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+<chapter id="integrate-ms-networks">
+
+<chapterinfo>
+ &author.jht;
+ <pubdate> (Jan 01 2001) </pubdate>
+</chapterinfo>
+
+<title>Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</title>
+
+<para>
+This section deals with NetBIOS over TCP/IP name to IP address resolution. If
+your MS Windows clients are NOT configured to use NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this
+section does not apply to your installation. If your installation involves use of
+NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this section may help you to resolve networking problems.
+</para>
+
+<note>
+<para>
+ NetBIOS over TCP/IP has nothing to do with NetBEUI. NetBEUI is NetBIOS
+ over Logical Link Control (LLC). On modern networks it is highly advised
+ to NOT run NetBEUI at all. Note also that there is NO such thing as
+ NetBEUI over TCP/IP - the existence of such a protocol is a complete
+ and utter mis-apprehension.
+</para>
+</note>
+
+<para>
+Since the introduction of MS Windows 2000 it is possible to run MS Windows networking
+without the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP. NetBIOS over TCP/IP uses UDP port 137 for NetBIOS
+name resolution and uses TCP port 139 for NetBIOS session services. When NetBIOS over
+TCP/IP is disabled on MS Windows 2000 and later clients then only TCP port 445 will be
+used and UDP port 137 and TCP port 139 will not.
+</para>
+
+<note>
+<para>
+When using Windows 2000 or later clients, if NetBIOS over TCP/IP is NOT disabled, then
+the client will use UDP port 137 (NetBIOS Name Service, also known as the Windows Internet
+Name Service or WINS), TCP port 139 AND TCP port 445 (for actual file and print traffic).
+</para>
+</note>
+
+<para>
+When NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled the use of DNS is essential. Most installations that
+disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP today use MS Active Directory Service (ADS). ADS requires
+Dynamic DNS with Service Resource Records (SRV RR) and with Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR).
+Use of DHCP with ADS is recommended as a further means of maintaining central control
+over client workstation network configuration.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</title>
+
+<para>
+The key configuration files covered in this section are:
+</para>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><filename>/etc/host.conf</filename></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename></para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+
+<sect2>
+<title><filename>/etc/hosts</filename></title>
+
+<para>
+Contains a static list of IP Addresses and names.
+eg:
+</para>
+<para><programlisting>
+ 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain
+ 192.168.1.1 bigbox.caldera.com bigbox alias4box
+</programlisting></para>
+
+<para>
+The purpose of <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is to provide a
+name resolution mechanism so that uses do not need to remember
+IP addresses.
+</para>
+
+
+<para>
+Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport
+layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media
+Access Control address, or MAC address. IP Addresses are currently
+32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal
+numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1
+</para>
+
+<para>
+MAC Addresses use 48 bits (or 6 bytes) and are typically represented
+as two digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. eg:
+40:8e:0a:12:34:56
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Every network interfrace must have an MAC address. Associated with
+a MAC address there may be one or more IP addresses. There is NO
+relationship between an IP address and a MAC address, all such assignments
+are arbitary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all
+network communications takes place using MAC addressing. Since MAC
+addresses must be globally unique, and generally remains fixed for
+any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense
+from a network management perspective. More than one IP address can
+be assigned per MAC address. One address must be the primary IP address,
+this is the address that will be returned in the ARP reply.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+When a user or a process wants to communicate with another machine
+the protocol implementation ensures that the "machine name" or "host
+name" is resolved to an IP address in a manner that is controlled
+by the TCP/IP configuration control files. The file
+<filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is one such file.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+When the IP address of the destination interface has been
+determined a protocol called ARP/RARP is used to identify
+the MAC address of the target interface. ARP stands for Address
+Resolution Protocol, and is a broadcast oriented method that
+uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) to send a request to all
+interfaces on the local network segment using the all 1's MAC
+address. Network interfaces are programmed to respond to two
+MAC addresses only; their own unique address and the address
+ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. The reply packet from an ARP request will
+contain the MAC address and the primary IP address for each
+interface.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file is foundational to all
+Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minumum will contain
+the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the
+primary names by which they are known within the local machine.
+This file helps to prime the pump so that a basic level of name
+resolution can exist before any other method of name resolution
+becomes available.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+
+<sect2>
+<title><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></title>
+
+<para>
+This file tells the name resolution libraries:
+</para>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>The name of the domain to which the machine
+ belongs
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The name(s) of any domains that should be
+ automatically searched when trying to resolve unqualified
+ host names to their IP address
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The name or IP address of available Domain
+ Name Servers that may be asked to perform name to address
+ translation lookups
+ </para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+
+</sect2>
+
+
+<sect2>
+<title><filename>/etc/host.conf</filename></title>
+
+
+<para>
+<filename>/etc/host.conf</filename> is the primary means by
+which the setting in /etc/resolv.conf may be affected. It is a
+critical configuration file. This file controls the order by
+which name resolution may procede. The typical structure is:
+</para>
+
+<para><programlisting>
+ order hosts,bind
+ multi on
+</programlisting></para>
+
+<para>
+then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the
+man page for host.conf for further details.
+</para>
+
+
+</sect2>
+
+
+
+<sect2>
+<title><filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename></title>
+
+<para>
+This file controls the actual name resolution targets. The
+file typically has resolver object specifications as follows:
+</para>
+
+
+<para><programlisting>
+ # /etc/nsswitch.conf
+ #
+ # Name Service Switch configuration file.
+ #
+
+ passwd: compat
+ # Alternative entries for password authentication are:
+ # passwd: compat files nis ldap winbind
+ shadow: compat
+ group: compat
+
+ hosts: files nis dns
+ # Alternative entries for host name resolution are:
+ # hosts: files dns nis nis+ hesoid db compat ldap wins
+ networks: nis files dns
+
+ ethers: nis files
+ protocols: nis files
+ rpc: nis files
+ services: nis files
+</programlisting></para>
+
+<para>
+Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate
+facilities and/or services are correctly configured.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+It should be noted that unless a network request/message must be
+sent, TCP/IP networks are silent. All TCP/IP communications assumes a
+principal of speaking only when necessary.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Starting with version 2.2.0 samba has Linux support for extensions to
+the name service switch infrastructure so that linux clients will
+be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP
+Addresses. To gain this functionality Samba needs to be compiled
+with appropriate arguments to the make command (ie: <command>make
+nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</command>). The resulting library should
+then be installed in the <filename>/lib</filename> directory and
+the "wins" parameter needs to be added to the "hosts:" line in
+the <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file. At this point it
+will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by it's NetBIOS
+machine name, so long as that machine is within the workgroup to
+which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</title>
+
+<para>
+MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine
+is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as
+the "computer name", "machine name", "networking name", "netbios name",
+"SMB name". All terms mean the same thing with the exception of
+"netbios name" which can apply also to the name of the workgroup or the
+domain name. The terms "workgroup" and "domain" are really just a
+simply name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names
+are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16th character is reserved.
+It is used to store a one byte value that indicates service level
+information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine
+name is therefore registered for each service type that is provided by
+the client/server.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations:
+</para>
+
+<para><programlisting>
+ Unique NetBIOS Names:
+ MACHINENAME&lt;00&gt; = Server Service is running on MACHINENAME
+ MACHINENAME&lt;03&gt; = Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name)
+ MACHINENAME&lt;20&gt; = LanMan Server service is running on MACHINENAME
+ WORKGROUP&lt;1b&gt; = Domain Master Browser
+
+ Group Names:
+ WORKGROUP&lt;03&gt; = Generic Name registered by all members of WORKGROUP
+ WORKGROUP&lt;1c&gt; = Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers
+ WORKGROUP&lt;1d&gt; = Local Master Browsers
+ WORKGROUP&lt;1e&gt; = Internet Name Resolvers
+</programlisting></para>
+
+<para>
+It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own
+names as per the above. This is in vast contrast to TCP/IP
+installations where traditionally the system administrator will
+determine in the /etc/hosts or in the DNS database what names
+are associated with each IP address.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+One further point of clarification should be noted, the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>
+file and the DNS records do not provide the NetBIOS name type information
+that MS Windows clients depend on to locate the type of service that may
+be needed. An example of this is what happens when an MS Windows client
+wants to locate a domain logon server. It finds this service and the IP
+address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a
+NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have
+registered the name type *&lt;1c&gt;. A logon request is then sent to each
+IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. Which
+ever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The name "workgroup" or "domain" really can be confusing since these
+have the added significance of indicating what is the security
+architecture of the MS Windows network. The term "workgroup" indicates
+that the primary nature of the network environment is that of a
+peer-to-peer design. In a WORKGROUP all machines are responsible for
+their own security, and generally such security is limited to use of
+just a password (known as SHARE MODE security). In most situations
+with peer-to-peer networking the users who control their own machines
+will simply opt to have no security at all. It is possible to have
+USER MODE security in a WORKGROUP environment, thus requiring use
+of a user name and a matching password.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+MS Windows networking is thus predetermined to use machine names
+for all local and remote machine message passing. The protocol used is
+called Server Message Block (SMB) and this is implemented using
+the NetBIOS protocol (Network Basic Input Output System). NetBIOS can
+be encapsulated using LLC (Logical Link Control) protocol - in which case
+the resulting protocol is called NetBEUI (Network Basic Extended User
+Interface). NetBIOS can also be run over IPX (Internetworking Packet
+Exchange) protocol as used by Novell NetWare, and it can be run
+over TCP/IP protocols - in which case the resulting protocol is called
+NBT or NetBT, the NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+MS Windows machines use a complex array of name resolution mechanisms.
+Since we are primarily concerned with TCP/IP this demonstration is
+limited to this area.
+</para>
+
+<sect2>
+<title>The NetBIOS Name Cache</title>
+
+<para>
+All MS Windows machines employ an in memory buffer in which is
+stored the NetBIOS names and IP addresses for all external
+machines that that machine has communicated with over the
+past 10-15 minutes. It is more efficient to obtain an IP address
+for a machine from the local cache than it is to go through all the
+configured name resolution mechanisms.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+If a machine whose name is in the local name cache has been shut
+down before the name had been expired and flushed from the cache, then
+an attempt to exchange a message with that machine will be subject
+to time-out delays. i.e.: Its name is in the cache, so a name resolution
+lookup will succeed, but the machine can not respond. This can be
+frustrating for users - but it is a characteristic of the protocol.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS
+name cache is called "nbtstat". The Samba equivalent of this
+is called "nmblookup".
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2>
+<title>The LMHOSTS file</title>
+
+<para>
+This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or
+2000 in <filename>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</filename> and contains
+the IP Address and the machine name in matched pairs. The
+<filename>LMHOSTS</filename> file performs NetBIOS name
+to IP address mapping.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+It typically looks like:
+</para>
+
+<para><programlisting>
+ # Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp.
+ #
+ # This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS
+ # over TCP/IP) stack for Windows98
+ #
+ # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames
+ # (NetBIOS) names. Each entry should be kept on an individual line.
+ # The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the
+ # corresponding computername. The address and the comptername
+ # should be separated by at least one space or tab. The "#" character
+ # is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions
+ # below).
+ #
+ # This file is compatible with Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x TCP/IP lmhosts
+ # files and offers the following extensions:
+ #
+ # #PRE
+ # #DOM:&lt;domain&gt;
+ # #INCLUDE &lt;filename&gt;
+ # #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
+ # #END_ALTERNATE
+ # \0xnn (non-printing character support)
+ #
+ # Following any entry in the file with the characters "#PRE" will cause
+ # the entry to be preloaded into the name cache. By default, entries are
+ # not preloaded, but are parsed only after dynamic name resolution fails.
+ #
+ # Following an entry with the "#DOM:&lt;domain&gt;" tag will associate the
+ # entry with the domain specified by &lt;domain&gt;. This affects how the
+ # browser and logon services behave in TCP/IP environments. To preload
+ # the host name associated with #DOM entry, it is necessary to also add a
+ # #PRE to the line. The &lt;domain&gt; is always preloaded although it will not
+ # be shown when the name cache is viewed.
+ #
+ # Specifying "#INCLUDE &lt;filename&gt;" will force the RFC NetBIOS (NBT)
+ # software to seek the specified &lt;filename&gt; and parse it as if it were
+ # local. &lt;filename&gt; is generally a UNC-based name, allowing a
+ # centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server.
+ # It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the
+ # server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive.
+ # In addtion the share "public" in the example below must be in the
+ # LanManServer list of "NullSessionShares" in order for client machines to
+ # be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under
+ # \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\parameters\nullsessionshares
+ # in the registry. Simply add "public" to the list found there.
+ #
+ # The #BEGIN_ and #END_ALTERNATE keywords allow multiple #INCLUDE
+ # statements to be grouped together. Any single successful include
+ # will cause the group to succeed.
+ #
+ # Finally, non-printing characters can be embedded in mappings by
+ # first surrounding the NetBIOS name in quotations, then using the
+ # \0xnn notation to specify a hex value for a non-printing character.
+ #
+ # The following example illustrates all of these extensions:
+ #
+ # 102.54.94.97 rhino #PRE #DOM:networking #net group's DC
+ # 102.54.94.102 "appname \0x14" #special app server
+ # 102.54.94.123 popular #PRE #source server
+ # 102.54.94.117 localsrv #PRE #needed for the include
+ #
+ # #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
+ # #INCLUDE \\localsrv\public\lmhosts
+ # #INCLUDE \\rhino\public\lmhosts
+ # #END_ALTERNATE
+ #
+ # In the above example, the "appname" server contains a special
+ # character in its name, the "popular" and "localsrv" server names are
+ # preloaded, and the "rhino" server name is specified so it can be used
+ # to later #INCLUDE a centrally maintained lmhosts file if the "localsrv"
+ # system is unavailable.
+ #
+ # Note that the whole file is parsed including comments on each lookup,
+ # so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance.
+ # Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the
+ # end of this file.
+</programlisting></para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2>
+<title>HOSTS file</title>
+
+<para>
+This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 2000 in
+<filename>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</filename> and contains
+the IP Address and the IP hostname in matched pairs. It can be
+used by the name resolution infrastructure in MS Windows, depending
+on how the TCP/IP environment is configured. This file is in
+every way the equivalent of the Unix/Linux <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file.
+</para>
+</sect2>
+
+
+<sect2>
+<title>DNS Lookup</title>
+
+<para>
+This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network
+configuration facility. If enabled an elaborate name resolution sequence
+is followed the precise nature of which is dependant on what the NetBIOS
+Node Type parameter is configured to. A Node Type of 0 means use
+NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is first used if the name
+that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name
+cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to
+Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the
+WINS Server to obtain a lookup before DNS, HOSTS, LMHOSTS, or broadcast
+lookup is used.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2>
+<title>WINS Lookup</title>
+
+<para>
+A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivaent of the
+rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores
+the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client
+if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+To configure Samba to be a WINS server the following parameter needs
+to be added to the &smb.conf; file:
+</para>
+
+<para><programlisting>
+ wins support = Yes
+</programlisting></para>
+
+<para>
+To configure Samba to use a WINS server the following parameters are
+needed in the &smb.conf; file:
+</para>
+
+<para><programlisting>
+ wins support = No
+ wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
+</programlisting></para>
+
+<para>
+where <replaceable>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</replaceable> is the IP address
+of the WINS server.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+
+</chapter>