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# Copyright (c) 2010-2011 testtools developers. See LICENSE for details.
__all__ = [
'safe_hasattr',
'try_import',
'try_imports',
]
import sys
def try_import(name, alternative=None, error_callback=None):
"""Attempt to import ``name``. If it fails, return ``alternative``.
When supporting multiple versions of Python or optional dependencies, it
is useful to be able to try to import a module.
:param name: The name of the object to import, e.g. ``os.path`` or
``os.path.join``.
:param alternative: The value to return if no module can be imported.
Defaults to None.
:param error_callback: If non-None, a callable that is passed the ImportError
when the module cannot be loaded.
"""
module_segments = name.split('.')
last_error = None
while module_segments:
module_name = '.'.join(module_segments)
try:
module = __import__(module_name)
except ImportError:
last_error = sys.exc_info()[1]
module_segments.pop()
continue
else:
break
else:
if last_error is not None and error_callback is not None:
error_callback(last_error)
return alternative
nonexistent = object()
for segment in name.split('.')[1:]:
module = getattr(module, segment, nonexistent)
if module is nonexistent:
if last_error is not None and error_callback is not None:
error_callback(last_error)
return alternative
return module
_RAISE_EXCEPTION = object()
def try_imports(module_names, alternative=_RAISE_EXCEPTION, error_callback=None):
"""Attempt to import modules.
Tries to import the first module in ``module_names``. If it can be
imported, we return it. If not, we go on to the second module and try
that. The process continues until we run out of modules to try. If none
of the modules can be imported, either raise an exception or return the
provided ``alternative`` value.
:param module_names: A sequence of module names to try to import.
:param alternative: The value to return if no module can be imported.
If unspecified, we raise an ImportError.
:param error_callback: If None, called with the ImportError for *each*
module that fails to load.
:raises ImportError: If none of the modules can be imported and no
alternative value was specified.
"""
module_names = list(module_names)
for module_name in module_names:
module = try_import(module_name, error_callback=error_callback)
if module:
return module
if alternative is _RAISE_EXCEPTION:
raise ImportError(
"Could not import any of: %s" % ', '.join(module_names))
return alternative
def safe_hasattr(obj, attr, _marker=object()):
"""Does 'obj' have an attribute 'attr'?
Use this rather than built-in hasattr, as the built-in swallows exceptions
in some versions of Python and behaves unpredictably with respect to
properties.
"""
return getattr(obj, attr, _marker) is not _marker
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