
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
You will see the root password for the Samba account printed on
screen. 
</p></div><p>
	
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922511"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922522"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U root -v infotec_2105</tt></b>
Password for root required to access localhost via GANDALF:
Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' \
    -c 'mkdir W32X86; \
    put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd; \
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll; \
    put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll W32X86/cupsui.dll; \
    put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp W32X86/cups.hlp'
added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \W32X86
putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd
putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll as \W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll
putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll as \W32X86/cupsui.dll
putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp as \W32X86/cups.hlp
  
Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' 
   -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86"   \
   "infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL: \
    RAW:NULL"'
cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
   "infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL: \
	RAW:NULL"
Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
  
Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' \
-c 'mkdir WIN40; \
    put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD; \
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM;   \
    put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV; \
    put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP; \
    put /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD; \
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL; \
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL WIN40/PSMON.DLL;'
  added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
  Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
  NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \WIN40
  putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM as \WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD as \WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL as \WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL as \WIN40/PSMON.DLL
  
  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' \
   -c 'adddriver "Windows 4.0"      \
   "infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP: \
   PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL, \
    ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL"'
	cmd = adddriver "Windows 4.0" "infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:\
	infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,\
	infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL,ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,\
	ICONLIB.DLL"
  Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
  
  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret'  \
   -c 'setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105'
  cmd = setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105
  Successfully set infotec_2105 to driver infotec_2105.

</pre><p>
If you look closely, you'll discover your root password was transferred
unencrypted over the wire, so beware! Also, if you look further,
you'll discover error messages like NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION in between. They occur, because the directories WIN40 and W32X86 already existed in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> driver download share (from a previous driver installation). They are harmless here.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2922698"></a>Understanding cupsaddsmb</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922710"></a>
What has happened? What did <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> do? There are five stages of
the procedure:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2922741"></a>
			Call the CUPS server via IPP and request the
driver files and the PPD file for the named printer.</p></li><li><p>Store the files temporarily in the local
TEMPDIR (as defined in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt>).</p></li><li><p>Connect via smbclient to the Samba server's
 <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and put the files into the
 share's WIN40 (for Windows 9x/Me) and W32X86/ (for Windows NT/200x/XP) subdirectories.</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922785"></a>
		Connect via rpcclient to the Samba server and
execute the <b class="command">adddriver</b> command with the correct
parameters.</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922810"></a>
		Connect via rpcclient to the Samba server a second
time and execute the <b class="command">setdriver</b> command.</p></li></ol></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
You can run the <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> utility with parameters to
specify one remote host as Samba host and a second remote host as CUPS
host. Especially if you want to get a deeper understanding, it is a
good idea to try it and see more clearly what is going on (though in real
life most people will have their CUPS and Samba servers run on the
same host):
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printer</tt></b>
</pre></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2922875"></a>How to Recognize If cupsaddsmb Completed Successfully</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> always check if the utility completed
successfully in all fields. You need as a minimum these three messages
among the output:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully
installed.</em></span> # (for the W32X86 == Windows NT/200x/XP
architecture).</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully
installed.</em></span> # (for the WIN40 == Windows 9x/Me
architecture).</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Successfully set [printerXPZ] to driver
[printerXYZ].</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p>
These messages are probably not easily recognized in the general
output. If you run <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> with the <tt class="option">-a</tt>
parameter (which tries to prepare <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> active CUPS
printer drivers for download), you might miss if individual printers
drivers had problems installing properly. Here a redirection of the
output will help you analyze the results in retrospective.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
It is impossible to see any diagnostic output if you do not run
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> in verbose mode. Therefore, we strongly recommend to not
use the default quiet mode. It will hide any problems from you that
might occur.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2922973"></a>cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2922983"></a>
Can't get the standard <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> command to run on a Samba PDC?
Are you asked for the password credential all over again and again and
the command just will not take off at all? Try one of these
variations:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U MIDEARTH\\root -v printername</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H SAURON -U MIDEARTH\\root -v printername</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H SAURON -U MIDEARTH\\root -h cups-server -v printername</tt></b>
</pre><p>
(Note the two backslashes: the first one is required to
&#8220;<span class="quote">escape</span>&#8221; the second one).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923060"></a>cupsaddsmb Flowchart</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923071"></a>
<link linkend="small14"> shows a chart about the procedures, commandflows and
dataflows of the <b class="command">cupaddsmb</b> command. Note again: cupsaddsmb is
not intended to, and does not work with, raw queues!
</p><p>
	</p><div class="figure"><a name="small14"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.16. cupsaddsmb flowchart.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/14small.png" width="270" alt="cupsaddsmb flowchart."></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923144"></a>Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923154"></a>
After <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> is completed, your driver is prepared for the clients to
use. Here are the steps you must perform to download and install it
via Point'n'Print. From a Windows client, browse to the CUPS/Samba
server:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923182"></a>
Open the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span>
share of Samba in Network Neighborhood.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer in
question.</p></li><li><p>From the opening context-menu select
<span class="guimenuitem">Install...</span> or 
<span class="guimenuitem">Connect...</span> (depending on the Windows version you
use).</p></li></ul></div><p>
After a few seconds, there should be a new printer in your
client's <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> <span class="guilabel">Printers</span> folder. On Windows
XP it will follow a naming convention of <span class="emphasis"><em>PrinterName on
SambaServer</em></span>. (In my current case it is "infotec_2105 on
kde-bitshop"). If you want to test it and send your first job from
an application like Winword, the new printer appears in a
<tt class="filename">\\SambaServer\PrinterName</tt> entry in the
drop-down list of available printers.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923261"></a>
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> will only reliably work with CUPS version 1.1.15 or higher
and Samba from 2.2.4. If it does not work, or if the automatic printer
driver download to the clients does not succeed, you can still manually
install the CUPS printer PPD on top of the Adobe PostScript driver on
clients. Then point the client's printer queue to the Samba printer
share for a UNC type of connection:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use lpt1: \\sambaserver\printershare /user:ntadmin</tt></b>
</pre><p>
should you desire to use the CUPS networked PostScript RIP
functions. (Note that user &#8220;<span class="quote">ntadmin</span>&#8221; needs to be a valid Samba user
with the required privileges to access the printershare.) This
sets up the printer connection in the traditional
<span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> way (not using MS-RPC).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923324"></a>Avoiding Critical PostScript Driver Settings on the Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print
well, some do not print at all. Some jobs have problems with fonts,
which do not look very good. Some jobs print fast and some are
dead-slow. Many of these problems can be greatly reduced or even
completely eliminated if you follow a few guidelines. Remember, if
your print device is not PostScript-enabled, you are treating your
Ghostscript installation on your CUPS host with the output your client
driver settings produce. Treat it well:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Avoid the PostScript Output Option: Optimize
for Speed setting. Use the Optimize for
Portability instead (Adobe PostScript
driver).</p></li><li><p>Don't use the Page Independence:
NO setting. Instead, use Page Independence
YES (CUPS PostScript Driver).</p></li><li><p>Recommended is the True Type Font
Downloading Option: Native True Type over
Automatic and Outline; you
should by all means avoid Bitmap (Adobe
PostScript Driver).</p></li><li><p>Choose True Type Font: Download as Softfont
into Printer over the default Replace by Device
Font (for exotic fonts, you may need to change it back to
get a printout at all) (Adobe).</p></li><li><p>Sometimes you can choose PostScript Language
Level: In case of problems try 2
instead of 3 (the latest ESP Ghostscript package
handles Level 3 PostScript very well) (Adobe).</p></li><li><p>Say Yes to PostScript
Error Handler (Adobe).</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2923398"></a>Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Of course, you can run all the commands that are embedded into the
cupsaddsmb convenience utility yourself, one by one, and hereby upload
and prepare the driver files for future client downloads.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Prepare Samba (A CUPS print queue with the name of the
printer should be there. We are providing the driver
now).</p></li><li><p>Copy all files to
		<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923448"></a>
Run <b class="command">rpcclient adddriver</b>
(for each client architecture you want to support).</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923473"></a>
Run <b class="command">rpcclient
setdriver.</b></p></li></ol></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923495"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923506"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923517"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923528"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923539"></a>
We are going to do this now. First, read the man page on <i class="parameter"><tt>rpcclient</tt></i>
to get a first idea. Look at all the printing related
subcommands. <b class="command">enumprinters</b>,
<b class="command">enumdrivers</b>, <b class="command">enumports</b>,
<b class="command">adddriver</b>, <b class="command">setdriver</b> are among
the most interesting ones. <i class="parameter"><tt>rpcclient</tt></i> implements an important part of
the MS-RPC protocol. You can use it to query (and command) a Windows NT
(or 200x/XP) PC, too. MS-RPC is used by Windows clients, among other
things, to benefit from the Point'n'Print features. Samba can now
mimic this as well.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923606"></a>A Check of the rpcclient man Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	First let's check the <i class="parameter"><tt>rpcclient</tt></i> man page. Here are
two relevant passages:
</p><p>
<b class="command">adddriver &lt;arch&gt; &lt;config&gt;</b> Execute an
<b class="command">AddPrinterDriver()</b> RPC to install the printer driver information on
the server. The driver files should already exist in the
directory returned by <b class="command">getdriverdir</b>. Possible
values for <i class="parameter"><tt>arch</tt></i> are the same as those for the
<b class="command">getdriverdir</b> command. The
<i class="parameter"><tt>config</tt></i> parameter is defined as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
Long Printer Name:\
Driver File Name:\
Data File Name:\
Config File Name:\
Help File Name:\
Language Monitor Name:\
Default Data Type:\
Comma Separated list of Files
</pre><p>Any empty fields should be enter as the string &#8220;<span class="quote">NULL</span>&#8221;. </p><p>Samba does not need to support the concept of Print Monitors
since these only apply to local printers whose driver can make use of
a bi-directional link for communication. This field should be &#8220;<span class="quote">NULL</span>&#8221;.
On a remote NT print server, the Print Monitor for a driver must
already be installed prior to adding the driver or else the RPC will
fail.
</p><p>
<b class="command">setdriver &lt;printername&gt; &lt;drivername&gt;</b>
Execute a <b class="command">SetPrinter()</b> command to update the
printer driver associated with an installed printer. The printer
driver must already be correctly installed on the print server.
</p><p>See also the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> and <b class="command">enumdrivers</b> commands for
obtaining a list of installed printers and drivers.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923752"></a>Understanding the rpcclient man Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> format isn't made too clear by the man
page, since you have to deal with some parameters containing
spaces. Here is a better description for it. We have line-broken the
command and indicated the breaks with &#8220;<span class="quote">\</span>&#8221;. Usually you would type the
command in one line without the linebreaks:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923777"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
 adddriver "Architecture" \
           "LongPrinterName:DriverFile:DataFile:ConfigFile:HelpFile:\
           LanguageMonitorFile:DataType:ListOfFiles,Comma-separated"
</pre><p>
What the man pages denote as a simple <i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;config&gt;</tt></i>
keyword, in reality consists of eight colon-separated fields. The
last field may take multiple (in some very insane cases, even
20 different additional) files. This might sound confusing at first.
What the man pages names the &#8220;<span class="quote">LongPrinterName</span>&#8221; in
reality should be called the &#8220;<span class="quote">Driver Name</span>&#8221;. You can name it
anything you want, as long as you use this name later in the
<b class="command">rpcclient ... setdriver</b> command. For
practical reasons, many name the driver the same as the
printer.
</p><p>
It isn't simple at all. I hear you asking:
&#8220;<span class="quote">How do I know which files are "Driver
File</span>&#8221;, &#8220;<span class="quote">Data File</span>&#8221;, &#8220;<span class="quote">Config File</span>&#8221;, &#8220;<span class="quote">Help File</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">Language
Monitor File" in each case?</span>&#8221;  For an answer, you may
want to have a look at how a Windows NT box with a shared printer
presents the files to us. Remember, that this whole procedure has
to be developed by the Samba team by overhearing the traffic caused
by Windows computers on the wire. We may as well turn to a Windows
box now and access it from a UNIX workstation. We will query it
with <b class="command">rpcclient</b> to see what it tells us and
try to understand the man page more clearly that we've read just
now.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2923881"></a>Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2923892"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2923903"></a>
We could run <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with a
<b class="command">getdriver</b> or a <b class="command">getprinter</b>
subcommand (in level 3 verbosity) against it. Just sit down at a UNIX or
Linux workstation with the Samba utilities installed, then type the
following command:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'user%secret' NT-SERVER -c 'getdriver printername 3'</tt></b>
</pre><p>
From the result it should become clear which is which. Here is an example from my installation:
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2923970"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' W200xSERVER \
	-c'getdriver "DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer" 3'</tt></b>
 cmd = getdriver "DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer" 3

 [Windows NT x86]
 Printer Driver Info 3:
         Version: [2]
         Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]
         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
         Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.DLL]
         Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\INFOSTRM.PPD]
         Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRPTUI.DLL]
         Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.HLP]
 
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
 
         Monitorname: []
         Defaultdatatype: []

</pre><p>
Some printer drivers list additional files under the label
<i class="parameter"><tt>Dependentfiles</tt></i> and these would go into the last field
<i class="parameter"><tt>ListOfFiles,Comma-separated</tt></i>. For the CUPS
PostScript drivers, we do not need any (nor would we for the Adobe
PostScript driver), therefore, the field will get a &#8220;<span class="quote">NULL</span>&#8221; entry.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924057"></a>Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&gt;From the man page (and from the quoted output
of <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> above) it becomes clear that you
need to have certain conditions in order to make the manual uploading
and initializing of the driver files succeed. The two <b class="command">rpcclient</b>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2924087"></a>
subcommands (<b class="command">adddriver</b> and
<b class="command">setdriver</b>) need to encounter the following
preconditions to complete successfully:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>You are connected as <a class="indexterm" name="id2924122"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> or root (this is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the &#8220;<span class="quote">Printer Operators</span>&#8221; group in
NT, but the <span class="emphasis"><em>printer admin</em></span> group as defined in
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>).</p></li><li><p>Copy all required driver files to
<tt class="filename">\\SAMBA\print$\w32x86</tt> and
<tt class="filename">\\SAMBA\print$\win40</tt> as appropriate. They
will end up in the &#8220;<span class="quote">0</span>&#8221; respective &#8220;<span class="quote">2</span>&#8221; subdirectories later. For now,
<span class="emphasis"><em>do not</em></span> put them there, they'll be automatically
used by the <b class="command">adddriver</b> subcommand. (If you use
<b class="command">smbclient</b> to put the driver files into the share, note that you need
to escape the &#8220;<span class="quote">$</span>&#8221;: <b class="command">smbclient //sambaserver/print\$ -U
root.</b>)</p></li><li><p>The user you're connecting as must be able to write to
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and create
subdirectories.</p></li><li><p>The printer you are going to setup for the Windows
clients needs to be installed in CUPS already.</p></li><li><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2924252"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2924263"></a>
		The CUPS printer must be known to Samba, otherwise the
<b class="command">setdriver</b> subcommand fails with an
NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL error. To check if the printer is known by
Samba, you may use the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> subcommand to
<b class="command">rpcclient</b>. A long-standing bug prevented a proper update of the
printer list until every smbd process had received a SIGHUP or was
restarted. Remember this in case you've created the CUPS printer just
recently and encounter problems: try restarting
Samba.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2924305"></a>Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We are going to install a printer driver now by manually executing all
required commands. As this may seem a rather complicated process at
first, we go through the procedure step by step, explaining every
single action item as it comes up.
</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 19.1. Manual Driver Installation</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p class="title"><b>Install the printer on CUPS.</b></p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p mysmbtstprn -v socket://10.160.51.131:9100 -E \
			-P canonIR85.ppd</tt></b>
</pre><p>
This installs a printer with the name <i class="parameter"><tt>mysmbtstprn</tt></i>
to the CUPS system. The printer is accessed via a socket
(a.k.a. JetDirect or Direct TCP/IP) connection. You need to be root
for this step.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Optional) Check if the printer is recognized by Samba.</b></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2924390"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost \
  | grep -C2 mysmbtstprn</tt></b>
flags:[0x800000]
name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,,mysmbtstprn]
comment:[mysmbtstprn]
</pre><p>
This should show the printer in the list. If not, stop and restart
the Samba daemon (smbd), or send a HUP signal: 
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>kill -HUP `pidof smbd`</tt></b>
</pre><p>Check again. Troubleshoot and repeat until
successful. Note the &#8220;<span class="quote">empty</span>&#8221; field between the two commas in the
&#8220;<span class="quote">description</span>&#8221; line. The driver name would appear here if there was one already. You need to know root's Samba password (as set by the
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> command) for this step and most of the
following steps. Alternately, you can authenticate as one of the
users from the &#8220;<span class="quote">write list</span>&#8221; as defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Optional) Check if Samba knows a driver for the printer.</b></p><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2924503"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2924514"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
			| grep driver </tt></b>
drivername:[]

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
	| grep -C4 driv</tt></b>
servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
portname:[Samba Printer Port]
drivername:[]
comment:[mysmbtstprn]
location:[]
sepfile:[]
printprocessor:[winprint]
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost</tt></b>
 result was WERR_UNKNOWN_PRINTER_DRIVER

</pre><p>
None of the three commands shown above should show a driver.
This step was done for the purpose of demonstrating this condition. An
attempt to connect to the printer at this stage will prompt the
message along the lines of: &#8220;<span class="quote">The server does not have the required printer
driver installed.</span>&#8221;
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Put all required driver files into Samba's
[print$].</b></p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //localhost/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx' \
	-c 'cd W32X86; \
	put /etc/cups/ppd/mysmbtstprn.ppd mysmbtstprn.PPD; \ 
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll cupsui.dll; \
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll cupsdrvr.dll; \
	put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp cups.hlp'</tt></b>
</pre><p>
(This command should be entered in one long single
line. Line-breaks and the line-end indicated by &#8220;<span class="quote">\</span>&#8221; have been inserted
for readability reasons.) This step is <span class="emphasis"><em>required</em></span>
for the next one to succeed. It makes the driver files physically
present in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. However, clients
would still not be able to install them, because Samba does not yet
treat them as driver files. A client asking for the driver would still
be presented with a &#8220;<span class="quote">not installed here</span>&#8221; message.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Verify where the driver files are now.</b></p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</tt></b>
total 669
drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       532 May 25 23:08 2
drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       670 May 16 03:15 3
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin     14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    278380 May 25 23:21 cupsdrvr.dll
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    215848 May 25 23:21 cupsui.dll
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD
</pre><p>
The driver files now are in the W32X86 architecture &#8220;<span class="quote">root</span>&#8221; of
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Tell Samba that these are driver files (<b class="command">adddriver</b>).</b></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2924737"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c `adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
	"mydrivername:cupsdrvr.dll:mysmbtstprn.PPD: \
  cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:RAW:NULL" \
  localhost</tt></b>
Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed.
</pre><p>
You cannot repeat this step if it fails. It could fail even
as a result of a simple typo. It will most likely have moved a part of
the driver files into the &#8220;<span class="quote">2</span>&#8221; subdirectory. If this step fails, you
need to go back to the fourth step and repeat it before you can try
this one again. In this step, you need to choose a name for your
driver. It is normally a good idea to use the same name as is used for
the printer name; however, in big installations you may use this driver
for a number of printers that obviously have different names, so the
name of the driver is not fixed.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Verify where the driver files are now.</b></p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</tt></b>
total 1
drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       532 May 25 23:22 2
drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       670 May 16 03:15 3

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/2</tt></b>
total 5039
[....]
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin     14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    278380 May 13 13:53 cupsdrvr.dll
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    215848 May 13 13:53 cupsui.dll
-rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD
</pre><p>
Notice how step 6 also moved the driver files to the appropriate
subdirectory. Compare this with the situation after step 5.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Optional) Verify if Samba now recognizes the driver.</b></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2924864"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumdrivers 3' \
	localhost | grep -B2 -A5 mydrivername</tt></b>
Printer Driver Info 3:
Version: [2]
Driver Name: [mydrivername]
Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
</pre><p>
Remember, this command greps for the name you chose for the
driver in step 6. This command must succeed before you can proceed.
</p></li><li><p>Tell Samba which printer should use these driver files (<b class="command">setdriver</b>).</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2924929"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'setdriver mysmbtstprn mydrivername' \
	localhost</tt></b>
Successfully set mysmbtstprn to driver mydrivername
</pre><p>
Since you can bind any printername (print queue) to any driver, this
is a convenient way to setup many queues that use the same
driver. You do not need to repeat all the previous steps for the
setdriver command to succeed. The only preconditions are:
<b class="command">enumdrivers</b> must find the driver and
<b class="command">enumprinters</b> must find the printer.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Optional) Verify if Samba has recognized this association.</b></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2924999"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925010"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925021"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
  | grep driver</tt></b>
drivername:[mydrivername]
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \
  | grep -C4 driv</tt></b>
servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
portname:[Done]
drivername:[mydrivername]
comment:[mysmbtstprn]
location:[]
sepfile:[]
printprocessor:[winprint]
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost</tt></b>
[Windows NT x86]
Printer Driver Info 3:
     Version: [2]
     Driver Name: [mydrivername]
     Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
     Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
     Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
     Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
     Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
     Monitorname: []
     Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
     Monitorname: []
     Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost \
	| grep mysmbtstprn</tt></b>
     name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
     description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,mydrivername,mysmbtstprn]
     comment:[mysmbtstprn]

</pre><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925112"></a>
Compare these results with the ones from steps 2 and 3. Every one of these commands show the driver is installed. Even
the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> command now lists the driver
on the &#8220;<span class="quote">description</span>&#8221; line.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Optional) Tickle the driver into a correct
device mode.</b></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925152"></a>
You certainly know how to install the driver on the client. In case
you are not particularly familiar with Windows, here is a short
recipe: Browse the Network Neighborhood, go to the Samba server, and look
for the shares. You should see all shared Samba printers.
Double-click on the one in question. The driver should get
installed and the network connection set up. An alternate way is to
open the <span class="guilabel">Printers (and Faxes)</span> folder, right-click on the printer in
question and select <span class="guilabel">Connect</span> or <span class="guilabel">Install</span>. As a result, a new printer
should have appeared in your client's local <span class="guilabel">Printers (and Faxes)</span>
folder, named something like <span class="guilabel">printersharename on Sambahostname</span>.
</p><p>
It is important that you execute this step as a Samba printer admin
(as defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). Here is another method
to do this on Windows XP. It uses a command line, which you may type
into the &#8220;<span class="quote">DOS box</span>&#8221; (type root's smbpassword when prompted):
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>runas /netonly /user:root "rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry \
	/in /n \\sambaserver\mysmbtstprn"</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Change any printer setting once (like changing <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="guilabel">portrait</span> to
	<span class="guilabel">landscape</span></em></span>), click on <span class="guibutton">Apply</span>; change the setting
back.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>Install the printer on a client
(Point'n'Print).</b></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925290"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n &#8220;<span class="quote">\\sambaserver\mysmbtstprn</span>&#8221;</tt></b>
</pre><p>
If it does not work it could be a permission problem with the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Optional) Print a test page.</b></p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /n "\\sambaserver\mysmbtstprn"</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Then hit [TAB] five times, [ENTER] twice, [TAB] once and [ENTER] again
and march to the printer.
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Recommended) Study the test page.</b></p><p>
Hmmm.... just kidding! By now you know everything about printer
installations and you do not need to read a word. Just put it in a
frame and bolt it to the wall with the heading "MY FIRST
RPCCLIENT-INSTALLED PRINTER"  why not just throw it away!
</p></li><li><p class="title"><b>(Obligatory) Enjoy. Jump. Celebrate your
success.</b></p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>echo "Cheeeeerioooooo! Success..." &gt;&gt; /var/log/samba/log.smbd</tt></b>
</pre></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925432"></a>Troubleshooting Revisited</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The setdriver command will fail, if in Samba's mind the queue is not
already there. You had promising messages about the:
</p><pre class="screen">
 Printer Driver ABC successfully installed.
</pre><p>
after the <b class="command">adddriver</b> parts of the procedure?  But you are also seeing
a disappointing message like this one?
</p><p><tt class="computeroutput">
 result was NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL
</tt></p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925479"></a>
It is not good enough that you
can see the queue in CUPS, using
the <b class="command">lpstat -p ir85wm</b> command. A
bug in most recent versions of Samba prevents the proper update of
the queuelist. The recognition of newly installed CUPS printers
fails unless you restart Samba or send a HUP to all smbd
processes. To verify if this is the reason why Samba does not
execute the <b class="command">setdriver</b> command successfully, check if Samba &#8220;<span class="quote">sees</span>&#8221;
the printer: 
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925516"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%xxxx' -c 'enumprinters 0'|grep ir85wm</tt></b>
        printername:[ir85wm]
</pre><p>
An alternate command could be this: 
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925556"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'getprinter ir85wm' </tt></b>
        cmd = getprinter ir85wm
        flags:[0x800000]
        name:[\\transmeta\ir85wm]
        description:[\\transmeta\ir85wm,ir85wm,DPD]
        comment:[CUPS PostScript-Treiber for Windows NT/200x/XP]
</pre><p>
By the way, you can use these commands, plus a few more, of course,
to install drivers on remote Windows NT print servers too!
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2925600"></a>The Printing <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925616"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925625"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925636"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925647"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925658"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925670"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925681"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925692"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925703"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925714"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925725"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925737"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925748"></a>
Some mystery is associated with the series of files with a
tdb suffix appearing in every Samba installation. They are
<tt class="filename">connections.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">share_info.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">unexpected.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">brlock.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">locking.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">messages.tdb</tt> ,
<tt class="filename">ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">sessionid.tdb</tt> and
<tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt>. What is their purpose?
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925844"></a>Trivial Database Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2925856"></a>
A Windows NT (print) server keeps track of all information needed to serve
its duty toward its clients by storing entries in the Windows
registry. Client queries are answered by reading from the registry,
Administrator or user configuration settings that are saved by writing into
the registry. Samba and UNIX obviously do not have such a
Registry. Samba instead keeps track of all client related information in a
series of <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files. (TDB = Trivial Data
Base). These are often located in <tt class="filename">/var/lib/samba/</tt>
or <tt class="filename">/var/lock/samba/</tt>. The printing related files
are <tt class="filename">ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>,<tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt> and
<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925923"></a>Binary Format</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files are not human readable. They are
written in a binary format. &#8220;<span class="quote">Why not ASCII?</span>&#8221;, you may ask. &#8220;<span class="quote">After all,
ASCII configuration files are a good and proven tradition on UNIX.</span>&#8221;
The reason for this design decision by the Samba team is mainly
performance. Samba needs to be fast; it runs a separate
<b class="command">smbd</b> process for each client connection, in some
environments many thousands of them. Some of these smbds might need to
write-access the same <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><em>at the
same time</em></span>. The file format of Samba's
<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files allows for this provision. Many smbd
processes may write to the same <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> file at the
same time. This wouldn't be possible with pure ASCII files.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925993"></a>Losing <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
It is very important that all <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files remain
consistent over all write and read accesses. However, it may happen
that these files <span class="emphasis"><em>do</em></span> get corrupted. (A
<b class="command">kill -9 `pidof smbd'</b> while a write access is in
progress could do the damage as well as a power interruption,
etc.). In cases of trouble, a deletion of the old printing-related
<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files may be the only option. After that you need to
re-create all print-related setup or you have made a
backup of the <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files in time.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926051"></a>Using <b class="command">tdbbackup</b></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926067"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926081"></a>
Samba ships with a little utility that helps the root user of your
system to backup your <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files. If you run it
with no argument, it prints a usage message:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tdbbackup</tt></b>
 Usage: tdbbackup [options] &lt;fname...&gt;
 
 Version:3.0a
   -h            this help message
   -s suffix     set the backup suffix
   -v            verify mode (restore if corrupt)

</pre><p>
Here is how I backed up my <tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt> file:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls</tt></b>
.              browse.dat     locking.tdb     ntdrivers.tdb printing.tdb
..             share_info.tdb connections.tdb messages.tdb  ntforms.tdb
printing.tdbkp unexpected.tdb brlock.tdb      gmon.out      namelist.debug  
ntprinters.tdb sessionid.tdb
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>tdbbackup -s .bak printing.tdb</tt></b>
 printing.tdb : 135 records
 
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l printing.tdb*</tt></b>
 -rw-------    1 root     root        40960 May  2 03:44 printing.tdb
 -rw-------    1 root     root        40960 May  2 03:44 printing.tdb.bak

</pre></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2926196"></a>CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926206"></a>
CUPS ships with good support for HP LaserJet-type printers. You can
install the generic driver as follows:
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926221"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -m laserjet.ppd</tt></b>
</pre><p>
The <tt class="option">-m</tt> switch will retrieve the
<tt class="filename">laserjet.ppd</tt> from the standard repository for
not-yet-installed-PPDs, which CUPS typically stores in
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/model</tt>. Alternately, you may use
<tt class="option">-P /path/to/your.ppd</tt>.
</p><p>
The generic <tt class="filename">laserjet.ppd,</tt> however, does not support every special option
for every LaserJet-compatible model. It constitutes a sort of &#8220;<span class="quote">least common
denominator</span>&#8221; of all the models. If for some reason
you must pay for the commercially available ESP Print Pro drivers, your
first move should be to consult the database on <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi</ulink>.
Linuxprinting.org has excellent recommendations about which driver is
best used for each printer. Its database is kept current by the
tireless work of Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft, who is also the
principal author of the <b class="command">foomatic-rip</b> utility.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926322"></a>
The former <b class="command">cupsomatic</b> concept is now being replaced by the new
successor, a much
more powerful <b class="command">foomatic-rip</b>.
<b class="command">cupsomatic</b> is no longer maintained. Here is the new URL
to the Foomatic-3.0 database: <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi">http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi</ulink>.
If you upgrade to <b class="command">foomatic-rip</b>, remember to also upgrade to the
new-style PPDs for your Foomatic-driven printers. foomatic-rip will
not work with PPDs generated for the old <b class="command">cupsomatic</b>. The new-style
PPDs are 100% compliant to the Adobe PPD specification. They are
also intended to be used by Samba and the cupsaddsmb utility, to
provide the driver files for the Windows clients!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926383"></a>foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926394"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926403"></a>
Nowadays, most Linux distributions rely on the utilities of Linuxprinting.org
to create their printing-related software (which, by the way, works on all
UNIXes and on Mac OS X or Darwin, too). It is not known as well as it
should be, that it also has a very end-user-friendly interface that
allows for an easy update of drivers and PPDs for all supported
models, all spoolers, all operating systems, and all package formats
(because there is none). Its history goes back a few years.
</p><p>
Recently, Foomatic has achieved the astonishing milestone of <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone">1000
listed</ulink> printer models. Linuxprinting.org keeps all the
important facts about printer drivers, supported models and which
options are available for the various driver/printer combinations in
its <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic.html">Foomatic</ulink>
database. Currently there are <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi">245 drivers</ulink>
in the database. Many drivers support various models, and many models
may be driven by different drivers  its your choice!
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2926458"></a>690 &#8220;<span class="quote">Perfect</span>&#8221; Printers</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
At present, there are 690 devices dubbed as working perfectly, 181
mostly, 96 partially, and 46 are paperweights. Keeping in mind
that most of these are non-PostScript models (PostScript printers are
automatically supported by CUPS to perfection, by using
their own manufacturer-provided Windows-PPD), and that a
multifunctional device never qualifies as working perfectly if it
does not also scan and copy and fax under GNU/Linux  then this is a
truly astonishing achievement! Three years ago the number was not
more than 500, and Linux or UNIX printing at the time wasn't
anywhere near the quality it is today.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2926498"></a>How the Printing HOWTO Started It All</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A few years ago <ulink url="http://www2.picante.com:81/~gtaylor/">Grant Taylor</ulink>
started it all. The roots of today's Linuxprinting.org are in the
first <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/howto/">Linux Printing
HOWTO</ulink> that he authored. As a side-project to this document,
which served many Linux users and admins to guide their first steps in
this complicated and delicate setup (to a scientist, printing is
&#8220;<span class="quote">applying a structured deposition of distinct patterns of ink or toner
particles on paper substrates</span>&#8221;, he started to
build in a little Postgres database with information about the
hardware and driver zoo that made up Linux printing of the time. This
database became the core component of today's Foomatic collection of
tools and data. In the meantime, it has moved to an XML representation
of the data.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2926542"></a>Foomatic's Strange Name</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926554"></a>
&#8220;<span class="quote">Why the funny name?</span>&#8221; you ask. When it really took off, around spring
2000, CUPS was far less popular than today, and most systems used LPD,
LPRng or even PDQ to print. CUPS shipped with a few generic drivers
(good for a few hundred different printer models). These didn't
support many device-specific options. CUPS also shipped with its own
built-in rasterization filter (<i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i>, derived from
Ghostscript). On the other hand, CUPS provided brilliant support for
<span class="emphasis"><em>controlling</em></span> all printer options through
standardized and well-defined PPD files (PostScript Printers
Description files). Plus, CUPS was designed to be easily extensible.
</p><p>
Taylor already had in his database a respectable compilation
of facts about many more printers and the Ghostscript &#8220;<span class="quote">drivers</span>&#8221;
they run with. His idea, to generate PPDs from the database information
and use them to make standard Ghostscript filters work within CUPS,
proved to work very well. It also killed several birds with one
stone:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>It made all current and future Ghostscript filter
developments available for CUPS.</p></li><li><p>It made available a lot of additional printer models
to CUPS users (because often the traditional Ghostscript way of
printing was the only one available).</p></li><li><p>It gave all the advanced CUPS options (Web interface,
GUI driver configurations) to users wanting (or needing) to use
Ghostscript filters.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2926632"></a>cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926643"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926652"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926660"></a>
CUPS worked through a quickly-hacked up filter script named <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=cupsomatic&amp;show=0">cupsomatic.</ulink>
cupsomatic ran the printfile through Ghostscript, constructing
automatically the rather complicated command line needed. It just
needed to be copied into the CUPS system to make it work. To
configure the way cupsomatic controls the Ghostscript rendering
process, it needs a CUPS-PPD. This PPD is generated directly from the
contents of the database. For CUPS and the respective printer/filter
combo, another Perl script named CUPS-O-Matic did the PPD
generation. After that was working, Taylor implemented within a few
days a similar thing for two other spoolers. Names chosen for the
config-generator scripts were <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&amp;show=0">PDQ-O-Matic</ulink>
(for PDQ) and <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&amp;show=0">LPD-O-Matic</ulink>
(for  you guessed it  LPD); the configuration here didn't use PPDs
but other spooler-specific files.
</p><p>
From late summer of that year, <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/till/">Till Kamppeter</ulink>
started to put work into the database. Kamppeter had been newly employed by
<ulink url="http://www.mandrakesoft.com/">MandrakeSoft</ulink> to
convert its printing system over to CUPS, after they had seen his
<ulink url="http://www.fltk.org/">FLTK</ulink>-based <ulink url="http://cups.sourceforge.net/xpp/">XPP</ulink> (a GUI frontend to
the CUPS lp-command). He added a huge amount of new information and new
printers. He also developed the support for other spoolers, like
<ulink url="http://ppr.sourceforge.net/">PPR</ulink> (via ppromatic),
<ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/lpr/">GNUlpr</ulink> and
<ulink url="http://www.lprng.org/">LPRng</ulink> (both via an extended
lpdomatic) and spoolerless printing (<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=directomatic&amp;show=0">directomatic</ulink>).
</p><p>
So, to answer your question: &#8220;<span class="quote">Foomatic</span>&#8221; is the general name for all
the overlapping code and data behind the &#8220;<span class="quote">*omatic</span>&#8221; scripts.
Foomatic, up to versions 2.0.x, required (ugly) Perl data structures
attached to Linuxprinting.org PPDs for CUPS. It had a different
&#8220;<span class="quote">*omatic</span>&#8221; script for every spooler, as well as different printer
configuration files.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2926825"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>Grand Unification</em></span> Achieved</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2926840"></a>
This has all changed in Foomatic versions 2.9 (beta) and released as
&#8220;<span class="quote">stable</span>&#8221; 3.0. It has now achieved the convergence of all *omatic
scripts and is called the <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0">foomatic-rip.</ulink>
This single script is the unification of the previously different
spooler-specific *omatic scripts. foomatic-rip is used by all the
different spoolers alike and because it can read PPDs (both the
original PostScript printer PPDs and the Linuxprinting.org-generated
ones), all of a sudden all supported spoolers can have the power of
PPDs at their disposal. Users only need to plug foomatic-rip into
their system. For users there is improved media type and source
support  paper sizes and trays are easier to configure.
</p><p>
Also, the New Generation of Linuxprinting.org PPDs no longer contains
Perl data structures. If you are a distro maintainer and have
used the previous version of Foomatic, you may want to give the new
one a spin, but remember to generate a new-version set of PPDs
via the new <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download/foomatic/foomatic-db-engine-3.0.0beta1.tar.gz">foomatic-db-engine!</ulink>
Individual users just need to generate a single new PPD specific to
their model by <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/II.Foomatic-User/II.tutorial-handout-foomatic-user.html">following
the steps</ulink> outlined in the Foomatic tutorial or in this chapter. This new development is truly amazing.
</p><p>
foomatic-rip is a very clever wrapper around the need to run
Ghostscript with a different syntax, options, device selections, and/or filters for each different printer
or spooler. At the same time it can read the PPD associated
with a print queue and modify the print job according to the user
selections. Together with this comes the 100% compliance of the new
Foomatic PPDs with the Adobe spec. Some innovative features of
the Foomatic concept may surprise users. It will support custom paper
sizes for many printers and will support printing on media drawn
from different paper trays within the same job (in both cases, even
where there is no support for this from Windows-based vendor printer
drivers).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2926940"></a>Driver Development Outside</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Most driver development itself does not happen within
Linuxprinting.org. Drivers are written by independent maintainers.
Linuxprinting.org just pools all the information and stores it in its
database. In addition, it also provides the Foomatic glue to integrate
the many drivers into any modern (or legacy) printing system known to
the world.
</p><p>
Speaking of the different driver development groups, most of
the work is currently done in three projects. These are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><ulink url="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/">Omni</ulink>
 a free software project by IBM that tries to convert their printer
driver knowledge from good-ol' OS/2 times into a modern, modular,
universal driver architecture for Linux/UNIX (still beta). This
currently supports 437 models.</p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://hpinkjet.sf.net/">HPIJS</ulink> 
a free software project by HP to provide the support for their own
range of models (very mature, printing in most cases is perfect and
provides true photo quality). This currently supports 369
models.</p></li><li><p><ulink url="http://gimp-print.sf.net/">Gimp-Print</ulink>  a free software
effort, started by Michael Sweet (also lead developer for CUPS), now
directed by Robert Krawitz, which has achieved an amazing level of
photo print quality (many Epson users swear that its quality is
better than the vendor drivers provided by Epson for the Microsoft
platforms). This currently supports 522 models.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2927030"></a>Forums, Downloads, Tutorials, Howtos  also for Mac OS X and Commercial UNIX</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Linuxprinting.org today is the one-stop shop to download printer
drivers. Look for printer information and <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org//kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/">tutorials</ulink>
or solve printing problems in its popular <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/">forums.</ulink> This forum 
it's not just for GNU/Linux users, but admins of <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/macosx/">commercial UNIX
systems</ulink> are also going there, and the relatively new <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/thread.php3?name=linuxprinting.macosx.general">Mac
OS X forum</ulink> has turned out to be one of the most frequented
forums after only a few weeks.
</p><p>
Linuxprinting.org and the Foomatic driver wrappers around Ghostscript
are now a standard toolchain for printing on all the important
distros. Most of them also have CUPS underneath. While in recent years
most printer data had been added by Kamppeter (who works at Mandrake), many
additional contributions came from engineers with SuSE, RedHat,
Connectiva, Debian, and others. Vendor-neutrality is an important goal
of the Foomatic project.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft is doing an excellent job in his
spare time to maintain Linuxprinting.org and Foomatic. So if you use
it often, please send him a note showing your appreciation.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2927102"></a>Foomatic Database-Generated PPDs</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Foomatic database is an amazing piece of ingenuity in itself. Not
only does it keep the printer and driver information, but it is
organized in a way that it can generate PPD files on the fly from
its internal XML-based datasets. While these PPDs are modelled to the
Adobe specification of PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs), the
Linuxprinting.org/Foomatic-PPDs do not normally drive PostScript
printers. They are used to describe all the bells and whistles you
could ring or blow on an Epson Stylus inkjet, or a HP Photosmart, or
what-have-you. The main trick is one little additional line, not
envisaged by the PPD specification, starting with the <i class="parameter"><tt>*cupsFilter</tt></i>
keyword. It tells the CUPS daemon how to proceed with the PostScript
print file (old-style Foomatic-PPDs named the
cupsomatic filter script, while the new-style
PPDs are now call foomatic-rip). This filter
script calls Ghostscript on the host system (the recommended variant
is ESP Ghostscript) to do the rendering work. foomatic-rip knows which
filter or internal device setting it should ask from Ghostscript to
convert the PostScript printjob into a raster format ready for the
target device. This usage of PPDs to describe the options of non-PS
printers was the invention of the CUPS developers. The rest is easy.
GUI tools (like KDE's marvelous <ulink url="http://printing.kde.org/overview/kprinter.phtml">kprinter,</ulink>
or the GNOME <ulink url="http://gtklp.sourceforge.net/">gtklp,</ulink> xpp and the CUPS
Web interface) read the PPD as well and use this information to present
the available settings to the user as an intuitive menu selection.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927179"></a>foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here are the steps to install a foomatic-rip driven LaserJet 4 Plus-compatible
printer in CUPS (note that recent distributions of SuSE, UnitedLinux and
Mandrake may ship with a complete package of Foomatic-PPDs plus the
<b class="command">foomatic-rip</b> utility. Going directly to
Linuxprinting.org ensures that you get the latest driver/PPD files):
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Open your browser at the Linuxprinting.org printer list<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi">page.</ulink>
</p></li><li><p>Check the complete list of printers in the 
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone">database.</ulink>.
</p></li><li><p>Select your model and click on the link.
</p></li><li><p>You'll arrive at a page listing all drivers working with this
model (for all printers, there will always be <span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span>
recommended driver. Try this one first).
</p></li><li><p>In our case (HP LaserJet 4 Plus), we'll arrive at the default driver for the
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus">HP-LaserJet 4 Plus.</ulink>
</p></li><li><p>The recommended driver is ljet4.</p></li><li><p>Several links are provided here. You should visit them all if you
are not familiar with the Linuxprinting.org database.
</p></li><li><p>There is a link to the database page for the
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4">ljet4.</ulink>
On the driver's page, you'll find important and detailed information
about how to use that driver within the various available
spoolers.</p></li><li><p>Another link may lead you to the homepage of the
driver author or the driver.</p></li><li><p>Important links are the ones that provide hints with
setup instructions for <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html">CUPS</ulink>,
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html">PDQ</ulink>,
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html">LPD, LPRng and GNUlpr</ulink>)
as well as <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html">PPR</ulink>
or &#8220;<span class="quote">spooler-less</span>&#8221; <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html">printing.</ulink>
</p></li><li><p>You can view the PPD in your browser through this link:
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=1">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=1</ulink>
</p></li><li><p>Most importantly, you can also generate and download
the <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=0">PPD.</ulink>
</p></li><li><p>The PPD contains all the information needed to use our
model and the driver; once installed, this works transparently
for the user. Later you'll only need to choose resolution, paper size,
and so on from the Web-based menu, or from the print dialog GUI, or from
the command line.</p></li><li><p>If you ended up on the drivers
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4">page</ulink>
you can choose to use the &#8220;<span class="quote">PPD-O-Matic</span>&#8221; online PPD generator
program.</p></li><li><p>Select the exact model and check either <span class="guilabel">Download</span> or
<span class="guilabel">Display PPD file</span> and click <span class="guilabel">Generate PPD file</span>.</p></li><li><p>If you save the PPD file from the browser view, please
do not use cut and paste (since it could possibly damage line endings
and tabs, which makes the PPD likely to fail its duty), but use <span class="guimenuitem">Save
as...</span> in your browser's menu. (It is best to use the <span class="guilabel">Download</span> option
directly from the Web page).</p></li><li><p>Another interesting part on each driver page is
the <span class="guimenuitem">Show execution details</span> button. If you
select your printer model and click on that button,
a complete Ghostscript command line will be displayed, enumerating all options
available for that combination of driver and printer model. This is a great way to
&#8220;<span class="quote">learn Ghostscript by doing</span>&#8221;. It is also an excellent cheat sheet
for all experienced users who need to re-construct a good command line
for that damn printing script, but can't remember the exact
syntax. </p></li><li><p>Some time during your visit to Linuxprinting.org, save
the PPD to a suitable place on your harddisk, say
<tt class="filename">/path/to/my-printer.ppd</tt> (if you prefer to install
your printers with the help of the CUPS Web interface, save the PPD to
the <tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/model/</tt> path and restart
cupsd).</p></li><li><p>Then install the printer with a suitable command line,
like this: 
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E \
	-P path/to/my-printer.ppd</tt></b>
</pre></li><li><p>For all the new-style &#8220;<span class="quote">Foomatic-PPDs</span>&#8221;
from Linuxprinting.org, you also need a special CUPS filter named
foomatic-rip. 
</p></li><li><p>The foomatic-rip Perlscript itself also makes some
interesting <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=1">reading</ulink>
because it is well documented by Kamppeter's inline comments (even
non-Perl hackers will learn quite a bit about printing by reading
it).</p></li><li><p>Save foomatic-rip either directly in
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filter/foomatic-rip</tt> or somewhere in
your $PATH (and remember to make it world-executable). Again,
do not save by copy and paste but use the appropriate link or the
<span class="guimenuitem">Save as...</span>  menu item in your browser.</p></li><li><p>If you save foomatic-rip in your $PATH, create a symlink:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cd /usr/lib/cups/filter/ ; ln -s `which foomatic-rip'</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
CUPS will discover this new available filter at startup after restarting
cupsd.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Once you print to a print queue set up with the Foomatic-PPD, CUPS will
insert the appropriate commands and comments into the resulting
PostScript jobfile. foomatic-rip is able to read and act upon
these and uses some specially encoded Foomatic comments
embedded in the jobfile. These in turn are used to construct
(transparently for you, the user) the complicated Ghostscript command
line telling the printer driver exactly how the resulting raster
data should look and which printer commands to embed into the
data stream. You need:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A &#8220;<span class="quote">foomatic+something</span>&#8221; PPD  but this is not enough
to print with CUPS (it is only <span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> important
component).</p></li><li><p>The <i class="parameter"><tt>foomatic-rip</tt></i> filter script (Perl) in
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filters/</tt>.</p></li><li><p>Perl to make foomatic-rip run.</p></li><li><p>Ghostscript (because it is doing the main work,
controlled by the PPD/foomatic-rip combo) to produce the raster data
fit for your printer model's consumption.</p></li><li><p>Ghostscript <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> (depending on
the driver/model) contain support for a certain device representing
the selected driver for your model (as shown by <b class="command">gs
	-h</b>).</p></li><li><p>foomatic-rip needs a new version of PPDs (PPD versions
produced for cupsomatic do not work with
foomatic-rip).</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2927729"></a>Page Accounting with CUPS</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2927740"></a>
Often there are questions regarding print quotas where Samba users
(that is, Windows clients) should not be able to print beyond a
certain number of pages or data volume per day, week or month. This
feature is dependent on the real print subsystem you're using.
Samba's part is always to receive the job files from the clients
(filtered <span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span> unfiltered) and hand it over to this
printing subsystem.
</p><p>
Of course one could hack things with one's own scripts. But then
there is CUPS. CUPS supports quotas that can be based on the size of
jobs or on the number of pages or both, and span any time
period you want.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927771"></a>Setting Up Quotas</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2927782"></a>
This is an example command of how root would set a print quota in CUPS,
assuming an existing printer named &#8220;<span class="quote">quotaprinter</span>&#8221;:
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2927804"></a>
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p quotaprinter -o job-quota-period=604800 \
	-o job-k-limit=1024 -o job-page-limit=100</tt></b>
</pre><p>
This would limit every single user to print 100 pages or 1024 KB of
data (whichever comes first) within the last 604,800 seconds ( = 1
week).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927841"></a>Correct and Incorrect Accounting</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For CUPS to count correctly, the printfile needs to pass the CUPS
pstops filter, otherwise it uses a dummy count of &#8220;<span class="quote">one</span>&#8221;. Some
print files do not pass it (e.g., image files) but then those are mostly one-
page jobs anyway. This also means that proprietary drivers for the
target printer running on the client computers and CUPS/Samba, which
then spool these files as &#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; (i.e., leaving them untouched, not
filtering them), will be counted as one-pagers too!
</p><p>
You need to send PostScript from the clients (i.e., run a PostScript
driver there) to have the chance to get accounting done. If the
printer is a non-PostScript model, you need to let CUPS do the job to
convert the file to a print-ready format for the target printer. This
is currently working for about a thousand different printer models.
Linuxprinting has a driver
<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi">list.</ulink>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927889"></a>Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before CUPS 1.1.16, your only option was to use the Adobe PostScript
Driver on the Windows clients. The output of this driver was not
always passed through the <b class="command">pstops</b> filter on the CUPS/Samba side, and
therefore was not counted correctly (the reason is that it often,
depending on the PPD being used, wrote a PJL-header in front of
the real PostScript which caused CUPS to skip <b class="command">pstops</b> and go directly
to the <b class="command">pstoraster</b> stage).
</p><p>
From CUPS 1.1.16 onward, you can use the CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/200x/XP clients (which is tagged in the download area of
<tt class="filename">http://www.cups.org/</tt> as the <tt class="filename">cups-samba-1.1.16.tar.gz</tt>
package). It does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work for Windows 9x/ME clients, but it guarantees:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2927966"></a> To not write a PJL-header.</p></li><li><p>To still read and support all PJL-options named in the
driver PPD with its own means.</p></li><li><p>That the file will pass through the <b class="command">pstops</b> filter
on the CUPS/Samba server.</p></li><li><p>To page-count correctly the print file.</p></li></ul></div><p>
You can read more about the setup of this combination in the man page
for <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> (which is only present with CUPS installed, and only
current from CUPS 1.1.16).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928018"></a>The page_log File Syntax</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928028"></a>
These are the items CUPS logs in the <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> for every
page of a job:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Printer name</p></li><li><p>User name</p></li><li><p>Job ID</p></li><li><p>Time of printing</p></li><li><p>The page number</p></li><li><p>The number of copies</p></li><li><p>A billing information string (optional)</p></li><li><p>The host that sent the job (included since version 1.1.19)</p></li></ul></div><p>
Here is an extract of my CUPS server's <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> file to illustrate the
format and included items:
</p><pre class="screen">
tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 1 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 2 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 3 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 4 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
Dig9110 boss 402 [22/Apr/2003:10:33:22 +0100] 1 440 finance-dep 10.160.51.33
</pre><p>
This was job ID <i class="parameter"><tt>401</tt></i>, printed on <i class="parameter"><tt>tec_IS2027</tt></i>
by user <i class="parameter"><tt>kurt</tt></i>, a 64-page job printed in three copies and billed to
<i class="parameter"><tt>#marketing</tt></i>, sent from IP address <tt class="constant">10.160.50.13.</tt>
 The next job had ID <i class="parameter"><tt>402</tt></i>, was sent by user <i class="parameter"><tt>boss</tt></i>
from IP address <tt class="constant">10.160.51.33</tt>, printed from one page 440 copies and
is set to be billed to <i class="parameter"><tt>finance-dep</tt></i>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928187"></a>Possible Shortcomings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
What flaws or shortcomings are there with this quota system?
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The ones named above (wrongly logged job in case of
printer hardware failure, and so on).</p></li><li><p>In reality, CUPS counts the job pages that are being
processed in <span class="emphasis"><em>software</em></span> (that is, going through the
RIP) rather than the physical sheets successfully leaving the
printing device. Thus if there is a jam while printing the fifth sheet out
of a thousand and the job is aborted by the printer, the page count will
still show the figure of a thousand for that job.</p></li><li><p>All quotas are the same for all users (no flexibility
to give the boss a higher quota than the clerk) and no support for
groups.</p></li><li><p>No means to read out the current balance or the
&#8220;<span class="quote">used-up</span>&#8221; number of current quota.</p></li><li><p>A user having used up 99 sheets of a 100 quota will
still be able to send and print a thousand sheet job.</p></li><li><p>A user being denied a job because of a filled-up quota
does not get a meaningful error message from CUPS other than
&#8220;<span class="quote">client-error-not-possible</span>&#8221;.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928267"></a>Future Developments</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is the best system currently available, and there are huge
improvements under development for CUPS 1.2:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Page counting will go into the backends (these talk
directly to the printer and will increase the count in sync with the
actual printing process; thus, a jam at the fifth sheet will lead to a
stop in the counting).</p></li><li><p>Quotas will be handled more flexibly.</p></li><li><p>Probably there will be support for users to inquire
about their accounts in advance.</p></li><li><p>Probably there will be support for some other tools
around this topic.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2928322"></a>Additional Material</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A printer queue with <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> PPD associated to it is a
&#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221; printer and all files will go directly there as received by the
spooler. The exceptions are file types <i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i>
that need passthrough feature enabled. &#8220;<span class="quote">Raw</span>&#8221; queues do not do any
filtering at all, they hand the file directly to the CUPS backend.
This backend is responsible for sending the data to the device
(as in the &#8220;<span class="quote">device URI</span>&#8221; notation: <tt class="filename">lpd://, socket://,
smb://, ipp://, http://, parallel:/, serial:/, usb:/</tt>, and so on).
</p><p>
cupsomatic/Foomatic are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> native CUPS drivers
and they do not ship with CUPS. They are a third party add-on
developed at Linuxprinting.org. As such, they are a brilliant hack to
make all models (driven by Ghostscript drivers/filters in traditional
spoolers) also work via CUPS, with the same (good or bad!) quality as
in these other spoolers. <i class="parameter"><tt>cupsomatic</tt></i> is only a vehicle to execute a
Ghostscript commandline at that stage in the CUPS filtering chain,
where normally the native CUPS <i class="parameter"><tt>pstoraster</tt></i> filter would kick
in. cupsomatic bypasses pstoraster, kidnaps the printfile from CUPS
away and redirects it to go through Ghostscript. CUPS accepts this,
because the associated cupsomatic/foomatic-PPD specifies:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
  *cupsFilter:  "application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic"
</pre><p>

This line persuades CUPS to hand the file to cupsomatic, once it has
successfully converted it to the MIME type
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>. This conversion will not happen for
Jobs arriving from Windows that are auto-typed
<i class="parameter"><tt>application/octet-stream</tt></i>, with the according changes in
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> in place.
</p><p>
CUPS is widely configurable and flexible, even regarding its filtering
mechanism. Another workaround in some situations would be to have in
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> entries as follows:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 application/postscript           application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
 application/vnd.cups-postscript  application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
</pre><p>

This would prevent all PostScript files from being filtered (rather,
they will through the virtual <span class="emphasis"><em>nullfilter</em></span>
denoted with &#8220;<span class="quote">-</span>&#8221;). This could only be useful for PS printers. If you
want to print PS code on non-PS printers (provided they support ASCII
text printing), an entry as follows could be useful:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
 */*           application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
</pre><p>

and would effectively send <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> files to the
backend without further processing.
</p><p>
You could have the following entry:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
application/vnd.cups-postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 \
	my_PJL_stripping_filter
</pre><p>

You will need to write a <i class="parameter"><tt>my_PJL_stripping_filter</tt></i>
(which could be a shell script) that parses the PostScript and removes the
unwanted PJL. This needs to conform to CUPS filter design
(mainly, receive and pass the parameters printername, job-id,
username, jobtitle, copies, print options and possibly the
filename). It is installed as world executable into
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filters/</tt> and is called by CUPS
if it encounters a MIME type <i class="parameter"><tt>application/vnd.cups-postscript</tt></i>.
</p><p>
CUPS can handle <i class="parameter"><tt>-o job-hold-until=indefinite</tt></i>.
This keeps the job in the queue on hold. It will only be printed
upon manual release by the printer operator. This is a requirement in
many central reproduction departments, where a few operators manage
the jobs of hundreds of users on some big machine, where no user is
allowed to have direct access (such as when the operators often need
to load the proper paper type before running the 10,000 page job
requested by marketing for the mailing, and so on).
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2928553"></a>Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba print files pass through two spool directories. One is the
incoming directory managed by Samba, (set in the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928566"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = /var/spool/samba
directive in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section of
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). The other is the spool directory of
your UNIX print subsystem. For CUPS it is normally
<tt class="filename">/var/spool/cups/</tt>, as set by the <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt>
directive <tt class="filename">RequestRoot /var/spool/cups</tt>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928617"></a>CUPS Configuration Settings Explained</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Some important parameter settings in the CUPS configuration file
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> are:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">PreserveJobHistory Yes</span></dt><dd><p>
This keeps some details of jobs in cupsd's mind (well it keeps the
c12345, c12346, and so on, files in the CUPS spool directory, which do a
similar job as the old-fashioned BSD-LPD control files). This is set
to &#8220;<span class="quote">Yes</span>&#8221; as a default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">PreserveJobFiles Yes</span></dt><dd><p>
This keeps the job files themselves in cupsd's mind
(it keeps the d12345, d12346 etc. files in the CUPS spool
directory). This is set to &#8220;<span class="quote">No</span>&#8221; as the CUPS
default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>&#8220;<span class="quote">MaxJobs 500</span>&#8221;</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
This directive controls the maximum number of jobs
that are kept in memory. Once the number of jobs reaches the limit,
the oldest completed job is automatically purged from the system to
make room for the new one. If all of the known jobs are still
pending or active, then the new job will be rejected. Setting the
maximum to 0 disables this functionality. The default setting is
0.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
(There are also additional settings for <i class="parameter"><tt>MaxJobsPerUser</tt></i> and
<i class="parameter"><tt>MaxJobsPerPrinter</tt></i>...)
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928720"></a>Pre-Conditions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For everything to work as announced, you need to have three
things:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A Samba-smbd that is compiled against <tt class="filename">libcups</tt> (check
on Linux by running <b class="userinput"><tt>ldd `which smbd'</tt></b>).</p></li><li><p>A Samba-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setting of
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2928768"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups.</p></li><li><p>Another Samba-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setting of
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2928795"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap</tt></i> = cups.</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
In this case, all other manually set printing-related commands (like
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928816"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>, 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928830"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq command</tt></i>, 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928844"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lprm command</tt></i>, 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928858"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command</tt></i> or
<a class="indexterm" name="id2928872"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>lpresume command</tt></i>) are ignored and they should normally have no
influence whatsoever on your printing.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2928890"></a>Manual Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you want to do things manually, replace the <a class="indexterm" name="id2928900"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = cups
by <a class="indexterm" name="id2928914"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> = bsd. Then your manually set commands may work
(I haven't tested this), and a <a class="indexterm" name="id2928929"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> = lp -d %P %s; rm %s"
may do what you need.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2928948"></a>Printing from CUPS to Windows Attached Printers</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&gt;From time to time the question arises, how can you print
<span class="emphasis"><em>to</em></span> a Windows attached printer
<span class="emphasis"><em>from</em></span> Samba? Normally the local connection
from Windows host to printer would be done by USB or parallel
cable, but this does not matter to Samba. From here only an SMB
connection needs to be opened to the Windows host. Of course, this
printer must be shared first. As you have learned by now, CUPS uses
<span class="emphasis"><em>backends</em></span> to talk to printers and other
servers. To talk to Windows shared printers, you need to use the
<tt class="filename">smb</tt> (surprise, surprise!) backend. Check if this
is in the CUPS backend directory. This usually resides in
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/backend/</tt>. You need to find an <tt class="filename">smb</tt>
file there. It should be a symlink to <tt class="filename">smbspool</tt>
and the file must exist and be executable:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l /usr/lib/cups/backend/</tt></b>
total 253
drwxr-xr-x    3 root   root     720 Apr 30 19:04 .
drwxr-xr-x    6 root   root     125 Dec 19 17:13 ..
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root   10692 Feb 16 21:29 canon
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root   10692 Feb 16 21:29 epson
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root   root       3 Apr 17 22:50 http -&gt; ipp
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root   17316 Apr 17 22:50 ipp
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root   15420 Apr 20 17:01 lpd
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root    8656 Apr 20 17:01 parallel
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root    2162 Mar 31 23:15 pdfdistiller
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root   root      25 Apr 30 19:04 ptal -&gt; /usr/sbin/ptal-cups
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root    6284 Apr 20 17:01 scsi
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root   root      17 Apr  2 03:11 smb -&gt; /usr/bin/smbspool
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root    7912 Apr 20 17:01 socket
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root    9012 Apr 20 17:01 usb

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -l `which smbspool`</tt></b>
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root   root  563245 Dec 28 14:49 /usr/bin/smbspool
</pre><p>
If this symlink does not exist, create it:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s `which smbspool` /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</tt></b>
</pre><p>
<b class="command">smbspool</b> has been written by Mike Sweet from the CUPS folks. It is
included and ships with Samba. It may also be used with print
subsystems other than CUPS, to spool jobs to Windows printer shares. To
set up printer <i class="replaceable"><tt>winprinter</tt></i> on CUPS, you need to have a driver for
it. Essentially this means to convert the print data on the CUPS/Samba
host to a format that the printer can digest (the Windows host is
unable to convert any files you may send). This also means you should
be able to print to the printer if it were hooked directly at your
Samba/CUPS host. For troubleshooting purposes, this is what you
should do to determine if that part of the process chain is in
order. Then proceed to fix the network connection/authentication to
the Windows host, and so on.
</p><p>
To install a printer with the <i class="parameter"><tt>smb</tt></i> backend on CUPS, use this command:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>lpadmin -p winprinter -v smb://WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename \
  -P /path/to/PPD</tt></b>
</pre><p>
The PPD must be able to direct CUPS to generate
the print data for the target model. For PostScript printers, just use
the PPD that would be used with the Windows NT PostScript driver. But
what can you do if the printer is only accessible with a password? Or
if the printer's host is part of another workgroup? This is provided
for: You can include the required parameters as part of the
<tt class="filename">smb://</tt> device-URI like this:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><tt class="filename">smb://WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</tt></li><li><tt class="filename">smb://username:password@WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</tt></li><li><tt class="filename">smb://username:password@WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</tt></li></ul></div><p>
Note that the device-URI will be visible in the process list of the
Samba server (e.g., when someone uses the <b class="command">ps -aux</b>
command on Linux), even if the username and passwords are sanitized
before they get written into the log files. So this is an inherently
insecure option, however, it is the only one. Don't use it if you want
to protect your passwords. Better share the printer in a way that
does not require a password! Printing will only work if you have a
working netbios name resolution up and running. Note that this is a
feature of CUPS and you do not necessarily need to have smbd running.

</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2929244"></a>More CUPS-Filtering Chains</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following diagrams reveal how CUPS handles print jobs.
</p><div class="figure"><a name="cups1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.17. Filtering chain 1.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/cups1.png" width="270" alt="Filtering chain 1."></div></div><div class="figure"><a name="cups2"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.18. Filtering chain with cupsomatic</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/cups2.png" width="270" alt="Filtering chain with cupsomatic"></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2929337"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929343"></a>Windows 9x/ME Client Can't Install Driver</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>For Windows 9x/ME, clients require the printer names to be eight
characters (or &#8220;<span class="quote">8 plus 3 chars suffix</span>&#8221;) max; otherwise, the driver files
will not get transferred when you want to download them from
Samba.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929362"></a>&#8220;<span class="quote">cupsaddsmb</span>&#8221; Keeps Asking for Root Password in Never-ending Loop</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Have you <a class="indexterm" name="id2929376"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user? Have
you used <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> to give root a Samba account?
You can do two things: open another terminal and execute
<b class="command">smbpasswd -a root</b> to create the account and
continue entering the password into the first terminal. Or break
out of the loop by pressing ENTER twice (without trying to type a
password).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929412"></a>&#8220;<span class="quote">cupsaddsmb</span>&#8221; Errors</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The use of &#8220;<span class="quote">cupsaddsmb</span>&#8221; gives &#8220;<span class="quote">No PPD file for printer...</span>&#8221; Message While PPD File Is Present.
		What might the problem be?
		</p><p>Have you enabled printer sharing on CUPS? This means:
Do you have a <i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;Location
/printers&gt;....&lt;/Location&gt;</tt></i> section in CUPS
server's <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> that does not deny access to
the host you run &#8220;<span class="quote">cupsaddsmb</span>&#8221; from?  It <span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span> be
an issue if you use cupsaddsmb remotely, or if you use it with a
<tt class="option">-h</tt> parameter: <b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -H
	sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername</tt></b>.
</p><p>Is your
<i class="parameter"><tt>TempDir</tt></i> directive in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt>
set to a valid value and is it writeable?
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929496"></a>Client Can't Connect to Samba Printer</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Use <b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check which user
you are from Samba's point of view. Do you have the privileges to
write into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share?</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929524"></a>New Account Reconnection from Windows 200x/XP Troubles</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Once you are connected as the wrong user (for
example, as <tt class="constant">nobody</tt>, which often occurs if you have 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2929540"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i> = bad user), Windows Explorer will not accept an
attempt to connect again as a different user. There will not be any byte
transfered on the wire to Samba, but still you'll see a stupid error
message that makes you think Samba has denied access. Use
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check for active connections. Kill the
PIDs. You still can't re-connect and you get the dreaded
<tt class="computeroutput">You can't connect with a second account from the same
machine</tt> message, as soon as you are trying. And you
do not see any single byte arriving at Samba (see logs; use &#8220;<span class="quote">ethereal</span>&#8221;)
indicating a renewed connection attempt. Shut all Explorer Windows.
This makes Windows forget what it has cached in its memory as
established connections. Then reconnect as the right user. The best
method is to use a DOS terminal window and <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span>
do <b class="userinput"><tt>net use z: \\GANDALF\print$ /user:root</tt></b>. Check
with <b class="command">smbstatus</b> that you are connected under a
different account. Now open the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span> folder (on the Samba server
in the <span class="guilabel">Network Neighborhood</span>), right-click on the
printer in question and select
<span class="guibutton">Connect...</span></p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929628"></a>Avoid Being Connected to the Samba Server as the Wrong User</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>You see per <b class="command">smbstatus</b> that you are
connected as user nobody; while you want to be root or
printeradmin. This is probably due to 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2929648"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i> = bad user, which silently connects you under the guest account
when you gave (maybe by accident) an incorrect username. Remove
<a class="indexterm" name="id2929665"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i>, if you want to prevent
this.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929680"></a>Upgrading to CUPS Drivers from Adobe Drivers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This information came from a mailinglist posting regarding problems experienced when
upgrading from Adobe drivers to CUPS drivers on Microsoft Windows NT/200x/XP Clients.
</p><p>First delete all old Adobe-using printers. Then
delete all old Adobe drivers. (On Windows 200x/XP, right-click in
the background of <span class="guilabel">Printers</span> folder, select <span class="guimenuitem">Server Properties...</span>, select
tab <span class="guilabel">Drivers</span> and delete here).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929723"></a>Can't Use &#8220;<span class="quote">cupsaddsmb</span>&#8221; on Samba Server Which Is a PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Do you use the &#8220;<span class="quote">naked</span>&#8221; root user name? Try to do it
this way: <b class="userinput"><tt>cupsaddsmb -U <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAINNAME</tt></i>\\root -v
<i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i></tt></b>&gt; (note the two backslashes: the first one is
required to &#8220;<span class="quote">escape</span>&#8221; the second one).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929762"></a>Deleted Windows 200x Printer Driver Is Still Shown</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Deleting a printer on the client will not delete the
driver too (to verify, right-click on the white background of the
<span class="guilabel">Printers</span> folder, select <span class="guimenuitem">Server Properties</span> and click on the
<span class="guilabel">Drivers</span> tab). These same old drivers will be re-used when you try to
install a printer with the same name. If you want to update to a new
driver, delete the old ones first. Deletion is only possible if no
other printer uses the same driver.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929800"></a>Windows 200x/XP "Local Security Policies"</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Local Security Policies may not
allow the installation of unsigned drivers. &#8220;<span class="quote">Local Security Policies</span>&#8221;
may not allow the installation of printer drivers at
all.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929816"></a>Administrator Cannot Install Printers for All Local Users</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Windows XP handles SMB printers on a &#8220;<span class="quote">per-user</span>&#8221; basis.
This means every user needs to install the printer himself. To have a
printer available for everybody, you might want to use the built-in
IPP client capabilities of WinXP. Add a printer with the print path of
<i class="parameter"><tt>http://cupsserver:631/printers/printername</tt></i>.
We're still looking into this one. Maybe a logon script could
automatically install printers for all
users.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929845"></a>Print Change Notify Functions on NT-clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>For print change, notify functions on NT++ clients.
These need to run the <b class="command">Server</b> service first (renamed to
<b class="command">File &amp; Print Sharing for MS Networks</b> in
XP).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929873"></a>WinXP-SP1</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>WinXP-SP1 introduced a Point and Print Restriction Policy (this restriction does not apply to
&#8220;<span class="quote">Administrator</span>&#8221; or &#8220;<span class="quote">Power User</span>&#8221; groups of users). In Group Policy
Object Editor, go to <span class="guimenu">User Configuration -&gt; Administrative Templates -&gt;
 Control Panel -&gt; Printers</span>. The policy is automatically set to
<tt class="constant">Enabled</tt> and the <tt class="constant">Users can only Point
and Print to machines in their Forest</tt> . You probably need
to change it to <tt class="constant">Disabled</tt> or <tt class="constant">Users can
only Point and Print to these servers</tt> to make
driver downloads from Samba possible.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929925"></a>Print Options for All Users Can't Be Set on Windows 200x/XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way (it is not
easy to find out, though). There are three different ways to bring
you to a dialog that <span class="emphasis"><em>seems</em></span> to set everything. All
three dialogs <span class="emphasis"><em>look</em></span> the same, yet only one of them
does what you intend. You need to be
Administrator or Print Administrator to do this for all users. Here
is how I do in on XP:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li><p>The first wrong way:

</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="I"><li><p>Open the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer
(<span class="guilabel">remoteprinter on cupshost</span>) and
select in context menu <span class="guimenuitem">Printing
Preferences...</span></p></li><li><p>Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks
like.</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p></li><li><p>The second wrong way:

</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="I"><li><p>Open the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer (<span class="guilabel">remoteprinter on
cupshost</span>) and select the context menu
<span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guilabel">General</span>
tab.</p></li><li><p>Click on the button <span class="guibutton">Printing
Preferences...</span></p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back
to the parent dialog.</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p></li><li><p>The third, and the correct way: 

</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="I"><li><p>Open the <span class="guilabel">Printers</span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span>
tab. (If everything is &#8220;<span class="quote">grayed out,</span>&#8221; then you are not logged
in as a user with enough privileges).</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guibutton">Printing
Defaults...</span> button.</p></li><li><p>On any of the two new tabs, click on the
<span class="guibutton">Advanced...</span>
button.</p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other
identical looking one from &#8220;<span class="quote">B.5</span>&#8221; or A.3".</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p></li></ol></div><p>
Do you see any difference? I don't either. However, only the last
one, which you arrived at with steps &#8220;<span class="quote">C.1.-6.</span>&#8221;, will save any settings
permanently and be the defaults for new users. If you want all clients
to get the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps <span class="emphasis"><em>as
Administrator</em></span> (<a class="indexterm" name="id2930200"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> in
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>) <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> a client
downloads the driver (the clients can later set their own
<span class="emphasis"><em>per-user defaults</em></span> by following the
procedures <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span>
above).</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930240"></a>Most Common Blunders in Driver Settings on Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Don't use <i class="parameter"><tt>Optimize for
Speed</tt></i>, but use <i class="parameter"><tt>Optimize for
Portability</tt></i> instead (Adobe PS Driver). Don't use
<i class="parameter"><tt>Page Independence: No</tt></i>: always
settle with  <i class="parameter"><tt>Page Independence:
Yes</tt></i> (Microsoft PS Driver and CUPS PS Driver for
Windows NT/200x/XP). If there are problems with fonts, use
<i class="parameter"><tt>Download as Softfont into
printer</tt></i> (Adobe PS Driver). For
<span class="guilabel">TrueType Download Options</span>
choose <tt class="constant">Outline</tt>. Use PostScript
Level 2, if you are having trouble with a non-PS printer and if
there is a choice.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930302"></a><b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> Does Not Work with Newly Installed Printer</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Symptom: The last command of
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> does not complete successfully:
<b class="command">cmd = setdriver printername printername</b> result was
NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL then possibly the printer was not yet
recognized by Samba. Did it show up in Network
Neighborhood? Did it show up i n <b class="command">rpcclient
hostname -c `enumprinters'</b>? Restart smbd (or send a
<b class="command">kill -HUP</b> to all processes listed by
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> and try
again.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930358"></a>Permissions on <tt class="filename">/var/spool/samba/</tt> Get Reset After Each Reboot</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Have you ever by accident set the CUPS spool directory to
the same location? (<i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot /var/spool/samba/</tt></i> in <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> or
the other way round: <tt class="filename">/var/spool/cups/</tt> is set as
<a class="indexterm" name="id2930398"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i>&gt; in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
section). These <i class="parameter"><tt>must</tt></i> be different. Set

<i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot /var/spool/cups/</tt></i> in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2930442"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> = 
/var/spool/samba in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
section of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Otherwise cupsd will
sanitize permissions to its spool directory with each restart and
printing will not work reliably.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930473"></a>Print Queue Called &#8220;<span class="quote">lp</span>&#8221; Mis-handles Print Jobs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In this case a print queue called &#8220;<span class="quote">lp</span>&#8221; intermittently swallows jobs and
spits out completely different ones from what was sent.
</p><p>It is a bad idea to name any printer &#8220;<span class="quote">lp</span>&#8221;. This
is the traditional UNIX name for the default printer. CUPS may be set
up to do an automatic creation of Implicit Classes. This means, to
group all printers with the same name to a pool of devices, and
load-balancing the jobs across them in a round-robin fashion. Chances
are high that someone else has a printer named &#8220;<span class="quote">lp</span>&#8221; too. You may
receive his jobs and send your own to his device unwittingly. To have
tight control over the printer names, set <i class="parameter"><tt>BrowseShortNames
No</tt></i>. It will present any printer as <i class="replaceable"><tt>printername@cupshost</tt></i>
and then gives you better control over what may happen in a large
networked environment.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930530"></a>Location of Adobe PostScript Driver Files for &#8220;<span class="quote">cupsaddsmb</span>&#8221;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Use <b class="command">smbclient</b> to connect to any
Windows box with a shared PostScript printer: <b class="command">smbclient
//windowsbox/print\$ -U guest</b>. You can navigate to the
<tt class="filename">W32X86/2</tt> subdir to <b class="command">mget ADOBE*</b>
and other files or to <tt class="filename">WIN40/0</tt> to do the same.
Another option is to download the <tt class="filename">*.exe</tt> packaged
files from the Adobe Web site.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930588"></a>Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>A complete overview of the CUPS printing processes can be found in <link linkend="a_small">.</p><div class="figure"><a name="a_small"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.19. CUPS printing overview.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/a_small.png" width="270" alt="CUPS printing overview."></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"><ulink url="http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html"><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2919110" href="#id2919110">4</a>] </sup>http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html</ulink></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="VFS"></a>Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Tim</span> <span class="surname">Potter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tpot@samba.org">tpot@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Simo</span> <span class="surname">Sorce</span></h3><span class="contrib">original vfs_skel README</span></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Alexander</span> <span class="surname">Bokovoy</span></h3><span class="contrib">original vfs_netatalk docs</span></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Stefan</span> <span class="surname">Metzmacher</span></h3><span class="contrib">Update for multiple modules</span></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2930792">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930810">Discussion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931062">Included Modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931069">audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931106">extd_audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#fakeperms">fake_perms</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931279">recycle</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931509">netatalk</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931554">VFS Modules Available Elsewhere</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931576">DatabaseFS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931637">vscan</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930792"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since Samba-3, there is support for stackable VFS (Virtual File System) modules. 
Samba passes each request to access the UNIX file system through the loaded VFS modules. 
This chapter covers all the modules that come with the Samba source and references to 
some external modules.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930810"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If not supplied with your platform distribution binary Samba package you may have problems
compiling these modules, as shared libraries are compiled and linked in different ways
on different systems. They currently have been tested against GNU/Linux and IRIX.
</p><p>
To use the VFS modules, create a share similar to the one below. The
important parameter is the <a class="indexterm" name="id2930831"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>vfs objects</tt></i> parameter where
you can list one or more VFS modules by name. For example, to log all access 
to files and put deleted files in a recycle bin, see <link linkend="vfsrecyc">.

</p><div class="example"><a name="vfsrecyc"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 20.1. smb.conf with VFS modules</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[audit]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Audited /data directory</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /data</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>vfs objects = audit recycle</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
The modules are used in the order in which they are specified.
</p><p>
Samba will attempt to load modules from the <tt class="filename">/lib</tt> directory in the root directory of the
Samba installation (usually <tt class="filename">/usr/lib/samba/vfs</tt> or <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib/vfs
</tt>).
</p><p>
Some modules can be used twice for the same share.
This can be done using a configuration similar to the one shown in <link linkend="multimodule">.

</p><div class="example"><a name="multimodule"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 20.2. smb.conf with multiple VFS modules</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[test]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = VFS TEST</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /data</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>vfs objects = example:example1 example example:test</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>example1: parameter = 1</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>example:  parameter = 5</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>test:	  parameter = 7</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2931062"></a>Included Modules</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931069"></a>audit</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A simple module to audit file access to the syslog
		facility. The following operations are logged:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>share</li><li>connect/disconnect</li><li>directory opens/create/remove</li><li>file open/close/rename/unlink/chmod</li></ul></div><p>
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931106"></a>extd_audit</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This module is identical with the <b class="command">audit</b> module above except
		that it sends audit logs to both syslog as well as the <b class="command">smbd</b> log files. The 
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2931133"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> for this module is set in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. 
		</p><p>
		Valid settings and the information that will be recorded are shown in <link linkend="xtdaudit">.
		</p><div class="table"><a name="xtdaudit"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 20.1. Extended Auditing Log Information</b></p><table summary="Extended Auditing Log Information" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Log Level</th><th align="center">Log Details - File and Directory Operations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">0</td><td align="left">Creation / Deletion</td></tr><tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="left">Create / Delete / Rename / Permission Changes</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="left">Create / Delete / Rename / Perm Change / Open / Close</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="fakeperms"></a>fake_perms</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This module was created to allow Roaming Profile files and directories to be set (on the Samba server
		under UNIX) as read only. This module will, if installed on the Profiles share, report to the client
		that the Profile files and directories are writable. This satisfies the client even though the files
		will never be overwritten as the client logs out or shuts down.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931279"></a>recycle</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A Recycle Bin-like module. Where used, unlink calls will be intercepted and files moved
		to the recycle directory instead of being deleted. This gives the same effect as the
		<span class="guiicon">Recycle Bin</span> on Windows computers.
		</p><p>
		The <span class="guiicon">Recycle Bin</span> will not appear in <span class="application">Windows Explorer</span> views of the network file system
		(share) nor on any mapped drive. Instead, a directory called <tt class="filename">.recycle</tt> will be
		automatically created when the first file is deleted. Users can recover files from the 
		<tt class="filename">.recycle</tt> directory. If the <i class="parameter"><tt>recycle:keeptree</tt></i> has been
		specified, deleted files will be found in a path identical with that from which the file was deleted.
		</p><p>Supported options for the <b class="command">recycle</b> module are as follow:
		</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">recycle:repository</span></dt><dd><p>
				Relative path of the directory where deleted files should be moved.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:keeptree</span></dt><dd><p>
				Specifies whether the directory structure should be kept or if the files in the directory that is being 
				deleted should be kept seperately in the recycle bin.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:versions</span></dt><dd><p>
				If this option is set, two files 
				with the same name that are deleted will both 
				be kept in the recycle bin. Newer deleted versions 
				of a file will be called &#8220;<span class="quote">Copy #x of <i class="replaceable"><tt>filename</tt></i></span>&#8221;.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:touch</span></dt><dd><p>
				Specifies whether a file's access date should be touched when the file is moved to the recycle bin.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:maxsize</span></dt><dd><p>
				Files that are larger than the number of bytes specified by this parameter will not be put into the recycle bin.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:exclude</span></dt><dd><p>
				List of files that should not be put into the recycle bin when deleted, but deleted in the regular way.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:exclude_dir</span></dt><dd><p>
				Contains a list of directories. When files from these directories are
				deleted, they are not put into the
				recycle bin but are deleted in the
				regular way.
				</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recycle:noversions</span></dt><dd><p>
				Opposite of <i class="parameter"><tt>recycle:versions</tt></i>. If both options are specified, this one takes precedence.
				</p></dd></dl></div><p>
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931509"></a>netatalk</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A netatalk module will ease co-existence of Samba and netatalk file sharing services.
		</p><p>Advantages compared to the old netatalk module:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Does not care about creating .AppleDouble forks, just keeps them in sync.</p></li><li><p>If a share in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> does not contain .AppleDouble item in hide or veto list, it will be added automatically.</p></li></ul></div><p>
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2931554"></a>VFS Modules Available Elsewhere</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section contains a listing of various other VFS modules that 
have been posted but do not currently reside in the Samba CVS 
tree for one reason or another (e.g., it is easy for the maintainer 
to have his or her own CVS tree).
</p><p>
No statements about the stability or functionality of any module
should be implied due to its presence here.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931576"></a>DatabaseFS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		URL: <ulink url="http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~elorimer/databasefs/index.php">http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~elorimer/databasefs/index.php</ulink>
		</p><p>By <ulink url="mailto:elorimer@css.tayloru.edu">Eric Lorimer.</ulink></p><p>
		I have created a VFS module that implements a fairly complete read-only
		filesystem. It presents information from a database as a filesystem in
		a modular and generic way to allow different databases to be used
		(originally designed for organizing MP3s under directories such as
		&#8220;<span class="quote">Artists,</span>&#8221; &#8220;<span class="quote">Song Keywords,</span>&#8221; and so on. I have since easily
		applied it to a student
		roster database.) The directory structure is stored in the
		database itself and the module makes no assumptions about the database
		structure beyond the table it requires to run.
		</p><p>
		Any feedback would be appreciated: comments, suggestions, patches,
		and so on. If nothing else, hopefully it might prove useful for someone
		else who wishes to create a virtual filesystem.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931637"></a>vscan</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>URL: <ulink url="http://www.openantivirus.org/">http://www.openantivirus.org/</ulink></p><p>
		<tt class="filename">samba-vscan</tt> is a proof-of-concept module for Samba, which
		uses the VFS (virtual file system) features of Samba 2.2.x/3.0
		alphaX. Of course, Samba has to be compiled with VFS support. 
		<tt class="filename">samba-vscan</tt> supports various virus scanners and is maintained 
		by Rainer Link.
		</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="winbind"></a>Chapter 21. Winbind: Use of Domain Accounts</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Tim</span> <span class="surname">Potter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tpot@linuxcare.com.au">tpot@linuxcare.com.au</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Naag</span> <span class="surname">Mummaneni</span></h3><span class="contrib">Notes for Solaris</span><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:getnag@rediffmail.com">getnag@rediffmail.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="surname">Trostel</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jtrostel@snapserver.com">jtrostel@snapserver.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div><span class="orgname">SNAP<br></span></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">27 June 2002</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2931874">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931999">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932080">What Winbind Provides</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932156">Target Uses</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932186">How Winbind Works</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932215">Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932249">Microsoft Active Directory Services</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932275">Name Service Switch</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932410">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932488">User and Group ID Allocation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932521">Result Caching</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932558">Installation and Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932565">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932631">Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932714">Testing Things Out</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2934471">Conclusion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934490">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934544">NSCD Problem Warning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934590">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2931874"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Integration of UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT through a unified logon has
	been considered a &#8220;<span class="quote">holy grail</span>&#8221; in heterogeneous computing environments for
	a long time.
	</p><p>
	There is one other facility without which UNIX and Microsoft Windows network
	interoperability would suffer greatly. It is imperative that there be a
	mechanism for sharing files across UNIX systems and to be able to assign
	domain user and group ownerships with integrity.
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>winbind</em></span> is a component of the Samba suite of programs that
	solves the unified logon problem. Winbind uses a UNIX implementation of Microsoft
	RPC calls, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and the Name Service Switch to
	allow Windows NT domain users to appear and operate as UNIX users on a UNIX
	machine. This chapter describes the Winbind system, explaining the functionality
	it provides, how it is configured, and how it works internally.
	</p><p>
	Winbind provides three separate functions:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		Authentication of user credentials (via PAM).
		</p></li><li><p>
		Identity resolution (via NSS).
		</p></li><li><p>
		Winbind maintains a database called winbind_idmap.tdb in which it stores
		mappings between UNIX UIDs / GIDs and NT SIDs. This mapping is used only
		for users and groups that do not have a local UID/GID. It stored the UID/GID
		allocated from the idmap uid/gid range that it has mapped to the NT SID.
		If <i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend</tt></i> has been specified as ldapsam:url
		then instead of using a local mapping Winbind will obtain this information
		from the LDAP database.
		</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	If <b class="command">winbindd</b> is not running, smbd (which calls <b class="command">winbindd</b>) will fall back to
	using purely local information from <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> and <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> and no dynamic
	mapping will be used.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2931999"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>It is well known that UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT have 
	different models for representing user and group information and 
	use different technologies for implementing them. This fact has 
	made it difficult to integrate the two systems in a satisfactory 
	manner.</p><p>One common solution in use today has been to create 
	identically named user accounts on both the UNIX and Windows systems 
	and use the Samba suite of programs to provide file and print services 
	between the two. This solution is far from perfect, however, as 
	adding and deleting users on both sets of machines becomes a chore 
	and two sets of passwords are required  both of which
	can lead to synchronization problems between the UNIX and Windows 
	systems and confusion for users.</p><p>We divide the unified logon problem for UNIX machines into 
	three smaller problems:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Obtaining Windows NT user and group information.
		</p></li><li><p>Authenticating Windows NT users.
		</p></li><li><p>Password changing for Windows NT users.
		</p></li></ul></div><p>Ideally, a prospective solution to the unified logon problem 
	would satisfy all the above components without duplication of 
	information on the UNIX machines and without creating additional 
	tasks for the system administrator when maintaining users and 
	groups on either system. The Winbind system provides a simple 
	and elegant solution to all three components of the unified logon 
	problem.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932080"></a>What Winbind Provides</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind unifies UNIX and Windows NT account management by 
	allowing a UNIX box to become a full member of an NT domain. Once 
	this is done the UNIX box will see NT users and groups as if 
	they were &#8220;<span class="quote">native</span>&#8221; UNIX users and groups, allowing the NT domain 
	to be used in much the same manner that NIS+ is used within 
	UNIX-only environments.</p><p>The end result is that whenever any 
	program on the UNIX machine asks the operating system to lookup 
	a user or group name, the query will be resolved by asking the 
	NT Domain Controller for the specified domain to do the lookup.
	Because Winbind hooks into the operating system at a low level 
	(via the NSS name resolution modules in the C library), this 
	redirection to the NT Domain Controller is completely 
	transparent.</p><p>Users on the UNIX machine can then use NT user and group 
	names as they would &#8220;<span class="quote">native</span>&#8221; UNIX names. They can chown files 
	so they are owned by NT domain users or even login to the 
	UNIX machine and run a UNIX X-Window session as a domain user.</p><p>The only obvious indication that Winbind is being used is 
	that user and group names take the form <tt class="constant">DOMAIN\user</tt> and 
	<tt class="constant">DOMAIN\group</tt>. This is necessary as it allows Winbind to determine 
	that redirection to a Domain Controller is wanted for a particular 
	lookup and which trusted domain is being referenced.</p><p>Additionally, Winbind provides an authentication service 
	that hooks into the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) system 
	to provide authentication via an NT domain to any PAM-enabled 
	applications. This capability solves the problem of synchronizing 
	passwords between systems since all passwords are stored in a single 
	location (on the Domain Controller).</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932156"></a>Target Uses</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an 
		existing NT-based domain infrastructure into which they wish 
		to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these 
		organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to 
		maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly 
		simplifies the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX 
		workstations into an NT-based organization.</p><p>Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to 
		be used is as a central part of UNIX-based appliances. Appliances 
		that provide file and print services to Microsoft-based networks 
		will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of 
		the appliance into the domain.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932186"></a>How Winbind Works</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>The Winbind system is designed around a client/server 
	architecture. A long running <b class="command">winbindd</b> daemon 
	listens on a UNIX domain socket waiting for requests
	to arrive. These requests are generated by the NSS and PAM 
	clients and is processed sequentially.</p><p>The technologies used to implement Winbind are described 
	in detail below.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932215"></a>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Over the last few years, efforts have been underway 
		by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of 
		the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This 
		system is used for most network-related operations between 
		Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication
		and print spooling. Although initially this work was done 
		to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) 
		functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code that 
		can be used for other purposes.</p><p>Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users 
		and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual 
		users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate 
		NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying 
		a Windows PDC for user and group information, Winbind maps the 
		NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932249"></a>Microsoft Active Directory Services</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
                Since late 2001, Samba has gained the ability to
                interact with Microsoft Windows 2000 using its &#8220;<span class="quote">Native
                Mode</span>&#8221; protocols, rather than the NT4 RPC services.
                Using LDAP and Kerberos, a Domain Member running
                Winbind can enumerate users and groups in exactly the
                same way as a Windows 200x client would, and in so doing
                provide a much more efficient and effective Winbind implementation. 
                </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932275"></a>Name Service Switch</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is 
		present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system 
		information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information 
		to be resolved from different sources. For example, a standalone 
		UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of 
		flat files stored on the local filesystem. A networked workstation 
		may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, 
		and then consult an NIS database for user information or a DNS server 
		for hostname information.</p><p>The NSS application programming interface allows Winbind 
		to present itself as a source of system information when 
		resolving UNIX usernames and groups. Winbind uses this interface, 
		and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC 
		calls to provide a new source of account enumeration. Using standard 
		UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on
		a UNIX machine running Winbind and see all users and groups in 
		a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local 
		users and groups.</p><p>The primary control file for NSS is 
		<tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>. 
		When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup, 
		the C library looks in <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> 
		for a line that matches the service type being requested, for 
		example the &#8220;<span class="quote">passwd</span>&#8221; service type is used when user or group names 
		are looked up. This config line specifies which implementations 
		of that service should be tried and in what order. If the passwd 
		config line is:</p><pre class="screen">
		passwd: files example
		</pre><p>then the C library will first load a module called 
		<tt class="filename">/lib/libnss_files.so</tt> followed by
		the module <tt class="filename">/lib/libnss_example.so</tt>. The 
		C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn 
		and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve 
		the request. Once the request is resolved, the C library returns the
		result to the application.</p><p>This NSS interface provides an easy way for Winbind 
		to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done 
		is to put <tt class="filename">libnss_winbind.so</tt> in <tt class="filename">/lib/</tt> 
		then add &#8220;<span class="quote">winbind</span>&#8221; into <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> at 
		the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to 
		resolve user and group names.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932410"></a>Pluggable Authentication Modules</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, 
		is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization 
		technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different 
		authentication methods for different system applications without 
		having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful
		for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, 
		a system administrator may only allow console logins from users 
		stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from 
		a NIS database to log in over the network.</p><p>Winbind uses the authentication management and password 
		management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a 
		UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX 
		machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain 
		Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have 
		this change take effect directly on the Primary Domain Controller.
		</p><p>PAM is configured by providing control files in the directory 
		<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> for each of the services that 
		require authentication. When an authentication request is made 
		by an application, the PAM code in the C library looks up this
		control file to determine what modules to load to do the 
		authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding 
		a new authentication service for Winbind very easy. All that needs 
		to be done is that the <tt class="filename">pam_winbind.so</tt> module 
		is copied to <tt class="filename">/lib/security/</tt> and the PAM 
		control files for relevant services are updated to allow 
		authentication via Winbind. See the PAM documentation
		in <link linkend="pam"> for more information.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932488"></a>User and Group ID Allocation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>When a user or group is created under Windows NT/200x 
		it is allocated a numerical relative identifier (RID). This is 
		slightly different from UNIX which has a range of numbers that are 
		used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify 
		groups. It is Winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX ID numbers and
		vice versa. When Winbind is configured, it is given part of the UNIX 
		user ID space and a part of the UNIX group ID space in which to 
		store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is 
		resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX ID from 
		the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over 
		time, Winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups
		to UNIX user IDs and group IDs.</p><p>The results of this mapping are stored persistently in 
		an ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that 
		RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932521"></a>Result Caching</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2932533"></a>
			An active system can generate a lot of user and group 
		name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups, Winbind 
		uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied 
		by NT Domain Controllers. User or group information returned 
		by a PDC is cached by Winbind along with a sequence number also 
		returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by 
		Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modified. If 
		a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from 
		the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. 
		If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information 
		is discarded and up-to-date information is requested directly 
		from the PDC.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932558"></a>Installation and Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932565"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section describes the procedures used to get Winbind up and 
running. Winbind is capable of providing access 
and authentication control for Windows Domain users through an NT 
or Windows 200x PDC for regular services, such as telnet and ftp, as
well for Samba services.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Why should I do this?</em></span>
	</p><p>This allows the Samba administrator to rely on the 
	authentication mechanisms on the Windows NT/200x PDC for the authentication 
	of Domain Members. Windows NT/200x users no longer need to have separate 
	accounts on the Samba server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Who should be reading this document?</em></span>
	</p><p>
	This document is designed for system administrators. If you are 
	implementing Samba on a file server and wish to (fairly easily) 
	integrate existing Windows NT/200x users from your PDC onto the
	Samba server, this document is for you.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932631"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have a Samba configuration file that you are currently using, <span class="emphasis"><em>BACK IT UP!</em></span>
If your system already uses PAM, <span class="emphasis"><em>back up the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> directory
contents!</em></span> If you haven't already made a boot disk, <span class="emphasis"><em>MAKE ONE NOW!</em></span>
</p><p>
Messing with the PAM configuration files can make it nearly impossible to log in to your machine. That's
why you want to be able to boot back into your machine in single user mode and restore your
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> back to the original state they were in if you get frustrated with the
way things are going.
</p><p>
The latest version of Samba-3 includes a functioning winbindd daemon. Please refer to the <ulink url="http://samba.org/">main Samba Web page</ulink> or, better yet, your closest Samba mirror site for
instructions on downloading the source code.
</p><p>
To allow domain users the ability to access Samba shares and files, as well as potentially other services
provided by your Samba machine, PAM must be set up properly on your
machine. In order to compile the Winbind modules, you should have at least the PAM development libraries installed
on your system. Please refer the PAM web site <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/</ulink>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932714"></a>Testing Things Out</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before starting, it is probably best to kill off all the Samba-related daemons running on your server.
Kill off all <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> processes that may be running. To use PAM,
make sure that you have the standard PAM package that supplies the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt>
directory structure, including the PAM modules that are used by PAM-aware services, several pam libraries,
and the <tt class="filename">/usr/doc</tt> and <tt class="filename">/usr/man</tt> entries for pam. Winbind built
better in Samba if the pam-devel package is also installed. This package includes the header files
needed to compile PAM-aware applications.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2932775"></a>Configure <tt class="filename">nsswitch.conf</tt> and the Winbind Libraries on Linux and Solaris</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM is a standard component of most current generation UNIX/Linux systems. Unfortunately, few systems install
the <tt class="filename">pam-devel</tt> libraries that are needed to build PAM-enabled Samba. Additionally, Samba-3
may auto-install the Winbind files into their correct locations on your system, so before you get too far down
the track be sure to check if the following configuration is really
necessary. You may only need to configure
<tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>.
</p><p>
The libraries needed to run the <span class="application">winbindd</span> daemon through nsswitch need to be copied to their proper locations:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp ../samba/source/nsswitch/libnss_winbind.so /lib</tt></b>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
I also found it necessary to make the following symbolic link:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /lib/libnss_winbind.so /lib/libnss_winbind.so.2</tt></b>
</p><p>And, in the case of Sun Solaris:</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so.1</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so /usr/lib/nss_winbind.so.1</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so /usr/lib/nss_winbind.so.2</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Now, as root you need to edit <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> to 
allow user and group entries to be visible from the <span class="application">winbindd</span>
daemon. My <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file look like 
this after editing:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	passwd:     files winbind
	shadow:     files 
	group:      files winbind
</pre><p>	
The libraries needed by the <b class="command">winbindd</b> daemon will be automatically 
entered into the <b class="command">ldconfig</b> cache the next time 
your system reboots, but it is faster (and you do not need to reboot) if you do it manually:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/sbin/ldconfig -v | grep winbind</tt></b>
</p><p>
This makes <tt class="filename">libnss_winbind</tt> available to winbindd 
and echos back a check to you.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2933015"></a>NSS Winbind on AIX</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>(This section is only for those running AIX.)</p><p>
The Winbind AIX identification module gets built as <tt class="filename">libnss_winbind.so</tt> in the
nsswitch directory of the Samba source. This file can be copied to <tt class="filename">/usr/lib/security</tt>,
and the AIX naming convention would indicate that it should be named WINBIND. A stanza like the following:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
WINBIND:
        program = /usr/lib/security/WINBIND
        options = authonly
</pre><p>
can then be added to <tt class="filename">/usr/lib/security/methods.cfg</tt>. This module only supports
identification, but there have been success reports using the standard Winbind PAM module for
authentication. Use caution configuring loadable authentication
modules since you can make
it impossible to logon to the system. More information about the AIX authentication module API can
be found at &#8220;<span class="quote">Kernel Extensions and Device Support Programming Concepts for AIX</span>&#8221;<ulink url="http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/kernextc/sec_load_mod.htm">
in Chapter 18(John, there is no section like this in 18). Loadable Authentication Module Programming
Interface</ulink> and more information on administering the  modules
can be found at <ulink url="http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixbman/baseadmn/iandaadmin.htm"> System
Management Guide: Operating System and Devices.</ulink>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2933106"></a>Configure smb.conf</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Several parameters are needed in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file to control the behavior of <span class="application">winbindd</span>. These
are described in more detail in the <a href="winbindd.8.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">winbindd</span>(8)</span></a> man page. My <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, as shown in <link linkend="winbindcfg">, was modified to include the necessary entries in the [global] section.
</p><div class="example"><a name="winbindcfg"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 21.1. smb.conf for Winbind set-up</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>#  separate domain and username with '+', like DOMAIN+username</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>winbind separator = +</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>#  use uids from 10000 to 20000 for domain users</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap uid = 10000-20000</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>#  use gids from 10000 to 20000 for domain groups</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>winbind gid = 10000-20000</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>#  allow enumeration of winbind users and groups</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>winbind enum users = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>winbind enum groups = yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>#  give winbind users a real shell (only needed if they have telnet access)</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>template homedir = /home/winnt/%D/%U</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>template shell = /bin/bash</tt></i></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2933271"></a>Join the Samba Server to the PDC Domain</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Enter the following command to make the Samba server join the 
PDC domain, where <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i> is the name of 
your Windows domain and <i class="replaceable"><tt>Administrator</tt></i> is 
a domain user who has administrative privileges in the domain.
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/net rpc join -S PDC -U Administrator</tt></b>
</p><p>
The proper response to the command should be: &#8220;<span class="quote">Joined the domain 
<i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i></span>&#8221; where <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i> 
is your DOMAIN name.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2933329"></a>Starting and Testing the <b class="command">winbindd</b> Daemon</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Eventually, you will want to modify your Samba startup script to 
automatically invoke the winbindd daemon when the other parts of 
Samba start, but it is possible to test out just the Winbind
portion first. To start up Winbind services, enter the following 
command as root:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd</tt></b>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The above assumes that Samba has been installed in the <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba</tt>
directory tree. You may need to search for the location of Samba files if this is not the
location of <b class="command">winbindd</b> on your system.
</p></div><p>
Winbindd can now also run in &#8220;<span class="quote">dual daemon modei</span>&#8221;. This will make it 
run as two processes. The first will answer all requests from the cache,
thus making responses to clients faster. The other will
update the cache for the query that the first has just responded.
The advantage of this is that responses stay accurate and are faster. 
You can enable dual daemon mode by adding <tt class="option">-B</tt> to the commandline:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B</tt></b>
</p><p>
I'm always paranoid and like to make sure the daemon is really running.
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ps -ae | grep winbindd</tt></b>
</p><p>
This command should produce output like this, if the daemon is running you would expect
to see a report something like this:
</p><pre class="screen">
3025 ?        00:00:00 winbindd
</pre><p>
Now, for the real test, try to get some information about the users on your PDC:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -u</tt></b>
</p><p>	
This should echo back a list of users on your Windows users on 
your PDC. For example, I get the following response:
</p><pre class="screen">
	CEO+Administrator
	CEO+burdell
	CEO+Guest
	CEO+jt-ad
	CEO+krbtgt
	CEO+TsInternetUser
</pre><p>
Obviously, I have named my domain &#8220;<span class="quote">CEO</span>&#8221; and my <a class="indexterm" name="id2933511"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>winbind separator</tt></i> is &#8220;<span class="quote">+</span>&#8221;.
</p><p>
You can do the same sort of thing to get group information from the PDC:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -g</tt></b>
	CEO+Domain Admins
	CEO+Domain Users
	CEO+Domain Guests
	CEO+Domain Computers
	CEO+Domain Controllers
	CEO+Cert Publishers
	CEO+Schema Admins
	CEO+Enterprise Admins
	CEO+Group Policy Creator Owners
</pre><p>
The function <b class="command">getent</b> can now be used to get unified 
lists of both local and PDC users and groups. Try the following command:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>getent passwd</tt></b>
</p><p>
You should get a list that looks like your <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> 
list followed by the domain users with their new UIDs, GIDs, home 
directories and default shells.
</p><p>
The same thing can be done for groups with the command:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>getent group</tt></b>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2933625"></a>Fix the init.d Startup Scripts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2933633"></a>Linux</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <span class="application">winbindd</span> daemon needs to start up after the <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span> daemons are running. 
To accomplish this task, you need to modify the startup scripts of your system.
They are located at <tt class="filename">/etc/init.d/smb</tt> in Red Hat Linux and they are located in 
<tt class="filename">/etc/init.d/samba</tt> in Debian Linux. Edit your
script to add commands to invoke this daemon in the proper sequence. My 
startup script starts up <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> from the 
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/bin</tt> directory directly. The <b class="command">start</b> 
function in the script looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
start() {
        KIND="SMB"
        echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: "
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd $SMBDOPTIONS
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        KIND="NMB"
        echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: "
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd $NMBDOPTIONS
        RETVAL2=$?
        echo
        KIND="Winbind"
        echo -n $"Starting $KIND services: "
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
        RETVAL3=$?
        echo
        [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; \
		touch /var/lock/subsys/smb || RETVAL=1
        return $RETVAL
}
</pre><p>If you would like to run winbindd in dual daemon mode, replace 
the line :
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
</pre><p>

in the example above with:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B
</pre><p>.
</p><p>
The <b class="command">stop</b> function has a corresponding entry to shut down the 
services and looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
stop() {
        KIND="SMB"
        echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: "
        killproc smbd
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        KIND="NMB"
        echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: "
        killproc nmbd
        RETVAL2=$?
        echo
        KIND="Winbind"
        echo -n $"Shutting down $KIND services: "
        killproc winbindd
        RETVAL3=$?
        [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; \
		 rm -f /var/lock/subsys/smb
        echo ""
        return $RETVAL
}
</pre></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2933809"></a>Solaris</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Winbind does not work on Solaris 9, see <link linkend="winbind-solaris9"> for details.
</p><p>
On Solaris, you need to modify the <tt class="filename">/etc/init.d/samba.server</tt> startup script. It
usually only starts smbd and nmbd but should now start winbindd, too. If you have Samba installed in
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/bin</tt>, the file could contains something like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	##
	## samba.server
	##

	if [ ! -d /usr/bin ]
	then                    # /usr not mounted
		exit
	fi

	killproc() {            # kill the named process(es)
		pid=`/usr/bin/ps -e |
		     /usr/bin/grep -w $1 |
		     /usr/bin/sed -e 's/^  *//' -e 's/ .*//'`
		[ "$pid" != "" ] &amp;&amp; kill $pid
	}
	 
	# Start/stop processes required for Samba server

	case "$1" in

	'start')
	#
	# Edit these lines to suit your installation (paths, workgroup, host)
	#
	echo Starting SMBD
	   /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D -s \
		/usr/local/samba/smb.conf

	echo Starting NMBD
	   /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D -l \
		/usr/local/samba/var/log -s /usr/local/samba/smb.conf

	echo Starting Winbind Daemon
	   /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
	   ;;

	'stop')
	   killproc nmbd
	   killproc smbd
	   killproc winbindd
	   ;;

	*)
	   echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/samba.server { start | stop }"
	   ;;
	esac
</pre><p>
Again, if you would like to run Samba in dual daemon mode, replace:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
</pre><p>
in the script above with:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2933925"></a>Restarting</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you restart the <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> daemons at this point, you
should be able to connect to the Samba server as a Domain Member just as
if you were a local user.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2933962"></a>Configure Winbind and PAM</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have made it this far, you know that <b class="command">winbindd</b> and Samba are working
together. If you want to use Winbind to provide authentication for other 
services, keep reading. The PAM configuration files need to be altered in
this step. (Did you remember to make backups of your original 
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> files? If not, do it now.)
</p><p>
You will need a PAM module to use winbindd with these other services. This 
module will be compiled in the <tt class="filename">../source/nsswitch</tt> directory
by invoking the command:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make nsswitch/pam_winbind.so</tt></b>
</p><p>
from the <tt class="filename">../source</tt> directory. The
<tt class="filename">pam_winbind.so</tt> file should be copied to the location of
your other PAM security modules. On my RedHat system, this was the
<tt class="filename">/lib/security</tt> directory. On Solaris, the PAM security 
modules reside in <tt class="filename">/usr/lib/security</tt>.
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp ../samba/source/nsswitch/pam_winbind.so /lib/security</tt></b>
</p><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2934074"></a>Linux/FreeBSD-specific PAM configuration</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/samba</tt> file does not need to be changed. I 
just left this file as it was:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	auth    required        /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	account required        /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
</pre><p>
The other services that I modified to allow the use of Winbind 
as an authentication service were the normal login on the console (or a terminal 
session), telnet logins, and ftp service. In order to enable these 
services, you may first need to change the entries in 
<tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d</tt> (or <tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt>). 
Red Hat Linux 7.1 and later uses the new xinetd.d structure, in this case you need 
to change the lines in <tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/telnet</tt> 
and <tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftp</tt> from 
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	enable = no
</pre><p>
to:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	enable = yes
</pre><p>	
For ftp services to work properly, you will also need to either 
have individual directories for the domain users already present on 
the server, or change the home directory template to a general
directory for all domain users. These can be easily set using 
the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> global entry 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2934176"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>template homedir</tt></i>.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/ftp</tt> file can be changed 
to allow Winbind ftp access in a manner similar to the
samba file. My <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/ftp</tt> file was 
changed to look like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny \
	 file=/etc/ftpusers onerr=succeed
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_shells.so
account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
</pre><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</tt> file can be changed nearly the 
same way. It now looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_UNIX.so use_first_pass
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
password   required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    optional     /lib/security/pam_console.so
</pre><p>
In this case, I added the </p><pre class="programlisting">auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so</pre><p> 
lines as before, but also added the </p><pre class="programlisting">required pam_securetty.so</pre><p>
above it, to disallow root logins over the network. I also added a 
</p><pre class="programlisting">sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass</pre><p>
line after the <b class="command">winbind.so</b> line to get rid of annoying 
double prompts for passwords.
</p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2934310"></a>Solaris-specific configuration</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> needs to be changed. I changed this file so my Domain
users can logon both locally as well as telnet. The following are the changes
that I made. You can customize the <tt class="filename">pam.conf</tt> file as per your requirements, but
be sure of those changes because in the worst case it will leave your system
nearly impossible to boot.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#
#ident "@(#)pam.conf 1.14 99/09/16 SMI"
#
# Copyright (c) 1996-1999, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# PAM configuration
#
# Authentication management
#
login   auth required   /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
login auth required  /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 try_first_pass 
login auth required  /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_dial_auth.so.1 try_first_pass 
#
rlogin  auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
rlogin  auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
rlogin auth required  /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 try_first_pass
#
dtlogin auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
dtlogin auth required  /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 try_first_pass
#
rsh auth required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
other   auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
other auth required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 try_first_pass
#
# Account management
#
login   account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
login account requisite /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
login account required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 
#
dtlogin account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
dtlogin account requisite /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
dtlogin account required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 
#
other   account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
other account requisite /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
other account required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 
#
# Session management
#
other session required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 
#
# Password management
#
#other   password sufficient     /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
other password required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1 
dtsession auth required /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_UNIX.so.1
#
# Support for Kerberos V5 authentication (uncomment to use Kerberos)
#
#rlogin auth optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#login auth optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#dtlogin auth optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#other auth optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
#dtlogin account optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
#other account optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
#other session optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
#other password optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
</pre><p>
I also added a <i class="parameter"><tt>try_first_pass</tt></i> line after the <tt class="filename">winbind.so</tt>
line to get rid of annoying double prompts for passwords.
</p><p>
Now restart your Samba and try connecting through your application that you
configured in the pam.conf.
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2934471"></a>Conclusion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>The Winbind system, through the use of the Name Service 
Switch, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and appropriate 
Microsoft RPC calls have allowed us to provide seamless 
integration of Microsoft Windows NT domain users on a
UNIX system. The result is a great reduction in the administrative 
cost of running a mixed UNIX and NT network.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2934490"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind has a number of limitations in its current 
	released version that we hope to overcome in future 
	releases:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Winbind is currently only available for 
		the Linux, Solaris, AIX, and IRIX operating systems, although ports to other operating 
		systems are certainly possible. For such ports to be feasible, 
		we require the C library of the target operating system to 
		support the Name Service Switch and Pluggable Authentication
		Modules systems. This is becoming more common as NSS and 
		PAM gain support among UNIX vendors.</p></li><li><p>The mappings of Windows NT RIDs to UNIX IDs 
		is not made algorithmically and depends on the order in which 
		unmapped users or groups are seen by Winbind. It may be difficult 
		to recover the mappings of RID to UNIX ID mapping if the file 
		containing this information is corrupted or destroyed.</p></li><li><p>Currently the Winbind PAM module does not take 
		into account possible workstation and logon time restrictions 
		that may be set for Windows NT users, this is
		instead up to the PDC to enforce.</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2934544"></a>NSCD Problem Warning</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
	Do not under any circumstances run <b class="command">nscd</b> on any system
	on which <b class="command">winbindd</b> is running.
	</p></div><p>
	If <b class="command">nscd</b> is running on the UNIX/Linux system, then
	even though NSSWITCH is correctly configured it will not be possible to resolve
	domain users and groups for file and directory controls.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2934590"></a>Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
	My <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file is correctly configured. I have specified 
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2934610"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap uid</tt></i> = 12000, 
	and <a class="indexterm" name="id2934624"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap gid</tt></i> = 3000-3500
	and <b class="command">winbind</b> is running. When I do the following it all works fine.
	</span>&#8221;</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>wbinfo -u</tt></b>
MIDEARTH+maryo
MIDEARTH+jackb
MIDEARTH+ameds
...
MIDEARTH+root

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>wbinfo -g</tt></b>
MIDEARTH+Domain Users
MIDEARTH+Domain Admins
MIDEARTH+Domain Guests
...
MIDEARTH+Accounts

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>getent passwd</tt></b>
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/bash
...
maryo:x:15000:15003:Mary Orville:/home/MIDEARTH/maryo:/bin/false
</pre><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
But the following command just fails:
<pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown maryo a_file</tt></b>
chown: `maryo': invalid user
</pre>
This is driving me nuts! What can be wrong?
</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Same problem as the one above.
Your system is likely running <b class="command">nscd</b>, the name service
caching daemon. Shut it down, do not restart it! You will find your problem resolved.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="AdvancedNetworkManagement"></a>Chapter 22. Advanced Network Management</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2934800">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2934972">Remote Desktop Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2934990">Remote Management from NoMachine.Com</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2935223">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935452">Adding Printers without User Intervention</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This section documents peripheral issues that are of great importance to network
administrators who want to improve network resource access control, to automate the user
environment and to make their lives a little easier.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2934800"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Often the difference between a working network environment and a well appreciated one can
best be measured by the <span class="emphasis"><em>little things</em></span> that make everything work more
harmoniously. A key part of every network environment solution is the
ability to remotely
manage MS Windows workstations, remotely access the Samba server, provide customized
logon scripts, as well as other housekeeping activities that help to sustain more reliable
network operations.
</p><p>
This chapter presents information on each of these areas. They are placed here, and not in
other chapters, for ease of reference.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2934831"></a>Remote Server Administration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">How do I get `User Manager' and `Server Manager'?</span>&#8221;</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2934849"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2934857"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2934866"></a>
Since I do not need to buy an <span class="application">NT4 Server</span>, how do I get the `User Manager for Domains'
and the `Server Manager'?
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2934887"></a>
Microsoft distributes a version of these tools called <tt class="filename">Nexus.exe</tt> for installation 
on <span class="application">Windows 9x/Me</span> systems. The tools set includes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Server Manager</li><li>User Manager for Domains</li><li>Event Viewer</li></ul></div><p>
Download the archived file at <ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE">ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE.</ulink>
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2934945"></a>
The <span class="application">Windows NT 4.0</span> version of the `User Manager for 
Domains' and `Server Manager' are available from Microsoft <ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE">via ftp</ulink>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2934972"></a>Remote Desktop Management</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of possible remote desktop management solutions that range from free
through costly. Do not let that put you off. Sometimes the most costly solution is the
most cost effective. In any case, you will need to draw your own conclusions as to which
is the best tool in your network environment.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2934990"></a>Remote Management from NoMachine.Com</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2935002"></a>
	The following information was posted to the Samba mailing list at Apr 3 23:33:50 GMT 2003.
	It is presented in slightly edited form (with author details omitted for privacy reasons).
	The entire answer is reproduced below with some comments removed.
	</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
		I have a wonderful Linux/Samba server running as pdc for a network. Now I would like to add remote
		desktop capabilities so users outside could login to the system and get their desktop up from home or
		another country.
		</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
		Is there a way to accomplish this? Do I need a Windows Terminal Server?  Do I need to configure it so
		it is a member of the domain or a BDC,PDC? Are there any hacks for MS Windows XP to enable remote login
		even if the computer is in a domain?
		</span>&#8221;</p><p>
		Answer provided: Check out the new offer from NoMachine, &#8220;<span class="quote">NX</span>&#8221; software:
		<ulink url="http://www.nomachine.com/">http://www.nomachine.com/</ulink>.
		</p><p>
	It implements an easy-to-use interface to the Remote X protocol as
	well as incorporating VNC/RFB and rdesktop/RDP into it, but at a speed
	performance much better than anything you may have ever seen.
	</p><p>
	Remote X is not new at all, but what they did achieve successfully is
	a new way of compression and caching technologies that makes the thing
	fast enough to run even over slow modem/ISDN connections.
	</p><p>
	I could test drive their (public) Red Hat machine in Italy, over a loaded
	Internet connection, with enabled thumbnail previews in KDE konqueror
	which popped up immediately on &#8220;<span class="quote">mouse-over</span>&#8221;. From inside that (remote X)
	session I started a rdesktop session on another, a Windows XP machine.
	To test the performance, I played Pinball. I am proud to announce
	that my score was 631750 points at first try.
	</p><p>
	NX performs better on my local LAN than any of the other &#8220;<span class="quote">pure</span>&#8221;
	connection methods I am using from time to time: TightVNC, rdesktop or
	Remote X. It is even faster than a direct crosslink connection between
	two nodes.
	</p><p>
	I even got sound playing from the Remote X app to my local boxes, and
	had a working &#8220;<span class="quote">copy'n'paste</span>&#8221; from an NX  window (running a KDE session
	in Italy) to my Mozilla mailing agent. These guys are certainly doing
	something right!
	</p><p>
	I recommend to test drive NX to anybody with a only a passing interest in remote computing
	<ulink url="http://www.nomachine.com/testdrive.php">http://www.nomachine.com/testdrive.php</ulink>.
	</p><p>
	Just download the free of charge client software (available for Red Hat,
	SuSE, Debian and Windows) and be up and running within five minutes (they
	need to send you your account data, though, because you are assigned
	a real UNIX account on their testdrive.nomachine.com box.
	</p><p>
	They plan to get to the point were you can have NX application servers
	running as a cluster of nodes, and users simply start an NX session locally,
	and can select applications to run transparently (apps may even run on
	another NX node, but pretend to be on the same as used for initial login,
	because it displays in the same window. You also can run it
	fullscreen, and after a short time you forget that it is a remote session
	at all).
	</p><p>
	Now the best thing for last: All the core compression and caching
	technologies are released under the GPL and available as source code
	to anybody who wants to build on it! These technologies are working,
	albeit started from the command line only (and very inconvenient to
	use in order to get a fully running remote X session up and running.)
	</p><p>
	To answer your questions:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		You do not need to install a terminal server; XP has RDP support built in.
		</p></li><li><p>
		NX is much cheaper than Citrix  and comparable in performance, probably faster.
		</p></li><li><p>
		You do not need to hack XP  it just works.
		</p></li><li><p>
		You log into the XP box from remote transparently (and I think there is no
		need to change anything to get a connection, even if authentication is against a domain).
		</p></li><li><p>
		The NX core technologies are all Open Source and released under the GPL 
		you can now use a (very inconvenient) commandline at no cost,
		but you can buy a comfortable (proprietary) NX GUI frontend for money.
		</p></li><li><p>
		NoMachine are encouraging and offering help to OSS/Free Software implementations
		for such a frontend too, even if it means competition to them (they have written
		to this effect even to the LTSP, KDE and GNOME developer mailing lists).
		</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2935223"></a>Network Logon Script Magic</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are several opportunities for creating a custom network startup configuration environment.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>No Logon Script.</li><li>Simple universal Logon Script that applies to all users.</li><li>Use of a conditional Logon Script that applies per user or per group attributes.</li><li>Use of Samba's preexec and postexec functions on access to the NETLOGON share to create
	a custom logon script and then execute it.</li><li>User of a tool such as KixStart.</li></ul></div><p>
The Samba source code tree includes two logon script generation/execution tools.
See <tt class="filename">examples</tt> directory <tt class="filename">genlogon</tt> and
<tt class="filename">ntlogon</tt> subdirectories.
</p><p>
The following listings are from the genlogon directory.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935301"></a>
This is the <tt class="filename">genlogon.pl</tt> file:

</p><pre class="programlisting">
	#!/usr/bin/perl
	#
	# genlogon.pl
	#
	# Perl script to generate user logon scripts on the fly, when users
	# connect from a Windows client. This script should be called from 
	# smb.conf with the %U, %G and %L parameters. I.e:
	#
	#       root preexec = genlogon.pl %U %G %L
	#
	# The script generated will perform
	# the following:
	#
	# 1. Log the user connection to /var/log/samba/netlogon.log
	# 2. Set the PC's time to the Linux server time (which is maintained
	#    daily to the National Institute of Standard's Atomic clock on the
	#    internet.
	# 3. Connect the user's home drive to H: (H for Home).
	# 4. Connect common drives that everyone uses.
	# 5. Connect group-specific drives for certain user groups.
	# 6. Connect user-specific drives for certain users.
	# 7. Connect network printers.

	# Log client connection
	#($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
	($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
	open LOG, "&gt;&gt;/var/log/samba/netlogon.log";
	print LOG "$mon/$mday/$year $hour:$min:$sec";
	print LOG " - User $ARGV[0] logged into $ARGV[1]\n";
	close LOG;

	# Start generating logon script
	open LOGON, "&gt;/shared/netlogon/$ARGV[0].bat";
	print LOGON "\@ECHO OFF\r\n";

	# Connect shares just use by Software Development group
	if ($ARGV[1] eq "SOFTDEV" || $ARGV[0] eq "softdev")
	{
		print LOGON "NET USE M: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\SOURCE\r\n";
	}

	# Connect shares just use by Technical Support staff
	if ($ARGV[1] eq "SUPPORT" || $ARGV[0] eq "support")
	{
		print LOGON "NET USE S: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\SUPPORT\r\n";
	}

	# Connect shares just used by Administration staff
	If ($ARGV[1] eq "ADMIN" || $ARGV[0] eq "admin")
	{
		print LOGON "NET USE L: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\ADMIN\r\n";
		print LOGON "NET USE K: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\MKTING\r\n";
	}

	# Now connect Printers. We handle just two or three users a little
	# differently, because they are the exceptions that have desktop
	# printers on LPT1: - all other user's go to the LaserJet on the
	# server.
	if ($ARGV[0] eq 'jim'
	    || $ARGV[0] eq 'yvonne')
	{
		print LOGON "NET USE LPT2: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\LJET3\r\n";
		print LOGON "NET USE LPT3: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\FAXQ\r\n";
	}
	else
	{
		print LOGON "NET USE LPT1: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\LJET3\r\n";
		print LOGON "NET USE LPT3: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\FAXQ\r\n";
	}

	# All done! Close the output file.
	close LOGON;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Those wishing to use more elaborate or capable logon processing system should check out these sites:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><ulink url="http://www.craigelachi.e.org/rhacer/ntlogon">http://www.craigelachi.e.org/rhacer/ntlogon</ulink></li><li><ulink url="http://www.kixtart.org">http://www.kixtart.org</ulink></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935452"></a>Adding Printers without User Intervention</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935463"></a>
Printers may be added automatically during logon script processing through the use of:

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /?</tt></b>
</pre><p>

See the documentation in the <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.asp?scid=kb;en-us;189105">Microsoft knowledgebase article 189105.</ulink>
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="PolicyMgmt"></a>Chapter 23. System and Account Policies</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2935567">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2935660">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2935794">Windows 9x/ME Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2935906">Windows NT4-Style Policy Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936048">MS Windows 200x/XP Professional Policies</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2936349">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936508">Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936523">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936619">Windows NT4/200x</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936643">Samba PDC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2936688">System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936833">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2936847">Policy Does Not Work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge derived from personal
practice and knowledge from Samba mailing list subscribers. Before reproduction
of posted information, every effort has been made to validate the information given.
Where additional information was uncovered through this validation it is provided
also.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2935567"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When MS Windows NT 3.5 was introduced, the hot new topic was the ability to implement
Group Policies for users and groups. Then along came MS Windows NT4 and a few sites
started to adopt this capability. How do we know that? By the number of &#8220;<span class="quote">booboos</span>&#8221;
(or mistakes) administrators made and then requested help to resolve.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935593"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935601"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935610"></a>
By the time that MS Windows 2000 and Active Directory was released, administrators
got the message: Group Policies are a good thing! They can help reduce administrative
costs and actually make happier users. But adoption of the true
potential of MS Windows 200x Active Directory and Group Policy Objects (GPOs) for users
and machines were picked up on rather slowly. This was obvious from the Samba
mailing list as in 2000 and 2001 when there were few postings regarding GPOs and
how to replicate them in a Samba environment.
</p><p>
Judging by the traffic volume since mid 2002, GPOs have become a standard part of
the deployment in many sites. This chapter reviews techniques and methods that can
be used to exploit opportunities for automation of control over user desktops and
network client workstations.
</p><p>
A tool new to Samba  the <b class="command">editreg</b> tool
 may become an important part of the future Samba administrators'
arsenal is described in this document.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2935660"></a>Creating and Managing System Policies</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Under MS Windows platforms, particularly those following the release of MS Windows
NT4 and MS Windows 95, it is possible to create a type of file that would be placed
in the NETLOGON share of a Domain Controller. As the client logs onto the network,
this file is read and the contents initiate changes to the registry of the client
machine. This file allows changes to be made to those parts of the registry that
affect users, groups of users, or machines.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935684"></a>
For MS Windows 9x/ME, this file must be called <tt class="filename">Config.POL</tt> and may
be generated using a tool called <tt class="filename">poledit.exe</tt>, better known as the
Policy Editor. The policy editor was provided on the Windows 98 installation CD, but
disappeared again with the introduction of MS Windows Me (Millennium Edition). From
comments of MS Windows network administrators, it would appear that this tool became
a part of the MS Windows Me Resource Kit.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935718"></a>
MS Windows NT4 Server products include the <span class="emphasis"><em>System Policy Editor</em></span>
under <span class="guimenu">Start -&gt; Programs -&gt; Administrative Tools</span>.
For MS Windows NT4 and later clients, this file must be called <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>.
</p><p>
New with the introduction of MS Windows 2000 was the Microsoft Management Console
or MMC. This tool is the new wave in the ever-changing landscape of Microsoft
methods for management of network access and security. Every new Microsoft product
or technology seems to make the old rules obsolete and introduces newer and more
complex tools and methods. To Microsoft's credit, the MMC does appear to
be a step forward, but improved functionality comes at a great price.
</p><p>
Before embarking on the configuration of network and system policies, it is highly
advisable to read the documentation available from Microsoft's Web site regarding
<ulink url="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp">
Implementing Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0</ulink> available from Microsoft.
There are a large number of documents in addition to this old one that should also
be read and understood. Try searching on the Microsoft Web site for &#8220;<span class="quote">Group Policies</span>&#8221;.
</p><p>
What follows is a brief discussion with some helpful notes. The information provided
here is incomplete  you are warned.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935794"></a>Windows 9x/ME Policies</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	You need the Windows 98 Group Policy Editor to set up Group Profiles under Windows 9x/ME.
	It can be found on the original full product Windows 98 installation CD under
	<tt class="filename">tools/reskit/netadmin/poledit</tt>. Install this using the
	Add/Remove Programs facility and then click on <span class="guiicon">Have Disk</span>.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2935828"></a>
	Use the Group Policy Editor to create a policy file that specifies the location of
	user profiles and/or <tt class="filename">My Documents</tt>, and so on. Then save these
	settings in a file called <tt class="filename">Config.POL</tt> that needs to be placed in the
	root of the <i class="parameter"><tt>[NETLOGON]</tt></i> share. If Windows 98 is configured to log onto
	the Samba Domain, it will automatically read this file and update the Windows 9x/Me registry
	of the machine as it logs on.
	</p><p>
	Further details are covered in the Windows 98 Resource Kit documentation.
	</p><p>
	If you do not take the correct steps, then every so often Windows 9x/ME will check the
	integrity of the registry and restore its settings from the back-up
	copy of the registry it stores on each Windows 9x/ME machine. So, you will
	occasionally notice things changing back to the original settings.
	</p><p>
	Install the group policy handler for Windows 9x/Me to pick up Group Policies. Look on the
	Windows 98 CDROM in <tt class="filename">\tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit</tt>.
	Install group policies on a Windows 9x/Me client by double-clicking on
	<tt class="filename">grouppol.inf</tt>. Log off and on again a couple of times and see
	if Windows 98 picks up Group Policies. Unfortunately, this needs to be done on every
	Windows 9x/Me machine that uses Group Policies.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2935906"></a>Windows NT4-Style Policy Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	To create or edit <tt class="filename">ntconfig.pol</tt> you must use the NT Server
	Policy Editor, <b class="command">poledit.exe</b>, which is included with NT4 Server
	but not with NT Workstation. There is a Policy Editor on an NT4
	Workstation but it is not suitable for creating domain policies.
	Furthermore, although the Windows 95 Policy Editor can be installed on an NT4
	Workstation/Server, it will not work with NT clients. However, the files from
	the NT Server will run happily enough on an NT4 Workstation.
	</p><p>
	You need <tt class="filename">poledit.exe</tt>, <tt class="filename">common.adm</tt> and <tt class="filename">winnt.adm</tt>.
	It is convenient to put the two <tt class="filename">*.adm</tt> files in  the <tt class="filename">c:\winnt\inf</tt> 
	directory, which is where the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. This
	directory is normally &#8220;<span class="quote">hidden.</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the Service Pack 3 (and
	later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using <b class="command">servicepackname /x</b>,
	that's <b class="command">Nt4sp6ai.exe /x</b> for service pack 6a. The Policy Editor,
	<b class="command">poledit.exe</b>, and the associated template files (*.adm) should
	be extracted as well. It is also possible to downloaded the policy template
	files for Office97 and get a copy of the Policy Editor. Another possible
	location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936018"></a>Registry Spoiling</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			With NT4-style registry-based policy changes, a large number of settings are not
			automatically reversed as the user logs off. The settings that were in the
			<tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> file were applied to the client machine registry and apply to the
			hive key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE are permanent until explicitly reversed. This is known
			as tattooing. It can have serious consequences downstream and the administrator must
			be extremely careful not to lock out the ability to manage the machine at a later date.
			</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2936048"></a>MS Windows 200x/XP Professional Policies</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Windows NT4 system policies allow the setting of registry parameters specific to
	users, groups and computers (client workstations) that are members of the NT4-style
	domain. Such policy files will work with MS Windows 200x/XP clients also.
	</p><p>
	New to MS Windows 2000, Microsoft recently introduced a style of group policy that confers
	a superset of capabilities compared with NT4-style policies. Obviously, the tool used
	to create them is different, and the mechanism for implementing them is much improved.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936077"></a>
	The older NT4-style registry-based policies are known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Administrative Templates</em></span>
	in MS Windows 2000/XP Group Policy Objects (GPOs). The later includes the ability to set various security
	configurations, enforce Internet Explorer browser settings, change and redirect aspects of the
	users desktop (including the location of <tt class="filename">My Documents</tt> files (directory), as
	well as intrinsics of where menu items will appear in the Start menu). An additional new
	feature is the ability to make available particular software Windows applications to particular
	users and/or groups.
	</p><p>
	Remember, NT4 policy files are named <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> and are stored in the root
	of the NETLOGON share on the Domain Controllers. A Windows NT4 user enters a username, password
	and selects the domain name to which the logon will attempt to take place. During the logon process,
	the client machine reads the <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> file from the NETLOGON share on
	the authenticating server and modifies the local registry values according to the settings in this file.
	</p><p>
	Windows 200x GPOs are feature-rich. They are not stored in the NETLOGON share, but rather part of
	a Windows 200x policy file is stored in the Active Directory itself and the other part is stored
	in a shared (and replicated) volume called the SYSVOL folder. This folder is present on all Active
	Directory Domain Controllers. The part that is stored in the Active Directory itself is called the
	Group Policy Container (GPC), and the part that is stored in the replicated share called SYSVOL is
	known as the Group Policy Template (GPT).
	</p><p>
	With NT4 clients, the policy file is read and executed only as each user logs onto the network.
	MS Windows 200x policies are much more complex  GPOs are processed and applied at client machine
	startup (machine specific part) and when the user logs onto the network, the user-specific part
	is applied. In MS Windows 200x-style policy management, each machine and/or user may be subject
	to any number of concurrently applicable (and applied) policy sets (GPOs). Active Directory allows
	the administrator to also set filters over the policy settings. No such equivalent capability
	exists with NT4-style policy files.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2936166"></a>Administration of Windows 200x/XP Policies</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936178"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936186"></a>
		Instead of using the tool called <span class="application">The System Policy Editor</span>, commonly called Poledit (from the
		executable name <b class="command">poledit.exe</b>), <span class="acronym">GPOs</span> are created and managed using a 
		<span class="application">Microsoft Management Console</span> <span class="acronym">(MMC)</span> snap-in as follows:</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Go to the Windows 200x/XP menu <span class="guimenu">Start-&gt;Programs-&gt;Administrative Tools</span>
			and select the MMC snap-in called <span class="guimenuitem">Active Directory Users and Computers</span>
			</p></li><li><p>
			Select the domain or organizational unit (OU) that you wish to manage, then right-click
			to open the context menu for that object, and select the <span class="guibutton">Properties</span>.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Left-click on the <span class="guilabel">Group Policy</span> tab, then
			left-click on the New tab. Type a name
			for the new policy you will create.
			</p></li><li><p>
			 Left-click on the <span class="guilabel">Edit</span> tab to commence the steps needed to create the GPO.
			</p></li></ol></div><p>
		All policy configuration options are controlled through the use of policy administrative
		templates. These files have an .adm extension, both in NT4 as well as in Windows 200x/XP.
		Beware, however, the .adm files are not interchangeable across NT4 and Windows 200x.
		The latter introduces many new features as well as extended definition capabilities. It is
		well beyond the scope of this documentation to explain how to program .adm files; for that
		the administrator is referred to the Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for your particular
		version of MS Windows.
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		The MS Windows 2000 Resource Kit contains a tool called gpolmig.exe. This tool can be used
		to migrate an NT4 NTConfig.POL file into a Windows 200x style GPO. Be VERY careful how you
		use this powerful tool. Please refer to the resource kit manuals for specific usage information.
		</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2936349"></a>Managing Account/User Policies</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Policies can define a specific user's settings or the settings for a group of users. The resulting
policy file contains the registry settings for all users, groups, and computers that will be using
the policy file. Separate policy files for each user, group, or computer are not necessary.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936370"></a>
If you create a policy that will be automatically downloaded from validating Domain Controllers,
you should name the file <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>. As system administrator, you have the option of renaming the
policy file and, by modifying the Windows NT-based workstation, directing the computer to update
the policy from a manual path. You can do this by either manually changing the registry or by using
the System Policy Editor. This can even be a local path such that each machine has its own policy file,
but if a change is necessary to all machines, it must be made individually to each workstation.
</p><p>
When a Windows NT4/200x/XP machine logs onto the network, the client looks in the NETLOGON share on
the authenticating domain controller for the presence of the NTConfig.POL file. If one exists it is 
downloaded, parsed and then applied to the user's part of the registry.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936410"></a>
MS Windows 200x/XP clients that log onto an MS Windows Active Directory security domain may additionally
acquire policy settings through Group Policy Objects (GPOs) that are defined and stored in Active Directory
itself. The key benefit of using AS GPOs is that they impose no registry <span class="emphasis"><em>spoiling</em></span> effect.
This has considerable advantage compared with the use of <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> (NT4) style policy updates.
</p><p>
In addition to user access controls that may be imposed or applied via system and/or group policies
in a manner that works in conjunction with user profiles, the user management environment under
MS Windows NT4/200x/XP allows per domain as well as per user account restrictions to be applied.
Common restrictions that are frequently used include:
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936451"></a>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Logon hours</li><li>Password aging</li><li>Permitted logon from certain machines only</li><li>Account type (local or global)</li><li>User rights</li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
Samba-3.0.0 doe not yet implement all account controls that are common to MS Windows NT4/200x/XP.
While it is possible to set many controls using the Domain User Manager for MS Windows NT4, only password
expirey is functional today. Most of the remaining controls at this time have only stub routines
that may eventually be completed to provide actual control. Do not be misled by the fact that a
parameter can be set using the NT4 Domain User Manager or in the <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2936508"></a>Management Tools</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Anyone who wishes to create or manage Group Policies will need to be familiar with a number of tools.
The following sections describe a few key tools that will help you to create a low maintenance user
environment.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2936523"></a>Samba Editreg Toolset</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936534"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936543"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2936551"></a>
	A new tool called <b class="command">editreg</b> is under development. This tool can be used
	to edit registry files (called <tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt>) that are stored in user
	and group profiles. <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> files have the same structure as the
	<tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt> file and can be edited using this tool. <b class="command">editreg</b>
	is being built with the intent to enable <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> files to be saved in text format and to
	permit the building of new <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> files with extended capabilities. It is proving difficult
	to realize this capability, so do not be surprised if this feature does not materialize. Formal
	capabilities will be announced at the time that this tool is released for production use.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2936619"></a>Windows NT4/200x</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The tools that may be used to configure these types of controls from the MS Windows environment are:
	the NT4 User Manager for Domains, the NT4 System and Group Policy Editor, and the Registry Editor (regedt32.exe).
	Under MS Windows 200x/XP, this is done using the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) with appropriate
	&#8220;<span class="quote">snap-ins,</span>&#8221; the registry editor, and potentially also the NT4 System and Group Policy Editor.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2936643"></a>Samba PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	With a Samba Domain Controller, the new tools for managing user account and policy information include:
	<b class="command">smbpasswd</b>, <b class="command">pdbedit</b>, <b class="command">net</b>, <b class="command">rpcclient</b>. 
	The administrator should read the man pages for these tools and become familiar with their use.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2936688"></a>System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following attempts to document the order of processing the system and user policies following a system
reboot and as part of the user logon:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Network starts, then Remote Procedure Call System Service (RPCSS) and Multiple Universal Naming
	Convention Provider (MUP) start.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Where Active Directory is involved, an ordered list of Group Policy Objects (GPOs) is downloaded
	and applied. The list may include GPOs that:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Apply to the location of machines in a Directory.</p></li><li><p>Apply only when settings have changed.</p></li><li><p>Depend on configuration of the scope of applicability: local,
	site, domain, organizational unit, and so on.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	No desktop user interface is presented until the above have been processed.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Execution of start-up scripts (hidden and synchronous by default).
	</p></li><li><p>
	A keyboard action to effect start of logon (Ctrl-Alt-Del).
	</p></li><li><p>
	User credentials are validated, user profile is loaded (depends on policy settings).
	</p></li><li><p>
	An ordered list of user GPOs is obtained. The list contents depends on what is configured in respect of:

</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Is the user a Domain Member, thus subject to particular policies?</li><li>Loopback enablement, and the state of the loopback policy (Merge or Replace).</li><li>Location of the Active Directory itself.</li><li>Has the list of GPOs changed? No processing is needed if not changed.</li></ul></div><p>
	</p></li><li><p>
	User Policies are applied from Active Directory. Note: There are several types.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Logon scripts are run. New to Windows 200x and Active Directory, logon scripts may be obtained based on Group
	Policy objects (hidden and executed synchronously). NT4-style logon scripts are then run in a normal
	window.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The User Interface as determined from the GPOs is presented. Note: In a Samba domain (like an NT4
	Domain), machine (system) policies are applied at start-up; user policies are applied at logon.
	</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2936833"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Policy-related problems can be quite difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to rectify. The following
collection demonstrates only basic issues.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2936847"></a>Policy Does Not Work</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">We have created the <tt class="filename">Config.POL</tt> file and put it in the <span class="emphasis"><em>NETLOGON</em></span> share.
It has made no difference to our Win XP Pro machines, they just do not see it. It worked fine with Win 98 but does not
work any longer since we upgraded to Win XP Pro. Any hints?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
Policy files are not portable between Windows 9x/Me and MS Windows NT4/200x/XP-based platforms. You need to
use the NT4 Group Policy Editor to create a file called <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> so it is in the
correct format for your MS Windows XP Pro clients.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="ProfileMgmt"></a>Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2936948">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2936982">Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2937023">Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2937581">Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2938927">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP Workstations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939015">Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2939345">Mandatory Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939441">Creating and Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939493">Default Profile for Windows Users</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939523">MS Windows 9x/Me</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939674">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2940295">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2940861">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2940874">Configuring Roaming Profiles for a Few Users or Groups</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2940940">Cannot Use Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2941149">Changing the Default Profile</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2936948"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Roaming profiles are feared by some, hated by a few, loved by many, and a Godsend for
some administrators.
</p><p>
Roaming profiles allow an administrator to make available a consistent user desktop
as the user moves from one machine to another. This chapter provides much information
regarding how to configure and manage roaming profiles.
</p><p>
While roaming profiles might sound like nirvana to some, they are a real and tangible
problem to others. In particular, users of mobile computing tools, where often there may not
be a sustained network connection, are often better served by purely local profiles.
This chapter provides information to help the Samba administrator deal with those
situations.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2936982"></a>Roaming Profiles</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Roaming profiles support is different for Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT4/200x.
</p></div><p>
Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how
Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT4/200x clients implement these features.
</p><p>
Windows 9x/Me clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's
profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate
profiles location field, only the user's home share. This means that Windows 9x/Me
profiles are restricted to being stored in the user's home directory.
</p><p>
Windows NT4/200x  clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields
including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937023"></a>Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section documents how to configure Samba for MS Windows client profile support.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2937036"></a>NT4/200x User Profiles</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For example, to support Windows NT4/200x clients, set the followoing in the [global] section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><p>
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>

This is typically implemented like:

</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
where &#8220;<span class="quote">%L</span>&#8221; translates to the name of the Samba server and &#8220;<span class="quote">%u</span>&#8221; translates to the user name.
</p><p>
The default for this option is <tt class="filename">\\%N\%U\profile</tt>, namely <tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\username\profile</tt>. 
The <tt class="filename">\\N%\%U</tt> service is created automatically by the [homes] service. If you are using
a Samba server for the profiles, you must make the share that is specified in the logon path
browseable. Please refer to the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> in respect of the different
semantics of &#8220;<span class="quote">%L</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">%N</span>&#8221;, as well as &#8220;<span class="quote">%U</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">%u</span>&#8221;.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
MS Windows NT/200x clients at times do not disconnect a connection to a server between logons. It is recommended
to not use the <i class="parameter"><tt>homes</tt></i> meta-service name as part of the profile share path.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2937175"></a>Windows 9x/Me User Profiles</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To support Windows 9x/Me clients, you must use the <a class="indexterm" name="id2937187"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i>
parameter. Samba has been fixed so <b class="userinput"><tt>net use /home</tt></b> now works as well and it, too, relies
on the <b class="command">logon home</b> parameter.
</p><p>
By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Windows 9x/Me profiles in the user's home
directory.  But wait! There is a trick you can use. If you set the following in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
then your Windows 9x/Me clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory
of your home directory called <tt class="filename">.profiles</tt> (making them hidden).
</p><p>
Not only that, but <b class="userinput"><tt>net use /home</tt></b> will also work because of a feature in
Windows 9x/Me. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area
and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you
specified <tt class="filename">\\%L\%U</tt> for <a class="indexterm" name="id2937290"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2937306"></a>Mixed Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT4/200x User Profiles</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can support profiles for Windows 9x and Windows NT clients by setting both the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937318"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2937332"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> parameters. For example:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home = \\%L\%u\.profiles</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path = \\%L\profiles\%u</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2937373"></a>Disabling Roaming Profile Support</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A question often asked is: &#8220;<span class="quote">How may I enforce use of local profiles?</span>&#8221; or
&#8220;<span class="quote">How do I disable roaming profiles?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937399"></a>
There are three ways of doing this:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937408"></a>
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">In <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt></span></dt><dd><p>
		Affect the following settings and ALL clients will be forced to use a local profile:
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2937443"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2937456"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i>
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">MS Windows Registry</span></dt><dd><p>
		By using the Microsoft Management Console gpedit.msc to instruct your MS Windows XP
		machine to use only a local profile. This, of course, modifies registry settings. The full
		path to the option is:
</p><pre class="screen">
Local Computer Policy\
	Computer Configuration\
		Administrative Templates\
			System\
				User Profiles\

Disable: Only Allow Local User Profiles 
Disable: Prevent Roaming Profile Change from Propagating to the Server
</pre><p>
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Change of Profile Type:</span></dt><dd><p>From the start menu right-click on <span class="guiicon">My Computer icon</span>,
		select <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>, click on the <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span>
		tab, select the profile you wish to change from
		<span class="guimenu">Roaming</span> type to <span class="guimenu">Local</span>, and click on
		<span class="guibutton">Change Type</span>.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Consult the MS Windows registry guide for your particular MS Windows version for more information
about which registry keys to change to enforce use of only local user profiles.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The specifics of how to convert a local profile to a roaming profile, or a roaming profile
to a local one vary according to the version of MS Windows you are running. Consult the Microsoft MS
Windows Resource Kit for your version of Windows for specific information.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2937581"></a>Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2937589"></a>Windows 9x/Me Profile Setup</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created, as are folders
<tt class="filename">Start Menu</tt>, <tt class="filename">Desktop</tt>, <tt class="filename">Programs</tt>, and
<tt class="filename">Nethood</tt>. These directories and their contents will be merged with the local
versions stored in <tt class="filename">c:\windows\profiles\username</tt> on subsequent logins, taking the
most recent from each.	You will need to use the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> options
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937644"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preserve case</tt></i> = yes,
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937659"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>short preserve case</tt></i> = yes and
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937673"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>case sensitive</tt></i> = no
in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts in any of the profile folders.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt> file contains all the user's preferences. If you wish to enforce a set of preferences,
rename their <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt> file to <tt class="filename">user.MAN</tt>, and deny them write access to this file.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	On the Windows 9x/Me machine, go to <span class="guimenu">Control Panel</span> -&gt;
	<span class="guimenuitem">Passwords</span> and select the <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span> tab.
	Select the required level of roaming preferences. Press <span class="guibutton">OK</span>, but do not
	allow the computer to reboot.
	</p></li><li><p>
	On the Windows 9x/Me machine, go to <span class="guimenu">Control Panel</span> -&gt;
	<span class="guimenuitem">Network</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Client for Microsoft Networks</span>
	-&gt; <span class="guilabel">Preferences</span>. Select <span class="guilabel">Log on to NT Domain</span>.	Then,
	ensure that the Primary Logon is <span class="guilabel">Client for Microsoft Networks</span>. Press
	<span class="guibutton">OK</span>, and this time allow the computer to reboot.
	</p></li></ol></div><p> Under Windows 9x/ME, profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon. If you have the Primary Logon
as &#8220;<span class="quote">Client for Novell Networks</span>&#8221;, then the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from
your Novell Server. If you have the Primary Logon as &#8220;<span class="quote">Windows Logon</span>&#8221;, then the profiles will
be loaded from the local machine  a bit against the concept of roaming profiles, it would seem!  </p><p>
You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains <tt class="constant">[user, password, domain]</tt> instead
of just <tt class="constant">[user, password]</tt>. Type in the Samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist,
but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this domain and profiles downloaded from it,
if that domain logon server supports it), user name and user's password. 
</p><p> Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 9x/Me machine will inform you that
<tt class="computeroutput">The user has not logged on before</tt> and asks you <tt class="computeroutput">Do you
wish to save the user's preferences?</tt> Select <span class="guibutton">Yes</span>. </p><p> Once the Windows 9x/Me client comes up with the desktop, you should be able to examine the
contents of the directory specified in the <a class="indexterm" name="id2937897"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> on
the Samba server and verify that the <tt class="filename">Desktop</tt>, <tt class="filename">Start Menu</tt>,
<tt class="filename">Programs</tt> and <tt class="filename">Nethood</tt> folders have been created. </p><p> These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when the user logs off (if
you haven't made them read-only by then). You will find that if the user creates further folders or
shortcut, that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the contents of the profile
directory already on the local client, taking the newest folders and shortcut from each set.	</p><p> If you have made the folders/files read-only on the Samba server, then you will get errors from
the Windows 9x/Me machine on logon and logout as it attempts to merge the local and remote profile.
Basically, if you have any errors reported by the Windows 9x/Me machine, check the UNIX file permissions
and ownership rights on the profile directory contents, on the Samba server. </p><p> If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's local desktop cache, as
shown below. When this user next logs in, the user will be told that he/she is logging in &#8220;<span class="quote">for
	the first time</span>&#8221;.
	
<a class="indexterm" name="id2937974"></a>
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog, press <span class="guibutton">escape</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run the <b class="command">regedit.exe</b> program, and look in:
	</p><p>
	<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList</tt>
	</p><p>
	You will find an entry for each user of ProfilePath.	Note the contents of this key
	(likely to be <tt class="filename">c:\windows\profiles\username</tt>), then delete the key
	<i class="parameter"><tt>ProfilePath</tt></i> for the required user.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Exit the registry editor.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Search for the user's .PWL password-caching file in the <tt class="filename">c:\windows</tt> directory, and delete it.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Log off the Windows 9x/Me client.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Check the contents of the profile path (see <a class="indexterm" name="id2938085"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i>
	described above) and delete the <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt> or <tt class="filename">user.MAN</tt>
	file for the user, making a backup if required. 
	</p></li></ol></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Before deleting the contents of the directory listed in the <i class="parameter"><tt>ProfilePath</tt></i>
(this is likely to be <tt class="filename">c:\windows\profiles\username)</tt>, ask the owner if they have
any important files stored on their desktop or in their start menu. Delete the contents of the
directory <i class="parameter"><tt>ProfilePath</tt></i> (making a backup if any of the files are needed).
</p><p>
This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden system file) <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt>
in their profile directory, as well as the local &#8220;<span class="quote">desktop,</span>&#8221; &#8220;<span class="quote">nethood,</span>&#8221;
&#8220;<span class="quote">start menu,</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">programs</span>&#8221; folders.
</p></div><p>
If all else fails, increase Samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10, and/or run a packet
sniffer program such as ethereal or <b class="command">netmon.exe</b>, and look for error messages.
</p><p> If you have access to an Windows NT4/200x server, then first set up roaming profiles and/or
netlogons on the Windows NT4/200x server. Make a packet trace, or examine the example packet traces
provided with Windows NT4/200x server, and see what the differences are with the equivalent Samba trace.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2938201"></a>Windows NT4 Workstation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p> When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile NTuser.DAT is created. The profile
location can be now specified through the <a class="indexterm" name="id2938214"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> parameter.
</p><p> There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles: <a class="indexterm" name="id2938234"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon drive</tt></i>. 
This should be set to <tt class="filename">H:</tt> or any other drive, and should be used in conjunction with
the new <a class="indexterm" name="id2938256"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> parameter. </p><p> The entry for the NT4 profile is a directory not a file. The NT help on Profiles mentions that a
directory is also created with a .PDS extension. The user, while logging in, must have write permission
to create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension for those situations where it
might be created.)  </p><p> In the profile directory, Windows NT4 creates more folders than Windows 9x/Me. It creates
<tt class="filename">Application Data</tt> and others, as well as <tt class="filename">Desktop</tt>,
<tt class="filename">Nethood</tt>, <tt class="filename">Start Menu,</tt> and <tt class="filename">Programs</tt>.
The profile itself is stored in a file <tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt>. Nothing appears to be stored
in the .PDS directory, and its purpose is currently unknown. </p><p> You can use the <span class="application">System Control Panel</span> to copy a local profile onto
a Samba server (see NT Help on Profiles; it is also capable of firing up the correct location in the
<span class="application">System Control Panel</span> for you). The NT Help file also mentions that renaming
<tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> to <tt class="filename">NTuser.MAN</tt> turns a profile into a mandatory one.
</p><p> The case of the profile is significant.	The file must be called <tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt>
or, for a mandatory profile, <tt class="filename">NTuser.MAN</tt>. </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2938386"></a>Windows 2000/XP Professional</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p> You must first convert the profile from a local profile to a domain profile on the MS Windows
workstation as follows: </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Log on as the <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> workstation administrator. </p></li><li><p> Right-click on the <span class="guiicon">My Computer</span> Icon, select
	<span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>.</p></li><li><p> Click on the <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span> tab.</p></li><li><p> Select the profile you wish to convert (click it once).</p></li><li><p> Click on the <span class="guibutton">Copy To</span> button.</p></li><li><p> In the <span class="guilabel">Permitted to use</span> box, click on the
	<span class="guibutton">Change</span> button. </p></li><li><p> Click on the <span class="guilabel">Look in</span> area that lists the machine name. When you click here, it will
	open up a selection box. Click on the domain to which the profile must be accessible. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You will need to log on if a logon box opens up. 
	For example, connect as <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i>\root, password:
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>mypassword</tt></i>.</p></div></li><li><p> To make the profile capable of being used by anyone, select &#8220;<span class="quote">Everyone</span>&#8221;. </p></li><li><p> Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> and the Selection box will close. </p></li><li><p> Now click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to create the profile in the path
	you nominated.	</p></li></ol></div><p> Done. You now have a profile that can be edited using the Samba <b class="command">profiles</b> tool.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Under Windows NT/200x, the use of mandatory profiles forces the use of MS Exchange storage of mail
data and keeps it out of the desktop profile. That keeps desktop profiles from becoming unusable.
</p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2938602"></a>Windows XP Service Pack 1</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	There is a security check new to Windows XP (or maybe only Windows XP service pack 1).
	It can be disabled via a group policy in the Active Directory. The policy is called:
	</p><p>
		<tt class="filename">Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\System\User Profiles\Do not check for
	user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders</tt>i
	</p><p>
	This should be set to <tt class="constant">Enabled</tt>.
	</p><p>
	Does the new version of Samba have an Active Directory analogue?  If so, then you may be able to set the policy through this.
	</p><p>If you cannot set group policies in Samba, then you may be able to set the policy locally on
	each machine. If you want to try this, then do the following (N.B. I do not know for sure that this
	will work in the same way as a domain group policy):
	</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>On the XP workstation, log in with an Administrative account.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guimenu">Start</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Run</span>.</p></li><li><p>Type <b class="command">mmc</b>.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>A Microsoft Management Console should appear.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guimenu">File</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Add/Remove Snap-in</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Add</span>.</p></li><li><p>Double-click on <span class="guiicon">Group Policy</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">Finish</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Close</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>In the &#8220;<span class="quote">Console Root</span>&#8221; window expand <span class="guiicon">Local Computer Policy</span> -&gt;
		<span class="guiicon">Computer Configuration</span> -&gt; <span class="guiicon">Administrative Templates</span> -&gt; <span class="guiicon">System</span> -&gt; <span class="guiicon">User Profiles</span>.</p></li><li><p>Double-click on <span class="guilabel">Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders</span>.</p></li><li><p>Select <span class="guilabel">Enabled</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>Close the whole console. You do not need to save the settings (this refers to the
	console settings rather than the policies you have changed).</p></li><li><p>Reboot.</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2938927"></a>Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP Workstations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> Sharing of desktop profiles between Windows versions is not recommended. Desktop profiles are an
evolving phenomenon and profiles for later versions of MS Windows clients add features that may interfere
with earlier versions of MS Windows clients. Probably the more salient reason to not mix profiles is
that when logging off an earlier version of MS Windows, the older format of profile contents may overwrite
information that belongs to the newer version resulting in loss of profile information content when that
user logs on again with the newer version of MS Windows. </p><p> If you then want to share the same Start Menu/Desktop with W9x/Me, you will need to specify a common
location for the profiles. The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameters that need to be common are <a class="indexterm" name="id2938966"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> and <a class="indexterm" name="id2938980"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i>. </p><p> If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt> and
<tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> files in the same profile directory. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939015"></a>Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> There is nothing to stop you from specifying any path that you like for the location of users' profiles.
Therefore, you could specify that the profile be stored on a Samba server, or any other SMB server,
as long as that SMB server supports encrypted passwords. </p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2939032"></a>Windows NT4 Profile Management Tools</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p> Unfortunately, the Resource Kit information is specific to the version of MS Windows NT4/200x. The
correct resource kit is required for each platform. </p><p>Here is a quick guide:</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> On your NT4 Domain Controller, right click on <span class="guiicon">My Computer</span>, then select the
	tab labeled <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span>. </p></li><li><p> Select a user profile you want to migrate and click on it. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>I am using the term &#8220;<span class="quote">migrate</span>&#8221; loosely. You can copy a profile to create a group
	profile. You can give the user <i class="parameter"><tt>Everyone</tt></i> rights to the profile you copy this to. That
	is what you need to do, since your Samba domain is not a member of a trust relationship with your NT4
	PDC.</p></div></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guibutton">Copy To</span> button.</p></li><li><p>In the box labeled <span class="guilabel">Copy Profile to</span> add your new path, e.g.,
	<tt class="filename">c:\temp\foobar</tt></p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">Change</span> in the <span class="guilabel">Permitted to use</span> box.</p></li><li><p>Click on the group &#8220;<span class="quote">Everyone</span>&#8221;, click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>. This
	closes the &#8220;<span class="quote">choose user</span>&#8221; box.</p></li><li><p>Now click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li></ol></div><p> Follow the above for every profile you need to migrate.	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2939212"></a>Side Bar Notes</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2939223"></a>
You should obtain the SID of your NT4 domain. You can use smbpasswd to do this. Read the man
page.</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2939235"></a>moveuser.exe</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p> The Windows 200x professional resource kit has <b class="command">moveuser.exe</b>. <b class="command">moveuser.exe</b> changes the security of a profile
from one user to another. This allows the account domain to change, and/or the user name to change.</p><p>
This command is like the Samba <b class="command">profiles</b> tool.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2939276"></a>Get SID</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2939287"></a>
You can identify the SID by using <b class="command">GetSID.exe</b> from the Windows NT Server 4.0 Resource Kit. </p><p> Windows NT 4.0 stores the local profile information in the registry under the following key:
<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList</tt> </p><p> Under the ProfileList key, there will be subkeys named with the SIDs of the users who have logged
on to this computer. (To find the profile information for the user whose locally cached profile you want
to move, find the SID for the user with the <b class="command">GetSID.exe</b> utility.) Inside the appropriate user's subkey,
you will see a string value named <i class="parameter"><tt>ProfileImagePath</tt></i>. </p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2939345"></a>Mandatory Profiles</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2939356"></a>
A Mandatory Profile is a profile that the user does not have the ability to overwrite. During the
user's session, it may be possible to change the desktop environment, however, as the user logs out all changes
made will be lost. If it is desired to not allow the user any ability to change the desktop environment,
then this must be done through policy settings. See the previous chapter. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Under NO circumstances should the profile directory (or its contents) be made read-only
as this may render the profile un-usable. Where it is essential to make a profile read-only
within the UNIX file system, this can be done but then you absolutely must use the <b class="command">fake-permissions</b>
VFS module to instruct MS Windows NT/200x/XP clients that the Profile has write permission for the user. See <link linkend="fakeperms">.
</p></div><p> For MS Windows NT4/200x/XP, the above method can also be used to create mandatory profiles. To
convert a group profile into a mandatory profile, simply locate the <tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt> file in the copied profile
and rename it to <tt class="filename">NTUser.MAN</tt>. </p><p> For MS Windows 9x/ME, it is the <tt class="filename">User.DAT</tt> file that must be renamed to
<tt class="filename">User.MAN</tt> to effect a mandatory profile. </p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2939441"></a>Creating and Managing Group Profiles</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2939452"></a>
Most organizations are arranged into departments. There is a nice benefit in this fact since usually
most users in a department require the same desktop applications and the same desktop layout. MS
Windows NT4/200x/XP will allow the use of Group Profiles. A Group Profile is a profile that is created
first using a template (example) user. Then using the profile migration tool (see above), the profile is
assigned access rights for the user group that needs to be given access to the group profile. </p><p> The next step is rather important. Instead of assigning a group profile to users (Using User Manager)
on a &#8220;<span class="quote">per user</span>&#8221; basis, the group itself is assigned the now modified profile. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Be careful with Group Profiles. If the user who is a member of a group also has a personal
profile, then the result will be a fusion (merge) of the two. </p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2939493"></a>Default Profile for Windows Users</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2939506"></a>
MS Windows 9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP will use a default profile for any user for whom a profile
does not already exist. Armed with a knowledge of where the default profile is located on the Windows
workstation, and knowing which registry keys effect the path from which the default profile is created,
it is possible to modify the default profile to one that has been optimized for the site. This has
significant administrative advantages.	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939523"></a>MS Windows 9x/Me</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> To enable default per use profiles in Windows 9x/ME, you can either use the <span class="application">Windows
98 System Policy Editor</span> or change the registry directly.	</p><p> To enable default per user profiles in Windows 9x/ME, launch the <span class="application">System Policy
Editor</span>, then select <span class="guimenu">File</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Open Registry</span>,
next click on the <span class="guiicon">Local Computer</span> icon, click on <span class="guilabel">Windows 98 System</span>,
select <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span>, and click on the enable box. Remember to save the registry
changes. </p><p> To modify the registry directly, launch the <span class="application">Registry Editor</span>
(<b class="command">regedit.exe</b>) and select the hive <tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Network\Logon</tt>. Now
add a DWORD type key with the name &#8220;<span class="quote">User Profiles,</span>&#8221; to
enable user profiles to set the value
to 1; to disable user profiles set it to 0. </p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2939624"></a>User Profile Handling with Windows 9x/Me</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p> When a user logs on to a Windows 9x/Me machine, the local profile path,
<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList</tt>, is checked
for an existing entry for that user. </p><p> If the user has an entry in this registry location, Windows 9x/Me checks for a locally cached
version of the user profile. Windows 9x/Me also checks the user's home directory (or other specified
directory if the location has been modified) on the server for the User Profile. If a profile exists
in both locations, the newer of the two is used. If the User Profile exists on the server, but does not
exist on the local machine, the profile on the server is downloaded and used. If the User Profile only
exists on the local machine, that copy is used. </p><p> If a User Profile is not found in either location, the Default User Profile from the Windows
9x/Me machine is used and copied to a newly created folder for the logged on user. At log off, any
changes that the user made are written to the user's local profile. If the user has a roaming profile,
the changes are written to the user's profile on the server. </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939674"></a>MS Windows NT4 Workstation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> On MS Windows NT4, the default user profile is obtained from the location
<tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles</tt> which in a default installation will translate to
<tt class="filename">C:\Windows NT\Profiles</tt>. Under this directory on a clean install there will be three
(3) directories: <tt class="filename">Administrator</tt>, <tt class="filename">All
Users,</tt> and <tt class="filename">Default
User</tt>. </p><p> The <tt class="filename">All Users</tt> directory contains menu settings that are common across all
system users. The <tt class="filename">Default User</tt> directory contains menu entries that are customizable
per user depending on the profile settings chosen/created. </p><p> When a new user first logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine, a new profile is created from: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>All Users settings.</p></li><li><p>Default User settings (contains the default <tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt> file).</p></li></ul></div><p> When a user logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine that is a member of a Microsoft security domain,
	the following steps are followed in respect of profile handling: 

<a class="indexterm" name="id2939781"></a>
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> The users' account information that is obtained during the logon process
	contains the location of the users' desktop profile. The profile path may be local to
	the machine or it may be located on a network share. If there exists a profile at the
	location of the path from the user account, then this profile is copied to the location
	<tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt>. This profile then inherits the settings
	in the <tt class="filename">All Users</tt> profile in the <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles</tt>
	location. </p></li><li><p> If the user account has a profile path, but at its location a profile does not
	exist, then a new profile is created in the <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt>
	directory from reading the <tt class="filename">Default User</tt> profile. </p></li><li><p> If the NETLOGON share on the authenticating server (logon server) contains
	a policy file (<tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>), then its contents are applied to the
	<tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt> which is applied to the <tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</tt>
	part of the registry. 
	</p></li><li><p> When the user logs out, if the profile is set to be a roaming profile it will be
	written out to the location of the profile. The <tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> file is then
	recreated from the contents of the <tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</tt> contents. Thus,
	should there not exist in the NETLOGON share an <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> at the next
	logon, the effect of the previous <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> will still be held in the
	profile. The effect of this is known as tattooing.
	</p></li></ol></div><p> MS Windows NT4 profiles may be <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>roaming</em></span>. A local
profile will stored in the <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt> location. A roaming
profile will also remain stored in the same way, unless the following registry key is created as shown: </p><pre class="screen"> HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\
winlogon\"DeleteRoamingCache"=dword:0000000
 </pre><p>
In this case, the local copy (in <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt>) will be deleted
on logout.</p><p> Under MS Windows NT4, default locations for common resources like <tt class="filename">My Documents</tt>
may be redirected to a network share by modifying the following registry keys. These changes may be
affected via use of the System Policy Editor. To do so may require that you create your own template
extension for the policy editor to allow this to be done through the GUI. Another way to do this is by
way of first creating a default user profile, then while logged in as that user, run <b class="command">regedt32</b> to edit
the key settings. </p><p>
The Registry Hive key that affects the behavior of folders that are part of the default user
profile are controlled by entries on Windows NT4 is:
</p><pre class="screen">
HKEY_CURRENT_USER
	\Software
		\Microsoft
			\Windows
				\CurrentVersion
					\Explorer
						\User Shell Folders
</pre><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2940026"></a>
</p><p> The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are shown in <link linkend="ProfileLocs">. </p><div class="table"><a name="ProfileLocs"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 24.1. User Shell Folder Registry Keys Default Values</b></p><table summary="User Shell Folder Registry Keys Default Values" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Name</th><th align="left">Default Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">AppData</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Application Data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Desktop</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Desktop</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Favorites</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Favorites</td></tr><tr><td align="left">NetHood</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\NetHood</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PrintHood</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\PrintHood</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Programs</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Recent</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Recent</td></tr><tr><td align="left">SendTo</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\SendTo</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Start Menu </td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Startup</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> The registry key that contains the location of the default profile settings is: </p><p> <tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
User Shell Folders</tt> </p><p> The default entries are shown in <link linkend="regkeys">.</p><div class="table"><a name="regkeys"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 24.2. Defaults of Profile Settings Registry Keys</b></p><table summary="Defaults of Profile Settings Registry Keys" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">Common Desktop</td><td align="left">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Desktop</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Common Programs</td><td align="left">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Programs</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Common Start Menu</td><td align="left">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Common Startup</td><td align="left">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2940295"></a>MS Windows 200x/XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2940309"></a>
MS Windows XP Home Edition does use default per user profiles, but cannot participate
in domain security, cannot log onto an NT/ADS-style domain, and thus can obtain the profile only
from itself. While there are benefits in doing this, the beauty of those MS Windows clients that
can participate in domain logon processes allows the administrator to create a global default
profile and enforce it through the use of Group Policy Objects (GPOs).
</p></div><p> When a new user first logs onto an MS Windows 200x/XP machine, the default profile is obtained from
<tt class="filename">C:\Documents and Settings\Default User</tt>. The administrator can modify or change the
contents of this location and MS Windows 200x/XP will gladly use it. This is far from the optimum arrangement
since it will involve copying a new default profile to every MS Windows 200x/XP client workstation. </p><p> When MS Windows 200x/XP participates in a domain security context, and if the default user profile is
	not found, then the client will search for a default profile in the NETLOGON share of the authenticating
	server. In MS Windows parlance,<tt class="filename">%LOGONSERVER%\NETLOGON\Default User,</tt> and if one
exists there it will copy this to the workstation to the <tt class="filename">C:\Documents and Settings\</tt>
under the Windows login name of the user. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> This path translates, in Samba parlance, to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
<i class="parameter"><tt>[NETLOGON]</tt></i> share. The directory should be created at the root
of this share and must be called <tt class="filename">Default Profile</tt>.	</p></div><p> If a default profile does not exist in this location, then MS Windows 200x/XP will use the local
default profile. </p><p> On logging out, the users' desktop profile will be stored to the location specified in the registry
settings that pertain to the user. If no specific policies have been created or passed to the client
during the login process (as Samba does automatically), then the user's profile will be written to the
local machine only under the path <tt class="filename">C:\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%</tt>. </p><p> Those wishing to modify the default behavior can do so through these three methods: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> Modify the registry keys on the local machine manually and place the new
	default profile in the NETLOGON share root. This is not recommended as it is maintenance intensive.
	</p></li><li><p> Create an NT4-style NTConfig.POL file that specified this behavior and locate
	this file in the root of the NETLOGON share along with the new default profile. </p></li><li><p> Create a GPO that enforces this through Active Directory, and place the new
	default profile in the NETLOGON share.	</p></li></ul></div><p>The registry hive key that effects the behavior of folders that are part of the default user
profile are controlled by entries on Windows 200x/XP is: </p><p> <tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell
Folders\</tt> </p><p>
The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are shown
in <link linkend="defregpthkeys">
<a class="indexterm" name="id2940503"></a>
</p><div class="table"><a name="defregpthkeys"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 24.3. Defaults of Default User Profile Paths Registry Keys</b></p><table summary="Defaults of Default User Profile Paths Registry Keys" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Name</th><th align="left">Default Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">AppData</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Application Data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cache</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cookies</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Cookies</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Desktop</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Desktop</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Favorites</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Favorites</td></tr><tr><td align="left">History</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\History</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Local AppData</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Local Settings</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings</td></tr><tr><td align="left">My Pictures</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\My Documents\My Pictures</td></tr><tr><td align="left">NetHood</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\NetHood</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Personal</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\My Documents</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PrintHood</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\PrintHood</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Programs</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Recent</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Recent</td></tr><tr><td align="left">SendTo</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\SendTo</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Start Menu</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Startup</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Templates</td><td align="left">%USERPROFILE%\Templates</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> There is also an entry called &#8220;<span class="quote">Default</span>&#8221; that has no value set. The default entry is
of type <tt class="constant">REG_SZ</tt>, all the others are of type <tt class="constant">REG_EXPAND_SZ</tt>. </p><p> It makes a huge difference to the speed of handling roaming user profiles if all the folders are
stored on a dedicated location on a network server. This means that it will not be necessary to write
the Outlook PST file over the network for every login and logout. </p><p> To set this to a network location, you could use the following examples: </p><p><tt class="filename">%LOGONSERVER%\%USERNAME%\Default Folders</tt></p><p> This would store the folders in the user's home directory under a directory called <tt class="filename">Default
Folders</tt>. You could also use: </p><p><tt class="filename">\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SambaServer</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>FolderShare</tt></i>\%USERNAME%</tt></p><p>
in which case the default folders will be stored in the server named <i class="replaceable"><tt>SambaServer</tt></i>
in the share called <i class="replaceable"><tt>FolderShare</tt></i> under a directory that has the name of the
MS Windows user as seen by the Linux/UNIX file system.	</p><p> Please note that once you have created a default profile share, you MUST migrate a user's profile
(default or custom) to it. </p><p> MS Windows 200x/XP profiles may be <span class="emphasis"><em>Local</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Roaming</em></span>.
	A roaming profile will be cached locally unless the following registry key is created: 

<a class="indexterm" name="id2940831"></a>
</p><p> </p><pre class="programlisting"> HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\
	winlogon\"DeleteRoamingCache"=dword:00000001</pre><p>
In this case, the local cache copy will be deleted on logout.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2940861"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following are some typical errors, problems and questions that have been asked on the Samba mailing lists.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2940874"></a>Configuring Roaming Profiles for a Few Users or Groups</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
With Samba-2.2.x, the choice you have is to enable or disable roaming profiles support. It is a
global only setting. The default is to have roaming profiles and the default path will locate them in
the user's home directory.
</p><p>
If disabled globally, then no one will have roaming profile ability. If enabled and you want it
to apply only to certain machines, then on those machines on which roaming profile support is not wanted
it is then necessary to disable roaming profile handling in the registry of each such machine.
</p><p>
With Samba-3, you can have a global profile setting in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> and you can override this by
per-user settings using the Domain User Manager (as with MS Windows NT4/ Win 200xx). </p><p> In any case, you can configure only one profile per user. That profile can be either: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>A profile unique to that user.</li><li>A mandatory profile (one the user cannot change).</li><li>A group profile (really should be mandatory, that is unchangable).</li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2940940"></a>Cannot Use Roaming Profiles</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> A user requested the following: &#8220;<span class="quote"> I do not want Roaming profiles to be implemented. I want
to give users a local profile alone. Please help me, I am totally lost with this error. For the past
two days I tried everything, I googled around but found no useful pointers. Please help me. </span>&#8221;</p><p> The choices are: </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Local profiles</span></dt><dd><p> I know of no registry keys that will allow
		auto-deletion of LOCAL profiles on log out.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Roaming profiles</span></dt><dd><p> As a user logs onto the network, a centrally
		stored profile is copied to the workstation to form a local profile. This local profile
		will persist (remain on the workstation disk) unless a registry key is changed that will
		cause this profile to be automatically deleted on logout. </p></dd></dl></div><p>The roaming profile choices are: </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Personal roaming profiles</span></dt><dd><p> These are typically stored in
		a profile share on a central (or conveniently located local) server. </p><p> Workstations cache (store) a local copy of the profile. This cached
		copy is used when the profile cannot be downloaded at next logon. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Group profiles</span></dt><dd><p>These are loaded from a central profile
		server.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Mandatory profiles</span></dt><dd><p> Mandatory profiles can be created for
		a user as well as for any group that a user is a member of. Mandatory profiles cannot be
		changed by ordinary users. Only the administrator can change or reconfigure a mandatory
		profile. </p></dd></dl></div><p> A Windows NT4/200x/XP profile can vary in size from 130KB to very large. Outlook PST files are
most often part of the profile and can be many GB in size. On average (in a well controlled environment),
roaming profile size of 2MB is a good rule of thumb to use for planning purposes. In an undisciplined
environment, I have seen up to 2GB profiles. Users tend to complain when it takes an hour to log onto a
workstation but they harvest the fruits of folly (and ignorance). </p><p> The point of all the above is to show that roaming profiles and good controls of how they can be
changed as well as good discipline make up for a problem-free site. </p><p> Microsoft's answer to the PST problem is to store all email in an MS Exchange Server backend. This
removes the need for a PST file. </p><p>Local profiles mean: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>If each machine is used by many users, then much local disk storage is needed
	for local profiles.</p></li><li><p>Every workstation the user logs into has
	its own profile; these can be very different from machine to machine.</p></li></ul></div><p> On the other hand, use of roaming profiles means: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The network administrator can control the desktop environment of all users.</p></li><li><p>Use of mandatory profiles drastically reduces network management overheads.</p></li><li><p>In the long run, users will experience fewer problems.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2941149"></a>Changing the Default Profile</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">When the client logs onto the Domain Controller, it searches
for a profile to download. Where do I put this default profile?</span>&#8221;</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2941168"></a>
First, the Samba server needs to be configured as a Domain Controller. This can be done by
setting in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>: </p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>os level = 32 (or more)</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>domain logons = Yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p> There must be a <i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i> share that is world readable. It is
a good idea to add a logon script to pre-set printer and drive connections. There is also a facility
for automatically synchronizing the workstation time clock with that of the logon server (another good
thing to do). </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> To invoke auto-deletion of roaming profile from the local workstation cache (disk storage), use
the <span class="application">Group Policy Editor</span> to create a file called <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>
with the appropriate entries. This file needs to be located in the <i class="parameter"><tt>netlogon</tt></i>
share root directory.</p></div><p> Windows clients need to be members of the domain. Workgroup machines do not use network logons
so they do not interoperate with domain profiles. </p><p> For roaming profiles, add to <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>: </p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon path = \\%N\profiles\%U</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># Default logon drive is Z:</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>logon drive = H:</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td># This requires a PROFILES share that is world writable.</td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="pam"></a>Chapter 25. PAM-Based Distributed Authentication</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Stephen</span> <span class="surname">Langasek</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:vorlon@netexpress.net">vorlon@netexpress.net</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 31, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2941434">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2941758">Technical Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2941789">PAM Configuration Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2942786">Example System Configurations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943135">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943224">Remote CIFS Authentication Using winbindd.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943347">Password Synchronization Using pam_smbpass.so</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2943806">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2943820">pam_winbind Problem</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2943930">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter should help you to deploy Winbind-based authentication on any PAM-enabled
UNIX/Linux system. Winbind can be used to enable User-Level application access authentication
from any MS Windows NT Domain, MS Windows 200x Active Directory-based
domain, or any Samba-based domain environment. It will also help you to configure PAM-based local host access
controls that are appropriate to your Samba configuration.
</p><p>
In addition to knowing how to configure Winbind into PAM, you will learn generic PAM management
possibilities and in particular how to deploy tools like <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt> to your advantage.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The use of Winbind requires more than PAM configuration alone.
Please refer to <link linkend="winbind">, for further information regarding Winbind.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2941434"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A number of UNIX systems (e.g., Sun Solaris), as well as the xxxxBSD family and Linux,
now utilize the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) facility to provide all authentication, 
authorization and resource control services. Prior to the introduction of PAM, a decision
to use an alternative to the system password database (<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>) 
would require the provision of alternatives for all programs that provide security services.
Such a choice would involve provision of alternatives to programs such as: <b class="command">login</b>, 
<b class="command">passwd</b>, <b class="command">chown</b>, and so on.
</p><p>
PAM provides a mechanism that disconnects these security programs from the underlying
authentication/authorization infrastructure. PAM is configured by making appropriate modifications to  one file
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> (Solaris), or by editing individual control files that are
located in <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt>.
</p><p>
On PAM-enabled UNIX/Linux systems, it is an easy matter to configure the system to use any
authentication backend so long as the appropriate dynamically loadable library modules
are available for it. The backend may be local to the system, or may be centralized on a
remote server.
</p><p>
PAM support modules are available for:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt></span></dt><dd><p>
		There are several PAM modules that interact with this standard UNIX user
		database. The most common are called: <tt class="filename">pam_unix.so</tt>, <tt class="filename">pam_unix2.so</tt>, <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt>
		and <tt class="filename">pam_userdb.so</tt>.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Kerberos</span></dt><dd><p>
		The <tt class="filename">pam_krb5.so</tt> module allows the use of any Kerberos compliant server.
		This tool is used to access MIT Kerberos, Heimdal Kerberos, and potentially
		Microsoft Active Directory (if enabled).
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">LDAP</span></dt><dd><p>
		The <tt class="filename">pam_ldap.so</tt> module allows the use of any LDAP v2 or v3 compatible backend
		server. Commonly used LDAP backend servers include: OpenLDAP v2.0 and v2.1,
		Sun ONE iDentity server, Novell eDirectory server, Microsoft Active Directory.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">NetWare Bindery</span></dt><dd><p>
		The <tt class="filename">pam_ncp_auth.so</tt> module allows authentication off any bindery-enabled
		NetWare Core Protocol-based server.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">SMB Password</span></dt><dd><p>
		This module, called <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt>, will allow user authentication off
		the passdb backend that is configured in the Samba <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">SMB Server</span></dt><dd><p>
		The <tt class="filename">pam_smb_auth.so</tt> module is the original MS Windows networking authentication
		tool. This module has been somewhat outdated by the Winbind module.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Winbind</span></dt><dd><p>
		The <tt class="filename">pam_winbind.so</tt> module allows Samba to obtain authentication from any
		MS Windows Domain Controller. It can just as easily be used to authenticate
		users for access to any PAM-enabled application.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">RADIUS</span></dt><dd><p>
		There is a PAM RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-In User Service) authentication
		module. In most cases, administrators will need to locate the source code
		for this tool and compile and install it themselves. RADIUS protocols are
		used by many routers and terminal servers.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Of the above, Samba provides the <tt class="filename">pam_smbpasswd.so</tt> and the <tt class="filename">pam_winbind.so</tt> modules alone.
</p><p>
Once configured, these permit a remarkable level of flexibility in the location and use
of distributed Samba Domain Controllers that can provide wide area network bandwidth
efficient authentication services for PAM-capable systems. In effect, this allows the
deployment of centrally managed and maintained distributed authentication from a
single-user account database.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2941758"></a>Technical Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM is designed to provide the system administrator with a great deal of flexibility in
configuration of the privilege granting applications of their system. The local
configuration of system security controlled by PAM is contained in one of two places:
either the single system file, <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt>, or the
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> directory.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2941789"></a>PAM Configuration Syntax</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In this section we discuss the correct syntax of and generic options respected by entries to these files.
PAM-specific tokens in the configuration file are case insensitive. The module paths, however, are case
sensitive since they indicate a file's name and reflect the case
dependence of typical file systems.
The case-sensitivity of the arguments to any given module is defined for each module in turn.
</p><p>
In addition to the lines described below, there are two special characters provided for the convenience
of the system administrator: comments are preceded by a &#8220;<span class="quote">#</span>&#8221; and extend to the next end-of-line; also,
module specification lines may be extended with a &#8220;<span class="quote">\</span>&#8221; escaped newline. 
</p><p>
If the PAM authentication module (loadable link library file) is located in the
default location, then it is not necessary to specify the path. In the case of
Linux, the default location is <tt class="filename">/lib/security</tt>. If the module
is located outside the default, then the path must be specified as:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
auth  required  /other_path/pam_strange_module.so
</pre><p>
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2941855"></a>Anatomy of <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> Entries</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The remaining information in this subsection was taken from the documentation of the Linux-PAM
project. For more information on PAM, see 
<ulink url="http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">The Official Linux-PAM home page.</ulink>
</p><p>
A general configuration line of the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> file has the following form:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
service-name   module-type   control-flag   module-path   args
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Below, we explain the meaning of each of these tokens. The second (and more recently adopted)
way of configuring Linux-PAM is via the contents of the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> directory.
Once we have explained the meaning of the above tokens, we will describe this method.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">service-name</span></dt><dd><p>
		The name of the service associated with this entry. Frequently, the service name is the conventional
		name of the given application. For example, <b class="command">ftpd</b>, <b class="command">rlogind</b> and
		<b class="command">su</b>, and so on.
		</p><p>
		There is a special service-name reserved for defining a default authentication mechanism. It has
		the name <i class="parameter"><tt>OTHER</tt></i> and may be specified in either lower- or upper-case characters.
		Note, when there is a module specified for a named service, the <i class="parameter"><tt>OTHER</tt></i>
		entries are ignored.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">module-type</span></dt><dd><p>
		One of (currently) four types of module. The four types are as follows:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>auth:</tt></i> This module type provides two aspects of authenticating the user.
			It establishes that the user is who he claims to be by instructing the application
			to prompt the user for a password or other means of identification. Secondly, the module can
			grant group membership (independently of the <tt class="filename">/etc/groups</tt> file discussed
			above) or other privileges through its credential granting properties.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>account:</tt></i> This module performs non-authentication-based account management.
			It is typically used to restrict/permit access to a service based on the time of day, currently
		 	available system resources (maximum number of users) or perhaps the location of the applicant
			user &#8220;<span class="quote">root</span>&#8221; login only on the console.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>session:</tt></i> Primarily, this module is associated with doing things that need
			to be done for the user before and after they can be given service. Such things include the logging
			of information concerning the opening and closing of some data exchange with a user, mounting
			directories, and so on.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>password:</tt></i> This last module type is required for updating the authentication
			token associated with the user. Typically, there is one module for each &#8220;<span class="quote">challenge/response</span>&#8221;
			-based authentication <i class="parameter"><tt>(auth)</tt></i> module type.
			</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">control-flag</span></dt><dd><p>
		The control-flag is used to indicate how the PAM library will react to the success or failure of the
		module it is associated with. Since modules can be stacked (modules of the same type execute in series,
		one after another), the control-flags determine the relative importance of each module. The application
		is not made aware of the individual success or failure of modules listed in the
		<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> file. Instead, it receives a summary success or fail response from
		the Linux-PAM library. The order of execution of these modules is that of the entries in the
		<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> file; earlier entries are executed before later ones.
		As of Linux-PAM v0.60, this control-flag can be defined with one of two syntaxes.
		</p><p>
		The simpler (and historical) syntax for the control-flag is a single keyword defined to indicate the
		severity of concern associated with the success or failure of a specific module. There are four such
		keywords: <i class="parameter"><tt>required, requisite, sufficient and optional</tt></i>.
		</p><p>
		The Linux-PAM library interprets these keywords in the following manner:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>required:</tt></i> This indicates that the success of the module is required for the
			module-type facility to succeed. Failure of this module will not be apparent to the user until all
			of the remaining modules (of the same module-type) have been executed.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>requisite:</tt></i> Like required, however, in the case that such a module returns a
			failure, control is directly returned to the application. The return value is that associated with
			the first required or requisite module to fail. This flag can be used to protect against the
			possibility of a user getting the opportunity to enter a password over an unsafe medium. It is
			conceivable that such behavior might inform an attacker of valid accounts on a system. This
			possibility should be weighed against the not insignificant concerns of exposing a sensitive
			password in a hostile environment.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>sufficient:</tt></i> The success of this module is deemed <i class="parameter"><tt>sufficient</tt></i> to satisfy
			the Linux-PAM library that this module-type has succeeded in its purpose. In the event that no
			previous required module has failed, no more &#8220;<span class="quote">stacked</span>&#8221; modules of this type are invoked.
			(In this case, subsequent required modules are not invoked). A failure of this module is not deemed
			as fatal to satisfying the application that this module-type has succeeded.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>optional:</tt></i> As its name suggests, this control-flag marks the module as not
			being critical to the success or failure of the user's application for service. In general,
			Linux-PAM ignores such a module when determining if the module stack will succeed or fail.
			However, in the absence of any definite successes or failures of previous or subsequent stacked
			modules, this module will determine the nature of the response to the application. One example of
			this latter case, is when the other modules return something like PAM_IGNORE.
			</p></li></ul></div><p>
		The more elaborate (newer) syntax is much more specific and gives the administrator a great deal of control
		over how the user is authenticated. This form of the control flag is delimited with square brackets and
		consists of a series of <i class="parameter"><tt>value=action</tt></i> tokens:
		</p><pre class="programlisting">
[value1=action1 value2=action2 ...]
</pre><p>
		Here, <i class="parameter"><tt>value1</tt></i> is one of the following return values:
</p><pre class="screen">
<i class="parameter"><tt>success; open_err; symbol_err; service_err; system_err; buf_err;</tt></i>
<i class="parameter"><tt>perm_denied; auth_err; cred_insufficient; authinfo_unavail;</tt></i>
<i class="parameter"><tt>user_unknown; maxtries; new_authtok_reqd; acct_expired; session_err;</tt></i>
<i class="parameter"><tt>cred_unavail; cred_expired; cred_err; no_module_data; conv_err;</tt></i>
<i class="parameter"><tt>authtok_err; authtok_recover_err; authtok_lock_busy;</tt></i>
<i class="parameter"><tt>authtok_disable_aging; try_again; ignore; abort; authtok_expired;</tt></i>
<i class="parameter"><tt>module_unknown; bad_item;</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>default</tt></i>.
</pre><p>
</p><p>
		The last of these <i class="parameter"><tt>(default)</tt></i> can be used to set the action for those return values that are not explicitly defined.
		</p><p>
		The <i class="parameter"><tt>action1</tt></i> can be a positive integer or one of the following tokens: 
		<i class="parameter"><tt>ignore; ok; done; bad; die;</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>reset</tt></i>.
		A positive integer, J, when specified as the action, can be used to indicate that the next J modules of the
		current module-type will be skipped. In this way, the administrator can develop a moderately sophisticated
		stack of modules with a number of different paths of execution. Which path is taken can be determined by the
		reactions of individual modules.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>ignore:</tt></i> When used with a stack of modules, the module's return status will not
			contribute to the return code the application obtains.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>bad:</tt></i> This action indicates that the return code should be thought of as indicative
			of the module failing. If this module is the first in the stack to fail, its status value will be used
			for that of the whole stack.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>die:</tt></i> Equivalent to bad with the side effect of terminating the module stack and
			PAM immediately returning to the application.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>ok:</tt></i> This tells PAM that the administrator thinks this return code should
			contribute directly to the return code of the full stack of modules. In other words, if the former
			state of the stack would lead to a return of PAM_SUCCESS, the module's return code will override
			this value. Note, if the former state of the stack holds some value that is indicative of a modules
			failure, this <i class="parameter"><tt>ok</tt></i> value will not be used to override that value.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>done:</tt></i> Equivalent to <i class="parameter"><tt>ok</tt></i> with the side effect of terminating the module stack and
			PAM immediately returning to the application.
                        </p></li><li><p>
                        <i class="parameter"><tt>reset:</tt></i> Clears all memory of the state of the module stack and starts again with
			the next stacked module.
			</p></li></ul></div><p>
		Each of the four keywords: <i class="parameter"><tt>required; requisite; sufficient;</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>optional</tt></i>,
		have an equivalent expression in terms of the [...] syntax. They are as follows:
		</p><p>
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>required</tt></i> is equivalent to <i class="parameter"><tt>[success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=bad]</tt></i>.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>requisite</tt></i> is equivalent to <i class="parameter"><tt>[success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=die]</tt></i>.
			</p></li><li><p>
					<i class="parameter"><tt>sufficient</tt></i> is equivalent to <i class="parameter"><tt>[success=done new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore]</tt></i>.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<i class="parameter"><tt>optional</tt></i> is equivalent to <i class="parameter"><tt>[success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok default=ignore]</tt></i>.
			</p></li></ul></div><p>
		</p><p>
		Just to get a feel for the power of this new syntax, here is a taste of what you can do with it. With Linux-PAM-0.63,
		the notion of client plug-in agents was introduced. This is something that makes it possible for PAM to support
		machine-machine authentication using the transport protocol inherent to the client/server application. With the
		<i class="parameter"><tt>[ ... value=action ... ]</tt></i> control syntax, it is possible for an application to be configured
		to support binary prompts with compliant clients, but to gracefully fall over into an alternative authentication
		mode for older, legacy applications.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">module-path</span></dt><dd><p>
		The path-name of the dynamically loadable object file; the pluggable module itself. If the first character of the
		module path is &#8220;<span class="quote">/</span>&#8221;, it is assumed to be a complete path. If this is not the case, the given module path is appended
		to the default module path: <tt class="filename">/lib/security</tt> (but see the notes above).
		</p><p>
		The arguments are a list of tokens that are passed to the module when it is invoked, much like arguments to a typical
		Linux shell command. Generally, valid arguments are optional and are specific to any given module. Invalid arguments
		are ignored by a module, however, when encountering an invalid argument, the module is required to write an error
		to syslog(3). For a list of generic options, see the next section.
		</p><p>
		If you wish to include spaces in an argument, you should surround that argument with square brackets. For example:
		</p><pre class="programlisting">
squid auth required pam_mysql.so user=passwd_query passwd=mada \
db=eminence [query=select user_name from internet_service where \
user_name=&#8220;<span class="quote">%u</span>&#8221; and password=PASSWORD(&#8220;<span class="quote">%p</span>&#8221;) and service=&#8220;<span class="quote">web_proxy</span>&#8221;]
</pre><p>
		When using this convention, you can include &#8220;<span class="quote">[</span>&#8221; characters inside the string, and if you wish to have a &#8220;<span class="quote">]</span>&#8221;
		character inside the string that will survive the argument parsing, you should use &#8220;<span class="quote">\[</span>&#8221;. In other words:
		</p><pre class="programlisting">
[..[..\]..]    --&gt;   ..[..]..
</pre><p>
		Any line in one of the configuration files that is not formatted correctly will generally tend (erring on the
		side of caution) to make the authentication process fail. A corresponding error is written to the system log files
		with a call to syslog(3). 
		</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2942786"></a>Example System Configurations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following is an example <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</tt> configuration file. 
This example had all options uncommented and is probably not usable 
because it stacks many conditions before allowing successful completion 
of the login process. Essentially all conditions can be disabled 
by commenting them out, except the calls to <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt>.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2942817"></a>PAM: Original Login Config</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the &#8220;<span class="quote">login</span>&#8221; service
#
auth         required    pam_securetty.so
auth         required    pam_nologin.so
# auth       required    pam_dialup.so
# auth       optional    pam_mail.so
auth         required    pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
# account    requisite   pam_time.so
account      required    pam_pwdb.so
session      required    pam_pwdb.so
# session    optional    pam_lastlog.so
# password   required    pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password     required    pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2942847"></a>PAM: Login Using <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass</tt></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM allows use of replaceable modules. Those available on a sample system include:
</p><p><tt class="prompt">$</tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/bin/ls /lib/security</tt></b>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
pam_access.so    pam_ftp.so          pam_limits.so     
pam_ncp_auth.so  pam_rhosts_auth.so  pam_stress.so     
pam_cracklib.so  pam_group.so        pam_listfile.so   
pam_nologin.so   pam_rootok.so       pam_tally.so      
pam_deny.so      pam_issue.so        pam_mail.so       
pam_permit.so    pam_securetty.so    pam_time.so       
pam_dialup.so    pam_lastlog.so      pam_mkhomedir.so  
pam_pwdb.so      pam_shells.so       pam_UNIX.so       
pam_env.so       pam_ldap.so         pam_motd.so       
pam_radius.so    pam_smbpass.so      pam_UNIX_acct.so  
pam_wheel.so     pam_UNIX_auth.so    pam_UNIX_passwd.so
pam_userdb.so    pam_warn.so         pam_UNIX_session.so
</pre><p>
The following example for the login program replaces the use of 
the <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt> module that uses the system 
password database (<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>,
<tt class="filename">/etc/shadow</tt>, <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt>) with 
the module <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt>, which uses the Samba 
database which contains the Microsoft MD4 encrypted password 
hashes. This database is stored in either 
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smbpasswd</tt>, or in 
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba.d/smbpasswd</tt>, depending on the 
Samba implementation for your UNIX/Linux system. The 
<tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt> module is provided by 
Samba version 2.2.1 or later. It can be compiled by specifying the 
<tt class="option">--with-pam_smbpass</tt> options when running Samba's
<b class="command">configure</b> script. For more information
on the <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass</tt> module, see the documentation
in the <tt class="filename">source/pam_smbpass</tt> directory of the Samba 
source distribution.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the &#8220;<span class="quote">login</span>&#8221; service
#
auth        required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account     required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
session     required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
password    required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
</pre><p>
The following is the PAM configuration file for a particular 
Linux system. The default condition uses <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the &#8220;<span class="quote">samba</span>&#8221; service
#
auth       required     pam_pwdb.so nullok nodelay shadow audit
account    required     pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session    required     pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password   required     pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
</pre><p>
In the following example, the decision has been made to use the 
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> database even for basic Samba authentication. Such a 
decision could also be made for the <b class="command">passwd</b> program and would 
thus allow the <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> passwords to be changed using the
<b class="command">passwd</b> program:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the &#8220;<span class="quote">samba</span>&#8221; service
#
auth       required     pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account    required     pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session    required     pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password   required     pam_smbpass.so nodelay smbconf=/etc/samba.d/smb.conf
</pre><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>PAM allows stacking of authentication mechanisms. It is 
also possible to pass information obtained within one PAM module through 
to the next module in the PAM stack. Please refer to the documentation for 
your particular system implementation for details regarding the specific 
capabilities of PAM in this environment. Some Linux implementations also 
provide the <tt class="filename">pam_stack.so</tt> module that allows all 
authentication to be configured in a single central file. The 
<tt class="filename">pam_stack.so</tt> method has some devoted followers 
on the basis that it allows for easier administration. As with all issues in 
life though, every decision makes trade-offs, so you may want to examine the 
PAM documentation for further helpful information.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2943135"></a><tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> PAM Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	There is an option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> called <a class="indexterm" name="id2943156"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>obey pam restrictions</tt></i>.
The following is from the online help for this option in SWAT;
</p><p>
When Samba is configured to enable PAM support (i.e., <tt class="option">--with-pam</tt>), this parameter will 
control whether or not Samba should obey PAM's account and session management directives. The default behavior 
is to use PAM for cleartext authentication only and to ignore any account or session management. Samba always 
ignores PAM for authentication in the case of <a class="indexterm" name="id2943186"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i> = yes. 
The reason is that PAM modules cannot support the challenge/response authentication mechanism needed in the presence of SMB 
password encryption. 
</p><p>Default: <a class="indexterm" name="id2943208"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>obey pam restrictions</tt></i> = no</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2943224"></a>Remote CIFS Authentication Using <tt class="filename">winbindd.so</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All operating systems depend on the provision of users credentials acceptable to the platform.
UNIX requires the provision of a user identifier (UID) as well as a group identifier (GID).
These are both simple integer type numbers that are obtained from a password backend such
as <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>.
</p><p>
Users and groups on a Windows NT server are assigned a relative ID (RID) which is unique for
the domain when the user or group is created. To convert the Windows NT user or group into
a  UNIX user or group, a mapping between RIDs and UNIX user and group IDs is required. This
is one of the jobs that winbind performs.
</p><p>
As Winbind users and groups are resolved from a server, user and group IDs are allocated
from a specified range. This is done on a first come, first served basis, although all
existing users and groups will be mapped as soon as a client performs a user or  group 
enumeration command. The allocated UNIX IDs are stored in a database file under the Samba
lock directory and will be remembered.
</p><p>
The astute administrator will realize from this that the combination of <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt>, 
<b class="command">winbindd</b> and a distributed <a class="indexterm" name="id2943293"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>,
such as <i class="parameter"><tt>ldap</tt></i>, will allow the establishment of a centrally managed, distributed user/password
database that can also be used by all PAM-aware (e.g., Linux) programs and applications. This arrangement can have
particularly potent advantages compared with the use of Microsoft Active Directory Service (ADS) in so far as
the reduction of wide area network authentication traffic.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
The RID to UNIX ID database is the only location where the user and group  mappings are 
stored by <b class="command">winbindd</b>. If this file is deleted or corrupted, there is no way for <b class="command">winbindd</b>
to determine which user and group IDs correspond to Windows NT user and group RIDs.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2943347"></a>Password Synchronization Using <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<tt class="filename">pam_smbpass</tt> is a PAM module that can be used on conforming systems to
keep the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> (Samba password) database in sync with the UNIX
password file. PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) is an API supported
under some UNIX operating systems, such as Solaris, HPUX and Linux, that provides a
generic interface to authentication mechanisms.
</p><p>
This module authenticates a local <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> user database. If you require
support for authenticating against a remote SMB server, or if you are
concerned about the presence of SUID root binaries on your system, it is
recommended that you use <tt class="filename">pam_winbind</tt> instead.
</p><p>
Options recognized by this module are shown in <link linkend="smbpassoptions">.
</p><div class="table"><a name="smbpassoptions"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 25.1. Options recognized by <i class="parameter"><tt>pam_smbpass</tt></i></b></p><table summary="Options recognized by pam_smbpass" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">debug</td><td align="justify">log more debugging info.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">audit</td><td align="justify">like debug, but also logs unknown usernames.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">use_first_pass</td><td align="justify">do not prompt the user for passwords; take them from PAM_ items instead.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">try_first_pass</td><td align="justify">try to get the password from a previous PAM module fall back to prompting the user.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">use_authtok</td><td align="justify">like try_first_pass, but *fail* if the new PAM_AUTHTOK has not been previously set (intended for stacking password modules only).</td></tr><tr><td align="left">not_set_pass</td><td align="justify">do not make passwords used by this module available to other modules.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nodelay</td><td align="justify">do not insert ~1 second delays on authentication failure.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nullok</td><td align="justify">null passwords are allowed.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nonull</td><td align="justify">null passwords are not allowed. Used to override the Samba configuration.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">migrate</td><td align="justify">only meaningful in an &#8220;<span class="quote">auth</span>&#8221; context; used to update smbpasswd file with a password used for successful authentication.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">smbconf=<i class="replaceable"><tt>file</tt></i></td><td align="justify">specify an alternate path to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
</p><p>
The following are examples of the use of <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt> in the format of Linux
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> files structure. Those wishing to implement this
tool on other platforms will need to adapt this appropriately.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2943606"></a>Password Synchronization Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration that shows the use of pam_smbpass to make
sure <tt class="filename">private/smbpasswd</tt> is kept in sync when <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd (/etc/shadow)</tt>
is changed. Useful when an expired password might be changed by an
application (such as <b class="command">ssh</b>).
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# password-sync
#
auth       requisite    pam_nologin.so
auth       required     pam_UNIX.so
account    required     pam_UNIX.so
password   requisite    pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   requisite    pam_UNIX.so shadow md5 use_authtok try_first_pass
password   required     pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass
session    required     pam_UNIX.so
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2943659"></a>Password Migration Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration that shows the use of <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass</tt> to migrate
from plaintext to encrypted passwords for Samba. Unlike other methods,
this can be used for users who have never connected to Samba shares:
password migration takes place when users <b class="command">ftp</b> in, login using <b class="command">ssh</b>, pop
their mail, and so on.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# password-migration
#
auth       requisite   pam_nologin.so
# pam_smbpass is called IF pam_UNIX succeeds.
auth       requisite   pam_UNIX.so
auth       optional    pam_smbpass.so migrate
account    required    pam_UNIX.so
password   requisite   pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   requisite   pam_UNIX.so shadow md5 use_authtok try_first_pass
password   optional    pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass
session    required    pam_UNIX.so
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2943714"></a>Mature Password Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration for a mature <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> installation.
<tt class="filename">private/smbpasswd</tt> is fully populated, and we consider it an error if
the SMB password does not exist or does not match the UNIX password.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# password-mature
#
auth       requisite    pam_nologin.so
auth       required     pam_UNIX.so
account    required     pam_UNIX.so
password   requisite    pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   requisite    pam_UNIX.so shadow md5 use_authtok try_first_pass
password   required     pam_smbpass.so use_authtok use_first_pass
session    required     pam_UNIX.so
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2943759"></a>Kerberos Password Integration Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration that shows <i class="parameter"><tt>pam_smbpass</tt></i> used together with
<i class="parameter"><tt>pam_krb5</tt></i>. This could be useful on a Samba PDC that is also a member of
a Kerberos realm.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#%PAM-1.0
# kdc-pdc
#
auth       requisite   pam_nologin.so
auth       requisite   pam_krb5.so
auth       optional    pam_smbpass.so migrate
account    required    pam_krb5.so
password   requisite   pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   optional    pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass
password   required    pam_krb5.so use_authtok try_first_pass
session    required    pam_krb5.so
</pre></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2943806"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM can be fickle and sensitive to configuration glitches. Here we look at a few cases from
the Samba mailing list.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2943820"></a>pam_winbind Problem</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	A user reported: I have the following PAM configuration:
	</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
auth required /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_UNIX.so use_first_pass nullok
auth required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth required /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
account required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
account required /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
password required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
</pre><p>
</p><p>
	When I open a new console with [ctrl][alt][F1], I can't log in with my user &#8220;<span class="quote">pitie</span>&#8221;.
	I have tried with user &#8220;<span class="quote">scienceu+pitie</span>&#8221; also.
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> The problem may lie with your inclusion of <i class="parameter"><tt>pam_stack.so
	service=system-auth</tt></i>. That file often contains a lot of stuff that may
	duplicate what you are already doing. Try commenting out the <i class="parameter"><tt>pam_stack</tt></i> lines
	for <i class="parameter"><tt>auth</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>account</tt></i> and see if things work. If they do, look at
	<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/system-auth</tt> and copy only what you need from it into your
	<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</tt> file. Alternately, if you want all services to use
	Winbind, you can put the Winbind-specific stuff in <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/system-auth</tt>.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2943930"></a>Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	My <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file is correctly configured. I have specified 
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2943951"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap uid</tt></i> = 12000, 
	and <a class="indexterm" name="id2943965"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap gid</tt></i> = 3000-3500
	and <b class="command">winbind</b> is running. When I do the following it all works fine.
	</span>&#8221;
	</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>wbinfo -u</tt></b>
MIDEARTH+maryo
MIDEARTH+jackb
MIDEARTH+ameds
...
MIDEARTH+root

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>wbinfo -g</tt></b>
MIDEARTH+Domain Users
MIDEARTH+Domain Admins
MIDEARTH+Domain Guests
...
MIDEARTH+Accounts

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>getent passwd</tt></b>
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/bash
...
maryo:x:15000:15003:Mary Orville:/home/MIDEARTH/maryo:/bin/false
</pre><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	But this command fails:
	</span>&#8221;
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown maryo a_file</tt></b>
chown: 'maryo': invalid user
</pre><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">This is driving me nuts! What can be wrong?</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> Your system is likely running <b class="command">nscd</b>, the name service
	caching daemon. Shut it down, do not restart it! You will find your problem resolved.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="integrate-ms-networks"></a>Chapter 26. Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> (Jan 01 2001) </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2944182">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944206">Background Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944270">Name Resolution in a Pure UNIX/Linux World</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2944327">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944478">/etc/resolv.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944522">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2944587">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2944702">Name Resolution as Used within MS Windows Networking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945054">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945120">The LMHOSTS File</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945368">HOSTS File</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945400">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945433">WINS Lookup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2945549">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2945564">Pinging Works Only in One Way</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945606">Very Slow Network Connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945657">Samba Server Name Change Problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944149"></a>
This section deals with NetBIOS over TCP/IP name to IP address resolution. If
your MS Windows clients are not configured to use NetBIOS over TCP/IP, then this
section does not apply to your installation. If your installation
involves the use of
NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this section may help you to resolve networking problems.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
NetBIOS over TCP/IP has nothing to do with NetBEUI. NetBEUI is NetBIOS
over Logical Link Control (LLC). On modern networks it is highly advised
to not run NetBEUI at all. Note also there is no such thing as
NetBEUI over TCP/IP  the existence of such a protocol is a complete
and utter misapprehension.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2944182"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Many MS Windows network administrators have never been exposed to basic TCP/IP
networking as it is implemented in a UNIX/Linux operating system. Likewise, many UNIX and
Linux administrators have not been exposed to the intricacies of MS Windows TCP/IP-based
networking (and may have no desire to be either).
</p><p>
This chapter gives a short introduction to the basics of how a name can be resolved to 
its IP address for each operating system environment.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2944206"></a>Background Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since the introduction of MS Windows 2000, it is possible to run MS Windows networking
without the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP. NetBIOS over TCP/IP uses UDP port 137 for NetBIOS
name resolution and uses TCP port 139 for NetBIOS session services. When NetBIOS over
TCP/IP is disabled on MS Windows 2000 and later clients, then only the TCP port 445 will be
used and the UDP port 137 and TCP port 139 will not.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When using Windows 2000 or later clients, if NetBIOS over TCP/IP is not disabled, then
the client will use UDP port 137 (NetBIOS Name Service, also known as the Windows Internet
Name Service or WINS), TCP port 139 and TCP port 445 (for actual file and print traffic).
</p></div><p>
When NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled, the use of DNS is essential. Most installations that
disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP today use MS Active Directory Service (ADS). ADS requires
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944245"></a>
Dynamic DNS with Service Resource Records (SRV RR) and with Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR).
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944258"></a>
Use of DHCP with ADS is recommended as a further means of maintaining central control
over the client workstation network configuration.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2944270"></a>Name Resolution in a Pure UNIX/Linux World</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The key configuration files covered in this section are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt></p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2944327"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file contains a static list of IP addresses and names.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
127.0.0.1	localhost localhost.localdomain
192.168.1.1	bigbox.quenya.org	bigbox	alias4box
</pre><p>
The purpose of <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> is to provide a 
name resolution mechanism so uses do not need to remember 
IP addresses.
</p><p>
Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport 
layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media 
Access Control address, or MAC address. IP addresses are currently 
32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal 
numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). For example, 168.192.1.1.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944380"></a>
MAC Addresses use 48 bits (or 6 bytes) and are typically represented 
as two-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons: 40:8e:0a:12:34:56.
</p><p>
Every network interface must have a MAC address. Associated with 
a MAC address may be one or more IP addresses. There is no 
relationship between an IP address and a MAC address; all such assignments 
are arbitrary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level, all 
network communications take place using MAC addressing. Since MAC 
addresses must be globally unique and generally remain fixed for 
any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense 
from a network management perspective. More than one IP address can 
be assigned per MAC address. One address must be the primary IP
address  
this is the address that will be returned in the ARP reply.
</p><p>
When a user or a process wants to communicate with another machine, 
the protocol implementation ensures that the &#8220;<span class="quote">machine name</span>&#8221; or &#8220;<span class="quote">host 
name</span>&#8221; is resolved to an IP address in a manner that is controlled 
by the TCP/IP configuration control files. The file 
<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> is one such file.
</p><p>
When the IP address of the destination interface has been 
determined, a protocol called ARP/RARP is used to identify 
the MAC address of the target interface. ARP stands for Address 
Resolution Protocol and is a broadcast-oriented method that 
uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to send a request to all 
interfaces on the local network segment using the all 1s MAC 
address. Network interfaces are programmed to respond to two 
MAC addresses only; their own unique address and the address 
ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. The reply packet from an ARP request will 
contain the MAC address and the primary IP address for each 
interface.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944454"></a>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file is foundational to all 
UNIX/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minimum will contain 
the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the 
primary names by which they are known within the local machine. 
This file helps to prime the pump so a basic level of name 
resolution can exist before any other method of name resolution 
becomes available.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2944478"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file tells the name resolution libraries:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The name of the domain to which the machine 
	belongs.
	</p></li><li><p>The name(s) of any domains that should be 
	automatically searched when trying to resolve unqualified 
	host names to their IP address.
	</p></li><li><p>The name or IP address of available Domain 
	Name Servers that may be asked to perform name-to-address 
	translation lookups.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2944522"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944537"></a>
<tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt> is the primary means by 
which the setting in <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt> may be effected. It is a 
critical configuration file. This file controls the order by 
which name resolution may proceed. The typical structure is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
order hosts,bind
multi on
</pre><p>
then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the 
man page for <tt class="filename">host.conf</tt> for further details.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2944587"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944601"></a>
This file controls the actual name resolution targets. The 
file typically has resolver object specifications as follows:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
#
# Name Service Switch configuration file.
#

passwd:		compat
# Alternative entries for password authentication are:
# passwd:	compat files nis ldap winbind
shadow:		compat
group:		compat

hosts:		files nis dns
# Alternative entries for host name resolution are:
# hosts:	files dns nis nis+ hesiod db compat ldap wins
networks:	nis files dns

ethers:		nis files
protocols:	nis files
rpc:		nis files
services:	nis files
</pre><p>
Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate 
facilities and/or services are correctly configured.
</p><p>
It should be noted that unless a network request/message must be 
sent, TCP/IP networks are silent. All TCP/IP communications assume a 
principal of speaking only when necessary.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944646"></a>
Starting with version 2.2.0, Samba has Linux support for extensions to 
the name service switch infrastructure so Linux clients will 
be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP 
Addresses. To gain this functionality, Samba needs to be compiled 
with appropriate arguments to the make command (i.e., <b class="userinput"><tt>make 
nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</tt></b>). The resulting library should 
then be installed in the <tt class="filename">/lib</tt> directory and 
the <i class="parameter"><tt>wins</tt></i> parameter needs to be added to the &#8220;<span class="quote">hosts:</span>&#8221; line in 
the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file. At this point, it 
will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by its NetBIOS 
machine name, as long as that machine is within the workgroup to 
which both the Samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2944702"></a>Name Resolution as Used within MS Windows Networking</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine 
is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as 
the &#8220;<span class="quote">computer name,</span>&#8221; &#8220;<span class="quote">machine name,</span>&#8221; &#8220;<span class="quote">networking name,</span>&#8221; &#8220;<span class="quote">netbios name,</span>&#8221; 
or &#8220;<span class="quote">SMB name.</span>&#8221; All terms mean the same thing with the exception of 
&#8220;<span class="quote">netbios name</span>&#8221; that can also apply to the name of the workgroup or the 
domain name. The terms &#8220;<span class="quote">workgroup</span>&#8221; and &#8220;<span class="quote">domain</span>&#8221; are really just a 
simple name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names 
are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16<sup>th</sup> character is reserved. 
It is used to store a one-byte value that indicates service level 
information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine 
name is, therefore, registered for each service type that is provided by 
the client/server.
</p><p>
<link linkend="uniqnetbiosnames"> and <link linkend="netbiosnamesgrp"> list typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations.
</p><div class="table"><a name="uniqnetbiosnames"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 26.1. Unique NetBIOS Names</b></p><table summary="Unique NetBIOS Names" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">MACHINENAME&lt;00&gt;</td><td align="justify">Server Service is running on MACHINENAME</td></tr><tr><td align="left">MACHINENAME&lt;03&gt;</td><td align="justify">Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">MACHINENAME&lt;20&gt;</td><td align="justify">LanMan Server service is running on MACHINENAME</td></tr><tr><td align="left">WORKGROUP&lt;1b&gt;</td><td align="justify">Domain Master Browser</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table"><a name="netbiosnamesgrp"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 26.2. Group Names</b></p><table summary="Group Names" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">WORKGROUP&lt;03&gt;</td><td align="justify">Generic Name registered by all members of WORKGROUP</td></tr><tr><td align="left">WORKGROUP&lt;1c&gt;</td><td align="justify">Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers</td></tr><tr><td align="left">WORKGROUP&lt;1d&gt;</td><td align="justify">Local Master Browsers</td></tr><tr><td align="left">WORKGROUP&lt;1e&gt;</td><td align="justify">Internet Name Resolvers</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944937"></a>
It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own 
names as per the above. This is in vast contrast to TCP/IP 
installations where traditionally the system administrator will 
determine in the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> or in the DNS database what names 
are associated with each IP address.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2944961"></a>
One further point of clarification should be noted. The <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> 
file and the DNS records do not provide the NetBIOS name type information 
that MS Windows clients depend on to locate the type of service that may 
be needed. An example of this is what happens when an MS Windows client 
wants to locate a domain logon server. It finds this service and the IP 
address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a 
NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have 
registered the name type *&lt;1c&gt;. A logon request is then sent to each 
IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses.
Whichever machine first replies, it then ends up providing the logon services.
</p><p>
The name &#8220;<span class="quote">workgroup</span>&#8221; or &#8220;<span class="quote">domain</span>&#8221; really can be confusing since these 
have the added significance of indicating what is the security 
architecture of the MS Windows network. The term &#8220;<span class="quote">workgroup</span>&#8221; indicates 
that the primary nature of the network environment is that of a 
peer-to-peer design. In a WORKGROUP, all machines are responsible for 
their own security, and generally such security is limited to the use of 
just a password (known as Share Level security). In most situations 
with peer-to-peer networking, the users who control their own machines 
will simply opt to have no security at all. It is possible to have 
User Level Security in a WORKGROUP environment, thus requiring the use 
of a user name and a matching password.
</p><p>
MS Windows networking is thus predetermined to use machine names 
for all local and remote machine message passing. The protocol used is 
called Server Message Block (SMB) and this is implemented using 
the NetBIOS protocol (Network Basic Input Output System). NetBIOS can 
be encapsulated using LLC (Logical Link Control) protocol  in which case 
the resulting protocol is called NetBEUI (Network Basic Extended User 
Interface). NetBIOS can also be run over IPX (Internetworking Packet 
Exchange) protocol as used by Novell NetWare, and it can be run 
over TCP/IP protocols  in which case the resulting protocol is called 
NBT or NetBT, the NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
</p><p>
MS Windows machines use a complex array of name resolution mechanisms. 
Since we are primarily concerned with TCP/IP, this demonstration is 
limited to this area.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945054"></a>The NetBIOS Name Cache</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All MS Windows machines employ an in-memory buffer in which is 
stored the NetBIOS names and IP addresses for all external 
machines that machine has communicated with over the 
past 10-15 minutes. It is more efficient to obtain an IP address 
for a machine from the local cache than it is to go through all the 
configured name resolution mechanisms.
</p><p>
If a machine whose name is in the local name cache has been shut 
down before the name had been expired and flushed from the cache, then 
an attempt to exchange a message with that machine will be subject 
to time-out delays. Its name is in the cache, so a name resolution 
lookup will succeed, but the machine cannot respond. This can be 
frustrating for users but is a characteristic of the protocol.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2945089"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2945097"></a>
The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS 
name cache is called &#8220;<span class="quote">nbtstat</span>&#8221;. The Samba equivalent of this 
is called <b class="command">nmblookup</b>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945120"></a>The LMHOSTS File</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2945131"></a>
This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 200x/XP in the directory
<tt class="filename">C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</tt> and contains the IP Address
and the machine name in matched pairs. The <tt class="filename">LMHOSTS</tt> file
performs NetBIOS name to IP address mapping.
</p><p>
It typically looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
# Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp.
#
# This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS
# over TCP/IP) stack for Windows98
#
# This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames
# (NetBIOS) names. Each entry should be kept on an individual line.
# The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the
# corresponding computername. The address and the computername
# should be separated by at least one space or tab. The "#" character
# is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions
# below).
#
# This file is compatible with Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x TCP/IP lmhosts
# files and offers the following extensions:
#
#      #PRE
#      #DOM:&lt;domain&gt;
#      #INCLUDE &lt;filename&gt;
#      #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
#      #END_ALTERNATE
#      \0xnn (non-printing character support)
#
# Following any entry in the file with the characters "#PRE" will cause
# the entry to be preloaded into the name cache. By default, entries are
# not preloaded, but are parsed only after dynamic name resolution fails.
#
# Following an entry with the "#DOM:&lt;domain&gt;" tag will associate the
# entry with the domain specified by &lt;domain&gt;. This effects how the
# browser and logon services behave in TCP/IP environments. To preload
# the host name associated with #DOM entry, it is necessary to also add a
# #PRE to the line. The &lt;domain&gt; is always preloaded although it will not
# be shown when the name cache is viewed.
#
# Specifying "#INCLUDE &lt;filename&gt;" will force the RFC NetBIOS (NBT)
# software to seek the specified &lt;filename&gt; and parse it as if it were
# local. &lt;filename&gt; is generally a UNC-based name, allowing a
# centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server.
# It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the
# server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive.
# In addition the share "public" in the example below must be in the
# LanManServer list of "NullSessionShares" in order for client machines to
# be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under
# \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\
# parameters\nullsessionshares
# in the registry. Simply add "public" to the list found there.
#
# The #BEGIN_ and #END_ALTERNATE keywords allow multiple #INCLUDE
# statements to be grouped together. Any single successful include
# will cause the group to succeed.
#
# Finally, non-printing characters can be embedded in mappings by
# first surrounding the NetBIOS name in quotations, then using the
# \0xnn notation to specify a hex value for a non-printing character.
#
# The following example illustrates all of these extensions:
#
# 102.54.94.97     rhino     #PRE #DOM:networking  #net group's DC
# 102.54.94.102    "appname  \0x14"       #special app server
# 102.54.94.123    popular   #PRE         #source server
# 102.54.94.117    localsrv  #PRE         #needed for the include
#
# #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
# #INCLUDE \\localsrv\public\lmhosts
# #INCLUDE \\rhino\public\lmhosts
# #END_ALTERNATE
#
# In the above example, the "appname" server contains a special
# character in its name, the "popular" and "localsrv" server names are
# preloaded, and the "rhino" server name is specified so it can be used
# to later #INCLUDE a centrally maintained lmhosts file if the "localsrv"
# system is unavailable.
#
# Note that the whole file is parsed including comments on each lookup,
# so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance.
# Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the
# end of this file.
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945368"></a>HOSTS File</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 200x/XP in 
the directory <tt class="filename">C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</tt> and contains 
the IP Address and the IP hostname in matched pairs. It can be 
used by the name resolution infrastructure in MS Windows, depending 
on how the TCP/IP environment is configured. This file is in 
every way the equivalent of the UNIX/Linux <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945400"></a>DNS Lookup</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2945411"></a>
This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network 
configuration facility. If enabled, an elaborate name resolution sequence 
is followed, the precise nature of which is dependant on how the NetBIOS 
Node Type parameter is configured. A Node Type of 0 means that
NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is used if the name 
that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name 
cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to 
Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the 
WINS Server to obtain a lookup before DNS, HOSTS, LMHOSTS, or broadcast 
lookup is used.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945433"></a>WINS Lookup</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2945444"></a>
A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivalent of the 
rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores 
the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client 
if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address.
</p><p>
To configure Samba to be a WINS server, the following parameter needs 
to be added to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = Yes</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
To configure Samba to use a WINS server, the following parameters are 
needed in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
where <i class="replaceable"><tt>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</tt></i> is the IP address 
of the WINS server.
</p><p>For information about setting up Samba as a WINS server, read 
<link linkend="NetworkBrowsing">.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2945549"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
TCP/IP network configuration problems find every network administrator sooner or later.
The cause can be anything from keyboard mishaps, forgetfulness, simple mistakes, and
carelessness. Of course, no one is ever deliberately careless!
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945564"></a>Pinging Works Only in One Way</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">I can ping my Samba server from Windows, but I cannot ping my Windows
	machine from the Samba server.</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> The Windows machine was at IP Address 192.168.1.2 with netmask 255.255.255.0, the
	Samba server (Linux) was at IP Address 192.168.1.130 with netmask 255.255.255.128.
	The machines were on a local network with no external connections.
	</p><p>
	Due to inconsistent netmasks, the Windows machine was on network 192.168.1.0/24, while
	the Samba server was on network 192.168.1.128/25  logically a different network.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945606"></a>Very Slow Network Connections</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	A common cause of slow network response includes:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Client is configured to use DNS and the DNS server is down.</p></li><li><p>Client is configured to use remote DNS server, but the
		remote connection is down.</p></li><li><p>Client is configured to use a WINS server, but there is no WINS server.</p></li><li><p>Client is not configured to use a WINS server, but there is a WINS server.</p></li><li><p>Firewall is filtering our DNS or WINS traffic.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2945657"></a>Samba Server Name Change Problem</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">The name of the Samba server was changed, Samba was restarted, Samba server cannot be
	pinged by new name from MS Windows NT4 Workstation, but it does still respond to ping using
	the old name. Why?</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	From this description, three things are obvious:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>WINS is not in use, only broadcast-based name resolution is used.</p></li><li><p>The Samba server was renamed and restarted within the last 10-15 minutes.</p></li><li><p>The old Samba server name is still in the NetBIOS name cache on the MS Windows NT4 Workstation.</p></li></ul></div><p>
	To find what names are present in the NetBIOS name cache on the MS Windows NT4 machine,
	open a <b class="command">cmd</b> shell and then:
	</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>nbtstat -n</tt></b>

              NetBIOS Local Name Table

   Name                 Type          Status
------------------------------------------------
FRODO            &lt;03&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
ADMINSTRATOR     &lt;03&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
FRODO            &lt;00&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
SARDON           &lt;00&gt;  GROUP       Registered
FRODO            &lt;20&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
FRODO            &lt;1F&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered


<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt>nbtstat -c

             NetBIOS Remote Cache Name Table

   Name                 Type       Host Address     Life [sec]
--------------------------------------------------------------
GANDALF	&lt;20&gt;  UNIQUE      192.168.1.1          240

<tt class="prompt">C:\&gt; </tt>
</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	In the above example, GANDALF is the Samba server and FRODO is the MS Windows NT4 Workstation.
	The first listing shows the contents of the Local Name Table (i.e., Identity information on
	the MS Windows workstation) and the second shows the NetBIOS name in the NetBIOS name cache.
	The name cache contains the remote machines known to this workstation.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="unicode"></a>Chapter 27. Unicode/Charsets</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">TAKAHASHI</span> <span class="surname">Motonobu</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:monyo@home.monyo.com">monyo@home.monyo.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">25 March 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2945897">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2945942">What Are Charsets and Unicode?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946022">Samba and Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946150">Conversion from Old Names</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946166">Japanese Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946304">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946311">CP850.so Can't Be Found</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2945897"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Every industry eventually matures. One of the great areas of maturation is in
the focus that has been given over the past decade to make it possible for anyone
anywhere to use a computer. It has not always been that way, in fact, not so long
ago it was common for software to be written for exclusive use in the country of
origin.
</p><p>
Of all the effort that has been brought to bear on providing native language support
for all computer users, the efforts of the <ulink url="http://www.openi18n.org/">Openi18n organization</ulink> is deserving of
special mention.
</p><p>
Samba-2.x supported a single locale through a mechanism called 
<span class="emphasis"><em>codepages</em></span>. Samba-3 is destined to become a truly trans-global
file and printer-sharing platform.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2945942"></a>What Are Charsets and Unicode?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Computers communicate in numbers. In texts, each number will be 
translated to a corresponding letter. The meaning that will be assigned 
to a certain number depends on the <span class="emphasis"><em>character set (charset)
</em></span> that is used. 
</p><p>
A charset can be seen as a table that is used to translate numbers to 
letters. Not all computers use the same charset (there are charsets 
with German umlauts, Japanese characters, and so on). Usually a charset contains 
256 characters, which means that storing a character with it takes 
exactly one byte. </p><p>
There are also charsets that support even more characters, 
but those need twice as much storage space (or more). These 
charsets can contain <b class="command">256 * 256 = 65536</b> characters, which
is more than all possible characters one could think of. They are called 
multibyte charsets because they use more then one byte to 
store one character. 
</p><p>
A standardized multibyte charset is <ulink url="http://www.unicode.org/">unicode</ulink>.
A big advantage of using a multibyte charset is that you only need one; there 
is no need to make sure two computers use the same charset when they are 
communicating.
</p><p>Old Windows clients use single-byte charsets, named 
<i class="parameter"><tt>codepages</tt></i>, by Microsoft. However, there is no support for 
negotiating the charset to be used in the SMB/CIFS protocol. Thus, you 
have to make sure you are using the same charset when talking to an older client.
Newer clients (Windows NT, 200x, XP) talk unicode over the wire.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946022"></a>Samba and Charsets</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As of Samba-3.0, Samba can (and will) talk unicode over the wire. Internally, 
Samba knows of three kinds of character sets: 
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2946044"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>unix charset</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>
		This is the charset used internally by your operating system. 
		The default is <tt class="constant">UTF-8</tt>, which is fine for most 
		systems, which covers all characters in all languages. The default in previous Samba releases was <tt class="constant">ASCII</tt>. 
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2946081"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>display charset</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>This is the charset Samba will use to print messages
		on your screen. It should generally be the same as the <i class="parameter"><tt>unix charset</tt></i>.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="indexterm" name="id2946116"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos charset</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>This is the charset Samba uses when communicating with 
		DOS and Windows 9x/Me clients. It will talk unicode to all newer clients.
		The default depends on the charsets you have installed on your system.
		Run <b class="command">testparm -v | grep "dos charset"</b> to see 
		what the default is on your system. 
		</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946150"></a>Conversion from Old Names</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Because previous Samba versions did not do any charset conversion, 
characters in filenames are usually not correct in the UNIX charset but only 
for the local charset used by the DOS/Windows clients.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946166"></a>Japanese Charsets</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Samba does not work correctly with Japanese charsets yet. Here are
points of attention when setting it up:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>You should set <a class="indexterm" name="id2946187"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>mangling method</tt></i> = hash</p></li><li><p>There are various iconv() implementations around and not
	all of  them work equally well. glibc2's iconv() has a critical problem
	in CP932. libiconv-1.8 works with CP932 but still has some problems and
	does not  work with EUC-JP.</p></li><li><p>You should set <a class="indexterm" name="id2946216"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos charset</tt></i> = CP932, not
	Shift_JIS, SJIS.</p></li><li><p>Currently only <a class="indexterm" name="id2946236"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>UNIX charset</tt></i> = CP932
	will work (but still has some problems...) because of iconv() issues.
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2946252"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>UNIX charset</tt></i> = EUC-JP does not work well because of
	iconv() issues.</p></li><li><p>Currently Samba-3.0 does not support <a class="indexterm" name="id2946272"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>UNIX charset</tt></i> = UTF8-MAC/CAP/HEX/JIS*.</p></li></ul></div><p>More information (in Japanese) is available at: <ulink url="http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html">http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html</ulink>.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946304"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946311"></a>CP850.so Can't Be Found</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">Samba is complaining about a missing <tt class="filename">CP850.so</tt> file.</span>&#8221;</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> CP850 is the default <a class="indexterm" name="id2946338"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos charset</tt></i>.
		The <a class="indexterm" name="id2946351"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>dos charset</tt></i> is used to convert data to the codepage used by your dos clients.
		If you do not have any dos clients, you can safely ignore this message. </p><p>CP850 should be supported by your local iconv implementation. Make sure you have all the required packages installed.
		If you compiled Samba from source, make sure to configure found iconv.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Backup"></a>Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2946426">Note</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946440">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946426"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946440"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We need feedback from people who are backing up samba servers.
We would like to know what software tools you are using to backup
your samba server/s.
</p><p>
In particular, if you have any success and / or failure stories you could
share with other users this would be appreciated.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="SambaHA"></a>Chapter 29. High Availability Options</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2946510">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946510"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="migration"></a>Migration and Updating</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>30. <a href="#upgrading-to-3.0">Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946658">Quick Migration Guide</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946780">New Features in Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946934">Configuration Parameter Changes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946956">Removed Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947087">New Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947507">Modified Parameters (Changes in Behavior):</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2947587">New Functionality</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2947594">Databases</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947847">Changes in Behavior</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947918">Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948101">LDAP</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>31. <a href="#NT4Migration">Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2948538">Planning and Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2948564">Objectives</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949280">Migration Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949385">Planning for Success</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949668">Samba-3 Implementation Choices</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>32. <a href="#SWAT">SWAT  The Samba Web Administration Tool</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2950147">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950242">Guidelines and Technical Tips</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2950256">Validate SWAT Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#xinetd">Enabling SWAT for Use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950853">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950981">Enabling SWAT Internationalization Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2951151">Overview and Quick Tour</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951167">The SWAT Home Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951241">Global Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951361">Share Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951425">Printers Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951490">The SWAT Wizard</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951563">The Status Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951615">The View Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951639">The Password Change Page</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="upgrading-to-3.0"></a>Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">June 30, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2946658">Quick Migration Guide</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946780">New Features in Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946934">Configuration Parameter Changes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946956">Removed Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947087">New Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947507">Modified Parameters (Changes in Behavior):</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2947587">New Functionality</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2947594">Databases</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947847">Changes in Behavior</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947918">Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948101">LDAP</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter deals exclusively with the differences between Samba-3.0.0 and Samba-2.2.8a.
It points out where configuration parameters have changed, and provides a simple guide for 
the move from 2.2.x to 3.0.0.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946658"></a>Quick Migration Guide</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3.0.0 default behavior should be approximately the same as Samba-2.2.x.
The default behavior when the new parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2946670"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>
is not defined in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file provides the same default behviour as Samba-2.2.x
with <a class="indexterm" name="id2946694"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i> = Yes, and
will use the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> database.
</p><p>
So why say that <span class="emphasis"><em>behavior should be approximately the same as Samba-2.2.x?</em></span> Because
Samba-3.0.0 can negotiate new protocols, such as support for native Unicode, that may result in
differing protocol code paths being taken. The new behavior under such circumstances is not
exactly the same as the old one. The good news is that the domain and machine SIDs will be
preserved across the upgrade.
</p><p>
If the Samba-2.2.x system was using an LDAP backend, and there is no time to update the LDAP
database, then make sure that <a class="indexterm" name="id2946736"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> = ldapsam_compat
is specified in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. For the rest, behavior should remain more or less the same.
At a later date, when there is time to implement a new Samba-3 compatible LDAP backend, it is possible
to migrate the old LDAP database to the new one through use of the <b class="command">pdbedit</b>.
See <link linkend="pdbeditthing">.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946780"></a>New Features in Samba-3</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The major new features are:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Active Directory support. This release is able to join an ADS realm
	as a member server and authenticate users using LDAP/kerberos.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Unicode support. Samba will now negotiate unicode on the wire and
	internally there is a much better infrastructure for multi-byte
	and unicode character sets.
	</p></li><li><p>
	New authentication system. The internal authentication system has
	been almost completely rewritten. Most of the changes are internal,
	but the new authoring system is also very configurable.
	</p></li><li><p>
	New filename mangling system. The filename mangling system has been
	completely rewritten. An internal database now stores mangling maps
	persistently.
	</p></li><li><p>
	New &#8220;<span class="quote">net</span>&#8221; command. A new &#8220;<span class="quote">net</span>&#8221; command has been added. It is
	somewhat similar to the &#8220;<span class="quote">net</span>&#8221; command in Windows. Eventually, we
	plan to replace a bunch of other utilities (such as smbpasswd)
	with subcommands in &#8220;<span class="quote">net</span>&#8221;.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba now negotiates NT-style status32 codes on the wire. This
	considerably improves error handling.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Better Windows 200x/XP printing support including publishing
	printer attributes in Active Directory.
	</p></li><li><p>
	New loadable RPC modules for passdb backends and character sets.
	</p></li><li><p>
	New default dual-daemon winbindd support for better performance.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Support for migrating from a Windows NT 4.0 domain to a Samba
	domain and maintaining user, group and domain SIDs.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Support for establishing trust relationships with Windows NT 4.0
	Domain Controllers.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Initial support for a distributed Winbind architecture using
	an LDAP directory for storing SID to UID/GID mappings.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Major updates to the Samba documentation tree.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Full support for client and server SMB signing to ensure
	compatibility with default Windows 2003 security settings.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
Plus lots of other improvements!
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946934"></a>Configuration Parameter Changes</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section contains a brief listing of changes to <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> options
in the 3.0.0 release. Please refer to the smb.conf(5) man page for
complete descriptions of new or modified parameters.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946956"></a>Removed Parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>(Ordered Alphabetically):</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>admin log </p></li><li><p>alternate permissions </p></li><li><p>character set </p></li><li><p>client codepage </p></li><li><p>code page directory </p></li><li><p>coding system </p></li><li><p>domain admin group </p></li><li><p>domain guest group </p></li><li><p>force unknown acl user </p></li><li><p>nt smb support </p></li><li><p>post script </p></li><li><p>printer driver </p></li><li><p>printer driver file </p></li><li><p>printer driver location </p></li><li><p>status </p></li><li><p>stip dot </p></li><li><p>total print jobs </p></li><li><p>use rhosts </p></li><li><p>valid chars </p></li><li><p>vfs options </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947087"></a>New Parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>(New parameters have been grouped by function):</p><p>Remote Management</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>abort shutdown script </p></li><li><p>shutdown script </p></li></ul></div><p>User and Group Account Management:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>add group script </p></li><li><p>add machine script </p></li><li><p>add user to group script </p></li><li><p>algorithmic rid base </p></li><li><p>delete group script </p></li><li><p>delete user from group script </p></li><li><p>passdb backend </p></li><li><p>set primary group script </p></li></ul></div><p>Authentication:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>auth methods </p></li><li><p>realm </p></li></ul></div><p>Protocol Options:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>client lanman auth </p></li><li><p>client NTLMv2 auth </p></li><li><p>client schannel </p></li><li><p>client signing </p></li><li><p>client use spnego </p></li><li><p>disable netbios </p></li><li><p>ntlm auth </p></li><li><p>paranoid server security </p></li><li><p>server schannel </p></li><li><p>server signing </p></li><li><p>smb ports </p></li><li><p>use spnego </p></li></ul></div><p>File Service:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>get quota command </p></li><li><p>hide special files </p></li><li><p>hide unwriteable files </p></li><li><p>hostname lookups </p></li><li><p>kernel change notify </p></li><li><p>mangle prefix </p></li><li><p>map acl inherit </p></li><li><p>msdfs proxy </p></li><li><p>set quota command </p></li><li><p>use sendfile </p></li><li><p>vfs objects </p></li></ul></div><p>Printing:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>max reported print jobs </p></li></ul></div><p>Unicode and Character Sets:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>display charset </p></li><li><p>dos charset </p></li><li><p>unicode </p></li><li><p>UNIX charset </p></li></ul></div><p>SID to UID/GID Mappings:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>idmap backend </p></li><li><p>idmap gid </p></li><li><p>idmap uid </p></li><li><p>winbind enable local accounts </p></li><li><p>winbind trusted domains only </p></li><li><p>template primary group </p></li><li><p>enable rid algorithm </p></li></ul></div><p>LDAP:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>ldap delete dn </p></li><li><p>ldap group suffix </p></li><li><p>ldap idmap suffix </p></li><li><p>ldap machine suffix </p></li><li><p>ldap passwd sync </p></li><li><p>ldap trust ids </p></li><li><p>ldap user suffix </p></li></ul></div><p>General Configuration:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>preload modules </p></li><li><p>privatedir </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947507"></a>Modified Parameters (Changes in Behavior):</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>encrypt passwords (enabled by default) </p></li><li><p>mangling method (set to hash2 by default) </p></li><li><p>passwd chat </p></li><li><p>passwd program </p></li><li><p>password server </p></li><li><p>restrict anonymous (integer value) </p></li><li><p>security (new ads value) </p></li><li><p>strict locking (enabled by default) </p></li><li><p>winbind cache time (increased to 5 minutes) </p></li><li><p>winbind uid (deprecated in favor of idmap uid) </p></li><li><p>winbind gid (deprecated in favor of idmap gid) </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2947587"></a>New Functionality</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947594"></a>Databases</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	This section contains brief descriptions of any new databases
	introduced in Samba-3. Please remember to backup your existing
	${lock directory}/*tdb before upgrading to Samba-3. Samba will
	upgrade databases as they are opened (if necessary), but downgrading
	from 3.0 to 2.2 is an unsupported path.
	</p><p>
	The new tdb files are described in <link linkend="tdbfiledesc">.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="tdbfiledesc"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. TDB File Descriptions</b></p><table summary="TDB File Descriptions" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Name</th><th align="justify">Description</th><th align="center">Backup?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">account_policy</td><td align="justify">User policy settings</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left">gencache</td><td align="justify">Generic caching db</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left">group_mapping</td><td align="justify"><p>Mapping table from Windows groups/SID to UNIX groups</p></td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left">idmap</td><td align="justify"><p>new ID map table from SIDS to UNIX UIDs/GIDs</p></td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left">namecache</td><td align="justify">Name resolution cache entries</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left">netlogon_unigrp</td><td align="justify"><p>Cache of universal group membership obtained when operating
				as a member of a Windows domain</p></td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left">printing/*.tdb</td><td align="justify"><p>Cached output from `lpq command' created on a per print 
				service basis</p></td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left">registry</td><td align="justify"><p>Read-only Samba registry skeleton that provides support for
				exporting various db tables via the winreg RPCs</p></td><td align="left">no</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947847"></a>Changes in Behavior</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The following issues are known changes in behavior between Samba-2.2 and
	Samba-3 that may affect certain installations of Samba.
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
		When operating as a member of a Windows domain, Samba-2.2 would
		map any users authenticated by the remote DC to the &#8220;<span class="quote">guest account</span>&#8221;
		if a uid could not be obtained via the getpwnam() call. Samba-3
		rejects the connection as NT_STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE. There is no
		current work around to re-establish the Samba-2.2 behavior.
		</p></li><li><p>
		When adding machines to a Samba-2.2 controlled domain, the
		&#8220;<span class="quote">add user script</span>&#8221; was used to create the UNIX identity of the
		Machine Trust Account. Samba-3 introduces a new &#8220;<span class="quote">add machine
		script</span>&#8221; that must be specified for this purpose. Samba-3 will
		not fall back to using the &#8220;<span class="quote">add user script</span>&#8221; in the absence of
		an &#8220;<span class="quote">add machine script</span>&#8221;.
		</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947918"></a>Charsets</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	You might experience problems with special characters when communicating with old DOS
	clients. Codepage support has changed in Samba-3. Read <link linkend="unicode">, for details.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947940"></a>Passdb Backends and Authentication</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	There have been a few new changes that Samba administrators should be
	aware of when moving to Samba-3.
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
		Encrypted passwords have been enabled by default in order to
		interoperate better with out-of-the-box Windows client
		installations. This does mean that either (a) a Samba account
		must be created for each user, or (b) &#8220;<span class="quote">encrypt passwords = no</span>&#8221;
		must be explicitly defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
		</p></li><li><p>
		Inclusion of new <a class="indexterm" name="id2947989"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = ads option for integration
		with an Active Directory domain using the native Windows Kerberos 5 and LDAP protocols.
		</p></li></ol></div><p>
	Samba-3 also includes the possibility of setting up chains
	of authentication methods 
	(<a class="indexterm" name="id2948011"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>auth methods</tt></i>) and account
	storage backends 
	(<a class="indexterm" name="id2948026"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>). 
	Please refer to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
	man page and <link linkend="passdb">, for details. While both parameters assume sane default
	values, it is likely that you will need to understand what the
	values actually mean in order to ensure Samba operates correctly.
	</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2948061"></a>
	Certain functions of the <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> tool have been split between the
	new <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> utility, the <b class="command">net</b> tool and the new <b class="command">pdbedit</b>
	utility. See the respective man pages for details.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948101"></a>LDAP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	This section outlines the new features effecting Samba/LDAP integration.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948113"></a>New Schema</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A new object class (sambaSamAccount) has been introduced to replace
		the old sambaAccount. This change aids us in the renaming of attributes
		to prevent clashes with attributes from other vendors. There is a
		conversion script (examples/LDAP/convertSambaAccount) to modify an LDIF
		file to the new schema.
		</p><p>
		Example:
		</p><pre class="screen">
		<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>ldapsearch .... -b "ou=people,dc=..." &gt; old.ldif
		<tt class="prompt">$ </tt>convertSambaAccount &lt;DOM SID&gt; old.ldif new.ldif
		</pre><p>
		The &lt;DOM SID&gt; can be obtained by running 
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net getlocalsid &lt;DOMAINNAME&gt;</tt></b>
</pre><p>
		on the Samba PDC as root.
		</p><p>
		The old sambaAccount schema may still be used by specifying the
		<i class="parameter"><tt>ldapsam_compat</tt></i> passdb backend. However, the sambaAccount and
		associated attributes have been moved to the historical section of
		the schema file and must be uncommented before use if needed.
		The Samba-2.2 object class declaration for a sambaAccount has not changed
		in the Samba-3 samba.schema file.
		</p><p>
		Other new object classes and their uses include:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			sambaDomain  domain information used to allocate RIDs
			for users and groups as necessary. The attributes are added
			in &#8220;<span class="quote">ldap suffix</span>&#8221; directory entry automatically if
			an idmap UID/GID range has been set and the &#8220;<span class="quote">ldapsam</span>&#8221;
			passdb backend has been selected.
			</p></li><li><p>
			sambaGroupMapping  an object representing the
			relationship between a posixGroup and a Windows
			group/SID. These entries are stored in the &#8220;<span class="quote">ldap
			group suffix</span>&#8221; and managed by the &#8220;<span class="quote">net groupmap</span>&#8221; command.
			</p></li><li><p>
			sambaUNIXIdPool  created in the &#8220;<span class="quote">ldap idmap suffix</span>&#8221; entry
			automatically and contains the next available &#8220;<span class="quote">idmap UID</span>&#8221; and
			&#8220;<span class="quote">idmap GID</span>&#8221;.
			</p></li><li><p>
			sambaIdmapEntry  object storing a mapping between a
			SID and a UNIX UID/GID. These objects are created by the
			idmap_ldap module as needed.
			</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948290"></a>New Suffix for Searching</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The following new smb.conf parameters have been added to aid in directing
		certain LDAP queries when <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend = ldapsam://...</tt></i> has been
		specified.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>ldap suffix          used to search for user and computer accounts.</p></li><li><p>ldap user suffix     used to store user accounts.</p></li><li><p>ldap machine suffix  used to store Machine Trust Accounts.</p></li><li><p>ldap group suffix    location of posixGroup/sambaGroupMapping entries.</p></li><li><p>ldap idmap suffix    location of sambaIdmapEntry objects.</p></li></ul></div><p>
		If an <i class="parameter"><tt>ldap suffix</tt></i> is defined, it will be appended to all of the
		remaining sub-suffix parameters. In this case, the order of the suffix
		listings in smb.conf is important. Always place the <i class="parameter"><tt>ldap suffix</tt></i> first
		in the list.
		</p><p>
		Due to a limitation in Samba's <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parsing, you should not surround
		the DNs with quotation marks.
		</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948399"></a>IdMap LDAP Support</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Samba-3 supports an ldap backend for the idmap subsystem. The
		following options inform Samba that the idmap table should be
		stored on the directory server onterose in the "ou=idmap,dc=quenya,dc=org" partition.
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap backend = ldap:ldap://onterose/</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap idmap suffix = ou=idmap,dc=quenya,dc=org</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap uid = 40000-50000</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>idmap gid = 40000-50000</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
		This configuration allows Winbind installations on multiple servers to
		share a UID/GID number space, thus avoiding the interoperability problems
		with NFS that were present in Samba-2.2.
		</p></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="NT4Migration"></a>Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2948538">Planning and Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2948564">Objectives</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949280">Migration Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949385">Planning for Success</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949668">Samba-3 Implementation Choices</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This is a rough guide to assist those wishing to migrate from NT4 Domain Control to
Samba-3-based Domain Control.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2948538"></a>Planning and Getting Started</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the IT world there is often a saying that all problems are encountered because of
poor planning. The corollary to this saying is that not all problems can be anticipated
and planned for. Then again, good planning will anticipate most show-stopper-type situations.
</p><p>
Those wishing to migrate from MS Windows NT4 Domain Control to a Samba-3 Domain Control
environment would do well to develop a detailed migration plan. So here are a few pointers to
help migration get under way.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948564"></a>Objectives</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The key objective for most organizations will be to make the migration from MS Windows NT4 
to Samba-3 Domain Control as painless as possible. One of the challenges you may experience
in your migration process may well be one of convincing management that the new environment
should remain in place. Many who have introduced open source technologies have experienced
pressure to return to a Microsoft-based platform solution at the first sign of trouble. 
</p><p>
Before attempting a migration to a Samba-3 controlled network, make every possible effort to
gain all-round commitment to the change. Know precisely <span class="emphasis"><em>why</em></span> the change
is important for the organization. Possible motivations to make a change include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Improve network manageability.</p></li><li><p>Obtain better user level functionality.</p></li><li><p>Reduce network operating costs.</p></li><li><p>Reduce exposure caused by Microsoft withdrawal of NT4 support.</p></li><li><p>Avoid MS License 6 implications.</p></li><li><p>Reduce organization's dependency on Microsoft.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Make sure everyone knows that Samba-3 is not MS Windows NT4. Samba-3 offers
an alternative solution that is both different from MS Windows NT4 and offers 
advantages compared with it. Gain recognition that Samba-3 lacks many of the
features that Microsoft has promoted as core values in migration from MS Windows NT4 to 
MS Windows 2000 and beyond (with or without Active Directory services).
</p><p>
What are the features that Samba-3 cannot provide?
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Active Directory Server.</p></li><li><p>Group Policy Objects (in Active Directory).</p></li><li><p>Machine Policy Objects.</p></li><li><p>Logon Scripts in Active Directory.</p></li><li><p>Software Application and Access Controls in Active Directory.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The features that Samba-3 does provide and that may be of compelling interest to your site
include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Lower cost of ownership.</p></li><li><p>Global availability of support with no strings attached.</p></li><li><p>Dynamic SMB Servers (can run more than one SMB/CIFS server per UNIX/Linux system).</p></li><li><p>Creation of on-the-fly logon scripts.</p></li><li><p>Creation of on-the-fly Policy Files.</p></li><li><p>Greater stability, reliability, performance and availability.</p></li><li><p>Manageability via an ssh connection.</p></li><li><p>Flexible choices of back-end authentication technologies (tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam).</p></li><li><p>Ability to implement a full single-sign-on architecture.</p></li><li><p>Ability to distribute authentication systems for absolute minimum wide area network bandwidth demand.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Before migrating a network from MS Windows NT4 to Samba-3, consider all necessary factors. Users
should be educated about changes they may experience so the change will be a welcome one
and not become an obstacle to the work they need to do. The following are factors that will 
help ensure a successful migration:
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948775"></a>Domain Layout</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 can be configured as a Domain Controller, a back-up Domain Controller (probably best called
a secondary controller), a Domain Member, or as a stand-alone Server. The Windows network security
domain context should be sized and scoped before implementation. Particular attention needs to be
paid to the location of the primary Domain Controller (PDC) as well as backup controllers (BDCs).
One way in which Samba-3 differs from Microsoft technology is that if one chooses to use an LDAP
authentication backend, then the same database can be used by several different domains. In a
complex organization, there can be a single LDAP database, which itself can be distributed (have
a master server and multiple slave servers) that can simultaneously serve multiple domains.
</p><p>
&gt;From a design perspective, the number of users per server as well as the number of servers per
domain should be scaled taking into consideration server capacity and network bandwidth.
</p><p>
A physical network segment may house several domains. Each may span multiple network segments.
Where domains span routed network segments, consider and test the performance implications of
the design and layout of a network. A centrally located Domain Controller that is designed to
serve multiple routed network segments may result in severe performance problems. Check the
response time (ping timing) between the remote segment and the PDC. If
it's long (more than 100 ms),
locate a backup controller (BDC) on the remote segment to serve as the local authentication and
access control server.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948829"></a>Server Share and Directory Layout</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are cardinal rules to effective network design that cannot be broken with impunity.
The most important rule: Simplicity is king in every well-controlled network. Every part of
the infrastructure must be managed; the more complex it is, the greater will be the demand
of keeping systems secure and functional.
</p><p>
Keep in mind the nature of how data must be shared. Physical disk space layout should be considered
carefully. Some data must be backed up. The simpler the disk layout the easier it will be to
keep track of backup needs. Identify what backup media will meet your needs; consider backup to tape,
CD-ROM or (DVD-ROM), or other offline storage medium. Plan and implement for minimum
maintenance. Leave nothing to chance in your design; above all, do not leave backups to chance:
Backup, test, and validate every backup, create a disaster recovery plan and prove that it works.
</p><p>
Users should be grouped according to data access control needs. File and directory access 
is best controlled via group permissions and the use of the &#8220;<span class="quote">sticky bit</span>&#8221; on group controlled
directories may substantially avoid file access complaints from Samba share users.
</p><p>
Inexperienced  network administrators often attempt elaborate techniques to set access
controls on files, directories, shares, as well as in share definitions.
Keep your design and implementation simple and document your design extensively. Have others
audit your documentation. Do not create a complex mess that your successor will not understand.
Remember, job security through complex design and implementation may cause loss of operations
and downtime to users as the new administrator learns to untangle your knots. Keep access
controls simple and effective and make sure that users will never be interrupted by obtuse
complexity.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948892"></a>Logon Scripts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Logon scripts can help to ensure that all users gain the share and printer connections they need.
</p><p>
Logon scripts can be created on-the-fly so all commands executed are specific to the
rights and privileges granted to the user. The preferred controls should be affected through
group membership so group information can be used to create a custom logon script using
the <a class="indexterm" name="id2948914"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>root preexec</tt></i> parameters to the <i class="parameter"><tt>NETLOGON</tt></i> share.
</p><p>
Some sites prefer to use a tool such as <b class="command">kixstart</b> to establish a controlled
user environment. In any case, you may wish to do a Google search for logon script process controls.
In particular, you may wish to explore the use of the Microsoft KnowledgeBase article KB189105 that
deals with how to add printers without user intervention via the logon script process.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2948955"></a>Profile Migration/Creation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
User and Group Profiles may be migrated using the tools described in the section titled Desktop Profile
Management.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2948973"></a>
Profiles may also be managed using the Samba-3 tool <b class="command">profiles</b>. This tool allows
the MS Windows NT-style security identifiers (SIDs) that are stored inside the profile <tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> file
to be changed to the SID of the Samba-3 domain.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2949000"></a>User and Group Accounts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
It is possible to migrate all account settings from an MS Windows NT4 domain to Samba-3. Before
attempting to migrate user and group accounts, it is STRONGLY advised to create in Samba-3 the
groups that are present on the MS Windows NT4 domain <span class="emphasis"><em>AND</em></span> to map them to
suitable UNIX/Linux groups. By following this simple advice, all user and group attributes
should migrate painlessly.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949025"></a>Steps in Migration Process</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The approximate migration process is described below.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
You have an NT4 PDC that has the users, groups, policies and profiles to be migrated.
</p></li><li><p>
Samba-3 set up as a DC with netlogon share, profile share, and so on. Configure the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file
to fucntion as a BDC, i.e., <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = No</tt></i>.
</p></li></ul></div><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 31.1. The Account Migration Process</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2949084"></a>
			Create a BDC account in the old NT4 domain for the Samba server using NT Server Manager.</p><ol type="a"><li><p>Samba must not be running.</p></li></ol></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2949115"></a>
			<b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc join -S <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMNAME</tt></i> -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc vampire -S <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -U administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -L</tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Note  did the users migrate?</p></li></ol></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2949199"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2949210"></a>
	Now assign each of the UNIX groups to NT groups:
	(It may be useful to copy this text to a script called <tt class="filename">initGroups.sh</tt>)
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
#!/bin/bash
#### Keep this as a shell script for future re-use
			
# First assign well known domain global groups
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Admins" unixgroup=root   rid=512
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users"  unixgroup=users  rid=513
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Guests" unixgroup=nobody rid=514

# Now for our added domain global groups
net groupmap add ntgroup="Designers" unixgroup=designers type=d rid=3200
net groupmap add ntgroup="Engineers" unixgroup=engineers type=d rid=3210
net groupmap add ntgroup="QA Team"   unixgroup=qateam    type=d rid=3220
</pre><p>
	</p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap list</tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Check that all groups are recognized.</p></li></ol></li></ol></div><p>
Migrate all the profiles, then migrate all policy files.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2949280"></a>Migration Options</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Sites that wish to migrate from MS Windows NT4 Domain Control to a Samba-based solution
generally fit into three basic categories. <link linkend="majtypes"> shows the possibilities.
</p><div class="table"><a name="majtypes"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 31.1. The Three Major Site Types</b></p><table summary="The Three Major Site Types" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Number of Users</th><th align="justify">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">&lt; 50</td><td align="justify"><p>Want simple conversion with no pain.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left">50 - 250</td><td align="justify"><p>Want new features, can manage some in-house complexity.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left">&gt; 250</td><td align="justify"><p>Solution/Implementation must scale well, complex needs. Cross-departmental decision process. Local expertise in most areas.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949385"></a>Planning for Success</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are three basic choices for sites that intend to migrate from MS Windows NT4
to Samba-3:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Simple conversion (total replacement).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Upgraded conversion (could be one of integration).
	</p></li><li><p>
	Complete redesign (completely new solution).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Minimize down-stream problems by:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Taking sufficient time.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Avoiding Panic.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Testing all assumptions.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Testing the full roll-out program, including workstation deployment.
	</p></li></ul></div><p><link linkend="natconchoices"> lists the conversion choices given the type of migration
being contemplated.
</p><div class="table"><a name="natconchoices"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 31.2. Nature of the Conversion Choices</b></p><table summary="Nature of the Conversion Choices" border="1"><colgroup><col align="justify"><col align="justify"><col align="justify"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="justify">Simple</th><th align="justify">Upgraded</th><th align="justify">Redesign</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="justify"><p>Make use of minimal OS specific features.</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Translate NT4 features to new host OS features.</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Decide:</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><p>Move all accounts from NT4 into Samba-3</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Copy and improve</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Authentication regime (database location and access)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><p>Make least number of operational changes</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Make progressive improvements</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Desktop management methods</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><p>Take least amount of time to migrate</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Minimize user impact</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Better control of Desktops/Users</p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><p>Live versus isolated conversion</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Maximize functionality</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Identify Needs for: <span class="emphasis"><em>Manageability, Scalability, Security, Availability</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="justify"><p>Integrate Samba-3 then migrate while users are active, then change of control (swap out)</p></td><td align="justify"><p>Take advantage of lower maintenance opportunity</p></td><td align="justify"><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949668"></a>Samba-3 Implementation Choices</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Authentication Database/Backend</span></dt><dd><p>
		Samba-3 can use an external authentication backend:
		</p><p>
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Winbind (external Samba or NT4/200x server).</p></li><li><p>External server could use Active Directory or NT4 Domain.</p></li><li><p>Can use pam_mkhomedir.so to auto-create home dirs.</p></li><li><p>
					Samba-3 can use a local authentication backend: <i class="parameter"><tt>smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><p>
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Access Control Points</span></dt><dd><p>
		Samba permits Access Control Points to be set:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>On the share itself  using Share ACLs.</p></li><li><p>On the file system  using UNIX permissions on files and directories.</p><p>Note: Can enable Posix ACLs in file system also.</p></li><li><p>Through Samba share parameters  not recommended except as last resort.</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">Policies (migrate or create new ones)</span></dt><dd><p>
		Exercise great caution when affecting registry changes, use the right tool and be aware
		that changes made through NT4-style <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> files can leave
		permanent changes.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Using Group Policy Editor (NT4).</p></li><li><p>Watch out for Tattoo effect.</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">User and Group Profiles</span></dt><dd><p>
		Platform-specific so use platform tool to change from a Local to a Roaming profile.
		Can use new profiles tool to change SIDs (<tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt>).
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Logon Scripts</span></dt><dd><p>
		Know how they work.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">User and Group Mapping to UNIX/Linux</span></dt><dd><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2949880"></a>
		User and Group mapping code is new. Many problems have been experienced as network administrators
		who are familiar with Samba-2.2.x migrate to Samba-3. Carefully study the chapters that document
		the new password backend behavior and the new group mapping functionality.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The <i class="parameter"><tt>username map</tt></i> facility may be needed.</p></li><li><p>Use <b class="command">net groupmap</b> to connect NT4 groups to UNIX groups.</p></li><li><p>Use <b class="command">pdbedit</b> to set/change user configuration.</p><p>
				When migrating to LDAP backend, it may be easier to dump the initial
				LDAP database to LDIF, edit, then reload into LDAP.
				</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">OS Specific Scripts/Programs may be Needed</span></dt><dd><p>
		Every operating system has its peculiarities. These are the result of engineering decisions
		that were based on the experience of the designer, and may have side-effects that were not
		anticipated. Limitations that may bite the Windows network administrator include:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Add/Delete Users: Note OS limits on size of name
				(Linux 8 chars) NT4 up to 254 chars.</p></li><li><p>Add/Delete Machines: Applied only to Domain Members
				(Note: machine names may be limited to 16 characters).</p></li><li><p>Use <b class="command">net groupmap</b> to connect NT4 groups to UNIX groups.</p></li><li><p>Add/Delete Groups: Note OS limits on size and nature.
				Linux limit is 16 char, no spaces and no upper case chars (<b class="command">groupadd</b>).</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">Migration Tools</span></dt><dd><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2950028"></a>
		Domain Control (NT4 Style) Profiles, Policies, Access Controls, Security
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Samba: <b class="command">net, rpcclient, smbpasswd, pdbedit, profiles.</b></p></li><li><p>Windows: <b class="command">NT4 Domain User Manager, Server Manager (NEXUS)</b></p></li></ul></div><p>
			</p></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="SWAT"></a>Chapter 32. SWAT  The Samba Web Administration Tool</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 21, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2950147">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950242">Guidelines and Technical Tips</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2950256">Validate SWAT Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#xinetd">Enabling SWAT for Use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950853">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950981">Enabling SWAT Internationalization Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2951151">Overview and Quick Tour</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951167">The SWAT Home Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951241">Global Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951361">Share Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951425">Printers Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951490">The SWAT Wizard</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951563">The Status Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951615">The View Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951639">The Password Change Page</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
There are many and varied opinions regarding the usefulness of SWAT.
No matter how hard one tries to produce the perfect configuration tool, it remains
an object of personal taste. SWAT is a tool that will allow Web-based configuration
of Samba. It has a wizard that may help to get Samba configured
quickly, it has context-sensitive help on each <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter, it provides for monitoring of current state
of connection information, and it allows network-wide MS Windows network password
management.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2950147"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SWAT is a facility that is part of the Samba suite. The main executable is called
<b class="command">swat</b> and is invoked by the inter-networking super daemon.
See <link linkend="xinetd"> for details.
</p><p>
SWAT uses integral samba components to locate parameters supported by the particular
version of Samba. Unlike tools and utilities that are external to Samba, SWAT is always
up to date as known Samba parameters change. SWAT provides context-sensitive help for each
configuration parameter, directly from <b class="command">man</b> page entries.
</p><p>
There are network administrators who believe that it is a good idea to write systems
documentation inside configuration files, and for them SWAT will aways be a nasty tool. SWAT
does not store the configuration file in any intermediate form, rather, it stores only the
parameter settings, so when SWAT writes the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file to disk, it will write only
those parameters that are at other than the default settings. The result is that all comments,
as well as parameters that are no longer supported, will be lost from the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
Additionally, the parameters will be written back in internal ordering.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Before using SWAT, please be warned  SWAT will completely replace your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> with
a fully-optimized file that has been stripped of all comments you might have placed there
and only non-default settings will be written to the file.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2950242"></a>Guidelines and Technical Tips</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section aims to unlock the dark secrets behind how SWAT may be made to work,
may be made more secure, and how to solve Internationalization support problems.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950256"></a>Validate SWAT Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The very first step that should be taken before attempting to configure a host
system for SWAT operation is to check that it is installed. This may seem a trivial
point to some, however several Linux distributions do not install SWAT by default,
even though they do ship an installable binary support package containing SWAT
on the distribution media.
</p><p>
When you have configrmed that SWAT is installed it is necessary to validate
that the installation includes the binary <b class="command">swat</b> file as well
as all the supporting text and Web files. A number of operating system distributions
in the past have failed to include the necessary support files, evne though the
<b class="command">swat</b> binary executable file was installed. 
</p><p>
Finally, when you are sure that SWAT has been fully installed, please check the SWAT
has been enebled in the control file for the internetworking super-daemon (inetd or xinetd)
that is used on your operating system platform. 
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2950305"></a>Locating the <b class="command">swat</b> File</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To validate that SWAT is installed, first locate the <b class="command">swat</b> binary
file on the system. It may be found under the following directories:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/bin</tt>  the default Samba location.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="filename">/usr/sbin</tt>  the default location on most Linux systems.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="filename">/opt/samba/bin</tt></td></tr></table><p>
</p><p>
The actual location is much dependant on the choice of the operating system vendor, or as determined
by the administrator who compiled and installed Samba.
</p><p>
There are a number methods that may be used to locate the <b class="command">swat</b> binary file.
The following methods may be helpful:
</p><p>
If <b class="command">swat</b> is in your current operating system search path it will be easy to 
find it. You can ask what are the command-line options for <b class="command">swat</b> as shown here:
</p><pre class="screen">
frodo:~ # swat -?
Usage: swat [OPTION...]
  -a, --disable-authentication         Disable authentication (demo mode)

Help options:
  -?, --help                           Show this help message
  --usage                              Display brief usage message

Common samba options:
  -d, --debuglevel=DEBUGLEVEL          Set debug level
  -s, --configfile=CONFIGFILE          Use alternative configuration file
  -l, --log-basename=LOGFILEBASE       Basename for log/debug files
  -V, --version                        Print version
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2950434"></a>Locating the SWAT Support Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Now that you have found that <b class="command">swat</b> is in the search path, it is easy
to identify where the file is located. Here is another simple way this may be done:
</p><pre class="screen">
frodo:~ # whereis swat
swat: /usr/sbin/swat /usr/share/man/man8/swat.8.gz
</pre><p>
</p><p>
If the above measures fail to locate the <b class="command">swat</b> binary, another approach
is needed. The following may be used:
</p><pre class="screen">
frodo:/ # find / -name swat -print
/etc/xinetd.d/swat
/usr/sbin/swat
/usr/share/samba/swat
frodo:/ #
</pre><p>
</p><p>
This list shows that there is a control file for <b class="command">xinetd</b>, the internetwork
super-daemon that is installed on this server. The location of the SWAT binary file is
<tt class="filename">/usr/sbin/swat</tt>, and the support files for it are located under the
directory <tt class="filename">/usr/share/samba/swat</tt>.
</p><p>
We must now check where <b class="command">swat</b> expects to find its support files. This can
be done as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
frodo:/ # strings /usr/sbin/swat | grep "/swat"
/swat/
...
/usr/share/samba/swat
frodo:/ #
</pre><p>
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">/usr/share/samba/swat/</tt> entry shown in this listing is the location of the
support files. You should verify that the support files exist under this directory. A sample
list is as shown:
</p><pre class="screen">
jht@frodo:/&gt; find /usr/share/samba/swat -print
/usr/share/samba/swat
/usr/share/samba/swat/help
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja/help
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja/help/welcome.html
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja/images
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja/images/home.gif
...
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja/include
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/ja/include/header.nocss.html
...
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr/help
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr/help/welcome.html
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr/images
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr/images/home.gif
...
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr/include
/usr/share/samba/swat/lang/tr/include/header.html
/usr/share/samba/swat/using_samba
...
/usr/share/samba/swat/images
/usr/share/samba/swat/images/home.gif
...
/usr/share/samba/swat/include
/usr/share/samba/swat/include/footer.html
/usr/share/samba/swat/include/header.html
jht@frodo:/&gt;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
If the files needed are not available it will be necessary to obtain and install them
before SWAT can be used.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="xinetd"></a>Enabling SWAT for Use</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SWAT should be installed to run via the network super-daemon. Depending on which system
your UNIX/Linux system has, you will have either an <b class="command">inetd</b>- or
<b class="command">xinetd</b>-based system.
</p><p>
The nature and location of the network super-daemon varies with the operating system
implementation. The control file (or files) can be located in the file 
<tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> or in the directory <tt class="filename">/etc/[x]inet[d].d</tt>
or similar.
</p><p>
The control entry for the older style file might be:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2950658"></a>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	# swat is the Samba Web Administration Tool
	swat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/swat swat
</pre><p>
A control file for the newer style xinetd could be:
</p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
# default: off
# description: SWAT is the Samba Web Admin Tool. Use swat \
#              to configure your Samba server. To use SWAT, \
#              connect to port 901 with your favorite web browser.
service swat
{
	port    = 901
	socket_type     = stream
	wait    = no
	only_from = localhost
	user    = root
	server  = /usr/sbin/swat
	log_on_failure  += USERID
	disable = yes
}
</pre><p>

</p><p>
Both of the above examples assume that the <b class="command">swat</b> binary has been
located in the <tt class="filename">/usr/sbin</tt> directory. In addition to the above,
SWAT will use a directory access point from which it will load its Help files
as well as other control information. The default location for this on most Linux
systems is in the directory <tt class="filename">/usr/share/samba/swat</tt>. The default
location using Samba defaults will be <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/swat</tt>.
</p><p>
Access to SWAT will prompt for a logon. If you log onto SWAT as any non-root user,
the only permission allowed is to view certain aspects of configuration as well as
access to the password change facility. The buttons that will be exposed to the non-root
user are: <span class="guibutton">HOME</span>, <span class="guibutton">STATUS</span>, <span class="guibutton">VIEW</span>, 
<span class="guibutton">PASSWORD</span>. The only page that allows
change capability in this case is <span class="guibutton">PASSWORD</span>.
</p><p>
As long as you log onto SWAT as the user <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>, you should obtain
full change and commit ability. The buttons that will be exposed include:
<span class="guibutton">HOME</span>, <span class="guibutton">GLOBALS</span>, <span class="guibutton">SHARES</span>, <span class="guibutton">PRINTERS</span>, 
<span class="guibutton">WIZARD</span>, <span class="guibutton">STATUS</span>, <span class="guibutton">VIEW</span>, <span class="guibutton">PASSWORD</span>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950853"></a>Securing SWAT through SSL</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2950864"></a>
Many people have asked about how to setup SWAT with SSL to allow for secure remote
administration of Samba. Here is a method that works, courtesy of Markus Krieger.
</p><p>
Modifications to the SWAT setup are as follows: 
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Install OpenSSL.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Generate certificate and private key.

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/bin/openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -config \
	/usr/share/doc/packages/stunnel/stunnel.cnf \
	-out /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem -keyout /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem</tt></b>
</pre></li><li><p>
	Remove swat-entry from [x]inetd.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Start <b class="command">stunnel</b>.

</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>stunnel -p /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem -d 901 \
	 -l /usr/local/samba/bin/swat swat </tt></b>
</pre></li></ol></div><p>
Afterward, simply connect to swat by using the URL <ulink url="https://myhost:901">https://myhost:901</ulink>, accept the certificate
and the SSL connection is up.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950981"></a>Enabling SWAT Internationalization Support</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SWAT can be configured to display its messages to match the settings of
the language configurations of your Web browser. It will be passed to SWAT 
in the Accept-Language header of the HTTP request.
</p><p>

</p><p>
To enable this feature:
</p><p>

</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Install  the proper <b class="command">msg</b> files from the Samba
	<tt class="filename">source/po</tt> directory into $LIBDIR.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Set the correct locale value for <a class="indexterm" name="id2951032"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>display charset</tt></i>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Set your browser's language setting.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>

</p><p>
The name of msg file is same as the language ID sent by the browser. For
example en means "English", ja means "Japanese", fr means "French.
</p><p>

</p><p>
If you do not like some of messages, or there are no <b class="command">msg</b> files for
your locale, you can create them simply by copying the <b class="command">en.msg</b> files
to the dirertory for &#8220;<span class="quote">your language ID.msg</span>&#8221; and filling in proper strings
to each &#8220;<span class="quote">msgstr</span>&#8221;. For example, in <tt class="filename">it.msg</tt>, the
<b class="command">msg</b> file for the Italian locale, just set:
</p><pre class="screen">
msgid "Set Default"
msgstr "Imposta Default"
</pre><p>
and so on. If you find a mistake or create a new <b class="command">msg</b> file, please email it
to us so we will include this in the next release of Samba.
</p><p>

</p><p>
Note that if you enable this feature and the <a class="indexterm" name="id2951124"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>display charset</tt></i> is not
matched to your browser's setting, the SWAT display may be corrupted.  In a future version of
Samba, SWAT will always display messages with UTF-8 encoding. You will then not need to set
this <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file parameter.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2951151"></a>Overview and Quick Tour</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SWAT is a tools that many be used to configure Samba, or just to obtain useful links
to important reference materials such as the contents of this book, as well as other
documents that have been found useful for solving Windows networking problems.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951167"></a>The SWAT Home Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The SWAT title page provides access to the latest Samba documentation. The manual page for
each Samba component is accessible from this page, as are the Samba HOWTO-Collection (this 
document) as well as the O'Reilly book &#8220;<span class="quote">Using Samba.</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
Administrators who wish to validate their Samba configuration may obtain useful information
from the man pages for the diagnostic utilities. These are available from the SWAT home page
also. One diagnostic tool that is not mentioned on this page, but that is particularly
useful is <ulink url="http://www.ethereal.com/">ethereal.</ulink>
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
SWAT can be configured to run in <span class="emphasis"><em>demo</em></span> mode. This is not recommended
as it runs SWAT without authentication and with full administrative ability. Allows
changes to <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> as well as general operation with root privileges. The option that
creates this ability is the <tt class="option">-a</tt> flag to swat. <span class="emphasis"><em>Do not use this in a
production environment.</em></span>
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951241"></a>Global Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <span class="guibutton">GLOBALS</span> button will expose a page that allows configuration of the global parameters
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. There are two levels of exposure of the parameters:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<span class="guibutton">Basic</span>  exposes common configuration options.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="guibutton">Advanced</span>  exposes configuration options needed in more 
	complex environments.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
To switch to other than <span class="guibutton">Basic</span> editing ability, click on <span class="guibutton">Advanced</span>.
You may also do this by clicking on the radio button, then click on the <span class="guibutton">Commit Changes</span> button.
</p><p>
After making any changes to configuration parameters, make sure that
you click on the 
<span class="guibutton">Commit Changes</span> button before moving to another area, otherwise
your changes will be lost.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
SWAT has context-sensitive help. To find out what each parameter is
for, simply click on the
<span class="guibutton">Help</span> link to the left of the configuration parameter.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951361"></a>Share Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To effect a currently configured share, simply click on the pull down button between the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Share</span> and the <span class="guibutton">Delete Share</span> buttons,
select the share you wish to operate on, then to edit the settings
click on the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Share</span> button. To delete the share, simply press the
<span class="guibutton">Delete Share</span> button.
</p><p>
To create a new share, next to the button labeled <span class="guibutton">Create Share</span> enter
into the text field the name of the share to be created, then click on the 
<span class="guibutton">Create Share</span> button.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951425"></a>Printers Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To affect a currently configured printer, simply click on the pull down button between the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Printer</span> and the <span class="guibutton">Delete Printer</span> buttons,
select the printer you wish to operate on, then to edit the settings
click on the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Printer</span> button. To delete the share, simply press the
<span class="guibutton">Delete Printer</span> button.
</p><p>
To create a new printer, next to the button labeled <span class="guibutton">Create Printer</span> enter
into the text field the name of the share to be created, then click on the 
<span class="guibutton">Create Printer</span> button.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951490"></a>The SWAT Wizard</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The purpose if the SWAT Wizard is to help the Microsoft-knowledgeable network administrator
to configure Samba with a minimum of effort.
</p><p>
The Wizard page provides a tool for rewriting the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in fully optimized format.
This will also happen if you press the <span class="guibutton">Commit</span> button. The two differ
since the <span class="guibutton">Rewrite</span> button ignores any changes that may have been made,
while the <span class="guibutton">Commit</span> button causes all changes to be affected.
</p><p>
The <span class="guibutton">Edit</span> button permits the editing (setting) of the minimal set of
options that may be necessary to create a working Samba server.
</p><p>
Finally, there are a limited set of options that will determine what type of server Samba
will be configured for, whether it will be a WINS server, participate as a WINS client, or
operate with no WINS support. By clicking one button, you can elect to expose (or not) user
home directories.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951563"></a>The Status Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The status page serves a limited purpose. First, it allows control of the Samba daemons.
The key daemons that create the Samba server environment are: <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, <span class="application">winbindd</span>.
</p><p>
The daemons may be controlled individually or as a total group. Additionally, you may set
an automatic screen refresh timing. As MS Windows clients interact with Samba, new smbd processes
will be continually spawned. The auto-refresh facility will allow you to track the changing
conditions with minimal effort.
</p><p>
Lastly, the Status page may be used to terminate specific smbd client connections in order to
free files that may be locked.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951615"></a>The View Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This page allows the administrator to view the optimized <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file and, if you are
particularly masochistic, will permit you also to see all possible global configuration
parameters and their settings.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951639"></a>The Password Change Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Password Change page is a popular tool that allows the creation, deletion, deactivation,
and reactivation of MS Windows networking users on the local machine. Alternately, you can use
this tool to change a local password for a user account.
</p><p>
When logged in as a non-root account, the user will have to provide the old password as well as
the new password (twice). When logged in as <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>, only the new password is
required.
</p><p>
One popular use for this tool is to change user passwords across a range of remote MS Windows
servers.
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="troubleshooting"></a>Troubleshooting</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>33. <a href="#diagnosis">The Samba Checklist</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951796">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951834">Assumptions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>34. <a href="#problems">Analyzing and Solving Samba Problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953779">Diagnostics Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953800">Debugging with Samba Itself</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953964">Tcpdump</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954001">Ethereal</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954144">The Windows Network Monitor</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954461">Useful URLs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954502">Getting Mailing List Help</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954678">How to Get Off the Mailing Lists</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>35. <a href="#bugreport">Reporting Bugs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2954832">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954895">General Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954932">Debug Levels</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955140">Internal Errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955276">Attaching to a Running Process</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955322">Patches</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="diagnosis"></a>Chapter 33. The Samba Checklist</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Shearer</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">Wed Jan 15</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2951796">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951834">Assumptions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2951796"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file contains a list of tests you can perform to validate your
Samba server. It also tells you what the likely cause of the problem
is if it fails any one of these steps. If it passes all these tests,
then it is probably working fine.
</p><p>
You should do all the tests, in the order shown. We have tried to
carefully choose them so later tests only use capabilities verified in
the earlier tests. However, do not stop at the first error as there
have been some instances when continuing with the tests has helped
to solve a problem.
</p><p>
If you send one of the Samba mailing lists  an email saying, &#8220;<span class="quote">it does not work</span>&#8221;
and you have not followed this test procedure, you should not be surprised
if your email is ignored.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2951834"></a>Assumptions</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In all of the tests, it is assumed you have a Samba server called 
BIGSERVER and a PC called ACLIENT both in workgroup TESTGROUP.
</p><p>
The procedure is similar for other types of clients.
</p><p>
It is also assumed you know the name of an available share in your
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. I will assume this share is called <i class="parameter"><tt>tmp</tt></i>.
You can add a <i class="parameter"><tt>tmp</tt></i> share like this by adding the
lines shown in <link linkend="tmpshare">.
</p><div class="example"><a name="tmpshare"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 33.1. smb.conf with [tmp] share</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[tmp]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = temporary files </tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /tmp</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
These tests assume version 3.0.0 or later of the Samba suite.
Some commands shown did not exist in earlier versions. 
</p></div><p>
Please pay attention to the error messages you receive. If any error message
reports that your server is being unfriendly, you should first check that your
IP name resolution is correctly set up. Make sure your <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>
file points to name servers that really do exist.
</p><p>
Also, if you do not have DNS server access for name resolution, please check
that the settings for your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file results in <b class="command">dns proxy = no</b>. The
best way to check this is with <b class="command">testparm smb.conf</b>.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2951997"></a>
It is helpful to monitor the log files during testing by using the
<b class="command">tail -F log_file_name</b> in a separate
terminal console (use ctrl-alt-F1 through F6 or multiple terminals in X). 
Relevant log files can be found (for default installations) in
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/var</tt>. Also, connection logs from
machines can be found here or possibly in <tt class="filename">/var/log/samba</tt>,
depending on how or if you specified logging in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
If you make changes to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file while going through these test,
remember to restart <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2952069"></a>The Tests</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 33.1. Diagnosing your Samba server</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952094"></a>
In the directory in which you store your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, run the command
<b class="command">testparm smb.conf</b>. If it reports any errors, then your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
configuration file is faulty.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file may be located in: <tt class="filename">/etc/samba</tt>
or in <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib</tt>.
</p></div></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="command">ping BIGSERVER</b> from the PC and
<b class="command">ping ACLIENT</b> from the UNIX box. If you do not get a valid response,
then your TCP/IP software is not correctly installed. 
</p><p>
You will need to start a &#8220;<span class="quote">dos prompt</span>&#8221; window on the PC to run ping.
</p><p>
If you get a message saying &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">host not found</span></span>&#8221; or similar, then your DNS
software or <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file is not correctly setup.
It is possible to run Samba without DNS entries for the server and client, but it is assumed
you do have correct entries for the remainder of these tests. 
</p><p>
Another reason why ping might fail is if your host is running firewall 
software. You will need to relax the rules to let in the workstation
in question, perhaps by allowing access from another subnet (on Linux
this is done via the appropriate firewall maintenance commands <b class="command">ipchains</b>
or <b class="command">iptables</b>).
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Modern Linux distributions install ipchains/iptables by default. 
This is a common problem that is often overlooked.
</p></div><p>
If you wish to check what firewall rules may be present in a system under test, simply run
<b class="command">iptables -L -v</b> or if <i class="parameter"><tt>ipchains</tt></i>-based firewall rules are in use,
<b class="command">ipchains -L -v</b>.
</p><p>
Here is a sample listing from a system that has an external ethernet interface (eth1) on which Samba
is not active, and an internal (private network) interface (eth0) on which Samba is active:
</p><pre class="screen">
frodo:~ # iptables -L -v
Chain INPUT (policy DROP 98496 packets, 12M bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source     destination
 187K  109M ACCEPT     all  --  lo     any     anywhere   anywhere
 892K  125M ACCEPT     all  --  eth0   any     anywhere   anywhere
1399K 1380M ACCEPT     all  --  eth1   any     anywhere   anywhere  \
					state RELATED,ESTABLISHED

Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source     destination
 978K 1177M ACCEPT     all  --  eth1   eth0    anywhere   anywhere \
					state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
 658K   40M ACCEPT     all  --  eth0   eth1    anywhere   anywhere
    0     0 LOG        all  --  any    any     anywhere   anywhere \
					LOG level warning

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 2875K packets, 1508M bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source     destination

Chain reject_func (0 references)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source     destinat
</pre><p>
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command: <b class="command">smbclient -L BIGSERVER</b>
on the UNIX box. You should get back a list of available shares. 
</p><p>
If you get an error message containing the string &#8220;<span class="quote">Bad password</span>&#8221;, then
you probably have either an incorrect <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i>, 
<i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i> or <i class="parameter"><tt>valid users</tt></i> line in your 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>, or your guest account is not valid. Check what your guest account is using <span class="application">testparm</span> and
temporarily remove any <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i>,
<i class="parameter"><tt>valid users</tt></i> or <i class="parameter"><tt>invalid users</tt></i> lines.
</p><p>
If you get a message &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">connection refused</span></span>&#8221; response, then the <b class="command">smbd</b> server may
not be running. If you installed it in <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt>, then you probably edited
that file incorrectly. If you installed it as a daemon, then check that
it is running, and check that the netbios-ssn port is in a LISTEN
state using <b class="command">netstat -a</b>.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952454"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952462"></a>
Some UNIX/Linux systems use <b class="command">xinetd</b> in place of
<b class="command">inetd</b>. Check your system documentation for the location
of the control files for your particular system implementation of
the network super daemon.
</p></div><p>
If you get a message saying &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">session request failed</span></span>&#8221;, the server refused the
connection. If it says &#8220;<span class="quote">Your server software is being unfriendly</span>&#8221;, then
it's probably because you have invalid command line parameters to <span class="application">smbd</span>,
or a similar fatal problem with the initial startup of <span class="application">smbd</span>. Also
check your config file (<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>) for syntax errors with <span class="application">testparm</span>
and that the various directories where Samba keeps its log and lock
files exist.
</p><p>
There are a number of reasons for which smbd may refuse or decline
a session request. The most common of these involve one or more of
the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file entries as shown in <link linkend="modif1">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="modif1"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 33.2. Configuration for only allowing connections from a certain subnet</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = ALL</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/yy</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces = eth0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>bind interfaces only = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
In the above, no allowance has been made for any session requests that
will automatically translate to the loopback adapter address 127.0.0.1.
To solve this problem, change these lines as shown in <link linkend="modif2">.
</p><p>
</p><div class="example"><a name="modif2"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 33.3. Configuration for allowing connections from a certain subnet and localhost</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = ALL</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/yy 127.</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces = eth0 lo</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td>...</td></tr></table></div><p>
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952716"></a>
Another common cause of these two errors is having something already running 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952726"></a>
on port <tt class="constant">139</tt>, such as Samba (<span class="application">smbd</span> is running from <span class="application">inetd</span> already) or
something like Digital's Pathworks. Check your <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt> file before trying
to start <span class="application">smbd</span> as a daemon  it can avoid a lot of frustration!
</p><p>
And yet another possible cause for failure of this test is when the subnet mask
and/or broadcast address settings are incorrect. Please check that the
network interface IP Address/Broadcast Address/Subnet Mask settings are
correct and that Samba has correctly noted these in the <tt class="filename">log.nmbd</tt> file.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command: <b class="command">nmblookup -B BIGSERVER __SAMBA__</b>.
You should get back the IP address of your Samba server.
</p><p>
If you do not, then nmbd is incorrectly installed. Check your <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt>
if you run it from there, or that the daemon is running and listening to udp port 137.
</p><p>
One common problem is that many inetd implementations can't take many
parameters on the command line. If this is the case, then create a
one-line script that contains the right parameters and run that from
inetd.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command: <b class="command">nmblookup -B ACLIENT `*'</b>
</p><p>
You should get the PC's IP address back. If you do not then the client
software on the PC isn't installed correctly, or isn't started, or you
got the name of the PC wrong. 
</p><p>
If ACLIENT does not resolve via DNS then use the IP address of the
client in the above test.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command: <b class="command">nmblookup -d 2 '*'</b>
</p><p>
This time we are trying the same as the previous test but are trying
it via a broadcast to the default broadcast address. A number of
NetBIOS/TCP/IP hosts on the network should respond, although Samba may
not catch all of the responses in the short time it listens. You
should see the &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">got a positive name query response</span></span>&#8221;
messages from several hosts.
</p><p>
If this does not give a similar result to the previous test, then
nmblookup isn't correctly getting your broadcast address through its
automatic mechanism. In this case you should experiment with the
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952901"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to manually configure your IP
address, broadcast and netmask. 
</p><p>
If your PC and server aren't on the same subnet, then you will need to use the
<tt class="option">-B</tt> option to set the broadcast address to that of the PCs subnet.
</p><p>
This test will probably fail if your subnet mask and broadcast address are
not correct. (Refer to TEST 3 notes above).
</p></li><li><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2952951"></a>
Run the command: <b class="command">smbclient //BIGSERVER/TMP</b>. You should 
then be prompted for a password. You should use the password of the account
with which you are logged into the UNIX box. If you want to test with
another account, then add the <tt class="option">-U accountname</tt> option to the end of
the command line. For example, <b class="command">smbclient //bigserver/tmp -Ujohndoe</b>.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
It is possible to specify the password along with the username as follows:
<b class="command">smbclient //bigserver/tmp -Ujohndoe%secret</b>.
</p></div><p>
Once you enter the password, you should get the <tt class="prompt">smb&gt;</tt> prompt. If you
do not, then look at the error message. If it says &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">invalid network
name</span></span>&#8221;, then the service <i class="parameter"><tt>tmp</tt></i> is not correctly setup in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p><p>
If it says &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">bad password</span></span>&#8221;, then the likely causes are:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	You have shadow passwords (or some other password system) but didn't
	compile in support for them in <span class="application">smbd</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Your <a class="indexterm" name="id2953072"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>valid users</tt></i> configuration is incorrect.
	</p></li><li><p>
	You have a mixed case password and you haven't enabled the <a class="indexterm" name="id2953095"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> option at a high enough level.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The <a class="indexterm" name="id2953118"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> line in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is incorrect. Check it with <span class="application">testparm</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	You enabled password encryption but didn't map UNIX to Samba users. Run:
	<b class="command">smbpasswd -a username</b>
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
Once connected, you should be able to use the commands <b class="command">dir</b>, <b class="command">get</b>,
<b class="command">put</b> and so on. Type <b class="command">help command</b> for instructions. You should
especially check that the amount of free disk space shown is correct when you type <b class="command">dir</b>.
</p></li><li><p>
On the PC, type the command <b class="command">net view \\BIGSERVER</b>. You will 
need to do this from within a dos prompt window. You should get back a 
list of shares available on the server.
</p><p>
If you get a message &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">network name not found</span></span>&#8221; or similar error, then netbios
name resolution is not working. This is usually caused by a problem in <b class="command">nmbd</b>.
To overcome it, you could do one of the following (you only need to choose one of them):
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Fixup the <span class="application">nmbd</span> installation.
</p></li><li><p>
	Add the IP address of BIGSERVER to the <b class="command">wins server</b> box in the
	advanced TCP/IP setup on the PC.
</p></li><li><p>
	Enable Windows name resolution via DNS in the advanced section of the TCP/IP setup.
</p></li><li><p>
	Add BIGSERVER to your lmhosts file on the PC.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
If you get a message &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">invalid network name</span></span>&#8221; or 
&#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">bad password error</span></span>&#8221;, then apply the
same fixes as for the <b class="command">smbclient -L</b> test above. In
particular, make sure your <b class="command">hosts allow</b> line is correct (see the man pages).
</p><p>
Also, do not overlook that fact that when the workstation requests the
connection to the Samba server, it will attempt to connect using the 
name with which you logged onto your Windows machine. You need to make
sure that an account exists on your Samba server with that exact same
name and password.
</p><p>
If you get a message &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">specified computer is not receiving requests</span></span>&#8221; or similar,
it probably means that the host is not contactable via TCP services.
Check to see if the host is running TCP wrappers, and if so add an entry in
the <tt class="filename">hosts.allow</tt> file for your client (or subnet, and so on.)
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="command">net use x: \\BIGSERVER\TMP</b>. You should 
be prompted for a password, then you should get a <tt class="computeroutput">command completed 
successfully</tt> message. If not, then your PC software is incorrectly 
installed or your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is incorrect. Make sure your <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i>
and other config lines in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> are correct.
</p><p>
It's also possible that the server can't work out what user name to connect you as.
To see if this is the problem, add the line
<a class="indexterm" name="id2953415"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>user</tt></i> = username to the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[tmp]</tt></i> section of 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> where <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i> is the
username corresponding to the password you typed. If you find this
fixes things, you may need the username mapping option. 
</p><p>
It might also be the case that your client only sends encrypted passwords 
and you have <a class="indexterm" name="id2953457"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i> = no in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
Change this to "yes" to fix this.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="command">nmblookup -M <i class="parameter"><tt>testgroup</tt></i></b> where 
<i class="parameter"><tt>testgroup</tt></i> is the name of the workgroup that your Samba server and 
Windows PCs belong to. You should get back the IP address of the 
master browser for that workgroup.
</p><p>
If you do not, then the election process has failed. Wait a minute to
see if it is just being slow, then try again. If it still fails after
that, then look at the browsing options you have set in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Make
sure you have <a class="indexterm" name="id2953527"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> = yes to ensure that 
an election is held at startup.
</p></li><li><p>
&gt;From file manager, try to browse the server. Your Samba server should
appear in the browse list of your local workgroup (or the one you
specified in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). You should be able to double click on the name
of the server and get a list of shares. If you get the error message &#8220;<span class="quote">invalid password</span>&#8221;,
 you are probably running Windows NT and it
is refusing to browse a server that has no encrypted password
capability and is in User Level Security mode. In this case, either set
<a class="indexterm" name="id2953575"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = server and 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2953589"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> = Windows_NT_Machine in your
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, or make sure <a class="indexterm" name="id2953610"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i> is
set to &#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;.
</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="problems"></a>Chapter 34. Analyzing and Solving Samba Problems</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Bannon</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dbannon@samba.org">dbannon@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Shearer</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">8 Apr 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2953779">Diagnostics Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953800">Debugging with Samba Itself</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953964">Tcpdump</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954001">Ethereal</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954144">The Windows Network Monitor</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954461">Useful URLs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954502">Getting Mailing List Help</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954678">How to Get Off the Mailing Lists</a></dt></dl></div><p>
There are many sources of information available in the form 
of mailing lists, RFCs and documentation. The documentation that comes
with the Samba distribution contains good explanations of 
general SMB topics such as browsing.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2953779"></a>Diagnostics Tools</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>With SMB networking, it is often not immediately clear what 
the cause is of a certain problem. Samba itself provides rather 
useful information, but in some cases you might have to fall back 
to using a <span class="emphasis"><em>sniffer</em></span>. A sniffer is a program that 
listens on your LAN, analyzes the data sent on it and displays it 
on the screen.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2953800"></a>Debugging with Samba Itself</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
One of the best diagnostic tools for debugging problems is Samba itself. 
You can use the <tt class="option">-d option</tt> for both <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span> to specify the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2953831"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>debug level</tt></i> at which to run. 
See the man pages for <b class="command">smbd, nmbd</b>  and 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for more information regarding debugging options. The debug 
level can range from 1 (the default) to 10 (100 for debugging passwords).
</p><p>
Another helpful method of debugging is to compile Samba using the 
<b class="command">gcc -g </b> flag. This will include debug information in the binaries and
allow you to attach gdb to the running <b class="command">smbd/nmbd</b> process. 
To attach <b class="command">gdb</b> to an <b class="command">smbd</b> 
process for an NT workstation, first get the workstation to make the 
connection. Pressing ctrl-alt-delete and going down to the domain box 
is sufficient (at least, the first time you join the domain) to 
generate a <i class="parameter"><tt>LsaEnumTrustedDomains</tt></i>. Thereafter, the workstation 
maintains an open connection and there will be an smbd 
process running (assuming that you haven't set a really short smbd 
idle timeout). So, in between pressing <b class="command">ctrl-alt-delete</b> and actually 
typing in your password, you can attach <b class="command">gdb</b> and continue.
</p><p>
Some useful Samba commands worth investigating are:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm | more</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient -L //{netbios name of server}</tt></b>
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2953964"></a>Tcpdump</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<ulink url="http://www.tcpdump.org/">Tcpdump</ulink> was the first 
UNIX sniffer with SMB support. It is a command-line utility and 
now, its SMB support is somewhat lagging that of <b class="command">ethereal</b> 
and <b class="command">tethereal</b>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954001"></a>Ethereal</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<ulink url="http://www.ethereal.com/">Ethereal</ulink> is a graphical 
sniffer, available for both UNIX (Gtk) and Windows. Ethereal's 
SMB support is quite good.</p><p>For details on the use of <b class="command">ethereal</b>, read the well-written 
Ethereal User Guide.</p><div class="figure"><a name="ethereal1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 34.1. Starting a capture.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/ethereal1.png" width="270" alt="Starting a capture."></div></div><p>
Listen for data on ports 137, 138, 139, and 445. For example, use the filter <b class="userinput"><tt>port 137, port 138, port 139, or port 445</tt></b> as seen in <link linkend="ethereal1">.</p><p>A console version of ethereal is available as well and is called 
<b class="command">tethereal</b>.</p><div class="figure"><a name="ethereal2"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 34.2. Main ethereal data window.</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/ethereal2.png" width="270" alt="Main ethereal data window."></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954144"></a>The Windows Network Monitor</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For tracing things on Microsoft Windows NT, Network Monitor 
(aka Netmon) is available on Microsoft Developer Network CDs, 
the Windows NT Server install CD and the SMS CDs. The version of 
Netmon that ships with SMS allows for dumping packets between any two 
computers (i.e., placing the network interface in promiscuous mode). 
The version on the NT Server install CD will only allow monitoring 
of network traffic directed to the local NT box and broadcasts on the 
local subnet. Be aware that Ethereal can read and write Netmon 
formatted files.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2954164"></a>Installing Network Monitor on an NT Workstation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Installing Netmon on an NT workstation requires a couple 
of steps. The following are instructions for installing Netmon V4.00.349, which comes 
with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, on Microsoft Windows NT 
Workstation 4.0. The process should be similar for other versions of 
Windows NT version of Netmon. You will need both the Microsoft Windows 
NT Server 4.0 Install CD and the Workstation 4.0 Install CD.
</p><p>
Initially you will need to install <span class="application">Network Monitor Tools and Agent</span>
on the NT Server to do this: 
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Go to <span class="guibutton">Start</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Settings</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Control Panel</span> -&gt; 
	<span class="guibutton">Network</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Services</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Add</span>.</p></li><li><p>Select the <span class="guilabel">Network Monitor Tools and Agent</span> and click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> on the Network Control Panel.</p></li><li><p>Insert the Windows NT Server 4.0 install CD when prompted.</p></li></ul></div><p>
At this point, the Netmon files should exist in <tt class="filename">%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</tt>.   
Two subdirectories exist as well, <tt class="filename">parsers\</tt> which contains the necessary DLLs
for parsing the Netmon packet dump, and <tt class="filename">captures\</tt>.
</p><p>
To install the Netmon tools on an NT Workstation, you will first need to install the 
Network  Monitor Agent from the Workstation install CD.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Go to <span class="guibutton">Start</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Settings</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Control Panel</span> -&gt; 
			<span class="guibutton">Network</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Services</span> -&gt; <span class="guibutton">Add</span>.</p></li><li><p>Select the <span class="guilabel">Network Monitor Agent</span>, click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span> in the Network Control Panel.
	</p></li><li><p>Insert the Windows NT Workstation 4.0 install CD when prompted.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Now copy the files from the NT Server in <tt class="filename">%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon</tt>
to <tt class="filename">%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon</tt> on the Workstation and set permissions
as you deem appropriate for your site. You will need administrative rights on the NT box to run Netmon.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2954434"></a>Installing Network Monitor on Windows 9x/Me</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To install Netmon on Windows 9x/Me, install the Network Monitor Agent 
from the Windows 9x/Me CD (<tt class="filename">\admin\nettools\netmon</tt>). 
There is a readme file located with the Netmon driver files on the CD if you need 
information on how to do this. Copy the files from a working Netmon installation.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954461"></a>Useful URLs</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>See how Scott Merrill simulates a BDC behavior at 
       <ulink url="http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html">
       http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html</ulink>. </p></li><li><p>FTP site for older SMB specs: 
       <ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/">
       ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/</ulink></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954502"></a>Getting Mailing List Help</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of Samba-related mailing lists. Go to <ulink url="http://samba.org">http://samba.org</ulink>, click on your nearest mirror
and then click on <b class="command">Support</b> and next click on <b class="command">
Samba-related mailing lists</b>.
</p><p>
For questions relating to Samba TNG, go to
<ulink url="http://www.samba-tng.org/">http://www.samba-tng.org/.</ulink> 
It has been requested that you do not post questions about Samba-TNG to the
main-stream Samba lists.</p><p>
If you do post a message to one of the lists, please observe the following guidelines :
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Always remember that the developers are volunteers, they are
	not paid and they never guarantee to produce a particular feature at 
	a particular time. Any timelines are &#8220;<span class="quote">best guess</span>&#8221; and nothing more.
	</p></li><li><p>Always mention what version of Samba you are using and what 
	operating system it's running under. You should list the relevant sections of
	your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, at least the options in <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>
	that affect PDC support.
	</p></li><li><p>In addition to the version, if you obtained Samba via
	CVS, mention the date when you last checked it out.</p></li><li><p> Try and make your questions clear and brief. Lots of long, 
	convoluted questions get deleted before	they are completely read!
	Do not post HTML encoded messages. Most people on mailing lists simply delete
	them.
	</p></li><li><p> If you run one of those nifty &#8220;<span class="quote">I'm on holidays</span>&#8221; things when
	you are away, make sure its configured to not answer mailing list traffic. Auto-responses
	to mailing lists really irritate the thousands of people who end up having to deal
	with such bad netiquet bahavior.
	</p></li><li><p>Don't cross post. Work out which is the best list to post to 
	and see what happens. Do not post to both samba-ntdom and samba-technical.
	Many people active on the lists subscribe to more 
	than one list and get annoyed to see the same message two or more times.
	Often someone will see a message and thinking it would be better dealt 
	with on another list, will forward it on for you.</p></li><li><p>You might include <span class="emphasis"><em>partial</em></span>
	log files written at a debug level set to as much as 20. 
	Please do not send the entire log but just enough to give the context of the
	error messages.</p></li><li><p>If you have a complete Netmon trace (from the opening of
	the pipe to the error), you can send the *.CAP file as well.</p></li><li><p>Please think carefully before attaching a document to an email.
	Consider pasting the relevant parts into the body of the message. The Samba
	mailing lists go to a huge number of people. Do they all need a copy of your 
	<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> in their attach directory?</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954678"></a>How to Get Off the Mailing Lists</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>To have your name removed from a Samba mailing list, go to the same
place where you went to
subscribe to it. Go to <ulink url="http://lists.samba.org/">http://lists.samba.org</ulink>, 
click on your nearest mirror, click on <b class="command">Support</b> and 
then click on<b class="command"> Samba related mailing lists</b>. 
</p><p>
Please do not post messages to the list asking to be removed. You will only
be referred to the above address (unless that process failed in some way).
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="bugreport"></a>Chapter 35. Reporting Bugs</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> 27 June 1997 </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2954832">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954895">General Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954932">Debug Levels</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955140">Internal Errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955276">Attaching to a Running Process</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955322">Patches</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954832"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Please report bugs using Samba's
<ulink url="https://bugzilla.samba.org/">Bugzilla</ulink> facilities and
take the time to read this file before you submit a bug
report. Also, check to see if it has changed between releases, as we
may be changing the bug reporting mechanism at some point.
</p><p>
Please do as much as you can yourself to help track down the
bug. Samba is maintained by a dedicated group of people who volunteer
their time, skills and efforts. We receive far more mail than
we can possibly answer, so you have a much higher chance of a response
and a fix if you send us a &#8220;<span class="quote">developer friendly</span>&#8221; bug report that lets
us fix it fast. 
</p><p>
Do not assume that if you post the bug to the comp.protocols.smb
newsgroup or the mailing list that we will read it. If you suspect that your 
problem is not a bug but a configuration problem, it is better to send 
it to the Samba mailing list, as there are thousands of other users on
that list who may be able to help you.
</p><p>
You may also like to look though the recent mailing list archives,
which are conveniently accessible on the Samba Web pages
at <ulink url="http://samba.org/samba/">http://samba.org/samba/</ulink>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954895"></a>General Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before submitting a bug report, check your config for silly
errors. Look in your log files for obvious messages that tell
you've misconfigured something. Run testparm to check your config
file for correct syntax.
</p><p>
	Have you looked through <link linkend="diagnosis">? This is extremely important.
</p><p>
If you include part of a log file with your bug report, then be sure to
annotate it with exactly what you were doing on the client at the
time and exactly what the results were.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954932"></a>Debug Levels</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If the bug has anything to do with Samba behaving incorrectly as a
server (like refusing to open a file), then the log files will probably
be quite useful. Depending on the problem, a log level of between 3 and
10 showing the problem may be appropriate. A higher level gives more
detail, but may use too much disk space.
</p><p>
To set the debug level, use the <a class="indexterm" name="id2954953"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> in your 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. You may also find it useful to set the log 
level higher for just one machine and keep separate logs for each machine. 
To do this, add the following lines to your main <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>log level = 10</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>log file = /usr/local/samba/lib/log.%m</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>include = /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.%m</tt></i></td></tr></table><p>
and create a file <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine</tt></i></tt> where
<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine</tt></i> is the name of the client you wish to debug. In that file
put any <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> commands you want, for example 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955044"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> may be useful. This also allows you to 
experiment with different security systems, protocol levels and so on, on just 
one machine.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> entry <a class="indexterm" name="id2955071"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> 
is synonymous with the parameter <a class="indexterm" name="id2955086"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>debuglevel</tt></i> that has
been used in older versions of Samba and is being retained for backward 
compatibility of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> files.
</p><p>
As the <a class="indexterm" name="id2955112"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> value is increased, you will record 
a significantly greater level of debugging information. For most 
debugging operations, you may not need a setting higher than 
<tt class="constant">3</tt>. Nearly 
all bugs can be tracked at a setting of <tt class="constant">10</tt>, but be 
prepared for a large volume of log data.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955140"></a>Internal Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you get the message &#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="errorname">INTERNAL ERROR</span></span>&#8221; in your log files, 
it means that Samba got an unexpected signal while running. It is probably a
segmentation fault and almost certainly means a bug in Samba (unless
you have faulty hardware or system software).
</p><p>
If the message came from smbd, it will probably be accompanied by
a message that details the last SMB message received by smbd. This
information is often useful in tracking down the problem so please
include it in your bug report.
</p><p>
You should also detail how to reproduce the problem, if
possible. Please make this reasonably detailed.
</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955180"></a>
You may also find that a core file appeared in a <tt class="filename">corefiles</tt>
subdirectory of the directory where you keep your Samba log
files. This file is the most useful tool for tracking down the bug. To
use it, you do this:
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955199"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955207"></a>
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gdb smbd core</tt></b>
</pre><p>
adding appropriate paths to smbd and core so gdb can find them. If you
do not have gdb, try <b class="userinput"><tt>dbx</tt></b>. Then within the debugger,
use the command <b class="command">where</b> to give a stack trace of where the
problem occurred. Include this in your report.
</p><p>
If you know any assembly language, do a <b class="command">disass</b> of the routine
where the problem occurred (if its in a library routine, then
disassemble the routine that called it) and try to work out exactly
where the problem is by looking at the surrounding code. Even if you
do not know assembly, including this information in the bug report can be
useful. 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955276"></a>Attaching to a Running Process</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Unfortunately, some UNIXes (in particular some recent Linux kernels)
refuse to dump a core file if the task has changed uid (which smbd
does often). To debug with this sort of system, you could try to attach
to the running process using
<b class="userinput"><tt>gdb smbd <i class="replaceable"><tt>PID</tt></i></tt></b> where you get
<i class="replaceable"><tt>PID</tt></i> from <span class="application">smbstatus</span>.
Then use <b class="command">c</b> to continue and try to cause the core dump
using the client. The debugger should catch the fault and tell you
where it occurred.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955322"></a>Patches</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955333"></a>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955341"></a>
The best sort of bug report is one that includes a fix! If you send us
patches, please use <b class="userinput"><tt>diff -u</tt></b> format if your version of 
diff supports it, otherwise use <b class="userinput"><tt>diff -c4</tt></b>. Make sure 
you do the diff against a clean version of the source and let me know 
exactly what version you used. 
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="Appendixes"></a>Appendixes</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>36. <a href="#compiling">How to Compile Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955518">Access Samba Source Code via CVS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955526">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955572">CVS Access to samba.org</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955835">Accessing the Samba Sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955913">Verifying Samba's PGP Signature</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956076">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956292">Compiling Samba with Active Directory Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2956481">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956836">Alternative: Starting smbd as a Daemon</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>37. <a href="#Portability">Portability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957036">HPUX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957124">SCO UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957179">DNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957348">Red Hat Linux</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957392">AIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957399">Sequential Read Ahead</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957425">Solaris</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957432">Locking Improvements</a></dt><dt><a href="#winbind-solaris9">Winbind on Solaris 9</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>38. <a href="#Other-Clients">Samba and Other CIFS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957653">Macintosh Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957729">OS2 Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957736">Configuring OS/2 Warp Connect or OS/2 Warp 4</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957871">Configuring Other Versions of OS/2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957934">Printer Driver Download for OS/2 Clients</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958040">Windows for Workgroups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958047">Latest TCP/IP Stack from Microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958134">Delete .pwl Files After Password Change</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958164">Configuring Windows for Workgroups Password Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958224">Password Case Sensitivity</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958262">Use TCP/IP as Default Protocol</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958280">Speed Improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958326">Windows 95/98</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958400">Speed Improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958424">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958626">Windows NT 3.1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>39. <a href="#speed">Samba Performance Tuning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958759">Comparisons</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958804">Socket Options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958895">Read Size</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958945">Max Xmit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959000">Log Level</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959031">Read Raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959115">Write Raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959178">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959207">Client Tuning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959230">Samba Performance Problem Due to Changing Linux Kernel</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959289">Corrupt tdb Files</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>40. <a href="#DNSDHCP">DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959408">Note</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>41. <a href="#Further-Resources">Further Resources</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959475">Websites</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959872">Related updates from Microsoft</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="compiling"></a>Chapter 36. How to Compile Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> 22 May 2001 </p></div><div><p class="pubdate"> 18 March 2003 </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2955518">Access Samba Source Code via CVS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955526">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955572">CVS Access to samba.org</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955835">Accessing the Samba Sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955913">Verifying Samba's PGP Signature</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956076">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956292">Compiling Samba with Active Directory Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2956481">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956836">Alternative: Starting smbd as a Daemon</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
You can obtain the Samba source from the
<ulink url="http://samba.org/">Samba Website.</ulink> To obtain a development version, 
you can download Samba from CVS or using <b class="command">rsync</b>.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955518"></a>Access Samba Source Code via CVS</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955526"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955537"></a>
Samba is developed in an open environment. Developers use
Concurrent Versioning System (CVS) to &#8220;<span class="quote">checkin</span>&#8221; (also known as 
&#8220;<span class="quote">commit</span>&#8221;) new source code. Samba's various CVS branches can
be accessed via anonymous CVS using the instructions
detailed in this chapter.
</p><p>
This chapter is a modified version of the instructions found at
<ulink url="http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html">http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html</ulink>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955572"></a>CVS Access to samba.org</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The machine samba.org runs a publicly accessible CVS 
repository for access to the source code of several packages, 
including Samba, rsync, distcc, ccache, and jitterbug. There are two main ways
of accessing the CVS server on this host:
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2955588"></a>Access via CVSweb</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955600"></a>
You can access the source code via your favorite WWW browser. This allows you to access
the contents of individual files in the repository and also to look at the revision 
history and commit logs of individual files. You can also ask for a diff 
listing between any two versions on the repository.
</p><p>
Use the URL:
<ulink url="http://samba.org/cgi-bin/CVSweb">http://samba.org/cgi-bin/CVSweb</ulink>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2955630"></a>Access via CVS</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can also access the source code via a 
normal CVS client. This gives you much more control over what you can 
do with the repository and allows you to checkout whole source trees 
and keep them up-to-date via normal CVS commands. This is the 
preferred method of access if you are a developer and not
just a casual browser.
</p><p>
To download the latest CVS source code, point your
browser at the URL :
<ulink url="http://www.cyclic.com/">http://www.cyclic.com/</ulink>.
and click on the &#8220;<span class="quote">How to get CVS</span>&#8221; link. CVS is free software under 
the GNU GPL (as is Samba). Note that there are several graphical CVS clients
that provide a graphical interface to the sometimes mundane CVS commands.
Links to theses clients are also available from the Cyclic Web site.
</p><p>
To gain access via anonymous CVS, use the following steps. 
For this example it is assumed that you want a copy of the 
Samba source code. For the other source code repositories 
on this system just substitute the correct package name.
</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 36.1. Retrieving Samba using CVS</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Install a recent copy of CVS. All you really need is a 
	copy of the CVS client binary. 
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run the command:
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot login</tt></b>
	</p></li><li><p>
	When it asks you for a password, type <b class="userinput"><tt>cvs</tt></b>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run the command 
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs -d :pserver:CVS@samba.org:/cvsroot co samba</tt></b>.
	</p><p>
	This will create a directory called <tt class="filename">samba</tt> containing the 
	latest Samba source code (i.e., the HEAD tagged CVS branch). This 
	currently corresponds to the 3.0 development tree. 
	</p><p>
	CVS branches other then HEAD can be obtained by using the
	<tt class="option">-r</tt> and defining a tag name. A list of branch tag names 
	can be found on the &#8220;<span class="quote">Development</span>&#8221; page of the Samba Web site. A common
	request is to obtain the latest 3.0 release code. This could be done by 
	using the following command:
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co -r SAMBA_3_0 samba</tt></b>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Whenever you want to merge in the latest code changes, use 
	the following command from within the Samba directory: 
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs update -d -P</tt></b>
	</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955835"></a>Accessing the Samba Sources via rsync and ftp</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2955846"></a>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2955854"></a>
	<i class="parameter"><tt>pserver.samba.org</tt></i> also exports unpacked copies of most parts of the CVS
	tree at <ulink url="ftp://pserver.samba.org/pub/unpacked">ftp://pserver.samba.org/pub/unpacked</ulink> and also via anonymous rsync at 
	<ulink url="rsync://pserver.samba.org/ftp/unpacked/">rsync://pserver.samba.org/ftp/unpacked/</ulink>. I recommend using rsync rather than ftp.
	See <ulink url="http://rsync.samba.org/">the rsync homepage</ulink> for more info on rsync.                      
	</p><p>
	The disadvantage of the unpacked trees is that they do not support automatic
	merging of local changes like CVS does. <b class="command">rsync</b> access is most convenient 
	for an initial install.                      
	</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955913"></a>Verifying Samba's PGP Signature</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955924"></a>
It is strongly recommended that you verify the PGP signature for any source file before
installing it. Even if you're not downloading from a mirror site, verifying PGP signatures
should be a standard reflex. Many people today use the GNU GPG toolset in place of PGP.
GPG can substitute for PGP.
</p><p>
With that said, go ahead and download the following files:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>wget http://us1.samba.org/samba/ftp/samba-2.2.8a.tar.asc</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>wget http://us1.samba.org/samba/ftp/samba-pubkey.asc</tt></b>
</pre><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2955982"></a>
The first file is the PGP signature for the Samba source file; the other is the Samba public
PGP key itself. Import the public PGP key with:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gpg --import samba-pubkey.asc</tt></b>
</pre><p>
and verify the Samba source code integrity with:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gzip -d samba-2.2.8a.tar.gz</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gpg --verify samba-2.2.8a.tar.asc</tt></b>
</pre><p>
If you receive a message like, &#8220;<span class="quote">Good signature from Samba Distribution Verification Key...</span>&#8221;
then all is well. The warnings about trust relationships can be ignored. An
example of what you would not want to see would be:
</p><pre class="screen">
     gpg: BAD signature from &#8220;<span class="quote">Samba Distribution Verification Key</span>&#8221;
</pre></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2956076"></a>Building the Binaries</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2956087"></a>
		To build the binaries, first run the program <b class="userinput"><tt>./configure
	</tt></b> in the source directory. This should automatically 
	configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual 
	needs, then you may wish to run</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>./configure --help
</tt></b></pre><p>first to see what special options you can enable. Now execute <b class="userinput"><tt>./configure</tt></b> with any arguments it might need:</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>./configure <i class="replaceable"><tt>[... arguments ...]</tt></i></tt></b></pre><p>Executing</p><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="id2956165"></a>
		</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make</tt></b></pre><p>will create the binaries. Once it is successfully 
	compiled you can use</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make install</tt></b></pre><p>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can 
	separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make installbin
</tt></b></pre><p>and</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make installman
	</tt></b></pre><p>Note that if you are upgrading from a previous version 
	of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of 
	the binaries will be renamed with an &#8220;<span class="quote">.old</span>&#8221; extension. You 
	can go back to the previous version with</p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make revert
</tt></b></pre><p>if you find this version a disaster!</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2956292"></a>Compiling Samba with Active Directory Support</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>In order to compile Samba with ADS support, you need to have installed
	on your system:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The MIT or Heimdal kerberos development libraries
	    (either install from the sources or use a package).</p></li><li><p>The OpenLDAP development libraries.</p></li></ul></div><p>If your kerberos libraries are in a non-standard location, then
		remember to add the configure option 
		<tt class="option">--with-krb5=<i class="replaceable"><tt>DIR</tt></i></tt>.</p><p>After you run configure, make sure that 
		<tt class="filename">include/config.h</tt> it generates contain lines like 
		this:</p><pre class="programlisting">
#define HAVE_KRB5 1
#define HAVE_LDAP 1
</pre><p>If it does not, configure did not find your KRB5 libraries or
	your LDAP libraries. Look in <tt class="filename">config.log</tt> to figure
	out why and fix it.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2956373"></a>Installing the Required Packages for Debian</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>On Debian, you need to install the following packages:</p><p>
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>libkrb5-dev</li><li>krb5-user</li></ul></div><p>
	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2956402"></a>Installing the Required Packages for Red Hat Linux</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>On Red Hat Linux, this means you should have at least: </p><p>
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>krb5-workstation (for kinit)</li><li>krb5-libs (for linking with)</li><li>krb5-devel (because you are compiling from source)</li></ul></div><p>
	</p><p>in addition to the standard development environment.</p><p>If these files are not installed on your system, you should check the installation
	CDs to find which has them and install the files using your tool of choice. If in doubt
	about what tool to use, refer to the Red Hat Linux documentation.</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2956452"></a>SuSE Linux Package Requirements</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>SuSE Linux installs Heimdal packages that may be required to allow you to build
	binary packages. You should verify that the development libraries have been installed on
	your system.
	</p><p>SuSE Linux Samba RPMs support Kerberos. Please refer to the documentation for
	your SuSE Linux system for information regading SuSE Linux specific configuration.
	Additionally, SuSE are very active in the maintenance of Samba packages that provide
	the maximum capabilities that are available. You should consider using SuSE provided
	packages where they are available.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2956481"></a>Starting the <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span></h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	<a class="indexterm" name="id2956505"></a>
		You must choose to start <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span> either
	as daemons or from <span class="application">inetd</span>. Don't try
	to do both!  Either you can put them in <tt class="filename">
	inetd.conf</tt> and have them started on demand
	by <span class="application">inetd</span> or <span class="application">xinetd</span>, 
	or you can start them as
	daemons either from the command line or in <tt class="filename">
	/etc/rc.local</tt>. See the man pages for details
	on the command line options. Take particular care to read
	the bit about what user you need to have to start
	Samba. In many cases, you must be root.</p><p>The main advantage of starting <span class="application">smbd</span>
	and <span class="application">nmbd</span> using the recommended daemon method
	is that they will respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection
	request.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2956589"></a>Starting from inetd.conf</h3></div></div><div></div></div><a class="indexterm" name="id2956597"></a><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>The following will be different if 
		you use NIS, NIS+ or LDAP to distribute services maps.</p></div><p>Look at your <tt class="filename">/etc/services</tt>. 
		What is defined at port 139/tcp? If nothing is defined, 
		then add a line like this:</p><pre class="programlisting">netbios-ssn     139/tcp</pre><p>Similarly for 137/udp, you should have an entry like:</p><pre class="programlisting">netbios-ns	137/udp</pre><p>Next, edit your <tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> 
		and add two lines like this:</p><pre class="programlisting">
		netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd 
		netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd 
		</pre><p>The exact syntax of <tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> 
		varies between UNIXes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf 
		for a guide. </p><p>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2956690"></a>
		Some distributions use xinetd instead of inetd. Consult the 
		xinetd manual for configuration information.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Some UNIXes already have entries like netbios_ns 
		(note the underscore) in <tt class="filename">/etc/services</tt>. 
		You must edit <tt class="filename">/etc/services</tt> or
		<tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> to make them consistent.
		</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2956734"></a>
				On many systems you may need to use the 
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2956742"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to specify the IP
		address and netmask of your interfaces. Run 
		<span class="application">ifconfig</span> 
		as root if you do not know what the broadcast is for your
		net. <span class="application">nmbd</span> tries to determine it at run 
		time, but fails on some UNIXes. 
		</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Many UNIXes only accept around five 
		parameters on the command line in <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt>. 
		This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and 
		arguments, or you should use a script and start the script 
		from <b class="command">inetd</b>.</p></div><p>Restart <span class="application">inetd</span>, perhaps just send 
			it a HUP. </p><pre class="screen">
			<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>killall -HUP inetd</tt></b>
		</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2956836"></a>Alternative: Starting <span class="application">smbd</span> as a Daemon</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2956853"></a>
			To start the server as a daemon, you should create 
		a script something like this one, perhaps calling 
		it <tt class="filename">startsmb</tt>.</p><pre class="programlisting">
		#!/bin/sh
		/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D 
		/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D 
		</pre><p>Make it executable with <b class="command">chmod 
		+x startsmb</b></p><p>You can then run <b class="command">startsmb</b> by 
		hand or execute it from <tt class="filename">/etc/rc.local</tt>.
		</p><p>To kill it, send a kill signal to the processes 
			<span class="application">nmbd</span> and <span class="application">smbd</span>.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If you use the SVR4 style init system, 
		you may like to look at the <tt class="filename">examples/svr4-startup</tt>
		script to make Samba fit into that system.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Portability"></a>Chapter 37. Portability</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2957036">HPUX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957124">SCO UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957179">DNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957348">Red Hat Linux</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957392">AIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957399">Sequential Read Ahead</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957425">Solaris</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957432">Locking Improvements</a></dt><dt><a href="#winbind-solaris9">Winbind on Solaris 9</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>Samba works on a wide range of platforms but the interface all the 
platforms provide is not always compatible. This chapter contains 
platform-specific information about compiling and using Samba.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957036"></a>HPUX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
HP's implementation of supplementary groups is non-standard (for
historical reasons). There are two group files, <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> and
<tt class="filename">/etc/logingroup</tt>; the system maps UIDs to numbers using the former, but
initgroups() reads the latter. Most system admins who know the ropes
symlink <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> to <tt class="filename">/etc/logingroup</tt>
(hard link does not work for reasons too obtuse to go into here). initgroups() will complain if one of the
groups you're in in <tt class="filename">/etc/logingroup</tt> has what it considers to be an invalid
ID, which means outside the range <tt class="constant">[0..UID_MAX]</tt>, where <tt class="constant">UID_MAX</tt> is (I think)
60000 currently on HP-UX. This precludes -2 and 65534, the usual <tt class="constant">nobody</tt>
GIDs.
</p><p>
If you encounter this problem, make sure the programs that are failing 
to initgroups() are run as users, not in any groups with GIDs outside the 
allowed range.
</p><p>This is documented in the HP manual pages under setgroups(2) and passwd(4).
</p><p>
On HP-UX you must use gcc or the HP ANSI compiler. The free compiler
that comes with HP-UX is not ANSI compliant and cannot compile Samba.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957124"></a>SCO UNIX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> 
If you run an old version of SCO UNIX, you may need to get important 
TCP/IP patches for Samba to work correctly. Without the patch, you may 
encounter corrupt data transfers using Samba.
</p><p>
The patch you need is UOD385 Connection Drivers SLS. It is available from
SCO (<ulink url="ftp://ftp.sco.com/">ftp.sco.com</ulink>, directory SLS,
files uod385a.Z and uod385a.ltr.Z).
</p><p>
The information provided here refers to an old version of SCO UNIX. If you require
binaries for more recent SCO UNIX products, please contact SCO to obtain packages that are
ready to install. You should also verify with SCO that your platform is up-to-date for the
binary packages you will install. This is important if you wish to avoid data corruption
problems with your installation. To build Samba for SCO UNIX products  may
require significant patching of Samba source code. It is much easier to obtain binary
packages directly from SCO.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957179"></a>DNIX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
DNIX has a problem with seteuid() and setegid(). These routines are
needed for Samba to work correctly, but they were left out of the DNIX
C library for some reason.
</p><p>
For this reason Samba by default defines the macro NO_EID in the DNIX
section of includes.h. This works around the problem in a limited way,
but it is far from ideal, and some things still will not work right.
</p><p> 
To fix the problem properly, you need to assemble the following two
functions and then either add them to your C library or link them into
Samba. Put the following in the file <tt class="filename">setegid.s</tt>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        .globl  _setegid
_setegid:
        moveq   #47,d0
        movl    #100,a0
        moveq   #1,d1
        movl    4(sp),a1
        trap    #9
        bccs    1$
        jmp     cerror
1$:
        clrl    d0
        rts
</pre><p>
Put this in the file <tt class="filename">seteuid.s</tt>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        .globl  _seteuid
_seteuid:
        moveq   #47,d0
        movl    #100,a0
        moveq   #0,d1
        movl    4(sp),a1
        trap    #9
        bccs    1$
        jmp     cerror
1$:
        clrl    d0
        rts
</pre><p>
After creating the above files, you then assemble them using
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>as seteuid.s</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>as setegid.s</tt></b>
</pre><p>
that should produce the files <tt class="filename">seteuid.o</tt> and 
<tt class="filename">setegid.o</tt>
</p><p>
Then you need to add these to the LIBSM line in the DNIX section of
the Samba Makefile. Your LIBSM line will then look something like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
LIBSM = setegid.o seteuid.o -ln
</pre><p> 
You should then remove the line:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#define NO_EID
</pre><p>from the DNIX section of <tt class="filename">includes.h</tt>.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957348"></a>Red Hat Linux</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
By default during installation, some versions of Red Hat Linux add an
entry to <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> as follows:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	127.0.0.1 loopback "hostname"."domainname"
</pre><p>
</p><p>
This causes Samba to loop back onto the loopback interface.
The result is that Samba fails to communicate correctly with
the world and therefore may fail to correctly negotiate who
is the master browse list holder and who is the master browser.
</p><p>
Corrective Action: Delete the entry after the word "loopback"
in the line starting 127.0.0.1.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957392"></a>AIX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957399"></a>Sequential Read Ahead</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Disabling Sequential Read Ahead using <b class="userinput"><tt>vmtune -r 0</tt></b> improves 
Samba performance significantly.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957425"></a>Solaris</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957432"></a>Locking Improvements</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Some people have been experiencing problems with F_SETLKW64/fcntl 
when running Samba on Solaris. The built-in file locking mechanism was
not scalable. Performance would degrade to the point where processes would
get into loops of trying to lock a file. It would try a lock, then fail,
then try again. The lock attempt was failing before the grant was
occurring. So the visible manifestation of this would be a handful of
processes stealing all of the CPU, and when they were trussed they would
be stuck if F_SETLKW64 loops.
</p><p>
Sun released patches for Solaris 2.6, 8, and 9. The patch for Solaris 7
has not been released yet.
</p><p>
The patch revision for 2.6 is 105181-34, for 8 is 108528-19 and for 9 is 112233-04.
</p><p>
After the install of these patches, it is recommended to reconfigure
and rebuild Samba.
</p><p>Thanks to Joe Meslovich for reporting this.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="winbind-solaris9"></a>Winbind on Solaris 9</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Nsswitch on Solaris 9 refuses to use the Winbind NSS module. This behavior
is fixed by Sun in patch 113476-05, which as of March 2003, is not in any
roll-up packages.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Other-Clients"></a>Chapter 38. Samba and Other CIFS Clients</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Shearer</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dan@samba.org">dan@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jim</span> <span class="surname">McDonough</span></h3><span class="contrib">OS/2</span><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">IBM<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jmcd@us.ibm.com">jmcd@us.ibm.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">5 Mar 2001</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2957653">Macintosh Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957729">OS2 Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957736">Configuring OS/2 Warp Connect or OS/2 Warp 4</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957871">Configuring Other Versions of OS/2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957934">Printer Driver Download for OS/2 Clients</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958040">Windows for Workgroups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958047">Latest TCP/IP Stack from Microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958134">Delete .pwl Files After Password Change</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958164">Configuring Windows for Workgroups Password Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958224">Password Case Sensitivity</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958262">Use TCP/IP as Default Protocol</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958280">Speed Improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958326">Windows 95/98</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958400">Speed Improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2958424">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958626">Windows NT 3.1</a></dt></dl></div><p>This chapter contains client-specific information.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957653"></a>Macintosh Clients</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Yes. <ulink url="http://www.thursby.com/">Thursby</ulink> has a CIFS Client/Server called <ulink url="http://www.thursby.com/products/dave.html">DAVE.</ulink>
They test it against Windows 95, Windows NT /200x/XP and Samba for
compatibility issues. At the time of this writing, DAVE was at version
4.1. Please refer to Thursby's Web site for more information regarding this
product.
</p><p> 
Alternatives  There are two free implementations of AppleTalk for
several kinds of UNIX machines and several more commercial ones.
These products allow you to run file services and print services
natively to Macintosh users, with no additional support required on
the Macintosh. The two free implementations are 
<ulink url="http://www.umich.edu/~rsug/netatalk/">Netatalk,</ulink> and 
<ulink url="http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/appletalk/atalk.html">CAP.</ulink> 
What Samba offers MS Windows users, these packages offer to Macs. 
For more info on these packages, Samba, and Linux (and other UNIX-based systems), see
<ulink url="http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html">http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html.</ulink>
</p><p>Newer versions of the Macintosh (Mac OS X) include Samba.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957729"></a>OS2 Client</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957736"></a>Configuring OS/2 Warp Connect or OS/2 Warp 4</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Basically, you need three components:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>The File and Print Client (IBM Peer)</li><li>TCP/IP (Internet support) </li><li>The &#8220;<span class="quote">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</span>&#8221; driver (TCPBEUI)</li></ul></div><p>Installing the first two together with the base operating 
		system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp 
		has already been installed, but you now want to install the 
		networking support, use the &#8220;<span class="quote">Selective Install for Networking</span>&#8221; 
		object in the &#8220;<span class="quote">System Setup</span>&#8221; folder.</p><p>Adding the &#8220;<span class="quote">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</span>&#8221; driver is not described 
		in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start 
		<b class="command">MPTS.EXE</b>, click on <span class="guiicon">OK</span>, click on <span class="guimenu">Configure LAPS</span> and click 
		on <span class="guimenu">IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP</span> in  <span class="guilabel">Protocols</span>. This line 
		is then moved to <span class="guilabel">Current Configuration</span>. Select that line, 
		click on <span class="guimenuitem">Change number</span> and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this
		configuration.</p><p>If the Samba server is not on your local subnet, you 
		can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers 
		to the <span class="guimenu">Names List</span>, or specify a  WINS server (NetBIOS 
		Nameserver in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect, you 
		may need to download an update for <tt class="constant">IBM Peer</tt> to bring it on 
		the same level as Warp 4. See the Web page mentioned above.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957871"></a>Configuring Other Versions of OS/2</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>This sections deals with configuring OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x.</p><p>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client for OS/2 that is
		available from 
		<ulink url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/">
		ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</ulink>. In a nutshell, edit
	the file <tt class="filename">\OS2VER</tt> in the root directory of the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</p><pre class="programlisting">
		20=setup.exe
		20=netwksta.sys
		20=netvdd.sys
		</pre><p>before you install the client. Also, do not use the included NE2000 driver because it is buggy.
		Try the NE2000 or NS2000 driver from <ulink url="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/">
 		ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</ulink> instead.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957934"></a>Printer Driver Download for OS/2 Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Create a share called <i class="parameter"><tt>[PRINTDRV]</tt></i> that is 
		world-readable. Copy your OS/2 driver files there. The <tt class="filename">.EA_</tt>
		files must still be separate, so you will need to use the original install files
		and not copy an installed driver from an OS/2 system.</p><p>Install the NT driver first for that printer. Then, add to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> a parameter,
		<a class="indexterm" name="id2957974"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>os2 driver map</tt></i> = filename. 
		Next, in the file specified by <i class="replaceable"><tt>filename</tt></i>, map the 
		name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as follows:</p><p><i class="parameter"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>nt driver name</tt></i> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>os2 driver name</tt></i>.<i class="replaceable"><tt>device name</tt></i></tt></i>, e.g.</p><p><i class="parameter"><tt>
		HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</tt></i></p><p>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</p><p>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the 
		device name, the first attempt to download the driver will 
		actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell 
		you the driver is not available. On the second attempt, it 
		will work. This is fixed simply by adding the device name
  		 to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958040"></a>Windows for Workgroups</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958047"></a>Latest TCP/IP Stack from Microsoft</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Use the latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft if you use Windows
for Workgroups. The early TCP/IP stacks had lots of bugs.</p><p> 
Microsoft has released an incremental upgrade to their TCP/IP 32-bit
VxD drivers. The latest release can be found on their ftp site at
ftp.microsoft.com, located in <tt class="filename">/peropsys/windows/public/tcpip/wfwt32.exe</tt>.
There is an update.txt file there that describes the problems that were
fixed. New files include <tt class="filename">WINSOCK.DLL</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">TELNET.EXE</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">WSOCK.386</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">VNBT.386</tt>,
<tt class="filename">WSTCP.386</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">TRACERT.EXE</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">NETSTAT.EXE</tt>, and 
<tt class="filename">NBTSTAT.EXE</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958134"></a>Delete .pwl Files After Password Change</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Windows for Workgroups does a lousy job with passwords. When you change passwords on either
the UNIX box or the PC, the safest thing to do is to delete the .pwl files in the Windows
directory. The PC will complain about not finding the files, but will soon get over it,
allowing you to enter the new password.
</p><p> 
If you do not do this, you may find that Windows for Workgroups remembers and uses the old
password, even if you told it a new one.
</p><p> 
Often Windows for Workgroups will totally ignore a password you give it in a dialog box.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958164"></a>Configuring Windows for Workgroups Password Handling</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is a program call <tt class="filename">admincfg.exe</tt>
on the last disk (disk 8) of the WFW 3.11 disk set. To install it,
type <b class="userinput"><tt>EXPAND A:\ADMINCFG.EX_ C:\WINDOWS\ADMINCFG.EXE</tt></b>.
Then add an icon for it via the <span class="application">Program Manager</span> <span class="guimenu">New</span> Menu. 
This program allows you to control how WFW handles passwords, i.e.,
Disable Password Caching and so on.
for use with <a class="indexterm" name="id2958209"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i> = user.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958224"></a>Password Case Sensitivity</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Windows for Workgroups uppercases the password before sending it to the server.
UNIX passwords can be case-sensitive though. Check the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> information on
<a class="indexterm" name="id2958245"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> to specify what characters
Samba should try to uppercase when checking.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958262"></a>Use TCP/IP as Default Protocol</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>To support print queue reporting, you may find
that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under
Windows for Workgroups. For some reason, if you leave NetBEUI as the default,
it may break the print queue reporting on some systems.
It is presumably a Windows for Workgroups bug.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958280"></a>Speed Improvement</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Note that some people have found that setting <i class="parameter"><tt>DefaultRcvWindow</tt></i> in
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[MSTCP]</tt></i> section of the 
<tt class="filename">SYSTEM.INI</tt> file under Windows for Workgroups to 3072 gives a
big improvement.
</p><p>
My own experience with DefaultRcvWindow is that I get a much better
performance with a large value (16384 or larger). Other people have
reported that anything over 3072 slows things down enormously. One
person even reported a speed drop of a factor of 30 when he went from
3072 to 8192.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958326"></a>Windows 95/98</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When using Windows 95 OEM SR2, the following updates are recommended where Samba
is being used. Please note that the above change will effect you once these
updates  have been installed.
</p><p> 
There are more updates than the ones mentioned here. You are referred to the
Microsoft Web site for all currently available updates to your specific version
of Windows 95.
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Kernel Update: KRNLUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>Ping Fix: PINGUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>RPC Update: RPCRTUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/IP Update: VIPUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>Redirector Update: VRDRUPD.EXE</td></tr></table><p>
Also, if using <span class="application">MS Outlook,</span> it is desirable to 
install the <b class="command">OLEUPD.EXE</b> fix. This
fix may stop your machine from hanging for an extended period when exiting
Outlook and you may notice a significant speedup when accessing network
neighborhood services.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958400"></a>Speed Improvement</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Configure the Windows 95 TCP/IP registry settings to give better
performance. I use a program called <b class="command">MTUSPEED.exe</b> that I got off the
Internet. There are various other utilities of this type freely available.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958424"></a>Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> 
There are several annoyances with Windows 2000 SP2. One of which
only appears when using a Samba server to host user profiles
to Windows 2000 SP2 clients in a Windows domain. This assumes
that Samba is a member of the domain, but the problem will
most likely occur if it is not.
</p><p> 
In order to serve profiles successfully to Windows 2000 SP2 
clients (when not operating as a PDC), Samba must have 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2958446"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> = no
added to the file share which houses the roaming profiles.
If this is not done, then the Windows 2000 SP2 client will
complain about not being able to access the profile (Access 
Denied) and create multiple copies of it on disk (DOMAIN.user.001,
DOMAIN.user.002, and so on). See the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page
for more details on this option. Also note that the 
<a class="indexterm" name="id2958473"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> parameter was formally a global parameter in
releases prior to Samba 2.2.2.
</p><p> 
<link linkend="minimalprofile"> provides a minimal profile share.
</p><div class="example"><a name="minimalprofile"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 38.1. Minimal profile share</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[profile]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /export/profile</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>create mask = 0600</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>directory mask = 0700</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support = no</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = no</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p>
The reason for this bug is that the Windows 200x SP2 client copies
the security descriptor for the profile that contains
the Samba server's SID, and not the domain SID. The client
compares the SID for SAMBA\user and realizes it is
different from the one assigned to DOMAIN\user. Hence, the reason
for the <span class="errorname">access denied</span> message.
</p><p>
By disabling the <a class="indexterm" name="id2958588"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> parameter, Samba will send
the Windows 200x client a response to the QuerySecurityDescriptor trans2 call, which causes the client
to set a default ACL for the profile. This default ACL includes:
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>DOMAIN\user 	&#8220;<span class="quote">Full Control</span>&#8221;</em></span>&gt;</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This bug does not occur when using Winbind to
create accounts on the Samba host for Domain users.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958626"></a>Windows NT 3.1</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>If you have problems communicating across routers with Windows 
NT 3.1 workstations, read <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;Q103765">this Microsoft Knowledge Base article.</ulink>

</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="speed"></a>Chapter 39. Samba Performance Tuning</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Paul</span> <span class="surname">Cochrane</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Dundee Limb Fitting Centre<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk">paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2958759">Comparisons</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958804">Socket Options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958895">Read Size</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958945">Max Xmit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959000">Log Level</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959031">Read Raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959115">Write Raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959178">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959207">Client Tuning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959230">Samba Performance Problem Due to Changing Linux Kernel</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959289">Corrupt tdb Files</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958759"></a>Comparisons</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Samba server uses TCP to talk to the client. Thus if you are
trying to see if it performs well, you should really compare it to
programs that use the same protocol. The most readily available
programs for file transfer that use TCP are ftp or another TCP-based
SMB server.
</p><p>
If you want to test against something like an NT or Windows for Workgroups server, then
you will have to disable all but TCP on either the client or
server. Otherwise, you may well be using a totally different protocol
(such as NetBEUI) and comparisons may not be valid.
</p><p>
Generally, you should find that Samba performs similarly to ftp at raw
transfer speed. It should perform quite a bit faster than NFS,
although this depends on your system.
</p><p>
Several people have done comparisons between Samba and Novell, NFS or
Windows NT. In some cases Samba performed the best, in others the worst. I
suspect the biggest factor is not Samba versus some other system, but the
hardware and drivers used on the various systems. Given similar
hardware, Samba should certainly be competitive in speed with other
systems.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958804"></a>Socket Options</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of socket options that can greatly affect the
performance of a TCP-based server like Samba.
</p><p>
The socket options that Samba uses are settable both on the command
line with the <tt class="option">-O</tt> option, or in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2958837"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>socket options</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> manual page describes how
to set these and gives recommendations.
</p><p>
Getting the socket options correct can make a big difference to your
performance, but getting them wrong can degrade it by just as
much. The correct settings are very dependent on your local network.
</p><p>
The socket option TCP_NODELAY is the one that seems to make the biggest single difference
for most networks. Many people report that adding
<a class="indexterm" name="id2958873"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>socket options</tt></i> = TCP_NODELAY
doubles the read performance of a Samba drive. The best explanation I have seen for
this is that the Microsoft TCP/IP stack is slow in sending TCP ACKs.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958895"></a>Read Size</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The option <a class="indexterm" name="id2958905"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read size</tt></i> affects the overlap of disk
reads/writes with network reads/writes. If the amount of data being
transferred in several of the SMB commands (currently SMBwrite, SMBwriteX and
SMBreadbraw) is larger than this value, then the server begins writing
the data before it has received the whole packet from the network, or
in the case of SMBreadbraw, it begins writing to the network before
all the data has been read from disk.
</p><p>
This overlapping works best when the speeds of disk and network access
are similar, having little effect when the speed of one is much
greater than the other.
</p><p>
The default value is 16384, but little experimentation has been
done as yet to determine the optimal value, and it is likely that the best
value will vary greatly between systems anyway. A value over 65536 is
pointless and will cause you to allocate memory unnecessarily.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958945"></a>Max Xmit</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	At startup the client and server negotiate a <i class="parameter"><tt>maximum transmit</tt></i> size,
which limits the size of nearly all SMB commands. You can set the
maximum size that Samba will negotiate using the <a class="indexterm" name="id2958966"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>max xmit</tt></i> option
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Note that this is the maximum size of SMB requests that 
Samba will accept, but not the maximum size that the client will accept.
The client maximum receive size is sent to Samba by the client and Samba
honors this limit.
</p><p>
It defaults to 65536 bytes (the maximum), but it is possible that some
clients may perform better with a smaller transmit unit. Trying values
of less than 2048 is likely to cause severe problems.
In most cases the default is the best option.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959000"></a>Log Level</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you set the log level (also known as <a class="indexterm" name="id2959010"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>debug level</tt></i>) higher than 2
then you may suffer a large drop in performance. This is because the
server flushes the log file after each operation, which can be quite
expensive. 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959031"></a>Read Raw</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2959041"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> operation is designed to be an optimized, low-latency
file read operation. A server may choose to not support it,
however, and Samba makes support for <a class="indexterm" name="id2959057"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> optional, with it
being enabled by default.
</p><p>
In some cases clients do not handle <a class="indexterm" name="id2959075"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> very well and actually
get lower performance using it than they get using the conventional
read operations. 
</p><p>
So you might like to try <a class="indexterm" name="id2959096"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> = no and see what happens on your
network. It might lower, raise or not effect your performance. Only
testing can really tell.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959115"></a>Write Raw</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <a class="indexterm" name="id2959125"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>write raw</tt></i> operation is designed to be an optimized, low-latency
file write operation. A server may choose to not support it, however, and Samba makes support for
<a class="indexterm" name="id2959142"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>write raw</tt></i> optional, with it being enabled by default.
</p><p>
Some machines may find <a class="indexterm" name="id2959160"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>write raw</tt></i> slower than normal write, in which
case you may wish to change this option.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959178"></a>Slow Logins</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Slow logins are almost always due to the password checking time. Using
the lowest practical <a class="indexterm" name="id2959190"></a><i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> will improve things. 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959207"></a>Client Tuning</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Often a speed problem can be traced to the client. The client (for
example Windows for Workgroups) can often be tuned for better TCP
performance. Check the sections on the various clients in 
<link linkend="Other-Clients">.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959230"></a>Samba Performance Problem Due to Changing Linux Kernel</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A user wrote the following to the mailing list:
</p><p>
I am running Gentoo on my server and Samba 2.2.8a. Recently
I changed kernel version from <tt class="filename">linux-2.4.19-gentoo-r10</tt> to
<tt class="filename">linux-2.4.20-wolk4.0s</tt>. And now I have a performance issue with Samba. 
Many of you will probably say,  &#8220;<span class="quote">Move to vanilla sources!</span>&#8221;
Well, I tried that and it didn't work. I have a 100mb LAN and two computers (Linux and
Windows 2000). The Linux server shares directories with DivX files, the client
(Windows 2000) plays them via LAN. Before when I was running the 2.4.19 kernel
everything was fine, but now movies freeze and stop. I tried moving
files between the server and Windows and it is terribly slow.
</p><p>
The answer he was given is:
</p><p>
Grab the mii-tool and check the duplex settings on the NIC.
My guess is that it is a link layer issue, not an application
layer problem. Also run ifconfig and verify that the framing
error, collisions, and so on, look normal for ethernet.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959289"></a>Corrupt tdb Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Our Samba PDC server has been hosting three TB of data to our 500+ users
[Windows NT/XP]  for the last three years using Samba without a problem.
Today all shares went very slow. Also the main smbd kept
spawning new processes so we had 1600+ running smbd's (normally we avg. 250).
It crashed the SUN E3500 cluster twice. After a lot of searching, I
decided to <b class="command">rm /var/locks/*.tdb</b>. Happy again.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Question:</em></span> Is there any method of keeping the *.tdb files in top condition or
how can I detect early corruption?
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> Yes, run <b class="command">tdbbackup</b> each time after stopping nmbd and before starting nmbd.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Question:</em></span> What I also would like to mention is that the service latency seems
a lot lower than before the locks cleanup. Any ideas on keeping it top notch?
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Answer:</em></span> Yes. Same answer as for previous question!
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="DNSDHCP"></a>Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2959408">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959408"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Further-Resources"></a>Chapter 41. Further Resources</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 1, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2959475">Websites</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959872">Related updates from Microsoft</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959475"></a>Websites</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/cifs.txt">
	CIFS: Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny by Hobbit</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://afr.com/it/2002/10/01/FFXDF43AP6D.html">
	Doing the Samba on Windows by Financial Review
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://ubiqx.org/cifs/">
	Implementing CIFS by Christopher R. Hertel
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://samba.anu.edu.au/cifs/docs/what-is-smb.html">
	Just What Is SMB? by Richard Sharpe
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-05/samba_01.html">
	Opening Windows Everywhere by Mike Warfield
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html">
	SMB HOWTO by David Wood
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x0b.txt">
	SMB/CIFS by The Root by ledin
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-09/samba_01.html">
	The Story of Samba by Christopher R. Hertel
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/samba/">
	The Unofficial Samba HOWTO by David Lechnyr
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-05/smb_01.html">
	Understanding the Network Neighborhood by Christopher R. Hertel
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-02/samba_01.html">
	Using Samba as a PDC by Andrew Bartlett
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://ru.samba.org/samba/ftp/docs/Samba24Hc13.pdf">
	PDF version of the Troubleshooting Techniques chapter
	from the second edition of Sam's Teach Yourself Samba in 24 Hours
	(publishing date of Dec. 12, 2001)</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://ru.samba.org/samba/ftp/slides/">
	Slide presentations by Samba Team members
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html">
	Introduction to Samba-3.0 by Motonobu Takahashi 
	(written in Japanese). </ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-05/smb_01.html">
	Understanding the Network Neighborhood, by team member
	Chris Hertel. This article appeared in the May 2001 issue of 
	Linux Magazine. 
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="ftp://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/customers/samba/">
	Samba 2.0.x Troubleshooting guide from Paul Green
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://samba.org/samba/docs/10years.html">
	Ten Years of Samba
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Samba-Authenticated-Gateway-HOWTO.html">
		Samba Authenticated Gateway HOWTO
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://samba.org/samba/docs/SambaIntro.html">
		An Introduction to Samba
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://www.samba.org/cifs/">
		What is CIFS?
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q92/5/88.asp">
		WFWG: Password Caching and How It Affects LAN Manager
			Security at Microsoft Knowledge Base
	</ulink>
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959872"></a>Related updates from Microsoft</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q92/5/88.asp">
		Enhanced Encryption for Windows 95 Password Cache 
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q136/4/18.asp">
		Windows '95 File Sharing Updates
	</ulink>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q136/4/18.asp">
		Windows for Workgroups Sharing Updates
	</ulink>
	</p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="index"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="id2959942"></a>Index</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="index"><div class="indexdiv"><h3>Symbols</h3><dl><dt>"Printers" folder, <a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a>, <a href="#id2923144">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt>"raw" printing, <a href="#id2914686">Raw Print Serving  Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt>/etc/cups/mime.convs, <a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt>/etc/cups/mime.types, <a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt>/etc/host.conf, <a href="#id2944522">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt>/etc/hosts, <a href="#id2944327">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt>/etc/krb5.conf, <a href="#id2877790">Configure /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt>/etc/nsswitch.conf, <a href="#id2944587">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt><dt>8.3 file names, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>A</h3><dl><dt>Account Controls, <a href="#id2936349">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dt>ACLs, <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>File System, <a href="#id2894573">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt><dt>POSIX, <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a>, <a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>share, <a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>Windows, <a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>Active Directory, <a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dt>add group script, <a href="#id2893361">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt>add machine script, <a href="#id2873345">The Machine Trust Account Is Not Accessible</a>, <a href="#id2876369">Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</a>, <a href="#id2878595">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt><dt>add printer command, <a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt>add printer wizard, <a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a></dt><dt>add user script, <a href="#id2886952">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dt>admin users, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2898158">File Operations Done as root with force user Set</a></dt><dt>Administrator, <a href="#id2892074">Discussion</a></dt><dt>ADS (see Active Directory)</dt><dt>application/cups.vnd-postscript, <a href="#id2922094">Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</a></dt><dt>application/octet-stream, <a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a>, <a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a>, <a href="#id2918384">application/octet-stream Printing</a></dt><dt>application/pdf, <a href="#id2916406">MIME Types and CUPS Filters</a>, <a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt>application/postscript, <a href="#id2922094">Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</a></dt><dt>application/vnd.cups-raster, <a href="#id2918652">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for Non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt>application/vnd.cups-raw, <a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt>auth methods, <a href="#id2891445">Configuration of auth methods</a>, <a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>B</h3><dl><dt>bad hardware, <a href="#id2885679">Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</a></dt><dt>brlock.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>browsable, <a href="#id2903521">Simple Print Configuration</a></dt><dt>browse list, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#id2884394">Technical Overview of Browsing</a></dt><dt>browseable, <a href="#id2903521">Simple Print Configuration</a>, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt>browsing problems, <a href="#id2885620">I get an `Unable to browse the network' error</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>C</h3><dl><dt>case sensitive, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a>, <a href="#id2937589">Windows 9x/Me Profile Setup</a></dt><dt>chpass, <a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt>client use spnego, <a href="#id2878759">I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC</a></dt><dt>comment, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt>Config.POL, <a href="#id2935660">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dt>configure, <a href="#id2956076">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dt>connections.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>core files, <a href="#id2955140">Internal Errors</a></dt><dt>create mask, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>csc policy, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>CUPS</dt><dd><dl><dt>Page Accounting, <a href="#id2927729">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dt>quotas, <a href="#id2927771">Setting Up Quotas</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>CUPS-PPD, <a href="#id2926632">cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic</a></dt><dt>cupsaddsmb, <a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a>, <a href="#id2920920">cupsaddsmb: The Unknown Utility</a>, <a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a>, <a href="#id2922324">Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</a>, <a href="#id2922468">Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</a>, <a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a>, <a href="#id2922973">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a>, <a href="#id2923060">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt>cupsomatic, <a href="#id2916096">Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</a>, <a href="#id2916232">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a>, <a href="#id2918031">The Role of cupsomatic/foomatic</a>, <a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a>, <a href="#id2926632">cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic</a></dt><dt>CVS, <a href="#id2955526">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>web, <a href="#id2955588">Access via CVSweb</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>D</h3><dl><dt>daemon, <a href="#id2956836">Alternative: Starting smbd as a Daemon</a></dt><dt>DDK, <a href="#id2920836">PostScript Drivers with No Major Problems  Even in Kernel
Mode</a>, <a href="#id2921278">CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt>debug, <a href="#id2955140">Internal Errors</a></dt><dt>debug level, <a href="#id2953800">Debugging with Samba Itself</a>, <a href="#id2959000">Log Level</a></dt><dt>debuglevel, <a href="#id2954932">Debug Levels</a></dt><dt>default case, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>default profile, <a href="#id2939493">Default Profile for Windows Users</a>, <a href="#id2941149">Changing the Default Profile</a></dt><dt>delete printer command, <a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt>delete roaming profiles, <a href="#id2940295">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt>DHCP, <a href="#id2944206">Background Information</a></dt><dt>diff, <a href="#id2955322">Patches</a></dt><dt>directory mask, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>directory security mask, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>Directory Separators, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>display charset, <a href="#id2946022">Samba and Charsets</a>, <a href="#id2950981">Enabling SWAT Internationalization Support</a></dt><dt>DNS, <a href="#id2870902">TCP/IP without NetBIOS</a>, <a href="#id2945400">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>Active Directory, <a href="#adsdnstech">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt><dt>Dynamic, <a href="#id2944206">Background Information</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>dns proxy, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>domain admin group, <a href="#groupmapping">Group Mapping  MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dt>Domain Admins group, <a href="#id2892074">Discussion</a></dt><dt>domain logons, <a href="#id2871603">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt><dt>domain master, <a href="#id2872527">Domain Network Logon Service</a>, <a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#id2883073">Making Samba the Domain Master</a></dt><dt>Domain Member, <a href="#id2869048">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>joining, <a href="#id2869088">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>domain security, <a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>Domain Users group, <a href="#id2893456">Adding Domain Users to the Power Users Group</a></dt><dt>dont descend, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>dos charset, <a href="#id2946022">Samba and Charsets</a>, <a href="#id2946166">Japanese Charsets</a>, <a href="#id2946311">CP850.so Can't Be Found</a></dt><dt>dos filemode, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>dos filetime resolution, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>dos filetimes, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>Drive Identification, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>E</h3><dl><dt>editreg, <a href="#id2936523">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt>EMF, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2919900">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a>, <a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt><dt>encrypt passwords, <a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a>, <a href="#id2887948">smbpasswd  Encrypted Password Database</a>, <a href="#id2943135">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2946658">Quick Migration Guide</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>encrypted passwords, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#passdbtech">Technical Information</a>, <a href="#id2891133">Using Plaintext Passwords or Encrypted Password</a></dt><dt>enhanced browsing, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>enumports command, <a href="#id2912446">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt>EPM (see ESP meta packager)</dt><dt>ESC/P, <a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt><dt>ESP</dt><dd><dl><dt>Ghostscript, <a href="#id2916232">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a>, <a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a></dt><dt>meta packager, <a href="#id2921278">CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dt>Print Pro, <a href="#id2919651">Sources of CUPS Drivers/PPDs</a>, <a href="#id2921727">ESP Print Pro PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>Event Viewer, <a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt>Extended Attributes, <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>F</h3><dl><dt>fake oplocks, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>File Naming Conventions, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>File System, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>case sensitivity, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>feature comparison, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>UNIX, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>Windows, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>flush name cache, <a href="#id2885497">How Can One Flush the Samba NetBIOS Name Cache without Restarting Samba?</a></dt><dt>foomatic, <a href="#id2916096">Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</a>, <a href="#id2916232">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a>, <a href="#id2918031">The Role of cupsomatic/foomatic</a>, <a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a>, <a href="#id2926383">foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</a>, <a href="#id2926542">Foomatic's Strange Name</a></dt><dt>foomatic-rip, <a href="#id2918952">cupsomatic/foomatic-rip Versus native CUPS Printing</a>, <a href="#id2926196">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a>, <a href="#id2926383">foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</a>, <a href="#id2926825">The Grand Unification Achieved</a></dt><dt>force create mode, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>force directory mode, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>force directory security mode, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>force group, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>force security mode, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>force user, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2898158">File Operations Done as root with force user Set</a>, <a href="#id2899159">Beware of Force User</a></dt><dt>ftp, <a href="#id2955835">Accessing the Samba Sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>G</h3><dl><dt>gdb, <a href="#id2955140">Internal Errors</a></dt><dt>GDI, <a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a>, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2919900">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a>, <a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt><dt>genlogon.pl, <a href="#id2935223">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dt>GhostScript, <a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a>, <a href="#id2915877">Ghostscript  the Software RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also PostScript)</dt></dl></dd><dt>Ghostscript</dt><dd><dl><dt>ESP (see ESP GhostScript)</dt></dl></dd><dt>GID, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>GPG, <a href="#id2955913">Verifying Samba's PGP Signature</a></dt><dt>GPOs, <a href="#id2935567">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2936048">MS Windows 200x/XP Professional Policies</a>, <a href="#id2936166">Administration of Windows 200x/XP Policies</a>, <a href="#id2936349">Managing Account/User Policies</a>, <a href="#id2940295">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt>group policies, <a href="#id2935567">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>group policy objects (see GPOs)</dt><dt>group profiles, <a href="#id2939441">Creating and Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt>groupadd, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>groupdel, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>groups</dt><dd><dl><dt>domain, <a href="#id2892074">Discussion</a></dt><dt>mapping, <a href="#groupmapping">Group Mapping  MS Windows and UNIX</a></dt><dt>nested, <a href="#id2893430">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>guest account, <a href="#id2884579">Problem Resolution</a>, <a href="#id2885564">Server Resources Can Not Be Listed</a>, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a></dt><dt>guest ok, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>H</h3><dl><dt>hide dot files, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>hide files, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>hide unreadable, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>hide unwriteable files, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>host msdfs, <a href="#id2902681">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>hosts allow, <a href="#id2900786">Using Host-Based Protection</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt><dt>hosts deny, <a href="#id2900786">Using Host-Based Protection</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>I</h3><dl><dt>idmap backend, <a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt>idmap gid, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2934590">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a>, <a href="#id2943930">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt><dt>idmap uid, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2934590">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a>, <a href="#id2943930">Winbind Is Not Resolving Users and Groups</a></dt><dt>ifconfig, <a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt>imprints, <a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a></dt><dt>inetd, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a>, <a href="#id2956481">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a>, <a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt>initGroups.sh, <a href="#id2893239">Script to Configure Group Mapping</a>, <a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a></dt><dt>Interdomain Trusts, <a href="#InterdomainTrusts">Interdomain Trust Relationships</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>Completing, <a href="#id2901865">Completing an NT4 Domain Trust</a></dt><dt>creating, <a href="#id2901765">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dt>Facilities, <a href="#id2901924">Inter-Domain Trust Facilities</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>interfaces, <a href="#id2883267">Multiple Interfaces</a>, <a href="#id2884579">Problem Resolution</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a>, <a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt>invalid users, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>IPP, <a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>K</h3><dl><dt>KDC, <a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dt>Kerberos, <a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>/etc/krb5.conf, <a href="#id2877790">Configure /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>kinit, <a href="#id2877790">Configure /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>L</h3><dl><dt>ldap admin dn, <a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2878399">Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</a>, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap delete dn, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap filter, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap group suffix, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap idmap suffix, <a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2878399">Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</a>, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap machine suffix, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap passwd sync, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a>, <a href="#id2890036">Password Synchronization</a></dt><dt>ldap ssl, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a>, <a href="#id2889269">Security and sambaSamAccount</a></dt><dt>ldap suffix, <a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>ldap user suffix, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a></dt><dt>libnss_wins.so, <a href="#id2944587">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt><dt>Links</dt><dd><dl><dt>hard, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>soft, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>Linuxprinting.org, <a href="#id2926196">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dt>lm announce, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>lm interval, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>LMB (see Local Master Browser)</dt><dt>LMHOSTS, <a href="#id2945120">The LMHOSTS File</a></dt><dt>load printers, <a href="#id2903850">Rapid Configuration Validation</a>, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt>local master, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#DMB">Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt>Local Master Browser, <a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a>, <a href="#id2883303">Use of the Remote Announce Parameter</a></dt><dt>locking, <a href="#id2898524">Discussion</a></dt><dt>locking.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>log files</dt><dd><dl><dt>monitoring, <a href="#id2951834">Assumptions</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>log level, <a href="#id2878595">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a>, <a href="#id2884579">Problem Resolution</a>, <a href="#id2931106">extd_audit</a>, <a href="#id2954932">Debug Levels</a></dt><dt>logon drive, <a href="#id2938201">Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt>logon home, <a href="#id2889427">LDAP Special Attributes for sambaSamAccounts</a>, <a href="#id2937175">Windows 9x/Me User Profiles</a>, <a href="#id2937306">Mixed Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT4/200x User Profiles</a>, <a href="#id2937373">Disabling Roaming Profile Support</a>, <a href="#id2938201">Windows NT4 Workstation</a>, <a href="#id2938927">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP Workstations</a></dt><dt>logon path, <a href="#id2889427">LDAP Special Attributes for sambaSamAccounts</a>, <a href="#id2937306">Mixed Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT4/200x User Profiles</a>, <a href="#id2937373">Disabling Roaming Profile Support</a>, <a href="#id2937589">Windows 9x/Me Profile Setup</a>, <a href="#id2938201">Windows NT4 Workstation</a>, <a href="#id2938927">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP Workstations</a></dt><dt>logon script, <a href="#id2889427">LDAP Special Attributes for sambaSamAccounts</a></dt><dt>lpadmin, <a href="#id2926196">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a>, <a href="#id2927771">Setting Up Quotas</a></dt><dt>lppause command, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2920162">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt>lpq cache time, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt>lpq command, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt>lpresume command, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt>lprm command, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt>lpstat, <a href="#id2925432">Troubleshooting Revisited</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>M</h3><dl><dt>MAC Addresses, <a href="#id2944327">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt>Machine Trust Accounts, <a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2875313">Machine Accounts Keep Expiring</a>, <a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>creating, <a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>make, <a href="#id2956076">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dt>mandatory profiles, <a href="#id2939345">Mandatory Profiles</a></dt><dt>mangling method, <a href="#id2946166">Japanese Charsets</a></dt><dt>map to guest, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a>, <a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a>, <a href="#id2929524">New Account Reconnection from Windows 200x/XP Troubles</a>, <a href="#id2929628">Avoid Being Connected to the Samba Server as the Wrong User</a></dt><dt>max xmit, <a href="#id2958945">Max Xmit</a></dt><dt>messages.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>MIME, <a href="#id2916406">MIME Types and CUPS Filters</a>, <a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a>, <a href="#id2916810">Filtering  Overview</a>, <a href="#id2918384">application/octet-stream Printing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>filters, <a href="#id2916406">MIME Types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt>raw, <a href="#SimplePrintServer">Central Print Serving</a>, <a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>minimal configuration, <a href="#id2859129">Configuration file syntax</a></dt><dt>msdfs root, <a href="#id2902681">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>N</h3><dl><dt>name resolve order, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>nbtstat, <a href="#id2945054">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt>net</dt><dd><dl><dt>groupmap, <a href="#id2893011">Example Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a></dt><dt>rpc, <a href="#id2869088">Example Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>NetBIOS, <a href="#id2879808">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2870902">TCP/IP without NetBIOS</a>, <a href="#integrate-ms-networks">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</a>, <a href="#id2944702">Name Resolution as Used within MS Windows Networking</a></dt><dt>NetBIOS-less, <a href="#id2870902">TCP/IP without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt>Nexus.exe, <a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2876369">Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</a>, <a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt>nmblookup, <a href="#id2945054">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt>NoMachine.Com, <a href="#id2934990">Remote Management from NoMachine.Com</a></dt><dt>nt acl support, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2896647">Viewing File Ownership</a>, <a href="#id2896786">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a>, <a href="#id2897037">Modifying File or Directory Permissions</a>, <a href="#id2958424">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt>NTConfig.POL, <a href="#id2935794">Windows 9x/ME Policies</a>, <a href="#id2936349">Managing Account/User Policies</a>, <a href="#id2936523">Samba Editreg Toolset</a>, <a href="#id2939674">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt>ntdrivers.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>ntforms.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>NTFS, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>ntprinters.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>NTUser.DAT, <a href="#id2936523">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>O</h3><dl><dt>obey pam restrictions, <a href="#id2943135">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt>only user, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2901297">Why Can Users Access Home Directories of Other Users?</a></dt><dt>oplock break wait time, <a href="#id2899252">Advanced Samba Opportunistic Locking Parameters</a>, <a href="#id2899611">Disabling Kernel Oplocks</a></dt><dt>oplock contention limit, <a href="#id2899252">Advanced Samba Opportunistic Locking Parameters</a></dt><dt>os level, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#DMB">Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</a>, <a href="#id2882657">DOMAIN Browsing Configuration</a>, <a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing Samba to Be the Master</a>, <a href="#id2883073">Making Samba the Domain Master</a></dt><dt>os2 driver map, <a href="#id2957934">Printer Driver Download for OS/2 Clients</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>P</h3><dl><dt>page_log, <a href="#id2928018">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt>passdb backend, <a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a>, <a href="#passdb">Account Information Databases</a>, <a href="#passdbtech">Technical Information</a>, <a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a>, <a href="#id2888762">Configuring Samba</a>, <a href="#id2890319">Configuring</a>, <a href="#id2891310">Users Cannot Logon</a>, <a href="#id2891445">Configuration of auth methods</a>, <a href="#id2943224">Remote CIFS Authentication Using winbindd.so</a>, <a href="#id2946658">Quick Migration Guide</a>, <a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a></dt><dt>password level, <a href="#id2869727">Password Checking</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a>, <a href="#id2958224">Password Case Sensitivity</a>, <a href="#id2959178">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt>password server, <a href="#id2869451">Server Security (User Level Security)</a>, <a href="#id2872962">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a>, <a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a>, <a href="#id2877654">Configure smb.conf</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>patch, <a href="#id2955322">Patches</a></dt><dt>path, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905893">Print Commands</a>, <a href="#id2907332">Creating the [print$] Share</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a>, <a href="#id2907877">The [print$] Share Directory</a>, <a href="#id2920357">Samba Receiving Jobfiles and Passing Them to CUPS</a>, <a href="#id2928553">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a>, <a href="#id2930358">Permissions on /var/spool/samba/ Get Reset After Each Reboot</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>PCL, <a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a>, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a>, <a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a>, <a href="#id2920446">Network PostScript RIP</a></dt><dt>pdbedit, <a href="#id2886323">New Backends</a>, <a href="#acctmgmttools">Account Management Tools</a>, <a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a>, <a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a>, <a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a>, <a href="#id2949025">Steps in Migration Process</a>, <a href="#id2949668">Samba-3 Implementation Choices</a></dt><dt>PDF, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2916020">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt>pdf, <a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt>PDL, <a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a>, <a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt>permissions</dt><dd><dl><dt>file/directory ACLs, <a href="#id2896509">Managing UNIX Permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt>share, <a href="#id2894812">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dt>share ACLs, <a href="#id2896108">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dt>UNIX file and directory, <a href="#id2893864">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>PGP, <a href="#id2955913">Verifying Samba's PGP Signature</a></dt><dt>PJL, <a href="#id2920446">Network PostScript RIP</a>, <a href="#id2922094">Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</a>, <a href="#id2927889">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt>point 'n' print, <a href="#id2914746">Installation of Windows Client Drivers</a>, <a href="#id2915075">Driver Upload Methods</a>, <a href="#id2918031">The Role of cupsomatic/foomatic</a>, <a href="#id2922324">Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</a>, <a href="#id2923144">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt>PostScript, <a href="#id2915221">Advanced Intelligent Printing with PostScript Driver Download</a>, <a href="#gdipost">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on UNIX</a>, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a>, <a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a>, <a href="#id2917004">Prefilters</a>, <a href="#id2920029">Driver Execution on the Server</a>, <a href="#id2920446">Network PostScript RIP</a>, <a href="#id2920773">CUPS: A Magical Stone?</a>, <a href="#id2921278">CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also Ghostscript)</dt><dt>RIP, <a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>PPD, <a href="#post-and-ghost">PostScript and Ghostscript</a>, <a href="#id2916020">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a>, <a href="#id2918652">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for Non-PS Printers</a>, <a href="#id2920548">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on UNIX</a>, <a href="#id2920608">PPDs for Non-PS Printers on Windows</a>, <a href="#id2920773">CUPS: A Magical Stone?</a>, <a href="#id2923144">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>CUPS (see CUPS-PPD)</dt></dl></dd><dt>preferred master, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#DMB">Configuring WORKGROUP Browsing</a>, <a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing Samba to Be the Master</a>, <a href="#id2883073">Making Samba the Domain Master</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>preserve case, <a href="#id2937589">Windows 9x/Me Profile Setup</a></dt><dt>print command, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905951">Default UNIX System Printing Commands</a>, <a href="#id2906585">Custom Print Commands</a>, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2920162">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a>, <a href="#id2928890">Manual Configuration</a></dt><dt>printable, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt><dt>printcap, <a href="#id2905951">Default UNIX System Printing Commands</a>, <a href="#id2913705">Basic CUPS Support Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2914245">More Complex CUPS smb.conf Settings</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a></dt><dt>printcap name, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt>printer admin, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a>, <a href="#id2908167">Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</a>, <a href="#id2910060">First Client Driver Installation</a>, <a href="#id2910292">Setting Device Modes on New Printers</a>, <a href="#id2910743">Always Make First Client Connection as root or printer admin</a>, <a href="#id2910952">Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</a>, <a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a>, <a href="#id2914245">More Complex CUPS smb.conf Settings</a>, <a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a>, <a href="#id2929925">Print Options for All Users Can't Be Set on Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt>printing, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905951">Default UNIX System Printing Commands</a>, <a href="#id2906585">Custom Print Commands</a>, <a href="#id2913705">Basic CUPS Support Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a>, <a href="#id2914245">More Complex CUPS smb.conf Settings</a>, <a href="#id2920162">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a>, <a href="#id2928720">Pre-Conditions</a>, <a href="#id2928890">Manual Configuration</a></dt><dt>printing.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>PrintPro (see ESP Print Pro)</dt><dt>public, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>Q</h3><dl><dt>queue resume command, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt>queuepause command, <a href="#id2913799">Linking smbd with libcups.so</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>R</h3><dl><dt>raw printing, <a href="#SimplePrintServer">Central Print Serving</a>, <a href="#cups-raw">Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream</a></dt><dt>read list, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>read only, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a>, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt>read raw, <a href="#id2959031">Read Raw</a></dt><dt>read size, <a href="#id2958895">Read Size</a></dt><dt>Relative Identifier (see RID)</dt><dt>remote announce, <a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a>, <a href="#id2871266">How Browsing Functions</a>, <a href="#id2883303">Use of the Remote Announce Parameter</a>, <a href="#id2884448">Browsing Support in Samba</a></dt><dt>remote browse sync, <a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a>, <a href="#id2871266">How Browsing Functions</a>, <a href="#id2883462">Use of the Remote Browse Sync Parameter</a></dt><dt>replication, <a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>browse lists, <a href="#id2884709">Cross-Subnet Browsing</a></dt><dt>SAM, <a href="#id2852858">Domain Controller Types</a>, <a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2874103">MS Windows NT4-style Domain Control</a>, <a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2875368">Can Samba Be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a>, <a href="#id2875402">How Do I Replicate the smbpasswd File?</a></dt><dt>WINS, <a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a>, <a href="#id2883731">WINS Server Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2884003">WINS Replication</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>RID, <a href="#id2892376">Default Users, Groups and Relative Identifiers</a></dt><dt>roaming profiles, <a href="#id2937373">Disabling Roaming Profile Support</a></dt><dt>root preexec, <a href="#id2948892">Logon Scripts</a></dt><dt>rpcclient</dt><dd><dl><dt>adddriver, <a href="#id2922468">Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</a>, <a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a>, <a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a>, <a href="#id2923752">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a>, <a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt>enumdrivers, <a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt>enumports, <a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a></dt><dt>enumprinters, <a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a>, <a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a>, <a href="#id2925432">Troubleshooting Revisited</a></dt><dt>getdriver, <a href="#id2923881">Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt><dt>getprinter, <a href="#id2923881">Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a>, <a href="#id2925432">Troubleshooting Revisited</a></dt><dt>setdriver, <a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a>, <a href="#id2922468">Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</a>, <a href="#id2922698">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a>, <a href="#id2923398">Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</a>, <a href="#id2924057">Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</a>, <a href="#id2924305">Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>rsync, <a href="#id2955835">Accessing the Samba Sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt>rundll32, <a href="#id2935452">Adding Printers without User Intervention</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>S</h3><dl><dt>SAM, <a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2852858">Domain Controller Types</a>, <a href="#id2875708">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2932521">Result Caching</a></dt><dt>SAM backend</dt><dd><dl><dt>LDAP, <a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>ldapsam, <a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#idmapbackend">Mapping Common UIDs/GIDs on Distributed Machines</a>, <a href="#id2888128">ldapsam</a></dt><dt>ldapsam_compat, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>mysqlsam, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2890210">MySQL</a></dt><dt>non-LDAP, <a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>smbpasswd, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2887948">smbpasswd  Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt>tdbsam, <a href="#id2873684">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2888074">tdbsam</a></dt><dt>xmlsam, <a href="#id2886115">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#idmapbackend">Mapping Common UIDs/GIDs on Distributed Machines</a>, <a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>schannel, <a href="#id2873477">Cannot Log onto Domain Member Workstation After Joining Domain</a></dt><dt>secrets.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>security, <a href="#id2868708">Samba Security Modes</a>, <a href="#id2869048">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a>, <a href="#id2869451">Server Security (User Level Security)</a>, <a href="#id2869952">What Makes Samba a Server?</a>, <a href="#id2869991">What Makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a>, <a href="#id2870027">What Makes Samba a Domain Member?</a>, <a href="#id2870064">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a>, <a href="#id2871603">Preparing for Domain Control</a>, <a href="#id2872962">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a>, <a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a>, <a href="#id2877448">Why Is This Better Than security = server?</a>, <a href="#id2877654">Configure smb.conf</a>, <a href="#id2922324">Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</a>, <a href="#id2929362">cupsaddsmb Keeps Asking for Root Password in Never-ending Loop</a>, <a href="#id2947940">Passdb Backends and Authentication</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a>, <a href="#id2958164">Configuring Windows for Workgroups Password Handling</a></dt><dt>security mask, <a href="#id2895301">File and Directory Permissions-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2897220">Interaction with the Standard Samba create mask Parameters</a></dt><dt>Security Mode, <a href="#id2868708">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dt>Server Manager, <a href="#machine-trust-accounts">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a>, <a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a>, <a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt>Server Type, <a href="#id2868620">Server Types</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>Domain Member, <a href="#id2869088">Example Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a>, <a href="#id2875708">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>sessionid.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>share_info.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>short preserve case, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a>, <a href="#id2937589">Windows 9x/Me Profile Setup</a></dt><dt>Short-Cuts, <a href="#id2894066">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with UNIX File Systems</a></dt><dt>show add printer wizard, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a>, <a href="#id2911674">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt>SID, <a href="#id2852572">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2873244">The System Cannot Log You On (C000019B)</a>, <a href="#id2874791">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a>, <a href="#passdbtech">Technical Information</a>, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a>, <a href="#id2939212">Side Bar Notes</a>, <a href="#id2939276">Get SID</a>, <a href="#id2948955">Profile Migration/Creation</a></dt><dt>signing, <a href="#id2873477">Cannot Log onto Domain Member Workstation After Joining Domain</a></dt><dt>simple configuration, <a href="#id2859290">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt>Single Sign On, <a href="#id2921797">Caveats to be Considered</a></dt><dt>slow browsing, <a href="#id2885679">Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</a></dt><dt>smbclient, <a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>smbgrpadd.sh, <a href="#id2893104">Sample smb.conf Add Group Script</a></dt><dt>socket options, <a href="#id2958804">Socket Options</a></dt><dt>spooling</dt><dd><dl><dt>central, <a href="#id2914632">Central Spooling vs. Peer-to-Peer Printing</a></dt><dt>peer-to-peer, <a href="#id2914632">Central Spooling vs. Peer-to-Peer Printing</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>spooling-only, <a href="#id2914686">Raw Print Serving  Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt>SRVTOOLS.EXE, <a href="#id2876369">Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</a>, <a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt>strict locking, <a href="#id2898524">Discussion</a></dt><dt>swat, <a href="#id2867707">SWAT</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>enable, <a href="#xinetd">Enabling SWAT for Use</a></dt><dt>security, <a href="#id2950853">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>System Policy Editor, <a href="#id2935660">Creating and Managing System Policies</a>, <a href="#id2936166">Administration of Windows 200x/XP Policies</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>T</h3><dl><dt>TDB, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a>, <a href="#id2925844">Trivial Database Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>backing up (see tdbbackup)</dt></dl></dd><dt>tdbbackup, <a href="#id2926051">Using tdbbackup</a></dt><dt>template homedir, <a href="#id2934074">Linux/FreeBSD-specific PAM configuration</a></dt><dt>testparm, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>text/plain, <a href="#id2916641">MIME Type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt>total print jobs, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>U</h3><dl><dt>UDP, <a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt>UID, <a href="#id2891703">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt>unexpected.tdb, <a href="#id2925600">The Printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>(see also TDB)</dt></dl></dd><dt>unix charset, <a href="#id2946022">Samba and Charsets</a></dt><dt>UNIX charset, <a href="#id2946166">Japanese Charsets</a></dt><dt>use client driver, <a href="#id2904555">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt>user, <a href="#id2868936">Share Level Security</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>User Accounts</dt><dd><dl><dt>Adding/Deleting, <a href="#id2887270">The smbpasswd Command</a>, <a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a>, <a href="#id2889191">Accounts and Groups Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>User Management, <a href="#id2887270">The smbpasswd Command</a>, <a href="#pdbeditthing">The pdbedit Command</a>, <a href="#id2889191">Accounts and Groups Management</a></dt><dt>User Manager, <a href="#samba-trusted-domain">Samba as the Trusted Domain</a>, <a href="#id2902332">Samba as the Trusting Domain</a>, <a href="#id2934831">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt>useradd, <a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt>username, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a></dt><dt>username level, <a href="#id2869727">Password Checking</a></dt><dt>username map, <a href="#id2876728">Windows 200x/XP Professional Client</a></dt><dt>users, <a href="#id2901297">Why Can Users Access Home Directories of Other Users?</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>V</h3><dl><dt>valid users, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2952069">The Tests</a></dt><dt>veto files, <a href="#id2895710">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt><dt>vfs objects, <a href="#id2930810">Discussion</a></dt><dt>vipw, <a href="#id2876046">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>W</h3><dl><dt>WebClient, <a href="#id2885679">Browsing of Shares and Directories is Very Slow</a></dt><dt>winbind separator, <a href="#id2933329">Starting and Testing the winbindd Daemon</a></dt><dt>winbindd, <a href="#id2875061">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt>windows registry settings</dt><dd><dl><dt>default profile locations, <a href="#id2939674">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a>, <a href="#id2940295">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt><dt>profile path, <a href="#id2937589">Windows 9x/Me Profile Setup</a></dt><dt>roaming profiles, <a href="#id2937373">Disabling Roaming Profile Support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>WINS, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#id2870632">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a>, <a href="#id2945433">WINS Lookup</a></dt><dt>wins hook, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>wins proxy, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a></dt><dt>wins server, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#id2883539">WINS  The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a>, <a href="#id2883731">WINS Server Configuration</a></dt><dt>wins support, <a href="#id2870309">What Is Browsing?</a>, <a href="#id2883539">WINS  The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a>, <a href="#id2883731">WINS Server Configuration</a></dt><dt>workgroup, <a href="#id2872962">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a>, <a href="#id2876940">Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</a>, <a href="#id2884448">Browsing Support in Samba</a></dt><dt>write list, <a href="#id2894851">User and Group-Based Controls</a>, <a href="#id2907544">[print$] Section Parameters</a></dt><dt>write raw, <a href="#id2959115">Write Raw</a></dt><dt>writeable, <a href="#ptrsect">The [printers] Section</a>, <a href="#id2905547">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt><dt>WYSIWYG, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>X</h3><dl><dt>X Window System, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt>xinetd, <a href="#id2956589">Starting from inetd.conf</a> (see inetd)</dt><dt>Xprint, <a href="#id2915399">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a>, <a href="#id2915572">UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt></dl></div></div></div></div></body></html>
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-07-10 07:39:54 +0000